Articles de revues : « Academic Occupational Exposure »

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Hohenadel, K., E. Pichora, L. Marrett, et al. "Priority issues in occupational cancer research: Ontario stakeholder perspectives." Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada 31, no. 4 (2011): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.31.4.02.

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Introduction Workers are potentially exposed to known and suspected carcinogens in the workplace, many of which have not been fully evaluated. Despite persistent need, research on occupational cancer appears to have declined in recent decades. The formation of the Occupational Cancer Research Centre (OCRC) is an effort to counter this downward trend in Ontario. The OCRC conducted a survey of the broad stakeholder community to learn about priority issues on occupational cancer research. Methods The OCRC received 177 responses to its survey from academic, health care, policy, industry, and labour-affiliated stakeholders. Responses were analyzed based on workplace exposures, at-risk occupations and cancers by organ system, stratified by respondents’ occupational role. Results Priority issues identified included workplace exposures such as chemicals, respirable dusts and fibres (e.g. asbestos), radiation (e.g. electromagnetic fields), pesticides, and shift work; and occupations such as miners, construction workers, and health care workers. Insufficient funding and a lack of exposure data were identified as the central barriers to conducting occupational cancer research. Discussion The results of this survey underscore the great need for occupational cancer research in Ontario and beyond. They will be very useful as the OCRC develops its research agenda.

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Pinelli, Camila, Sabrina do Nascimento Neri, and Leonor de Castro Monteiro Loffredo. "Dental students’ reports of occupational exposures to potentially infectious biological material in a Brazilian School of Dentistry." Cadernos Saúde Coletiva 24, no. 2 (2016): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-462x201600020238.

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Abstract Introduction Occupational exposures to contaminated biological material in dental teaching settings can place students at higher risk of bloodborne infections. Methods This cross sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire culturally adapted to Portuguese language, Brazil. In total, 173 undergraduate dental students agreed to participate in the study, answered the questionnaire, and filled in the details about their own occupational exposures. The association of these factors was analyzed by the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test using Stata® software. Results High prevalence of occupational exposures (40%) was observed among the participants, and 52% of the accidents were not reported to the clinical instructor. The most frequent type of accident was related to “puncture/cut/abrasion” (56%). Significant correlation was observed between number of exposures and academic year (p=0.002), age (p=0.012), gender (p=0.010), and between number of injuries in the last 6 months and academic year (p=0.003). No significant correlation was observed between number of exposures and dominant hand, use of protective eyewear or Hepatitis B vaccination status (p>0.05). Conclusion Additional teaching strategies need to be developed to motivate adherence to occupational post-exposure protocols regarding biological material, improving the notification of the occupational exposures that occur among dental students.

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Kacem, Imene, M. Kahloul, M. Maoua, et al. "Occupational Noise Exposure and Diabetes Risk." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2021 (March 19, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1804616.

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Introduction. Noise is one of the most common worldwide environmental pollutants, especially in occupational fields. As a stressor, it affects not only the ear but also the entire body. Its physiological and psychological impacts have been well established in many conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. However, there is a dearth of evidence regarding diabetes risk related to noises. Aim. To evaluate the relationship between occupational exposure to noise and the risk of developing diabetes. Methods. This is a cross-sectional analytical study enrolling two groups of 151 workers each. The first group (noise exposed group: EG) included the employees of a Tunisian power plant, who worked during the day shift and had a permanent position. The second group (unexposed to noise group: NEG) included workers assigned to two academic institutions, who were randomly selected in the Occupational Medicine Department of the Farhat Hached University Hospital in Sousse, during periodical fitness to work visits. Both populations (exposed and unexposed) were matched by age and gender. Data collection was based on a preestablished questionnaire, a physical examination, a biological assessment, and a sonometric study. Results. The mean equivalent continuous sound level was 89 dB for the EG and 44.6 dB for the NEG. Diabetes was diagnosed in 24 workers from EG (15.9%) and 14 workers from NEG (9.3%), with no statistically significant difference ( p = 0.08 ). After multiple binary logistic regression, including variables of interest, noise did not appear to be associated with diabetes. Conclusion. Our results did not reveal a higher risk of developing diabetes in workers exposed to noise. Further studies assessing both level and duration of noise exposure are needed before any definitive conclusion.

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Landford, Wilmina N., Ledibabari M. Ngaage, Erica Lee, et al. "Occupational exposures in the operating room: Are surgeons well-equipped?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0253785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253785.

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Background Occupational health hazards are ubiquitously found in the operating room, guaranteeing an inevitable risk of exposure to the surgeon. Although provisions on occupational health and safety in healthcare exist, they do not address non-traditional hazards found in the operating room. In order to determine whether surgeons or trainees receive any form of occupational health training, we examine the associations between occupational health training and exposure rate. Study design A cross-sectional survey was distributed. Respondent characteristics included academic level, race/ethnicity, and gender. The survey evaluated seven surgical disciplines and 13 occupational hazards. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between academic level, surgical specialty, and exposure rate. Results Our cohort of 183 respondents (33.1% response rate) consisted of attendings (n = 72, 39.3%) and trainees (n = 111, 60.7%). Surgical trainees were less likely to have been trained in cytotoxic drugs (OR 0.22, p<0.001), methylmethacrylate (OR 0.15, p<0.001), patient lifting (OR 0.43, p = 0.009), radiation (OR 0.40, p = 0.007), and surgical smoke (OR 0.41, p = 0.041) than attending surgeons. Additionally, trainees were more likely to experience frequent exposure to bloodborne pathogens (OR 5.26, p<0.001), methylmethacrylate (OR 2.86, p<0.001), cytotoxic drugs (OR 3.03, p<0.001), and formaldehyde (2.08, p = 0.011), to name a few. Conclusion Although surgeon safety is not a domain in residency training, standardized efforts to educate and change the culture of safety in residency programs is warranted. Our study demonstrates a disparity between trainees and attendings with a recommendation to provide formal training to trainees independent of their anticipated risk of exposure.

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Periyakoil, Divya, Hari Prasanna Das, Clayton Miller, Costas J. Spanos, and Ndola Prata. "Environmental Exposures in Singapore Schools: An Ecological Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (2021): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041843.

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Global climate change is a clear and present danger to our environment, but the impacts of climate change on human health are less known. People in Asian countries are more susceptible to the negative impacts of climate change and the subsequent environmental exposures because of the high population density, rapid urbanization, and natural geography of the region. The objective of this multidisciplinary collaborative ecological study was to explore the impact of environmental exposures such as temperature (°C), noise (db), humidity (%rh), air conditioning exposure time (hours), and distance traveled to school (km) on the comfort and academic success of school children in Singapore. Analysis of a large dataset from the Singapore National Science Experiment revealed a positive correlation between the distance traveled to school and favorable environmental conditions (moderate temperatures, low noise, low humidity, and higher amount of air conditioning time) and student academic performance. The analysis revealed that the distance traveled between home and school for public school students falls within a larger range than that for independent (private) school students. On average, students traveled farther distances to attend schools of higher academic caliber thereby increasing their exposure to environmental pollution. Student exposure to pollution can be minimized if all schools adhere to higher standards of environmental comfort and standardized academic caliber. If students can attend the school closest to their homes, they can minimize their daily pollution exposure due to traffic/commute, thereby mitigating the resultant negative health consequences.

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Grace, Sherry L., Karen Hershenfield, Emma Robertson, and Donna E. Stewart. "Factors Affecting Perceived Risk of Contracting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Among Academic Physicians." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 25, no. 12 (2004): 1111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502352.

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AbstractSARS disproportionately affects healthcare providers. A physician survey was administered within three hospitals providing care to SARS patients. Knowing a colleague who contracted SARS and previous occupational exposure to infectious agents were significantly predictive of greater perceived risk, whereas perceived effectiveness of precautions and provision of direct care were not.

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Gilavand, Abdolreza, Mohammad Shooriabi, and Mehrnoosh Malakootian. "INVESTIGATING THE FREQUENCY OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE IN DENTISTRY STUDENTS OF AHVAZ JUNDISHAPUR UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES IN SOUTHWEST OF IRAN." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 2 (2018): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.23191.

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Objective: In spite of great developments in infection control during recent years, many problems are still seen at the level of faculties, private, and public hospitals. Therefore, this research was carried out to evaluate the frequency of occupational exposure in dentistry students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Southwest of Iran.Methods: This study was conducted using a descriptive and cross-sectional method in 2016. The population of the study included all the 124 dentistry students graduated from Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), southwest of Iran, who started their clinical education. The data were collected through a researcher-developed questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS 22 software.Results: A total of 84 (67.7%) of the participants were male and 40 (23.3%) were female. Of all the participants, 54.8% of the students had no occupational exposure, 17.9% had needle stick experience, 17.9% of them had splash exposure, and 8.9% had a history of exposure to both needlestick acid and patient discharge. In the current research, no significant relationship was found between job exposure and age, gender, and marital status (p<0.05). However, a significant relationship was found between occupational exposure, year of admission to university, academic semester, and educational environment (p<0.05).Conclusion: Given the relatively high prevalence of occupational exposure in students, the development of prevention and exposure to occupational protocols and requiring students to comply with these protocols in clinical dentistry environments is recommended.

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Brandão, Maria Piedade, Francisco Luís Pimentel, and Margarida Fonseca Cardoso. "Impact of academic exposure on health status of university students." Revista de Saúde Pública 45, no. 1 (2011): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102011000100006.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of academic life on health status of university students. METHODS: Longitudinal study including 154 undergraduate students from the Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, with at least two years of follow-up observations. Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics were collected using questionnaires. Students' weight, height, blood pressure, serum glucose, serum lipids and serum homocysteine levels were measured. Regression analysis was performed using linear mixed-effect models, allowing for random effects at the participant level. RESULTS: A higher rate of dyslipidemia (44.0% vs. 28.6%), overweight (16.3% vs. 12.5%) and smoking (19.3% vs. 0.0%) was found among students exposed to the academic life when compared to freshmen. Physical inactivity was about 80%. Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and physical activity levels were significantly associated with gender (p<0.001). Academic exposure was associated with increased low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (about 1.12 times), and marginally with total cholesterol levels (p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: High education level does not seem to have a protective effect favoring a healthier lifestyle and being enrolled in health-related areas does not seem either to positively affect students' behaviors. Increased risk factors for non-transmissible diseases in university students raise concerns about their well-being. These results should support the implementation of health promotion and prevention programs at universities.

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Choi, Kelvin, Julia Cen Chen-Sankey, Ashley L. Merianos, Carol McGruder, and Valerie Yerger. "Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Subsequent Academic Performance Among U.S. Youth." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 58, no. 6 (2020): 776–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.12.020.

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Klein, Michael, Mirza Khan, Jorge L. Salinas, and Rolando Sanchez. "Disseminated pulmonary histoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients: a common epidemiological exposure." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 3 (2019): e227994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-227994.

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We describe the initial presentation, diagnostic work-up and treatment of three adult immunocompetent men who presented within a short time frame of each other to an academic medical centre with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Their presentation was found to be secondary to a large inoculum of histoplasmosis from remodelling a building with bat droppings infestation. We discuss the pathophysiology of histoplasmosis and highlight the importance of exposure history in patients with acute respiratory failure and why patients with the occupational risk of exposure to fungal inoculum should wear protective respirator gear.

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Newman, Nicholas C., Sarah Elam, Carol Igoe, et al. "A Community–Academic Partnership to Reduce Lead Exposure From an Elevated Roadway Demolition, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2012." Public Health Reports 132, no. 6 (2017): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354917732756.

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Disseminating public health recommendations to community members is an important step in protecting the public’s health. We describe a community–academic partnership comprising health-based organizations, community groups, academia, and government organizations. This partnership undertook an iterative process to develop an outreach plan, educational materials, and activities to bring lead-poisoning prevention recommendations from a health impact assessment of a roadway demolition/construction project to the residents of an affected neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2012. Community partners played a key role in developing outreach and prevention activities. As a result of this project, activities among members of the partnership continue.

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Kang, Minji, Christopher Granda, Francesca J. Torriani, et al. "499. Infection with Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Personnel with Exposure to COVID-19." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (2020): S315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.692.

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Abstract Background As of June 2, 2020, 67,113 cases and 321 deaths due to Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) have been reported in healthcare personnel (HCP) in the United States. Given the close contact of HCP with individuals with COVID-19, it is important to quantify the risk of acquiring COVID-19 in the healthcare setting. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of HCP exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at our academic medical center from March 15, 2020 to May 16, 2020. Exposure during the study period was defined as having contact with patients or other HCP with COVID-19 within 6 feet of distance for at least 90 seconds when HCP’s eyes, nose, or mouth were not covered. HCP with exposures were monitored for symptoms consistent with COVID-19 for 14 days from last exposure and those who developed symptoms were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR. Results We identified 33 exposure events; 19 of which were patient-to-HCP exposures and 14 of which were HCP-to-HCP exposures. These 33 events resulted in 959 exposed HCP among whom 238 (25%) developed one or more symptoms of COVID-19 and required SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing. Testing was performed at 7.1 ± 5.0 (mean ± SD) days from exposure. Of the 238 HCP who were tested, 82% were female and 49% were registered nurses (Table 1). Five HCP tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR, but one was presumed to have acquired the disease from a household member with confirmed COVID-19. Among the four HCP who were infected due to occupational exposure, three were nurses while one was an environmental service worker (Table 1). Conclusion Despite exposures among HCP, the risk of acquiring symptomatic COVID-19 in the healthcare setting was low with less than 1% of HCP with occupational exposure subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19. With the definition of exposure now changed to at least 15 minutes of close contact without personal protective equipment, we anticipate fewer exposures at our healthcare facility and that much of COVID-19 transmission affecting HCP are due to community exposures. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Murphy, William. "Reducing Employee Noise Exposure in Manufacturing: A Review of the 2014 workshop." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (2021): 5272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3033.

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In 2014, the Institute for Noise Control Engineering (INCE) Foundation, the Noise Control Foundation and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health organized a meeting of industry, government, and academic experts to discuss "Reducing Noise Exposures in the Manufacturing: Best Practices, Innovative Techniques, and the Workplace of the Future." This presentation will review the content of the recommendations for hearing loss prevention programs, successful implementations for noise control engineering, and new techniques to predict noise exposures in the workplace. Efforts to develop Buy Quiet programs and to promote the Safe-in-Sound Excellence in Hearing Loss Prevention and Innovation will be reviewed.

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Dehdashti, Alireza. "P.1.09 Risk assessment of exposure to formaldehyde in university laboratories." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (2019): A80.1—A80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.215.

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ObjectiveFormaldehyde is a commonly used chemical in laboratories and has been regarded as a potential hazard to health. Researchers and students who work in medical laboratories have potentially a higher risk of exposure to Formaldehyde. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of exposure to formaldehyde and its health effects in laboratories.MethodsIn a cross-sectional survey air samples were collected with charcoal tubes from 23 anatomy, pathology and histopathology laboratories. Personal and time weighted exposures of 102 samples were sampled and analyzed using OSHA method. A questionnaire was distributed to 83 participants engaged in laboratory activities to examine the adverse health effects of formaldehyde.ResultsOverall, 92.3% of the personal exposure levels were higher than the occupational exposure limit. The area concentrations ranged between 0.234 ppm and 3.45 ppm (mean=1.43 ppm, SD=0.45). Individual exposure levels in respiratory zone ranged 0.219 ppm and 1.96 ppm (mean=0.573 ppm, SD=0.39). The risk of Formaldehyde exposure levels were higher for researchers and technicians compared to students with a factor of two or three. Participants with a duration of exposure more than 2 years had an increased risk of health symptoms (Hazard ratio=1.4; Confidence Interval=0.8–3.7). Laboratory personnel reported physical fatigue (39.1%), headache (32.7%), breathing problems (21.1%), noise irritation (17.4%), and eye irritation (14.9%).ConclusionThe concentration levels of Formaldehyde vapor in laboratory indoor air were higher compared to individual exposure levels. Work in laboratories is associated with exposure levels exceeding the recommended exposure limit and an increased risk of health complaints. Preventive measures are required to reduce the emission of airborne formaldehyde and prevalent health-related symptoms in academic medical laboratories.

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Collins, Bradley N., E. Paul Wileyto, Michael F. G. Murphy, and Marcus R. Munafò. "Adolescent Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Predicts Academic Achievement Test Failure." Journal of Adolescent Health 41, no. 4 (2007): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.010.

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Johnston, Jill E., mark! Lopez, Matthew O. Gribble, Wendy Gutschow, Christine Austin, and Manish Arora. "A Collaborative Approach to Assess Legacy Pollution in Communities Near a Lead–Acid Battery Smelter: The “Truth Fairy” Project." Health Education & Behavior 46, no. 1_suppl (2019): 71S—80S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198119859406.

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Advocates for civil rights, environmental justice, and movements promoting social justice require data and may lack trust in public authorities, turning instead to academic scientists to help address their questions. Assessing historical exposure to toxic chemicals, especially in situations of a specific industrial source of pollution affecting a community, is critical for informing appropriate public health and policy responses. We describe a community-driven approach to integrate retrospective environmental hazard exposure assessment with community organizing to address concerns about the extent of exposure to toxic metals in a predominantly working-class, Latinx community living near a now-closed lead–acid battery smelter facility. Named the “Truth Fairy Project” by leaders of the community organization East Yard Communities for Environmental Justice, this community–university partnership aimed to assess prenatal and early-life exposures to toxic metals through biomarkers of exposure in baby/deciduous teeth. This partnership integrated community mobilization with empirical research, informing residents about toxic metal exposures and improving the community’s capacity to respond to a public health crisis.

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Counil, Émilie, and Emmanuel Henry. "When Scientific Knowledge and Ignorance Make It Difficult to Improve Occupational Health: A French and European Perspective." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 31, no. 2 (2021): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10482911211019135.

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This article analyzes the consequences of the increasing reference to scientific expertise in the decision and implementation process of occupational health policy. Based on examples (exposure limits and attributable fractions) taken from an interdisciplinary seminar conducted in 2014 to 2015 in France, it shows how the measurement or regulation of a problem through biomedicine-based tools produces blind spots. It also uses a case study to show the contradictions between scientific and academic aims and public health intervention. Other indirect implications are also examined, such as the limitation of trade unions’ scope for action. Finally, the article suggests launching a broad political debate accessible to nonspecialists about collective occupational health issues—a dialogue made difficult by the rise of the afore-mentioned techno-scientific perspective.

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Gomes, Mayslane De Sousa, Brígida Monteiro Gualberto Montenegro, Daliane De Almeida Alves, and Renata Paiva Da Nóbrega Costa. "Avaliação ocupacional quantitativa das temperaturas extremas em um laboratório acadêmico: os reflexos da exposição para a saúde dos trabalhadores." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 44 (2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-03062015v1n44p79-87.

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<p>Every day occupational diseases incapacitate thousands of workers in a wide range of activities causing problems which vary from temporary retirements until death The diseases usually start when there is exposure to physical environmental agents above tolerance limits such as: extreme temperatures (cold and heat) present in food laboratories. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the occupational exposure to extreme temperatures in an academic milk processing laboratory of a Public Education Institution. The methodology used a descriptive, quantitative approach. Data collection used the environmental measurement instrument A recommended Thermal Stress Measure for evaluation of heat exposure Humidity Bulb Index – Globe Thermometer (IBUTG), based on the Tolerance Limits proposed by NR 15 and environmental evaluation of the cold through the ACGIH Tolerance Limit Table. The result obtained for the evaluation of the heat was of an average IBUTG of 30.075 for yoghurt production, below the tolerance limit proposed by NR 15. In order to evaluate the cold, a value of 8 ºC was obtained and the temperature range could be considered acceptable by the ACGIH for a 1 hour and 40 minutes intercalated journey.</p>

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Kanamori, Hajime, David J. Weber, Lauren M. DiBiase, et al. "Impact of Safety-Engineered Devices on the Incidence of Occupational Blood and Body Fluid Exposures Among Healthcare Personnel in an Academic Facility, 2000–2014." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, no. 5 (2016): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.10.

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BACKGROUNDLegislative actions and advanced technologies, particularly dissemination of safety-engineered devices, have aided in protecting healthcare personnel from occupational blood and body fluid exposures (BBFE).OBJECTIVETo investigate the trends in BBFE among healthcare personnel over 15 years and the impact of safety-engineered devices on the incidence of percutaneous injuries as well as features of injuries associated with these devices.METHODSRetrospective cohort study at University of North Carolina Hospitals, a tertiary care academic facility. Data on BBFE in healthcare personnel were extracted from Occupational Health Service records (2000–2014). Exposures associated with safety-engineered and conventional devices were compared. Generalized linear models were applied to measure the annual incidence rate difference by exposure type over time.RESULTSA total of 4,300 BBFE, including 3,318 percutaneous injuries (77%), were reported. The incidence rate for overall BBFE was significantly reduced during 2000–2014 (incidence rate difference, 1.72; P=.0003). The incidence rate for percutaneous injuries was also dramatically reduced during 2001–2006 (incidence rate difference, 1.37; P=.0079) but was less changed during 2006–2014. Percutaneous injuries associated with safety-engineered devices accounted for 27% of all BBFE. BBFE was most commonly due to injecting through skin, placing intravenous catheters, and blood drawing.CONCLUSIONSOur study revealed significant overall reduction in BBFE and percutaneous injuries likely due in part to the impact of safety-engineered devices but also identified that a considerable proportion of percutaneous injuries is now associated with these devices. Additional prevention strategies are needed to further reduce percutaneous injuries and improve design of safety-engineered devices.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:497–504

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Morello-Frosch, Rachel A. "The Politics of Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace: Class, Gender, and the History of Occupational Lead Exposure." International Journal of Health Services 27, no. 3 (1997): 501–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cxkq-1rtb-qp9h-qrpt.

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Over the past two decades, several U.S. companies have sought to bar women from jobs that expose them to potential reproductive hazards, justifying these exclusionary policies by their professed concerns for the well-being of unborn children and potential liability. Although recent court cases have stimulated academic interest in this issue, a historical review of the public health and medical literature reveals that this debate is not new. To understand the logic behind the emergence of “fetal protection” policies, one must examine the scientific history of occupational teratogens and the sociopolitical and economic forces that have driven scientific research in this field. Using lead as an example, the author argues that research on the reproductive hazards of employment has historically emphasized the risks to women and downplayed the risks to men. This results in environmental health policies that do not uphold the ultimate goal of occupational safety for all workers, but rather reinforce the systemic segregation of men and women in the workplace. Although the political struggle over exclusionary policies has a feminist orientation, it also has important class dimensions and ultimately must be viewed within the broader context of American capitalist production.

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Vaquero-Álvarez, Esther, Antonio Cubero-Atienza, María Pilar Martínez-Jiménez, Manuel Vaquero-Abellán, María Dolores Redel-Macías, and Pilar Aparicio-Martínez. "Occupational Safety and Health Training for Undergraduates Nursing Students: A Spanish Pilot." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (2020): 8381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228381.

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Most of blood borne and airborne pathogens are highly contagious, harmful and have prevalence among healthcare workers. In this group, healthcare students, especially nursing undergraduates, have even higher risk to be exposed and suffered a contagious accident. One of the main pillars to prevent exposure to such pathogens and decrease accidents seems to be through education. A prospective observational educational research focused on quantifying the students’ knowledge, and prevention culture was carried out. The educational approach based on the development of a technological tool, its integration in the students’ education, and posterior assessment. The Chi-square, ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, Man–Whitney U, and Spearman correlations were used to determine the effect of such educational methodology. The results, previous to the integration of the educational approach, showed differences between the elementary and proficient knowledge and correct procedure in each academic year (p < 0.05), being the best year the third academic year. The mean of elementary knowledge among second year students after the inclusion of the educational methodology improved for 2017/2018 with a mean of 7.5 (1.11) and in 2018/2019 with 7.87 (1.34). This study argued that the educational approach proposed could improve the prevention culture and knowledge among students and future healthcare professionals.

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Bukhtiyarov, Igor V., Larisa V. Pokhodzey, and Nina B. Rubtsova. "Boris Savin and his significance in Russian medicine and physiology (to the 100^th anniversary of his birth)." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 60, no. 9 (2020): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-9-564-568.

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The article is dedicated to the memory of the famous military and civilian physiologist, hygienist, doctor Boris Savin. Savin was born on January 9, 1920, passed the Great Patriotic War, from 1946 to 1975 he served in the Kirov Military-Medical Academy, where he defended his PhD and doctoral dissertations, he received the academic rank of Professor and was justly recognized as one of the leading figures in aviation medicine, who devoted his studies to the problem of impact overloads and hyperosmotic on the central nervous system and the organism as a whole. In 1976 he headed the radiofrequency electromagnetic waves laboratory of the Institute of Occupational hygiene and professional diseases of the USSR Academy of medical Sciences and worked there for 20 years. During the years at the Institute, he has made a significant contribution to improving the hygienic regulation of electromagnetic fields occupational exposure to workers electromagnetic safety ensure. Developed under his leadership, the principles and criteria for electromagnetic fields standardization, control and protection against them, based on dose-effective dependencies of the factor's human health effects. These principles still serve as the basis for systematic solution to the problems of persons occupationally associated with electromagnetic fields sources maintenance and operation health state adverse changes prevention.

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Goel, Varun, Dinesh Kumar, Raghavendra Lingaiah, and Sarman Singh. "Occurrence of Needlestick and Injuries among Health-care Workers of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in North India." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 9, no. 01 (2017): 020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.187917.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Occupational hazards such as accidental exposure to sharp, cuts, and splashes are common among health-care workers (HCWs). Aims and Objectives: To determine the occurrence of self-reported occupational exposures to these hazards and to know the prevalent practices following the exposure. The second aim was to know the baseline antibody levels against hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immediately after these accidents. Methods: An observational prospective study was done in the HCWs of a tertiary care academic health organization of North India from January 2011 to December 2013. At the time of self-reporting of injury, a questionnaire was administered. Blood sample of HCWs and of the source, if identified, was collected for baseline HBV, HCV, and HIV serum markers. The exposed HCWs were followed up and repeat testing was done after 3–4 weeks for seroconversion up to 6 months. Results: A total of 476 injuries were reported. Needlestick injury of fingers was the most common. Doctors were found to have the highest exposure rate (73.7%) distantly followed by nurses (19.1%). A significant number of the HCWs (125, 26.3%) vaccinated in past had hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) titers ≥10 mIU/mL (protection defined as anti-HBs level ≥10 mIU/ml). Only 44 sources were found to be seropositive (11 for HIV, 9 for HCV, and 24 for HBV). No seroconversion was seen in any of the exposed HCWs after 6 months. Conclusions: The incidence of needlestick and sharp injuries is most often encountered in emergency wards. Anti-HBs titers were suboptimal in many of the HCWs requiring a booster dose of HBV vaccination.

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Niciejewska, Marta, and Serhii Kasian. "Musculoskeletal Disorders Related to the Professional Work of Academic Teachers and the Quality of their Work." Quality Production Improvement - QPI 1, no. 1 (2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cqpi-2019-0007.

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Abstract The organization of space and working conditions is very important in terms of its effectiveness. Each professional work determines activities that support occupational safety and health at the workplace. Lack of proper working conditions but also the time of exposure to dangerous, burdensome or harmful factors has an impact on the effectiveness of the work performed. Lack of balance between work and leisure in turn results in a decrease in work efficiency. The scientific and didactic work of academic teachers is related to the occurrence of diversified occupational hazards with particular emphasis on those that are the cause of musculoskeletal disorders. In this elaboration, the research, analysis and evaluation of the work effectiveness of academic teachers have been carried out. A questionnaire and a direct interview have been used as a research method. In addition, the pain intensity in individual parts of the body has been assessed in the last 12 months depending on the age of research and teaching staff using the NMQ questionnaire (Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire). For the purposes of the study, the survey was supplemented with the VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) scale to assess the severity of pain. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the frequency and severity of musculoskeletal pain in academic teachers with regard to the effectiveness of their work

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Betancourt Sanchez, Luis Carlos, Edwin Omar Ochoa Gelvez, Claudia Carolina Velásquez Bernal, Yenny Andrea Rozo Silva, and Daniel Arturo Quiroga Vargas. "Occupational health in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review." Revista de Salud Pública 22, no. 3 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v22n3.87238.

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Objective To collect the available evidence related to occupational health in the face of the introduction of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic.Methods Scoping review developed from the Arksey and O'Malley framework. The search was performed in the databases PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Documents on COVID-19 and its relationship with occupational health published in English, Portuguese and Spanish were included. The review, selection and characterization of the studies was carried out by five reviewers.Results The search and selection identified 43 documents published between December 2019 and April 2020. The topics covered include occupational exposure, protection measures, psychosocial affectations of workers, particularly health, as well as conditions of work organization that can influence contagion.Conclusions Health workers are the most exposed workforce. Accompaniment, coaching and training in relation to patient care and the use of personal protection equipment are essential to reduce contagion among health personnel. In other work activities, social distancing is the standard measure for the mitigation of transmission, as well as the continuous disinfection of workplaces.

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Chan, Sook Ching, Jaya Vinoshairine Ganeson, Jee Tat Ong, and Sandheep Sugathan. "Perceptions of Malaysian medical students from different academic years on primary care: a qualitative research." Family Medicine and Community Health 8, no. 1 (2020): e000188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2019-000188.

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ObjectiveTo explore the perception of medical students from a private medical college in Perak, Malaysia, on primary care practice and induce the factors influencing their perception and willingness to consider primary care as a career pathway.DesignQualitative study using focus group discussions. Participants’ responses were audio recorded, transcribed, grouped under various domains and listed out and analysed.SettingA private medical college in Perak state, Malaysia.ParticipantsForty-six medical students from years 2 to 5 were included. Eight focus groups were formed with two focus groups from each academic year (six students each in seven groups and four students in one group). Students were informed through their respective student leader of each year and received a participant information sheet and an informed consent form which were completed and returned if they decided to participate in the focus group discussions.ResultsThe participants had different levels of understanding of primary care depending on their level of exposure to primary care. Senior students with more exposure had a better understanding about primary care and its services. Attractive factors towards choosing primary care as a career included short working hours with a more balanced family and social life, being able to treat patients as a whole with continuity of care and closer relationship with patients. Unattractive factors included routine, unchallenging and boring practice, poor salary, work overload and administrative work in government clinics, being less recognised by other specialties; and the poor perception by other doctors that those pursuing primary care were not ‘brilliant enough’ for more ‘sophisticated disciplines like surgery or paediatrics’.ConclusionThis study showed that the medical students’ level of exposure to primary care played a crucial role in determining their understanding of primary care practice and their choice of career in primary care. Issues to be addressed include remuneration, workload and the prejudice against primary care as a career pathway. Suggestions included introducing early exposure to fun and challenging primary care postings in the medical curriculum and producing well trained, skilled and enthusiastic role models.

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Nabhani Gebara, Shereen, Stephen Barton, Ian Appleford, Pauline McCalla, Graham Sewell, and Racha Sabbagh Dit Hawasli. "Consensus Recommendations for the Safe Handling of Cytotoxic Agents in Cytotoxic Academic Research Laboratories (CARL)." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 26, no. 8 (2020): 1953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155220951869.

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Cytotoxic agents, also called antineoplastic agents, are used in cancer treatment due to their inherent activity to inhibit cell growth or proliferation, or DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. They are, therefore, hazardous by nature in a non-selective manner leading to disruption of cell growth and function of both diseased and healthy cells of treated patients. While the benefits of receiving cytotoxic agents may outweigh the incurred risks for patients, the same cannot be said for exposed healthcare practitioners involved in the transport, preparation, administration, and resulting waste disposal of these agents. Consequently, many professional bodies around the world have set standards of practice to prevent occupational exposure of healthcare workers to cytotoxic agents, and hospitals have been active in defining strict policies in this concern. However, due to the variability of the practice and infrastructure in academic settings, some activities performed within the cytotoxic academic research laboratory often do not adhere to recommendations published by guidelines. The present recommendations were therefore set forward by members of a working group who are experts on the subject matter representing academic, clinical, and research backgrounds in an attempt to promote safe cytotoxic handling in academic institutions. The document maps out the trajectory of cytotoxic agents being investigated in academic research laboratories while providing recommendations on the delivery, storage, use and disposal of cytotoxic agents in university settings.

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Santos, Mónica, Armando Almeida, Catarina Lopes, and Tiago Oliveira. "Ruído: Medidas de Proteção Coletivas e Individuais." Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional 9 (June 30, 2020): S82—S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31252/rpso.18.04.2020.

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Introduction / framework / objectives Noise is an occupational risk factor extensively addressed in the Occupational Health literature. However, its pathophysiological consequences have traditionally been emphasized, sometimes neglecting more detailed explanations concerning personal protective equipment and collective protective measures. Methodology This is a Scoping Review, initiated by a September 2019 search of the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, Academic Search Ultimate, Science Direct, SCOPUS and RCAAP.” Content There are several collective protection measures (at the workspace structure/ design and use of various materials/ devices) that are able to attenuate noise exposure. When exceeding the lower exposure value (80 decibels) the employer must provide hearing protection; if the upper exposure value (85 decibels) is reached or exceeded its use is required (after prior enhancement of collective protective measures). However, workers and their representatives have to be consulted to choose the model. In selecting the latter, account should be taken of European Community certification, appropriate attenuation, compatibility with tasks and other protective equipment used simultaneously; as well as the physical condition of the worker, acceptability and comfort that it will generate. The effectiveness of these will depend on time of use, correct utilization, shape/ size, fit to the ear, pressure (head and/ or ear), resistance to extreme temperatures and material. Conclusions Occupational health team professionals generally need up-to-date information on individual and collective protection measures to mitigate the effects of noise in the workplace. The bibliography (in indexed databases) on these two themes is not very abundant and / or easily accessible. However, these measures, well used, can attenuate noise, promoting safer and healthier work. It would be pertinent for Occupational Health teams who deal with clients with different noise levels, to investigate which of these techniques are most appropriate to each situation and how employees adhere better to the process and perform their part more effectively.

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Quandt, Sara A., Thomas A. Arcury, and Aaron I. Pell. "Something for Everyone? A Community and Academic Partnership to Address Farmworker Pesticide Exposure in North Carolina." Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (June 2001): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3434792.

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Marsh, Bryan J., Joshua San Vicente, and C. Fordham von Reyn. "Utility of Dual Skin Tests to Evaluate Tuberculin Skin Test Reactions of 10 to 14 mm in Healthcare Workers." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 11 (2003): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502143.

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AbstractObjective:To define the utility of 10- to 14-mm reactions to a Mycobacterium tuberculosis purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test for healthcare workers (HCWs).Design:Blinded dual skin testing, using PPD and M. avium sensitin, of HCWs at a single medical center who had a 10-to 14-mm reaction to PPD when tested by personnel from the Occupational Health Department as part of routine annual screening.Setting:A single tertiary-care academic medical center.Participants:Employees of the medical center who underwent routine annual PPD screening and were identified by the Occupational Health Department as having a reaction of 10 to 14 mm to PPD.Results:Nineteen employees were identified as candidates and 11 underwent dual skin testing. Only 4 (36%) had repeat results for PPD in the 10- to 14-mm range, whether read by Occupational Health Department personnel or study investigators. For only 5 (45%) of the subjects did the Occupational Health Department personnel and study investigators concur (± 3 mm) on the size of the PPD reaction. Two of the 4 subjects with reactions of 10 to 14 mm as measured by the study investigators were M. avium sensitin dominant, 1 was PPD dominant, and 1 was nondominant.Conclusion:A reaction of 10 to 14 mm to PPD should not be used as an indication for the treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection in healthy HCWs born in the United States with no known exposure to TB.

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Gruver, Michelle, and Michelle Gamber. "Does Exposure to Primary Care Early in the Didactic Phase of the Physician Assistant (PA) Curriculum Influence Field Choice Post-Graduation?" Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 11 (January 2020): 215013272096059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150132720960598.

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Background Over the past 10 years, the nation has witnessed a significant increase in the number of physician assistant (PA) education programs. Primary care shortages throughout the United States have reached a staggering deficiency. The purpose of this project was to expand the primary care workforce in the Commonwealth of Virginia by increasing exposure to primary care setting early in the academic didactic year of physician assistant schooling. Methods This innovative research project originated in 2017 and was inclusive of PA students ranging from 20 to 44 years of age, across multiple demographics, conducted during the first year of didactic studies. This cross-sections study examined a total size of 115 students over from three different cohort years that participated in the free medical clinic completed a pre/post exposure survey. Results This study highlighted that an increased exposure to primary care in the early didactic phase of physician assistant graduate studies yielded a moderate increase in the interest to pursue a career in primary care upon graduation. Throughout the 2016 to 2017, 2017 to 2018, and 2018 to 2019 academic cohorts, 19% more from baseline indicated at the end of their primary care experience that they were more likely to practice in the field of primary care following the free medical clinic experience. Conclusions This study demonstrates a positive influence of early exposure to primary care for Physician Assistant students with the increased affinity to practice in the field upon graduation and has set a foundation for continuation of data collection in future PA cohorts.

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Smith, Carr J., and Thomas A. Perfetti. "Improving the ACGIH threshold limit value (TLV) process." Toxicology Research and Application 2 (January 1, 2018): 239784731880175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397847318801758.

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The intent of this manuscript is to elucidate needed improvements in American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) deliberations. More broadly, irreproducibility and bias adversely impact the collection, interpretation, statistical analysis, presentation, and reporting of results in many fields. In 2012, Begley and Ellis reported that scientists at Amgen had attempted to confirm published findings related to research topics of possible interest to Amgen. Fifty-three papers were deemed “landmark” studies. The authors were “shocked” when scientific findings were confirmed in only 6 (11%) cases. Many studies have confirmed that the peer-reviewed literature in biomedicine is in the midst of an irreproducibility crisis. Compounding the irreproducibility crisis is the existence of a significant bias against the publication of negative results. In the toxicology setting, negative toxicity test results are infrequently published as compared with reports that a chemical possesses a particular toxicity in a given test. Despite these deficiencies, the ACGIH states that “…the TLV®-CS Committee preferably relies on published, peer reviewed literature available in the public domain.” The primarily academic studies published in the peer-reviewed literature upon which ACGIH relies to determine TLVs rarely report raw data not already statistically transformed that are thus incalculable. In contrast, consideration of unpublished studies funded by industry, the vast majority of which are good laboratory practice-conducted contract lab studies, is only acceptable to ACGIH if the data owner provides the raw data to third parties upon request. This asymmetry in both the source of data emphasized, and inability to independently statistically analyze findings reported in the published academic literature, introduces a strong skew toward reliance on unverifiable although published measurements in the TLV process. Since Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends that workplaces rely on ACGIH TLVs and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommended exposure limits rather than older OSHA permissible exposure limit values to optimize worker safety, ACGIH should adopt a more transparent and science-based process.

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Caban-Martinez, Alberto, Kenny Fent, Casey Grant, et al. "P.2.03 Design, development and implementation of a national multi-site fire fighter cancer cohort study." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (2019): A88.1—A88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.239.

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Background and objective(s)Retrospective epidemiologic studies suggest a disproportionate burden in specific cancer incidence rates in U.S. fire fighters when compared to the general population. Exposure to hazardous chemicals and carcinogenic compounds during fire incident response may be contributing to these observed elevated cancer rates. Research studies that prospectively collect and integrate exposure, biomarker and health survey information within the fire fighter workforce are lacking. In the present study, we 1) describe the design and development of a multi-state prospective fire fighter cancer cohort study; and 2) discuss the collection of cancer biomarker data from the first fire department.MethodsIn July 2016, through FEMA-funding a national multi-state prospective study was designed with biomarker, exposure and data collection cores. Each core is comprised of a team of multidisciplinary investigators across governmental, industry and academic institutions with instrumentation and resources to collect field measurements across fire service departments. An oversight and planning board was empaneled with fire fighter department and union leadership and subject matter experts to guide the design, collection and analysis of integrated data streams.ResultsA total of 62 new recruits from a large U.S. large career Fire Department were consented and enrolled into the Fire Fighter Cancer Cohort Study in February 2018. Among consenting rookie firefighters 60 consented (response rate 60/62=96.8%) to the optional biomarker and exposure collection protocols as well as granted permission for follow up in the future. Two phlebotomists and an occupational health nurse at the training academy collected a total of 5 tubes from each firefighter (i.e., TEMPUS, PAXGENE RNA, Sterile Red Top, EDTA, and sodium citrate tube).ConclusionsThe newly established national prospective cancer cohort study infrastructure supports the collection of electronic consent, biomarker, exposure and health survey data. Expansion of the research protocol to other firefighter subgroups in needed.

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Nakkash, Rima, Ahmed Ali, Hala Alaouie, et al. "Attitudes and practices of public health academics towards research funding from for-profit organizations: cross-sectional survey." International Journal of Public Health 65, no. 7 (2020): 1133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01416-0.

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Abstract Objectives The growing trend of for-profit organization (FPO)-funded university research is concerning because resultant potential conflicts of interest might lead to biases in methods, results, and interpretation. For public health academic programmes, receiving funds from FPOs whose products have negative health implications may be particularly problematic. Methods A cross-sectional survey assessed attitudes and practices of public health academics towards accepting funding from FPOs. The sampling frame included universities in five world regions offering a graduate degree in public health; 166 academics responded. Descriptive, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results Over half of respondents were in favour of accepting funding from FPOs; attitudes differed by world region and gender but not by rank, contract status, % salary offset required, primary identity, or exposure to an ethics course. In the last 5 years, almost 20% of respondents had received funding from a FPO. Sixty per cent of respondents agreed that there was potential for bias in seven aspects of the research process, when funds were from FPOs. Conclusions Globally, public health academics should increase dialogue around the potential harms of research and practice funded by FPOs.

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Wu, Sarah J. "Occupational Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Disorders in Musicians: A Systematic Review." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 22, no. 2 (2007): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2007.2011.

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Objective: This study aimed to systematically evaluate the available evidence on risk factors for professional instrumentalists' developing musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. Methods: Relevant studies were identified by a search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, a manual search of Medical Problems of Performing Artists, and a search of the Performing Arts Medicine Association's online bibliography. Two independent reviewers assessed the methodologic quality of the selected publications using a standardized checklist. The studies' sample characteristics, findings, and quality scores were presented in an evidence table. Results: Two case-control studies and 6 cross-sectional survey designs were included in this review. The median method-score was 61%. Potential risk factors associated with developing MSK complaints included gender, years of playing experience, type of instrument played, playing-related physical (long hours, over-practicing) and psychological stressors (self-pressure/academic), lack of preventive wellness behaviours (taking breaks), and previous trauma. The high degree of methodological (including sample profile) heterogeneity among the studies impeded statistical pooling of relative effect sizes such as odds ratios. Conclusion: The etiology of MSK conditions in instrumental musicians is multifactorial; however, because the majority of research designs were of a cross-sectional survey nature, a temporal relationship between risk factors and the onset of MSK complaints could not be established. Additional case-control studies should be conducted to reveal the most relevant confounding factors, such as exposure to physical stressors during leisure time, the psychosocial environment, and musical work load. Longer-term studies should then focus on more accurately quantifying the degree of risk associated with these risk factors.

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Brdarić, Dario, Krunoslav Capak, Vlatka Gvozdić, et al. "Indoor carbon dioxide concentrations in Croatian elementary school classrooms during the heating season." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 70, no. 4 (2019): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3343.

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AbstractAware that exposure to stuffy indoor air with high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) is associated with higher absenteeism and reduced academic performance in school pupils, the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe initiated indoor air quality surveys in schools, including CO2 monitoring, to assess ventilation and exposure to stuffy air. Here we report the findings of the first such survey in Croatia. It was conducted in 60 classrooms of 20 urban and rural elementary schools throughout the country during the heating season. Measurements of CO2 levels showed that all 60 classrooms exceeded the international guidelines of 1938 mg/m3. Mean CO2 concentrations ranged from 2771 to 7763 mg/m3. The highest concentration measured in urban schools was 7763 mg/m3 and in rural schools 4771 mg/m3. Average CO2 levels were higher in continental schools (3683 mg/m3) than the coastal ones (3134 mg/m3), but all demonstrate poor ventilation during the heating season all over Croatia.

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Samaha, Hannah L., Virmarie Correa-Fernández, Cho Lam, et al. "Addressing Tobacco Use Among Consumers and Staff at Behavioral Health Treatment Facilities Through Comprehensive Workplace Programming." Health Promotion Practice 18, no. 4 (2017): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839917696713.

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Tobacco use is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States; cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use. Smoking has become increasingly concentrated among individuals with behavioral health needs (e.g., persistent mental illness) and has led to increased morbidity and mortality in this group relative to the general population. Comprehensive tobacco-free workplace programs are effective in reducing tobacco use and cigarette smoke exposure among behavioral health consumers and the individuals who serve them. Taking Texas Tobacco-Free (TTTF) represents an academic–community partnership formed to address tobacco use among consumers and employees at behavioral health clinics across Texas via the dissemination of an evidence-based, multicomponent tobacco-free workplace program. Program components of TTTF include tobacco-free campus policy implementation and enforcement, staff education about tobacco use hazards, provider training to regularly screen for and address tobacco dependence via intervention, and community outreach. These components, the nature of the academic–community partnership, the process of behavioral health facility involvement and engagement, and the benefits and challenges of implementation from the perspectives of the project team and participating clinic leaders are described. This information can guide similar academic and community partnerships and inform the implementation of other statewide tobacco-free workplace programming.

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Miner, Kathi N., Samantha C. January, Kelly K. Dray, and Adrienne R. Carter-Sowell. "Is it always this cold? Chilly interpersonal climates as a barrier to the well-being of early-career women faculty in STEM." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 38, no. 2 (2019): 226–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-07-2018-0127.

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PurposeThe purpose of this project was to examine the extent to which early-career women faculty in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) experience working in a chilly interpersonal climate (as indicated by experiences of ostracism and incivility) and how those experiences relate to work and non-work well-being outcomes.Design/methodology/approachData came from a sample of 96 early-career STEM faculty (Study 1) and a sample of 68 early-career women STEM faculty (Study 2). Both samples completed online surveys assessing their experiences of working in a chilly interpersonal climate and well-being.FindingsIn Study 1, early-career women STEM faculty reported greater experiences of ostracism and incivility and more negative occupational well-being outcomes associated with these experiences compared to early-career men STEM faculty. In Study 2, early-career women STEM faculty reported more ostracism and incivility from their male colleagues than from their female colleagues. Experiences of ostracism (and, to a lesser extent, incivility) from male colleagues also related to negative occupational and psychological well-being outcomes.Originality/valueThis paper documents that exposure to a chilly interpersonal climate in the form of ostracism and incivility is a potential explanation for the lack and withdrawal of junior women faculty in STEM academic fields.

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Corey, Kathleen E., Julie C. Servoss, Deborah R. Casson, et al. "Pilot Study of Postexposure Prophylaxis for Hepatitis C Virus in Healthcare Workers." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 30, no. 10 (2009): 1000–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605718.

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Background and Objective.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission occurs in 0.2%-10% of people after accidental needlestick exposures. However, postexposure prophylaxis is not currently recommended. We sought to determine the safety, tolerability, and acceptance of postexposure prophylaxis with peginterferon alfa-2b in healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to blood from HCV-infected patients.Design.Open-label pilot trial of peginterferon alfa-2b for HCV postexposure prophylaxis.Setting.TWO academic tertiary-referral centers.Methods.HCWs exposed to blood from HCV-infected patients were informed of the availability of postexposure prophylaxis. Persons who elected postexposure prophylaxis were given weekly doses of peginterferon alfa-2b for 4 weeks.Results.Among 2,702 HCWs identified with potential exposures to bloodborne pathogens, 213 (7.9%) were exposed to an HCV antibody-positive source. Of 51 HCWs who enrolled in the study, 44 (86%) elected to undergo postexposure prophylaxis (treated group). Seven subjects elected not to undergo postexposure prophylaxis (untreated group). No cases of HCV transmission were observed in either the treated or untreated group, and no cases occurred in the remaining 162 HCWs who did not enroll in this study. No serious adverse events related to a peginterferon alfa-2b regimen were recorded, but minor adverse events were frequent.Conclusion.In this pilot study, there was a lower than expected frequency of HCV transmission after accidental occupational exposure. Although peginterferon alfa-2b was safe, because of the lack of HCV transmission in either the treated or untreated groups there is little evidence to support routine postexposure prophylaxis against HCV in HCWs.

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Wei, Lu, and Tien-Tsung Lee. "Who Can I Trust in a Scary World? An Examination of the Objects of Trust, Information Sources and Social Distancing Intention Amid COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (2021): 5321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105321.

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Trust is a central construct of social research. While numerous studies have investigated trust as either a dependent or independent variable, little attention has been paid to its relationship with health-related behaviors in the context of a public health crisis. How trust in different entities influences people’s social distancing intention is therefore an important question that merits academic scrutiny. Moreover, the relationship between trust and social distancing intention cannot be well understood without an account of the information environment. As previous studies have reached a consensus about the limited effects of information exposure on individual outcomes, this research focuses on possible moderating effects. Results show that information exposure, no matter via interpersonal or media sources, has no direct effects on behavioral intention. Rather, risk communication serves as a moderator of the relationship between trust and social distancing intention.

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Widar, Linda, Birgitta Wiitavaara, Eva Boman, and Marina Heiden. "Psychophysiological Reactivity, Postures and Movements among Academic Staff: A Comparison between Teleworking Days and Office Days." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (2021): 9537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189537.

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The aim of this study was to determine if psychophysiological activity, postures and movements differ during telework (i.e., work performed at home) and work performed at the conventional office. We performed twenty-four-hour pulse recordings and accelerometry measurements on 23 academic teaching and research staff during five consecutive workdays, with at least one day of telework. Additionally, we conducted salivary sampling during one day of telework, and one day of office work. Heart rate and heart rate variability indices, postural exposure and cortisol concentration were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with Workplace and Time (i.e., before, during and after workhours) as within-subject effects. We found a significant interaction effect of Workplace and Time in heart rate variability indices and in the number of transitions between seated and standing postures. This shows more parasympathetic activity among academic teleworkers during telework than office work, which may indicate more relaxation during telework. They had an overall sedentary behavior at both workplaces but switched between sitting and standing more often during telework, which may be beneficial for their health.

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Wu, Fen, Yu Chen, Ana Navas-Acien, Michela L. Garabedian, Jane Coates, and Jonathan D. Newman. "Arsenic Exposure, Arsenic Metabolism, and Glycemia: Results from a Clinical Population in New York City." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (2021): 3749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073749.

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Little information is available regarding the glycemic effects of inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure in urban populations. We evaluated the association of total arsenic and the relative proportions of arsenic metabolites in urine with glycemia as measured by glycated blood hemoglobin (HbA1c) among 45 participants with prediabetes (HbA1c ≥ 5.7–6.4%), 65 with diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%), and 36 controls (HbA1c < 5.7%) recruited from an academic medical center in New York City. Each 10% increase in the proportion of urinary dimethylarsinic acid (DMA%) was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.59 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28–1.26) for prediabetes, 0.46 (0.22–0.94) for diabetes, and 0.51 (0.26–0.99) for prediabetes and diabetes combined. Each 10% increase in the proportion of urinary monomethylarsonic acid (MMA%) was associated with a 1.13% (0.39, 1.88) increase in HbA1c. In contrast, each 10% increase in DMA% was associated with a 0.76% (0.24, 1.29) decrease in HbA1c. There was no evidence of an association of total urinary arsenic with prediabetes, diabetes, or HbA1c. These data suggest that a lower arsenic methylation capacity indicated by higher MMA% and lower DMA% in urine is associated with worse glycemic control and diabetes. Prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the glycemic effects of low-level iAs exposure in urban populations.

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Chuang, Tzu-Ying, Tania Thomas, Vickie Garrison, Jonathon Schuch, Benjamin Kozower, and Joshua Eby. "1160. Infrequency of Respirator Change Following Annual Respiratory Fit Testing at an Academic Medical Center." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (2018): S349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.993.

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Abstract Background The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the Department of Labor requires that healthcare employers perform annual respiratory fit testing (RFT) for respiratory protection of employees with patient exposure. The annual cost of RFT in the United States is greater than $8 million and each fit test requires approximately 20 minutes. Due to the high resource expenditure for RFT, we sought to identify factors associated with changing respirators. Methods During annual RFT at the University of Virginia, employees complete a questionnaire about interval clinical changes since the last RFT. Questions are based on publications indicating that certain characteristics are associated with respirator change, including: have you had dental surgery, surgery on your face, or trauma; has your weight changed by >10%; have you been or are you currently pregnant; do you recall your mask type; do you want to change masks. Answers to these questions from May 2016 through March of 2018 were compiled and analyzed by Chi-square test using Excel and R. P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 4,278 employees completed questions at least once during the time period, with 29 requiring respirator change after RFT. Requesting a mask change, and 10% weight change were significantly associated with respirator change. Pregnancy and facial trauma were not significantly associated with respirator change. Of those who changed respirator, nine reported no change in weight, no facial trauma, and no pregnancy. Conclusion The infrequency of respirator change suggests that limiting RFT to those most likely to change their respirator may hold more value than screening all employees annually; however, questions included in this evaluation did not identify all employees who would require respirator change. We are continuing evaluation of predictors of respirator changes and association with tuberculin skin test conversion to improve efficiency of RFT. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Santos, Mónica, Armando Almeida, Catarina Lopes, and Tiago Oliveira. "Agentes Químicos Ototóxicos (para além dos Solventes)." Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional 9 (June 30, 2020): S74—S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31252/rpso.23.02.2020.

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Introduction / framework / objectives Classically in Occupational Health Hypoacusis is associated to noise exposure; however, there are several chemical agents with this capability. Among these, the most frequently associated are solvents, although not always with irrefutable scientific evidence for some cases. Within other classes of chemical agents the data is even scarcer and less robust. The aim of this review was to summarize the most recent and pertinent publications on ototoxic agents (other than solvents). Methodology This is an Integrative Bibliographic Review, initiated at September 2019 on the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, MedicLatina, Academic Search Ultimate, Science Direct, Web of Science, SCOPUS and RCAAP”. Content The most commonly mentioned classes are solvents (there is already an article published in this journal related to the risk of hypoacusis), heavy metals, asphyxiants and pesticides. It is also described that some antibiotics, anticancer drugs and diuretics may be ototoxic directly. In turn, hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide can have a synergistic effect with noise, as well as some heavy metals, asphyxiants and pesticides. However, in contexts where there is noise and ototoxic chemical agents, it is difficult to understand the contribution of each, and synergism may occur. Moreover, the situation seems to be clearer in animals; In humans some researchers assume that further studies are needed and the levels at which injury arises are not known clearly. At higher concentrations, hypoacusis seems evident, but for smaller amounts, data are not always consensual. There is also no consensus on the lowest dose that will induce damage. In addition, in most occupational situations exposure includes several chemical agents and not one isolated. Animal is not equivalent to human metabolism, so generalizations of results should be made with reservations. At work level, there are fewer standards for chemical versus noise agents in the context of hearing loss. Global ototoxicity is believed to be related to oxidative stress; not only due to the formation of reactive oxygen species, but also through the attenuation of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Discussion, Limitations, and Conclusions Most of the published studies on this subject are not very robust, besides that they have heterogeneous conditions among themselves. Hence, the conclusions of these studies cannot be generalized directly to the population of workers exposed to ototoxic agents. Still, among the latter there are some that seem to associate more clearly with hearing loss. Whenever the association is proven and/ or suspected, the Occupational Health team should provide measures that mitigate exposure to provide the safest and healthiest working environment possible. It would be relevant to know more about the national reality and to have published data of professionals working in companies with these agents, comparing the effect of different concentrations/ products and/ or simultaneous exposure to noise (possibly at different intensities), depending on the existing production process.

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Santos, Mónica, Armando Almeida, Catarina Lopes, and Tiago Oliveira. "Radiação Ótica Artificial em contexto de Saúde Ocupacional- a Scoping Review." Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional 9 (June 30, 2020): S112—s122. http://dx.doi.org/10.31252/rpso.14.03.2020.

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Introduction / framework / objectives Most workers and professionals working in Occupational Health teams will not particularly value this occupational risk factor, especially when compared with others that may also exist in the workplace; therefore, knowledge about this area is not particularly developed, nor is the bibliography abundant. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent and pertinent publications on the subject. Methodology This is a Scoping Review, initiated by a September 2019 search of the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, MedicLatina, Academic Search Ultimate, Science Direct, Web of Science, SCOPUS and RCAAP”. Content Many workers are exposed to this radiation, particularly through lighting and computer displays; therefore, the rule of suppressing exposure (as sometimes attempted to do with other risks) does not have the same applicability in this context. In areas such as Health and in some Shows/ Art manifestations the limits of the directives can be overcome. Any artificial light, internal or external, also fits in this concept (even from motor vehicles). It is particularly frequent in the following professional sectors/ tasks: high temperature work (glass or metal), graphic work, aesthetic treatments, indoor work with powerful lighting, sterilization, welding, laser welding in plastic manufacturing, activities material processing (cutting, marking, drilling/ photolithography), optical measurement, communications, optical information storage and spectroscopy. Conclusions The theme does not adresses the same attention as other occupational risk factors, so it is poorly developed and some of the population will not even know it exists. It would be interesting for national Occupational Health teams, with clients with large numbers of employees exposed, to better investigate the issue, quantifying the knowledge of workers/ managers and employers, recording the semiology and associated pathologies, clarifying which radiation subtypes are involved in the various tasks, also suggesting valid collective and individual protection measures (specifying model and/ or materials).

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Krinner, Lisa M., Jan Warren-Findlow, and Jessamyn Bowling. "The Association Between Childhood Adversity and Self-Rated Physical Health in US College Students." American Journal of Health Promotion 34, no. 8 (2020): 894–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117120925348.

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Purpose: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are related to unhealthy behaviors and poor self-rated health. Poor self-rated physical health (SRPH) is negatively associated with college students’ grades and overall academic achievement. This study examined the effects of ACEs on SRPH among undergraduate and graduate students (n = 568; 18-30 years) from a public university in the southeast. Methods: Students completed a cross-sectional online survey in October 2018. We conducted unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions to examine the relationship between ACEs and SRPH among US college students. Results: Most participants reported 1 to 4 ACEs; one-fourth reported poor SRPH. Higher ACE exposure increased the odds for poor SRPH in a curvilinear relationship. Unadjusted results indicate ACE exposure increased risk between 82% and 228%, and that higher levels of resilience and adherence to diet and physical activity guidelines reduced risk for poor SRPH. In adjusted models, moderate ACE exposure was associated with 2.46 times greater odds (95% CI = 1.28-9.34) of reporting poor SRPH. Graduate students (odds ratio [OR] = .52, 95% CI = .27-.99) and those who met healthy diet (OR = .12, 95% CI = .02-.93) and physical activity recommendations (OR = .36, 95% CI = .23-.58) had reduced odds of poor SRPH. Conclusions: Students who have experienced ACEs are at a greater risk for poor health. Student health programs on campus should take a holistic approach by screening students for childhood adversity and promoting healthy behaviors to improve physical health.

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Batra, Priya, Carol M. Mangione, Eric Cheng, et al. "A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of the MyFamilyPlan Online Preconception Health Education Tool." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 4 (2017): 897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117700585.

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Purpose: To evaluate whether exposure to MyFamilyPlan—a web-based preconception health education module—changes the proportion of women discussing reproductive health with providers at well-woman visits. Design: Cluster randomized controlled trial. One hundred thirty participants per arm distributed among 34 clusters (physicians) required to detect a 20% change in the primary outcome. Setting: Urban academic medical center (California). Participants: Eligible women were 18 to 45 years old, were English speaking, were nonpregnant, were able to access the Internet, and had an upcoming well-woman visit. E-mail and phone recruitment between September 2015 and May 2016; 292 enrollees randomized. Intervention: Intervention participants completed the MyFamilyPlan module online 7 to 10 days before a scheduled well-woman visit; control participants reviewed standard online preconception health education materials. Measures: The primary outcome was self-reported discussion of reproductive health with the physician at the well-woman visit. Self-reported secondary outcomes were folic acid use, contraceptive method initiation/change, and self-efficacy score. Analysis: Multilevel multivariate logistic regression. Results: After adjusting for covariates and cluster, exposure to MyFamilyPlan was the only variable significantly associated with an increase in the proportion of women discussing reproductive health with providers (odds ratio: 1.97, 95% confidence interval: 1.22-3.19). Prespecified secondary outcomes were unaffected. Conclusion: MyFamilyPlan exposure was associated with a significant increase in the proportion of women who reported discussing reproductive health with providers and may promote preconception health awareness; more work is needed to affect associated behaviors.

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Miller-Schulze, Justin P., Catherine Ishikawa, and Jeffery A. Foran. "Assessing lead-contaminated drinking water in a large academic institution: a case study." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 5 (2019): 728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.025.

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Abstract Drinking water is an important source of lead exposure, and definitively characterizing the sources of lead in drinking water, particularly in large institutional settings, can be time-consuming and costly. This study examined lead concentrations in drinking water at a large university, focusing on variability in first-draw samples and variability with dispensed volume. Over 350 sources were sampled twice by independent groups, and while 78% of these samples were within 2.5 μg/L, almost 10% differed by >10 μg/L. In both sampling events, approximately 50% of sources had lead concentrations >1 μg/L, 6% were >15 μg/L, and 30% were between 1 and 15 μg/L. The highest lead concentration detected was 400 μg/L, with five sources >100 μg/L. Nine sources were sampled more intensively and six had first-draw sample ranges >5 μg/L. Lead concentration versus dispensed volume profiles indicated that while most sources had decreasing lead concentrations after the first draw, others had maximum lead concentrations at higher dispensed volumes. The variability observed suggests that assessments using only one or two samples per source may not identify all sources with elevated lead concentrations, and management strategies should account for this possibility.

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Velazquez, Elizabeth, and Maria Hernandez. "Effects of police officer exposure to traumatic experiences and recognizing the stigma associated with police officer mental health." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 4 (2019): 711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-09-2018-0147.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review current research on police officer mental health and to explore the reasons why police officers do not seek mental health treatment. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive, systematic search of multiple academic databases (e.g. EBSCO Host) were used to identify studies conducted within the USA, identified definitions of first responders, identified the type of duty-related trauma expected by police officers, how influential stigma is amongst the police culture and what current intervention strategies are employed to assist police officer mental health wellness. Findings This research was conducted to identify police officer trauma-related mental health and the stigma behind seeking treatment. The research highlights job-related trauma and stress leads to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, substance use disorder and suicide or suicide ideation. The stigma behind seeking mental health treatment is associated with law enforcement organizations and environmental factors. Organizational factors include occupational stress characteristics such as day-to-day of the job and environmental factors such as abiding by social and law enforcement culture ideologies. Further research should be conducted to understand why law enforcing agencies and personnel are unknowingly promoting stigmas. Originality/value This is the most current meta-review of research examining the severity of mental health in police officers, the stigma behind acquiring treatment and innovative treatment approaches in police officer mental health. This study will provide a useful resource for those researchers interested in continuing to examine the different aspects of police officer mental health and how to potently approach innovative interventions to help law enforcement personals mental wellness thrive in a field where trauma is experienced daily.

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Faller, Rebecca, Priya Sampathkumar, and Stacy (Tram) Ung. "How Standard Are Standard Precautions? Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Standard Precautions at an Academic Medical Center." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (2020): s254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.816.

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Background: Standard precautions are the basis of infection prevention and include a set of common-sense infection control practices that prevent transmission of diseases acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes. These measures include hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), cleaning and disinfecting, linen handling, waste disposal, sharps safety and respiratory etiquette. Standard precautions require that the risk for exposure be assessed and appropriate precautions taken based on risk. Observations and anecdotal evidence have led us to believe that understanding of standard precautions is lacking among healthcare personnel. Methods: A survey was conducted at a large health system to assess knowledge and practices related to specific elements of standard precautions. Results: More than 3,000 HCWs responded from inpatient settings (41%), outpatient settings (37%), and both settings (22%). Nurses comprised the majority of respondents (54%), and others included physicians (9%), respiratory therapists, as well as physical and occupational therapists. Discussion: The vast majority (96%) of respondents agreed that standard precautions were required in the care of all patients, but a significant proportion (34%) interpreted that to mean that standard precautions always involve wearing gloves, and 22.5% thought that PPE was always required for standard precautions. Hand hygiene and sharps safety were identified as the best understood elements of standard precautions. Respiratory etiquette and cleaning and disinfection were reported as the least understood elements, with PPE, waste disposal, and linen handling also being reported as inadequately understood components of standard precautions (Fig. 1). Conclusions: In an era of increasing drug resistance and fewer effective antibiotics, standard precautions are our best defense against the spread of infections in the healthcare setting. Our survey showed that there is room for improvement among healthcare workers in understanding of the elements of standard precautions. We plan to use the survey to craft a targeted education campaign to improve understanding of and adherence to standard precautions.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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