Tesis sobre el tema "Zones de flux de voyageurs"
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Vinson, Jean-Philippe. "Pôles générateurs de flux de déplacements non pendulaires dans une agglomération multipolarisée : contribution à une nouvelle approche des transports publics à travers le cas de la Métropole d’Aix-Marseille Provence". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Gustave Eiffel, 2025. https://these.univ-paris-est.fr/intranet/2025/UEFL-2025/TH2025UEFL2010.pdf.
Texto completoNowadays, commuting in an urban area is often addressed according to peak phenomena with eponymous hours modelled on commuting (MUNCH, 2017). In some jurisdictions, the “other grounds” become predominant. This is the case of the Bouches-du-Rhône, where the Aix-Marseille Provence Metropolis is almost entirely merged (EMD BDR 2009). The latter is interesting because of its size (1.9 million inhabitants), its institutional youth (created on January 1, 2016) and its unique multipolar character encompassing the large peri-urban. The aim of this work, which combines planning, mobility, engineering and sociology, was to evaluate and then optimize the management of non-commuting travel flows (NCT) generated by the related metropolitan generating poles, for the adaptation of public transport networks subject to modal shift objectives. We tried to answer it in two parts. There is first a first part of framing with the definition of non-commuting movement generating poles (NCT GP) the geographical and institutional context of our field of study by showing its heterogeneous character and still moving before being interested in travel surveys and their conception vis-à-vis the NCT, offering a macroscopic knowledge of local travel. The second part sees the creation of a protocol for studying NCT through the idea that GP NCT exert a pressure resulting from the use of frequentation and its environment, which a better knowledge can allow a reduction in this pressure. A categorical approach of the NCT was applied and resulted in five types of GP NCT that we tried to characterize more finely through the study of new data (ticketing, traffic and GPS), which resulted in revealing the different operating rhythms of GP NCT grades. Finally, the last chapter dealing with NCT flows in terms of operational and citizen visions revealed the difficulties of adapting to the NCT a simulation tool such as Metropolis 13+ if these flows are not thought natively, as well as the consideration of the NCT in an undifferentiated way vis-à-vis other types of travel, in a context of local public transport offer still considered insufficient
Roos, Jérémy. "Prévision à court terme des flux de voyageurs : une approche par les réseaux bayésiens". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1170/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we propose a Bayesian network model for short-term passenger flow forecasting. This model is intended to cater for various operational needs related to passenger information, passenger flow regulation or operation planning. As well as adapting to any spatial configuration, it is designed to combine heterogeneous data sources (ticket validation, on-board counts and transport service) and provides an intuitive representation of the causal spatio-temporal relationships between flows. Its ability to deal with missing data allows to make real-time predictions even in case of technical failures or absences of collection systems
Fure, Adrian D. "Relationships between mass and flux in dense nonaqueous phase liquid source zones". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011060.
Texto completoMarini, Jean-Christophe. "L'Hafnium dans les zones de subduction: Bilan isotopique des flux entrant et sortant". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006357.
Texto completoGille, Julian. "Suivi et modélisation des flux dans un marais maritime : essais et tentative d'application sur la partie nord du marais breton". Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT3025.
Texto completoSuchomel, Eric John. "Partial Mass Recovery from DNAPL Source Zones: Contaminant Mass Flux Reductions and Reductive Dechlorination of Residual DNAPL". Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-08172006-160337/.
Texto completoKoros, William, Committee Member ; Huang, Ching-Hua, Committee Member ; Hughes, Joseph, Committee Member ; Pennell, Kurt, Committee Chair ; Loeffler, Frank, Committee Member.
Grasset, Charlotte. "Eutrophisation des zones humides : conséquences pour la qualité, la décomposition des plantes aquatiques et les flux de carbone". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10032.
Texto completoEutrophication is a current threat for wetlands. This phD thesis aims at determining the role of the abiotic parameters of eutrophication, mainly the phosphorus content, 1) on aquatic plant quality, 2) on aquatic plant decomposition, and 3) on carbon fluxes. 1. Three aquatic plant species representative of the Grime strategies, i.e. competitive, ruderal and stress tolerant, were collected in wetlands dispatched along a phosphorus gradient. For the three species, water content of populations increased with the nutrient content of the habitat. Carbon allocation (starch and/or lignin) also varied according to habitat. 2. The three species were collected and decomposed in wetlands dispatched along a nutrient gradient. Aquatic plant quality significantly affected their decomposition, in particular the ruderal and competitive species were more rapidly decomposed when they grew in nutrient rich sites. 3. Daytime CO2 and CH4 fluxes were measured in 6 floristic zones. Daytime CO2 emissions were negatively correlated with net primary productivity and CH4 emissions were positively correlated. The abundance of floating vegetation also increased CH4 emissions probably because macroalgae and to a lower extent vascular plants with floating leaves favor anoxic conditions. Eutrophication may affect aquatic plant chemical composition and increase their decomposition rate. Moreover, in eutrophic wetlands, floating vegetation may affect carbon fluxes because of their quality, their decomposition rate and the quantities produced, and indirectly because of their location in water column. Therefore the eutrophication should be taken into account in the global C budgets of softwater ecosystems
Labiadh, Mohamed Taieb. "Quantification de l'érosion éolienne sur des surfaces anthropisées : simulations des flux en masse à l'échelle des zones arides Tunisiennes". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077072.
Texto completoWang, Runying. "Phytoépuration de boues biologiques provenant de l'industrie agroalimentaire : traitement par un système de marais artificiels à flux vertical en région méditerranéenne française". Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11028.
Texto completoWe performed an experiment using a vertical-flow wetland system to treat a liquid sewage sludge from a food industry (producing soft drinks from fruit concentrates). An organic substrate (peat/crushed pine bark, 1/1) was used as growing medium and three helophyte species (Phragmites australis Cav. , Typha latifolia L. , and Iris pseudacorus L. ) were tested. Results confirmed that the organic substrate can be used in treatment system, without clogging observed. However, the substrate released soluble organic matter, which enriched outflow water. The treatment system showed high performance: water reduction varied from 25% to 65%; removal efficiency was more than 90% for MES and COD, and more than 80% for TKN. Overall, the system planted with Phragmites had the highest performance, followed by Typha and then by Iris, all beyond unplanted system. This highlights positive role of plants in the treatment and differences between species. The main purifying process was filtration of particles by substrate. Plants had positive impacts on treatment. Indirectly, plant root system strengthened filtration effect of substrate and enhanced microbial activity; roots released organic substances, such as peroxidises, which can participate in the degradation of organic contaminants. Directly, plants took up elements and stored them in their biomass; this direct role of plants was minor while not negligible. Phragmites was the species the most efficient because of its characteristics suitable for treatment, such as high evapotranspiration, high uptake capacity of nutrients, dense, extensive and deep root system and more active enzymes
Raufaste, Nathalie. "Barrières au flux génique et sélection dans une zone hybride : étude théorique et expérimentale chez la souris domestique". Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20145.
Texto completoSchnurle, Philippe. "Contribution a la comprehension des mecanismes d'erosion tectonique et a la quantification des flux de matiere dans les zones de subduction". Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066258.
Texto completoBierne, Nicolas. "Barrières au flux génique en milieu marin : sélection et dispersion larvaire dans la zone d'hybridation des moules côtières Mytilus edulis et M. galloprovincialis". Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20142.
Texto completoMeghzili, Hamza. "Modèles d'aménagement et d'urbanisation des Zones d'Expansion Touristique de la wilaya de Skikda (Algérie)". Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0005/document.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean basin is a highly developed tourist area, however, the international tourismvaries from one country to another. This research aims to locate the Algerian tourismcompared to other Maghreb countries (Tunisia and Morocco) to understand the blocking ofhis recovery. An analysis of the different phases of development of tourism in the threecountries was used to study the flow of tourists, the place of tourism in the economy andtourism investments. The Skikda is the object of this study through the expansion of touristareas considered as models for the development of tourism. Three zones of tourist expansion(ZET) and a seaside resort made the study of this research. The development of these projectsare part of the ZET will of a respectful development of sustainable tourism developmentprinciples, ensuring the preservation of the environment, natural resources and culturalheritage. The exploitation of the results of surveys and interviews with tourism professionals,local authorities and tourists helped situate the various blocks. The governance issue andcentralization of decisions had the effect of further delaying the revival of tourism in Algeria
TROUFLEAU, DENIS. "Estimation du flux de chaleur sensible sur couverts epars par teledetection infrarouge thermique et multicapteur. Application aux zones arides et semi-arides". Paris, ENGREF, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENGR0024.
Texto completoMontes-Herrera, Enrique. "Seasonal Changes in the Sinking Particulate Flux and in the Nitrogen Cycle within the Euphotic and Twilight Zones of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela". Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3253.
Texto completoRoullier, François. "Production, transport et transformation de la matière particulaire dans le premier kilomètre des océans : impact des zones à minimum d'oxygène". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066168.
Texto completoIn the biological pump system, incorporation and sequestration of atmospheric carbon into marine sediment result of carbon fixation at ocean surface, followed by its sinking through the water column in the form of particulate carbon. In the euphotic zone (0-200m), phytoplankton photosynthesis allows carbon fixation into organic particles that are consumed by other heterotrophic organisms. Particulate organic carbon produced directly by phytoplankton (as aggregated particles) or indirectly by organisms (for example as faecal pellets) represent the main vector of carbon export to deep ocean. In this context, efficiency of the biological pump is a function of the settling speed of a particle and only those particles with sufficient mass and size reach the sediment. These considerations permit us to conclude that particles with a diameter greater than 500µm, known as "marine snow", contribute significantly to deep export. During the TARA expedition, the use of a UVP (Underwater Vision Profiler) allowed to establish the size distribution of particles (> 100µm) from the ocean surface to 1500m depth, with more than 150 sampling stations across 3 major oceans. With this database completed by environmental variables, we tried to evaluate intensity of particulate flux and identify biotic and abiotic processes influencing this export. In the first part of this work, a clustering based on flux profiles showed the importance of surface production and contribution of each phytoplanktonic community (pico-, nano- and microphytoplankton) to particulate flux under surface, but also the role of transformation processes in different oceanic regions to flux attenuation. Except in oligotrophic regions where surface particulate stock is very low, we observed that the weakest flux attenuation k = 0,35 +/- 0,26) corresponded to the "Oxygen Minimum Zones" (OMZ). The second part of this work is related to OMZ in order to understand which processes are involved in the dynamics of particulate vertical transfer. On the base of biogeochemical measurements taken by optical and image sensors, we could observe that weak attenuation values in OMZ were in fact the result of a deep increase of 5 to 15% of flux. We discuss this increase as a consequence of zooplankton mesopelagic communities activity living at the lower oxycline of the suboxic layer, but we also proposed a potential influence of anaerobic microorganisms on degradation and modification of the settling organic matter in the suboxic core. The last section of this work focuses on the most intense OMZ, located in the Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean). We used a Lagrangian particle model to evaluate the possibility of advective particulate transport from coastal area (Persian Gulf) to the open ocean, which could supply the OMZ suboxic layer with organic
Viaud, Valérie. "Organisation spatiale des paysages bocagers et flux d'eau et de nutriments : Approche empirique et modélisations". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NSARD041.
Texto completoFabre, Clément. "Rôle des zones humides alluviales dans la régulation des flux de nitrates et de carbone organique vers les eaux de surface à l'échelle des bassins versants". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0145.
Texto completoNitrate pollution in surface waters under anthropogenic pressures such as the intensification of the agriculture and the urban and industrial discharges is still a main concern at global scale. Denitrification is the only one process able to remove nitrate from the system. This process is mainly happening in wetlands and induces a reduction of the nitrate concentration to the rivers and coming from agricultural lands. For its functioning, the denitrification process needs organic carbon which partly comes from in-situ organic carbon in soils or in field produced organic matter but also from the river. Alluvial wetlands are really efficient concerning denitrification. The latter fluctuates in time according to the hydrological cycle and to the availability of organic carbon and nitrate. While the process in alluvial wetlands is known and detailed for a long time, the impact of organic carbon availability on nitrate fluxes exported to the oceans at the watershed scale is difficult to estimate as it is highly variable in time and space. Better understanding and estimations of the alluvial wetlands denitrification role at daily time step are required to highlight its main effect on the regulation of nitrate fluxes at the watershed scale. In this way, the objectives of this work are 1) to better understand and estimate the fluxes of organic carbon flowing in rivers at a daily time step, as it is a main reagent in the denitrification process, 2) to estimate the denitrification role in alluvial wetlands on different contrasted watersheds regarding the availability of organic carbon and nitrate, 3) to look towards a generalization of the proposed methods in order to quantify the nitrate fluxes going to the oceans at global scale and the role of the alluvial wetlands on them. Using scarce data from various databases, we have pointed out simple equations allowing the simulations of organic carbon exported by rivers to the oceans. Then, with a model integrating exchanges between the river and the aquifer, adapted from SWAT and with remote sensing data, we have focused on the interactions of nitrogen and organic carbon cycles in alluvial wetlands by denitrification on three contrasted watersheds: the Amazon River for tropical areas, the Garonne River for temperate basins and the Yenisei River for cold zones. This work demonstrates the heterogeneity of denitrification in these three watersheds. We have estimated that the denitrification in alluvial wetlands raises 73.0 ± 6.2 kgN.ha-1.yr-1 for the Amazon River, 4.5 ± 1.4 kgN.ha-1.yr-1 for the Garonne River and 0.7 ± 0.2 kgN.ha-1.yr-1 for the Yenisei River. Hence, we have shown that watersheds with different pedo-climatic conditions or anthropogenic pressures return different denitrification rates due to temperature or to reagents availability. Finally, to generalize this method at global scale, we have proposed an approach to predict nitrate fluxes transported by rivers with a simple equation and easy-to-obtain environmental parameters
Fiandino, Mirabelle. "Apports de matières en suspension par les fleuves côtiers à l'étang de Berre (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) : Quantification des flux, identification des zones sources, étude des relations avec les conditions hydrologiques". Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10035.
Texto completoVogt, Gilles. "Etude des phénomènes électromagnétiques dans les zones frontales des grandes machines synchrones : outils de tests sur le 125 MW". Thesis, Artois, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ARTO0210/document.
Texto completoThis work aims to improve the knowledge of electromagnetic phenomena that occurin the end region of large turbo-generators. The goal of this work is to evaluate theaxial magnetic flux density with regard to the operating conditions (such as active orreactive power) in order to prevent potential deterioration of the stator. Indeed, the axialmagnetic field is known to induce hot points or voltages between laminations that maycause insulation breakdown and thus stator faults.An experimental apparatus in real scale has been designed and built. Its purpose is tostudy precisely the following phenomena: losses, axial magnetic flux density penetration,voltage across adjacent voltages.Finite element simulations (FEM) are also used: their advantages and drawbacks arediscussed, and the results are compared with the experimental measures. The wholeend-region of a turbo-generator is also simulated.Finally, a simple model of the axial magnetic flux is proposed. Its parameters are basedon the results of the FEM model, but it may be used in real time to evaluate the axialmagnetic flux density of any operating point
Vergara, Oscar. "Ventilation de la circulation océanique dans le Pacifique sud-est par les ondes de Rossby et l'activité méso-échelle : téléconnexions d'ENSO". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30356/document.
Texto completoThe oceanic circulation in the subthermocline of the South Eastern Pacific remains poorly documented although this region is thought to play a key role in the climate variability owed to, in particular, the presence of an extended oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) that intervenes in the carbon and nitrogen cycle. The subthermocline in this region is also largely unmonitored and historical estimates of ocean heat content are mostly limited to the upper 500 m. In this thesis we document various oceanic processes at work in the subthermocline based on a regional modeling approach that is designed to take in account the efficient oceanic teleconnection from the equatorial region to the mid-latitudes, in particular at ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) timescales. The focus is on two aspects: (1) the seasonality of the turbulent flow and its role in modulating the OMZ volume off Peru, and (2) the planetary wave fluxes associated with interannual to decadal timescales. It is first shown that the vertical energy flux at interannual timescales can be interpreted as resulting from the vertical propagation of extra-tropical Rossby waves remotely forced from the equatorial region. This flux primarily results from extreme Eastern Pacific El Niño events, despite that a significant fraction of interannual Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability in the tropical Pacific is also associated with Central Pacific El Niño events and La Niña events. Vertically propagating energy flux at decadal timescales is also evidenced in the model, which, like for the interannual flux, is marginally impacted by mesoscale activity. On the other hand, the wave energy beams experience a marked dissipation in the deep-ocean ( 2000 m) which is interpreted as resulting from vertical diffusivity. While the oxygen field within the OMZ appears to be influenced by the vertical propagation of isopycnals height anomalies, induced by the seasonal Rossby waves, the seasonality of the OMZ is shown to be dominantly associated with the seasonal change in the eddy flux at its boundaries. Implications of the results for the study of both the low-frequency variability of the OMZ and the Earth's energy budget are discussed
Auterives, Chrystelle. "Influence des flux d'eau souterraine entre une zone humide superficielle et un aquifère profond sur le fonctionnement hydrochimique des tourbières : Exemple des marais du Cotentin, Basse-Normandie". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00137706.
Texto completo- Le fonctionnement hydrologique de la tourbière est contrôlé par celui de l'aquifère des sables et l'existence même de la tourbière est directement liée à sa présence ;
- Les conditions hydrologiques influencent directement la variabilité spatio-temporelle des conditions redox du milieu et donc les réactions biogéochimiques mises en jeu dans la tourbière ;
- La modélisation de la zone humide a mis en évidence la sensibilité et la vulnérabilité de ces écosystèmes à la pression anthropique (pompage) et/ou l'évolution globale du climat.
Theissing, Simon. "Supervision en transport multimodal". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN076/document.
Texto completoWithout any doubt, modern multimodal transportation systems are vital to the ecological sustainability and the economic prosperity of urban agglomerations, and in doing so to the quality of life of their many inhabitants. Moreover it is known that a well-functioning interoperability of the different modes and lines in such networked systems is key to their acceptance given the fact that (i) many if not most trips between different origin/destination pairs require transfers, and (ii) costly infrastructure investments targeting the creation of more direct links through the construction of new or the extension of existing lines are not open to debate. Thus, a better understanding of how the different modes and lines in these systems interact through passenger transfers is of utmost importance. However, acquiring this understanding is particularly tricky in degraded situations where some or all transportation services cannot be provided as planned due to e.g. some passenger incident, and/or where the demand for these scheduled services deviates from any statistical long term-plannings. Here, the development for and integration of sophisticated mathematical models into the operation of such systems may provide remedy, where model-predictive supervision seems to be one very promising area of application which we consider here. Model-predictive supervision can take several forms. In this work, we focus on the model-based impact analysis of different actions, such as the delayed departure of some vehicle from a stop, applied to the operation of the considered transportation system upon some downgrading situation occurs which lacks statistical data. For this purpose, we introduce a new stochastic hybrid automaton model, and show how this mathematically profound model can be used to forecast the passenger numbers in and the vehicle operational state of this transportation system starting from estimations of all passenger numbers and an exact knowledge of the vehicle operational state at the time of the incident occurrence. Our new automaton model brings under the same roof, all passengers who demand fixed-route transportation services, and all vehicles which provide them. It explicitly accounts for all capacity-limits and the fact that passengers do not necessarily follow efficient paths which must be mapped to some simple to understand cost function. Instead, every passenger has a trip profile which defines a fixed route in the infrastructure of the transportation system, and a preference for the different transportation services along this route. Moreover, our model does not abstract away from all vehicle movements but explicitly includes them in its dynamics, which latter property is crucial to the impact analysis of any vehicle movement-related action. In addition our model accounts for uncertainty; resulting from unknown initial passenger numbers and unknown passenger arrival flows. Compared to classical modelling approaches for hybrid automata, our Petri net-styled approach does not require the end user to specify our model's many differential equations systems by hand. Instead, all these systems can be derived from the model's predominantly graphical specification in a fully automated manner for the discrete time computation of any forecast. This latter property of our model in turn reduces the risk of man-made specification and thus forecasting errors. Besides introducing our new model, we also develop in this report some algorithmic bricks which target two major bottlenecks which are likely to occur during its forecast-producing simulation, namely the numerical integration of the many high-dimensional systems of stochastic differential equations and the combinatorial explosion of its discrete state. Moreover, we proof the computational feasibility and show the prospective benefits of our approach in form of some simplistic test- and some more realistic use case
Saunier, Alice. "Bases génétiques de la différenciation adaptative en milieu anthropisé chez Macoma balthica, un bivalve marin à fort flux génique". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS021/document.
Texto completoIn the anthropized, fragmented environmental context subject to rapid climate change, understand local adaptation processes of marine organisms by studying the contact zones between close taxa is a preferred approach. In these areas, hybrid genotypes persist despite a maladaptive state related to endogenous genetic incompatibilities and/or exogenous barrier. The complex biogeographic history of the Baltic tellin Macoma balthica leads to emergence of several European hybrid zones, one of which, located around the Pointe Finistère (France), is the result of the confluence of two genetic stocks that have diverged in allopatric. These divergences may have lead to the co-adaptation breakdown between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes due to the emergence of mito-nuclear incompatibilities (MNIs). Thus, the different protein subunits of the five OXPHO chain complexes are encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genes, and a tight inter-genomic coevolution is required to maintain the cellular energy production. Recent transcriptomic data unveil the existence of underlying MNIs in M. balthica, bearing by the respiratory complexes I and V. In order to provide some understanding clues of mechanisms in hybrid zone's maintenance in the context of human pressure, the present work aims to test the assumption of putative MNIs in this area. For this purpose, (i) six mitogenomes corresponding to five divergent haplotype lineages in Europe were sequenced and the genomic architecture has been studied jointly to a mapping mutation of the 13 mitochondrial genes, (ii) the level of transcription of 5 nuclear and 8 mitochondrial genes (complex I to V) of hybrid individuals was compared to the parental lineages after identification of the hybrid status of each individual (six french populations). For the lack of bringing concrete answers concerning the existence of MNIs in M. balthica, and its evolutionary effects in term of hybrid breakdown, this work is a springboard for a comprehensive study of the French hybrid zone by developing new molecular tools, and stable experimental technics for the realisation of future artificial crosses
Kolandaivelu, Kannikha Parameswari. "Hydrothermal Transport in the Panama Basin and in Brothers Volcano using Heat Flow, Scientific Deep Sea Drilling and Mathematical Models". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99631.
Texto completoPHD
Brunel, Lionel. "Indexation vidéo par l'analyse de codage". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00214113.
Texto completoRivera, Martinez Rodrigo Andres. "Validation and deployment of greenhouse gas sensors (CH4) for the characterization of industrial and urban sources". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ020.
Texto completoThis PhD aims at reconstructing atmospheric CH4 concentrations from voltage signals recorded by low-cost Metal Oxide Sensors (MOS) for the purpose of monitoring CH4 leaks from an industrial facility. Our strategy is based on the collocation of measurements by low-cost sensors and expensive very high accuracy instruments. The CH4 concentrations data from the high accuracy reference instrument are then used as a target variable to be reconstructed using MOS voltage and other predictors. The reconstruction is performed with both machine learning models and parametric models. It is applied to increasingly complex problems, including the reconstruction of: 1) smooth variations of ambient room air CH4 in a laboratory, 2) fast and large variations of CH4 during concentration spikes generated on a test bench in a laboratory with a typical signature similar to that observed for real world leaks, and 3) fast and large variations of CH4 observed in the field during a dedicated controlled release experiment. The first laboratory experiments revealed a high influence of H2O in MOS sensors, and the reconstruction with a Multilayer perceptron model showed good agreement between the references and the reconstructed room air concentrations (Chapter 2). The results of the second experiment (Chapter 3) showed the importance of the selection of the sensor's type in order to produce reconstructions of CH4 concentration with a 1 ppm accuracy (RMSE). We also discovered that the TGS 2611-C00 sensors provided a more accurate reconstruction of CH4 spikes than the TGS 2611-E00 ones. A parsimonious model training strategy allowed us to restrict the training set from 70% to 25% of the data without a degradation in the reconstruction of the CH4 spikes. Emission of controlled releases from reconstructed CH4 concentrations measured by MOS sensors and the inversion of a Gaussian atmospheric model (Chapter 4) were similar to those inverted from high accuracy reference data, with an average emission rate estimation error of 25% over 11 controlled releases and a location error of 9.5 m. The results of this PhD are the basis to explore advanced techniques based on machine learning to produce accurate estimates of CH4 concentrations, and study the information required by inversion modelling that produced best estimates of the emission rate and location of CH4 leaks
Drosouli, Ifigeneia. "Multimodal machine learning methods for pattern analysis in smart cities and transportation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LIMO0028.
Texto completoIn the context of modern, densely populated urban environments, the effective management of transportation and the structure of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) are paramount. The public transportation sector is currently undergoing a significant expansion and transformation with the objective of enhancing accessibility, accommodating larger passenger volumes without compromising travel quality, and embracing environmentally conscious and sustainable practices. Technological advancements, particularly in Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data Analytics (BDA), and Advanced Sensors (AS), have played a pivotal role in achieving these goals and contributing to the development, enhancement, and expansion of Intelligent Transportation Systems. This thesis addresses two critical challenges within the realm of smart cities, specifically focusing on the identification of transportation modes utilized by citizens at any given moment and the estimation and prediction of transportation flow within diverse transportation systems. In the context of the first challenge, two distinct approaches have been developed for Transportation Mode Detection. Firstly, a deep learning approach for the identification of eight transportation media is proposed, utilizing multimodal sensor data collected from user smartphones. This approach is based on a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network and Bayesian optimization of model’s parameters. Through extensive experimental evaluation, the proposed approach demonstrates remarkably high recognition rates compared to a variety of machine learning approaches, including state-of-the-art methods. The thesis also delves into issues related to feature correlation and the impact of dimensionality reduction. The second approach involves a transformer-based model for transportation mode detection named TMD-BERT. This model processes the entire sequence of data, comprehends the importance of each part of the input sequence, and assigns weights accordingly using attention mechanisms to grasp global dependencies in the sequence. Experimental evaluations showcase the model's exceptional performance compared to state-of-the-art methods, highlighting its high prediction accuracy. In addressing the challenge of transportation flow estimation, a Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Recurrent Network is proposed. This network learns from both the spatial stations network data and time-series of historical mobility changes to predict urban metro and bike sharing flow at a future time. The model combines Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks to enhance estimation accuracy. Extensive experiments conducted on real-world datasets from the Hangzhou metro system and the NY City bike sharing system validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, showcasing its ability to identify dynamic spatial correlations between stations and make accurate long-term forecasts
Mariotte, Guilhem. "Dynamic Modeling of Large-Scale Urban Transportation Systems". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSET010/document.
Texto completoCongestion in urban areas has become a major issue in terms of economic, social or environmental impact. For short or mid term, using dynamic road traffic simulation can help analyzing and providing guidelines to optimization policies of existing infrastructures. Today, because of the complexity of transport systems, classical modeling tools are limited to small geographical areas (of a district size). Computational time, together with simulation calibration, are notably very constraining at large scales. However, a new generation of models designed for metropolitan areas has arisen over the past decades. These models are based on a phenomenological relationship between travel production and the number of vehicles in a given spatial area of a road network, known as the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD). This relationship, supported by empirical evidences from several cities around the world, has allowed the study of different traffic control schemes at a whole city scale, but was rarely used for traffic state forecasting. The aim of this PhD is to propose an efficient modeling tool, based upon the concept of MFD, to simulate and analyze traffic states in large metropolitan areas. The theoretical framework of this tool must be consistent and applicable for traffic state forecasting, development of new control policies, traffic emission estimation, etc. There are two major contributions in this PhD. The first one is analyzing the mathematical and physical properties of existing models, and formalizing the dynamics of several trip lengths inside the same urban zone. In particular, this formalization distinguishes between internal trips and trips crossing the zone. Flow merging and diverging issues are also addressed when congestion propagates from one zone to another. The second contribution is proposing a new trip-based model based on individual traveled distance. This approach allows to treat users independently (previously represented with continuous flows), and thus to define their characteristics more precisely to couple their trips with assignment models on different paths. Finally, examples of application from various collaborations are given in the last part of this thesis. It includes a simulation study of the Grand Lyon urban area (France), as well as new modules to simulate search-for-parking or perimeter control. This PhD is part of a European ERC project entitled MAGnUM: Multiscale and Multimodal Traffic Modeling Approach for Sustainable Management of Urban Mobility
Charbonnier, Guillaume. "Reconstitution paléoclimatique et paléoenvironnementale au Valanginien (~135 Ma, Crétacé inférieur) : vers une meilleure compréhension des processus locaux versus globaux". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00956584.
Texto completoTor-ngern, Pantana. "Comparisons of Carbon and Water Fluxes of Pine Forests in Boreal and Temperate Climatic Zones". Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/9943.
Texto completoQuantifying carbon fluxes and pools of forest ecosystems is an active research area in global climate study, particularly in the currently and projected increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration environment. Forest carbon dynamics are closely linked to the water cycle through plant stomata which are regulated by environmental conditions associated with atmospheric and soil humidity, air temperature and light. Thus, it is imperative to study both carbon and water fluxes of a forest ecosystem to be able to assess the impact of environmental changes, including those resulting from climate change, on global carbon and hydrologic cycles. However, challenges hampering such global study lie in the spatial heterogeneity of and the temporal variability of fluxes in forests around the globe. Moreover, continuous, long-term monitoring and measurements of fluxes are not feasible at global forest scale. Therefore, the need to quantify carbon and water fluxes and to identify key variables controlling them at multiple stands and time scales is growing. Such analyses will benefit the upscaling of stand-level observations to large- or global-scale modelling approaches.
I performed a series of studies investigating carbon and water fluxes in pine forests of various site characteristics, conditions and latitudinal locations. The common techniques used in these studies largely involved sap flux sensors to measure tree-level water flow which is scaled up to stand-level transpiration and a process-based model which calculates canopy light absorption and carbon assimilation constrained by the sap-flux beased canopy stomatal conductance (called Canopy Conductance Constrained Carbon Assimilation or 4C-A model). I collected and analyzed sap flux data from pine forests of two major species: Pinus taeda in temperate (36 °N) and Pinus sylvestris in boreal (64 °N) climatic zones. These forests were of different stage-related canopy leaf area and some were under treatments for elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration or fertilization.
I found that (Chapter 2) the 17-year long free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) had little effect on canopy transpiration of a mixed forest with the dominant P. taeda and other broadleaved species as the understory in North Carolina, USA (Duke FACE). The result was due to the compensation of elevated [CO2]-induced increase of canopy leaf area for the reduction of mean canopy stomatal conductance. My next theoretical study (Chapter 3), comparing P. taeda (native at 36 °N in North Carolina), P. sylvestris (native at 64 °N in norther Sweden) and Pinus contorta (native at 58 °N in British Columbia, Canada) canopies, revealed that the interaction between crown architecture and solar elevation associated with site latitude of pine canopies affected the distribution and total amount of canopy light absorption and potentially photosynthesis such that the latitudinally prescribed needle organization of a pine canopy is optimal for light interception and survival in its native location. Then, I quantified and analyzed water fluxes in four pine forests: one composed of P. taeda in North Carolina and three containing P. sylvestris in northern Sweden (Chapter 4). The latter forests consisted of various stage-related canopy leaf area and nutrient status. Combining my estimates with other published results from forests of various types and latitudinal locations, I derived an approach to estimate daily canopy transpiration during the growing season based on a few environmental variables including atmospheric and soil humidity and canopy leaf area. Moreover, based on a water budget analysis, I discovered that the intra-annual variation of precipitation in a forest has a small effect on evapotranspiration and primarily affecting outflow; however, variation of precipitation across latitudes proportionally influences anuual evapotranspiration and outflow. Furthermore, the hydrologic analyses implied the `disequilibrium' of forest water cycling during the growing season when forests may use less and more water in dry and wet regions, respectively, than the incoming precipitation. Nevertherless, at annual timescale, most forests became in `equilibrium' by using similar proportion of incoming precipitation. Finally, (Chapter 5) I estimated and analyzed the temporal and spatial variabilities of carbon fluxes of the same four forests measured in Chapter 4 using the 4C-A computational approach and analyzed their resource-use efficiencies. I concluded that, based on my results and others as available, despite the differences in species clumping and latitudes which influence growing season length and solar elevation, the gross primary productivity can be conservatively linearly related to the canopy light absorption. However, based on previous findings from a global study, different allocation of the acquired carbon to the above- and belowground is regulated by soil nutrient status.
Overall, the findings in this dissertation offer new insights into the impacts of environmental changes on carbon and water dynamics in forests across multiple sites and temporal scales which will be useful for larger-scale analyses such as those pertaining to global climate projection.
Dissertation