Thèses sur le sujet « African prose »
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Zimbler, Jarad Jon. « J.M. Coetzee's bare prose and the South African literary field, 1962-1986 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608903.
Texte intégralRice, Alan J. « The structures and meanings of Toni Morrison's jazz prose style ». Thesis, Keele University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362163.
Texte intégralMtuze, Peter Tshobiso. « A feminist critique of the image of woman in the prose works of selected Xhosa writers (1909 - 1980) ». Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23636.
Texte intégralSegooa, Maite Stella. « The role of Chiefs as characters in Matsepe's novels : An appraisal ». Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2073.
Texte intégralIn this research an attempt has been made to assess, evaluate and examine the role of chiefs as characters in Matsepe's novels. The need for this study was found to be necessary because no in-depth study of the role of chiefs in Matsepe's novels has as yet been undertaken. This study demonstrates how Matsepe portrays chiefs as characters in his novels, what their duties are and how they help in developing his themes.
Wamitila, Kyallo Wadi. « A philosophical labyrinth : tracing two critical motifs in Kezilahabi´s prose works ». Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-93522.
Texte intégralDemmler, Monika [Verfasser], et Hubert [Akademischer Betreuer] Zapf. « Biophilia and the Aesthetics of Blues, Jazz, and Hip-Hop Music in African-American Prose Fiction / Monika Demmler. Betreuer : Hubert Zapf ». Augsburg : Universität Augsburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/108077291X/34.
Texte intégralDiarrassouba, Abiba. « La perception et la communication de l'objet valeur : l'oralité dans la prose romanesque de Amadou Koné ». Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0004/document.
Texte intégralOur research is an analysis that crosses the semiotics of the sensible and the african french-speaking literature. The study by, in fact, epic oral sources to achieve the analysis of the tensive subject by the flow of value.This means that our analysis shows how the values associated with the practices and genres of oral interfere in the processes of communication and perception of values object and inflect their reception and their interpretation.Our thesis assumes that the forms of traditional communications fall within the sensitive. The study attempts to show the perception of the sensitive circulation of value that manifests the traditional orality, taking into account the semiotic - linguistic data, but in a way encompassing and articulated some elements of phenomenology, contributing to the construction of the meaning. The study from an aesthetic renewal that characterizes the African writing as being related to the meaning given by the integration of orality. That is to say that in African fiction prose seizure sensitive proved possible with the literary innovation, indicative and bodily presence able to express the meaning, on three complementary views : i) apprehension of value, through the sensitive around the body, formed by notions of perception , emotion-passions and language understood as “thought process”, ii) on semiotic course the saying to describe states of mood , as if the analysis of the speech act of the subject - speaker raises the affect of the flesh.iii) these emotional states, such as process passionate provisions within the dynamism of a passionate deployment ( disposition modals and tensifs ), which highlights beings. Consequently, these phenomena have passion allowed to reach an argumentative strategy manifested as an integrated passion in african oral culture, as a form of life
Avila, Alex. « THE BRONX COCKED BACK AND SMOKING MULTIFARIOUS PROSE PERFORMANCE ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/394.
Texte intégralWolff, H. Ekkehard. « Afrikanische Sprachminiaturen : Zur formalen Ästhetik von Kleinformen afrikanischer Sprachkunst unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Tonalität ». Universität Leipzig, 1998. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32903.
Texte intégralTraoré, Flavia Aiello. « Investigating topics and style in Vuta N`Kuvute by Shafi Adam Shafi ». Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91363.
Texte intégralRawlins, Isabel Bethan. « Counting planes ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001816.
Texte intégralElshqeirat, Wasfi. « Representations of Arabia and North Africa in selected prose and novels in English : 1949-1983 ». Thesis, Birmingham City University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424849.
Texte intégralThibault, Couture Joanie. « L'Union africaine et la prise de dcision sur l'intervention au Darfour ». Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28525.
Texte intégralHuguley, Piper Gian. « Why Tell the Truth When a Lie Will Do ? : Re-Creations and Resistance in the Self-Authored Life Writing of Five American Women Fiction Writers ». unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04252006-174728/.
Texte intégralTitle from title screen. Audrey Goodman, committee chair; Thomas L. McHaney, Elizabeth West, committee members. Electronic text (253 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed May15, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (243-253).
Els, Christoffel Gerhardus. « Die toepassing van die proses van geïntegreerde ontwikkelingsbeplanning deur kategorie B plaaslike owerhede ». Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/266.
Texte intégralKameni, Boumenou Christian. « Scanning probe force microscopy of III-V semiconductor structures ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13992.
Texte intégralShowalter, Alexander Keith. « KINETIC STUDIES OF TWO ERROR-PRONE DNA REPAIR ENZYMES : POSSIBLE MECHANISMS FOR VIRAL MUTAGENESIS ». Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1016207119.
Texte intégralTitle from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 97 p.; also contains graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Ming-Daw Tsai, Dept. of Chemistry. Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-97).
Lutumba-Tshindele, Pascal. « Contribution à la prise des décisions stratégiques dans le contrôle de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210979.
Texte intégralLa Trypanosomiase Humain Africaine (THA) demeure un problème de santé publique pour plusieurs pays en Afrique subsaharienne. Le contrôle de la THA est basé essentiellement sur la stratégie de dépistage actif suivi du traitement des personnes infectées. Le dépistage actif est réalisé par des unités mobiles spécialisées, bien que les services de santé fixes jouent un rôle important en détectant « passivement » des cas. Le dépistage reposait jadis sur la palpation ganglionnaire mais, depuis le développement du test d’agglutination sur carte (CATT), trois possibilités se sont offertes aux programmes de contrôle à savoir: i) continuer avec la palpation ganglionnaire ii) combiner la palpation ganglionnaire avec le CATT iii) recourir au CATT seul. Certains programmes comme celui de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) ont opté pour la combinaison en parallèle de la palpation ganglionnaire avec le CATT. Toute personne ayant une hypertrophie ganglionnaire cervicale et/ou un CATT positif est considéré comme suspecte de la THA. Elle sera soumise aux tests parasitologiques de confirmation à cause de la toxicité des médicaments anti-THA. Les tests parasitologiques classiques sont l’examen du suc ganglionnaire (PG), l’examen du sang à l’état frais (SF), la goutte épaisse colorée (GE). La sensibilité de cette séquence a été estimée insuffisante par plusieurs auteurs et serait à la base d’une grande perte de l’efficacité de la stratégie dépistage-traitement. D’autres techniques de concentration ont été développées comme la mini-Anion Exchange Concentration Technique (mAECT), la Centrifugation en Tube Capillaire (CTC) et le Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC), mais ces techniques de concentration ne sont pas utilisées en routine.
En RDC, une interruption des activités de contrôle en 1990 a eu comme conséquence une réémergence importante de la maladie du sommeil. Depuis 1998 les activités de contrôle ont été refinancées de manière structurée.
Ce travail vise deux buts à savoir le plaidoyer pour la continuité des activités de contrôle et la rationalisation des stratégies de contrôle. Nous avons évalué l’évolution de la maladie du sommeil en rapport avec le financement, son impact sur les ménages ainsi que la communauté. L’exercice de rationalisation a porté sur les outils de dépistage et de confirmation. Nous avons d’abord évalué la validité des tests, leur faisabilité ainsi que les coûts et ensuite nous avons effectué une analyse décisionnelle formelle pour comparer les algorithmes de dépistage et pour les tests de confirmation.
Pendant la période de refinancement structurel de la lutte contre la THA en RDC (1998-2003), le budget alloué aux activités a été doublé lorsqu’on le compare à la période précédente (1993-1997). Le nombre des personnes examinées a aussi doublé mais par contre le nombre des nouveaux cas de THA est passé d’un pic de 26 000 cas en 1998 à 11 000 en 2003. Le coût par personne examinée a été de 1,5 US$ et celui d’un cas détecté et sauvé à 300 US$. Pendant cette période, les activités ont été financées par l’aide extérieure à plus de 95%. Cette subvention pourrait laisser supposer que l’impact de la THA au niveau des ménages et des communautés est réduit mais lorsque nous avons abordé cet aspect, il s’est avéré que le coût de la THA au niveau des ménages équivaut à un mois de leur revenu et que la THA fait perdre 2145 DALYs dans la communauté. L’intervention par la stratégie de dépistage-traitement a permis de sauver 1408 DALYs à un coût de 17 US$ par DALYs sauvé. Ce coût classe l’intervention comme « good value for money ».
Le recours au CATT seul s’est avéré comme la stratégie la plus efficiente pour le dépistage actif. Le gain marginal lorsque l’on ajoute la palpation ganglionnaire en parallèle est minime et n’est pas compensé par le coût élevé lié à un nombre important des suspects soumis aux tests parasitologiques. Les techniques de concentration ont une bonne sensibilité et leur faisabilité est acceptable. Leur ajout à l’arbre classique améliore la sensibilité de 29 % pour la CTC et de 42% pour la mAECT. Le coût de la CTC a été de 0,76 € et celui de la mAECT de 2,82 €. Le SF a été estimé très peu sensible. L’algorithme PG- GE-CTC-mAECT a été le plus efficient avec 277 € par vie sauvée et un ratio de coût-efficacité marginal de 125 € par unité de vie supplémentaire sauvée. L’algorithme PG-GE-CATT titration avec traitement des personnes avec une parasitologie négative mais un CATT positif à un seuil de 1/8 devient compétitif lorsque la prévalence de la THA est élevée.
Il est donc possible dans le contexte actuel de réduire la prévalence de la THA mais à condition que les activités ne soient pas interrompues. Le recours à un algorithme recourant au CATT dans le dépistage actif et à la séquence PG-GE-CTC-mAECT est le plus efficient et une efficacité de 80%. La faisabilité et l’efficacité peut être différent d’un endroit à l’autre à cause de la focalisation de la THA. Il est donc nécessaire de réévaluer cet algorithme dans un autre foyer de THA en étude pilote avant de décider d’un changement de politique. Le recours à cet algorithme implique un financement supplémentaire et une volonté politique.
SUMMARY
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) remains a major public health problem affecting several countries in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT control is essentially based on active case finding conducted by specialized mobile teams. In the past the population screening was based on neck gland palpation, but since the development of the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT) three control options are available to the control program: i) neck gland palpation ii) CATT iii) neck gland palpation and CATT done in parallel .Certain programs such as the one in DRC opted for the latter, combining CATT and neck gland palpation. All persons having hypertrophy of the neck gland and/or a positive CATT test are considered to be a HAT suspect. Confirmation tests are necessary because the screening algorithms are not 100 % specific and HAT drugs are very toxic. The classic parasitological confirmation tests are lymph node puncture (LNP), fresh blood examination (FBE) and thick blood film (TBF). The sensitivity of this combination is considered insufficient by several authors and causes important losses of efficacy of the screening-treatment strategy. More sensitive concentration methods were developed such as the mini Anion Exchange Concentration Techniques (mAECT), Capillary Tube Centrifugation (CTC) and the Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC), but they are not used on a routine basis. Main reasons put forward are low feasibility, high cost and long time of execution.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, HAT control activities were suddenly interrupted in 1990 and this led to an important re-emergence or the epidemic. Since 1998 onwards, control activities were financed again in a structured way.
This works aims to be both a plea for the continuation of HAT control as well as a contribution to the rationalization of the control strategies. We analyzed the evolution of sleeping sickness in the light of its financing, and we studied its impact on the household and the community. We aimed at a rationalization of the use of the screening and confirmation tools. We first evaluated the validity of the tests, their feasibility and the cost and we did a formal decision analysis to compare screening and confirmation algorithms.
The budget allocated to control activities was doubled during the period when structural aid funding was again granted (1998-2003) compared with the period before (1993-1997). The number of persons examined per year doubled as well but the number of cases found peaked at 26 000 in 1998 and dropped to 11 000 in the period afterwards. The cost per person examined was 1.5 US$ and per case detected and saved was 300 US$. The activities were financed for 95 % by external donors during this period. This subvention could give the impression that the impact of HAT on the household and the household was limited but when we took a closer look at this aspect we found that the cost at household level amounted to one month of income and that HAT caused the loss of 2145 DALYs in the community. The intervention consisting of active case finding and treatment allowed to save 1408 DALY’s at a cost of 17 US$ per DALY, putting the intervention in the class of “good value for money”.
The use of CATT alone as screening test emerged as the most efficient strategy for active case finding. The marginal gain when neck gland palpation is added is minor and is not compensated by the high cost of doing the parasitological confirmation test on a high number of suspected cases. The concentration methods have a good sensitivity and acceptable feasibility. Adding them to the classical tree improves its sensitivity with 29 % for CTC and with 42 % for mAECT. The cost of CTC was 0.76 US$ and of mAECT was 2.82 US$. Sensitivity of fresh blood examination was poor. The algorithm LNP-TBF-CTC-mAECT was the most efficient costing 277 Euro per life saved and a marginal cost effectiveness ratio of 125 Euro per supplementary life saved. The algorithm LNP-TBF-CATT titration with treatment of persons with a negative parasitology but a CATT positive at a dilution of 1/8 and more becomes competitive when HAT prevalence is high.
We conclude that it is possible in the current RDC context to reduce HAT prevalence on condition that control activities are not interrupted. Using an algorithm that includes CATT in active case finding and the combination LNP-TBF-CTC-mAECT is the most efficient with an efficacy of 80 %. Feasibility and efficacy may differ from one place to another because HAT is very focalized, so it is necessary to test this novel algorithm in another HAT focus on a pilot basis, before deciding on a policy change. Implementation of this algorithm will require additional financial resources and political commitment.
Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Verfasser], Aida Zewdu Kebede, et Albrecht E. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Melchinger. « Optimizing selection efficiency in maize for the drought prone eastern and southern African environments / Aida Zewdu Kebede. Betreuer : Albrecht Melchinger ». Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042992185/34.
Texte intégralLolonga, Débora. « Défis Africains de l'éthique biomédicale : Réflexion à partir de la prise en charge du cancer de l'enfant en Afrique de l'Ouest, dans les unités pilotes du groupe Franco Africain d'oncologie pédiatrique ». Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T098.
Texte intégralDedieu, Jean-Philippe. « La prise de parole de l'immigration subsaharienne en France (1960-1995) ». Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0161.
Texte intégralExcluding the pre-decolonisation era, historians and sociologists have long neglected Sub-Saharan immigration. In order to examine its social history, the comparatist approach appears to be the most pertinent when examining the official representation of a particularly vilified and reified migratory movement. InternaI, rather than externat this comparative study focused on the participation of African migrants to various groups: interest groups or professional groups. '"Leaders of governmental associations", "trade unionists", "developers", "actors", "Iawyers", the five areas of enquiry gathered in this research project attempt by means of juxtaposition to break with the representation of migrants based on their members' contribution to the economy, rather than on cultural, legal of political history. Focusing on their discursive practices amounts to examining the conditions and constraints which objectivise collective entities and legitimize social frontiers under the double ascendancy of French and African states. The very process of making their opinion heard raises the question of the social and political conditions of the institutionalization of their representatives and the constitution of the groups they represent. Two themes stand out in the conclusion to this research. The first ilIustrates the strategies which were developed by the African governments, with the backing of the French State, concerning the political power. The second specifies the discrimination which undermine, be it labourers or elites, African migrants in France
M'Barga-Abega, Mathieu. « Le Rôle du cinéaste africain dans le processus de la prise de conscience du peuple nègre problèmes et solutions / ». Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37607883s.
Texte intégralM'BARGA, ABEGA MATHIEU. « Le rôle du cinéaste africain dans le processus de la prise de conscience du peuple nègre : problèmes et solutions ». Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010594.
Texte intégralWe have carefully evaluated and analysed some of the difficulties that hamper the expansion of francophone black culture in the area of motion-picture making, and which prevent the african film maker from getting down to his his task of educating and awakening the conscousness of the african general public. In this analytical work, we have also tried in each chapter to propose first steps towards a solution to the problems encountered. What are involved are obstacles to the development of black francophone cinemadevelopment without which this motion-picture industry is likely to remain stunted, not to say still-born. It seems to us that there could be derived from this inventory and its measures proposed as a first step towards a solution the possibility of a fruitful dialogue between motion-picture makers, writers, sociologists, political authorities, historians, anthropologists, etc. , that lead to a motion-picture industry rich both culturally and technically, i. E. One that would be competitive and of quality
Lamarche, Brandon James. « Error-prone DNA repair in the African swine fever virus characterization of six abasic site processing activities and evidence for a mutagenic function / ». Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1117656158.
Texte intégralJosenando, Théophile. « Prise de décision en matière de lutte contre la trypanosomiase humaine africaine en Angola : informations épidémiologiques et géographiques ». Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUE04NR.
Texte intégralDavidson, Jeanne. « The contribution of EIA to decision making : a critical analysis of EIA refusals in South Africa / Jeanne Davidson ». Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9166.
Texte intégralThesis (Master of Environmental Sciences)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
Barnard, Marinus. « Diagnostic utility of the line probe assay for the detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79807.
Texte intégralENGLISH ABSTRACT: The epidemic levels of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in high-burden countries such as South Africa, which is currently ranked as third highest in the world, is the result of a synergistic relationship between the increased transmission of DR strains, poor patient adherence as well as Human-Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-coinfection. The impact of these combined factors on the rise of DR-TB led to an urgent need for the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly detect TB and its associated drug susceptibility profile. The Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) has taken the onus upon them to ensure that laboratory strengthening becomes a reality by having developed, and still developing, new diagnostic assays in order to improve the laboratory turn-around time (TAT), whereby the transmission of DR-TB strains can be stopped. Laboratory strengthening does not solely rely on new diagnostic assays alone, and thus a Quality Management System, discussed in the dissertation, must be in place to ensure that the rapid result is accurate and reliable. The series of studies encompassed in this dissertation includes methodological validations (both technical and operational) of rapid TB diagnostic assays in order to rapidly and accurately diagnose the disease, and thus reducing the diagnostic delay associated with conventional diagnostic platforms. The studies were conducted “in-house” at the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Reference TB laboratory in Green Point, Cape Town, which is a high-volume public health laboratory. The need to rapidly detect resistance to the first line anti-tubercular drugs Isoniazid and Rifampicin was a priority and thus the performance of a commercial line probe assay (LPA), the GenoType®MTBDRplus Ver1.0 LPA, was assessed for use on smear positive direct patient material. The performance characteristics was superior to that of conventional drug susceptibility testing, where the sensitivity and specificity for the detection of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) was 98.8 and 100%, respectively, with results in 1-2 days. Based on this study, the World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed the use of molecular LPA for the rapid detection of DR-TB. Furthermore, the need for quality assurance associated with the GenoType®MTBDRplus LPA in the diagnostic laboratory is essential and thus a user manual for the molecular detection of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in resource-limited settings has also been developed (http://www.finddiagnostics.org/export/sites/default/resource-center/reports brochures/docs/LPA LaboratoryManual22Mar2012.pdf) for which Global Laboratory Initiative (GLI) status is pending. With the outbreak of extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB) in Tugela Ferry area in KwaZulu-Natal and the rest of the world, the need to rapidly detect resistance to the second line drugs arose, and thus the performance characteristics of the GenoType®MTBDRsl LPA was assessed for use on smear positive direct patient material. The performance characteristics proved to be excellent once again, with a 93.3% reduction in TAT. The data was scrutinized by the WHO, where it may be used as a triage test to guide treatment, but to date, no final policies on the use thereof has been finalized. The need for rapid point-of-care (POC) testing led to the implementation of the Xpert®MTB/RIF assay in the referral laboratories, for use on both smear positive and smear negative direct patient material. In order to accommodate for laboratories where the LPA has been implemented already, the GenoType®MTBDRplus Ver2.0 LPA was developed, which is aimed for use on all smear types as well. A head-to-head assessment was done between these assays to determine their performance characteristics and it was shown to be equally good. In this study we have shown the utility of molecular diagnostic assays to rapidly diagnose TB and its associated drug susceptibility patterns. This will have a significant impact on diagnostic delay and clinical decision making as well as patient outcome.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die epidemiese vlakke van middel-weerstandige tuberkulose (MW-TB) in hoë-lading lande, soos Suid Afrika wat tans derde hoogste op die wêreld ranglys is, is die nagevolge van 'n sinergistiese verband tussen die verhoogde voorkoms van transmissie van MW stamme, swak pasiënt deelname aan die voorgeskrewe behandelings programme, asook Menslike Immuniteitsgebreksvirus (MIV) ko-infeksie. Die impak van hierdie drie faktore saam, gee aanleiding tot 'n verhoging in MW-TB en dus was daar 'n daadwerklike behoefte vir die ontwikkeling van nuwe diagnostiese toetse wat nie net TB kan identifiseer nie, maar wat ook die gepaardgaande middel-weerstandigheids profiel aandui. Die “Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics” (FIND) het die onus van laboratorium versterking op hulself geneem, deur te verseker dat die nuut ontwikkelde diagnostiese toetse, asooks steeds ontwikkelende diagnostiese toetse, gebruik kan word om die konsep van laboratorium versterking 'n realiteit te maak. Die doel is dus om sodoende die tyd-tot-resultaat tussen geneesheer en laboratorium te verbeter, terwyl die transmissie van MW-TB ook die hok geslaan kan word. Nietemin, laboratorium versterking berus nie net op nuwe diagnostiese toetse nie, en dus is dit noodsaaklik dat 'n Kwaliteitbestuursisteem, soos bespreek in hierdie verhandeling, in plek is om te verseker dat die resultaat spoedig, akkuraat en betroubaar is. Die samevattende reeks studies in hierdie verhandeling behels metodologiese validasies (beide tegnies en operasioneel van aard) van spoedige TB diagnostiese toetse met die doel om die siekte so vinnig en akkuraat as moontlik te diagnoseer en dus die diagnostiese vertraging, wat histories met konvensionele metodes geassosiëerd is, te verminder. Al die studies is uitgevoer in die “National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS)” TB verwysingslaboratorium in Groenpunt, Kaapstad, wat 'n hoë-volume publieke gesondheidslaboratorium is. Die noodsaaklikheid om weerstandigheid teenoor die eerste-linie antituberkulose middels isoniasied en rifampisien so spoedig moontlik te diagnoseer het 'n groot bekommernis geword, en dus is die laboratorium daartoe genoop om die prestasie eienskappe van 'n kommersiëel beskikbare “line probe assay” (LPA), die “Genotype®MTBDRplus Ver1.0 LPA”, te asseseer vir die gebruik daarvan op direkte pasientmateriaal wat smeer positief is. Die prestasie eienskappe was beter as die van konvensionele middelvatbaarheidstoetse, waar die sensitiwiteit en spesifisiteit vir die diagnosering van MW-TB 98.8 en 100%, respektiewelik, was. Verder was die resultate ook binne 1-2 dae beskikbaar. Op grond van dié bevindinge het die Wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie (WGO) die gebruik van hierdie molekulêre “LPA” vir die spoedige diagnose van MW-TB onderskryf. Nietemin, die belangrikheid van gehalteversekering wat met die “GenoType®MTBDRplus LPA” in die diagnostiese laboratorium geassosieerd is, is essentiëel en dus is 'n gebruikershandleiding vir die molekulêre diagnose van MW-TB in beperkte hulpbron-instellings ontwikkel (http://www.finddiagnostics.org/export/sites/default/resource-center/reports brochures/docs/LPA LaboratoryManual22Mar2012.pdf) waarvoor daar op„n “Global Laboratory Initiative (GLI)” status in afwagting is. Met die uitbraak van ekstensiewemiddelweerstandige TB (EMW-TB) in die Tugela Ferry distrik in KwaZulu-Natal asook in die res van die wêreld, het die noodsaaklikheid onstaan om weerstandigheid teenoor die tweede-linie middels ook so spoedig moontlik te diagnoseer, en die laboratorium is dus weereens daartoe genoop om die prestasie eienskappe van die “GenoType®MTBDRsl LPA” (ook vir die gebruik op direkte pasient materiaal wat smeer positief is) te asseseer. Die prestasie eienskappe was weereens verbysterend, en het „n 93.3% afname in tyd-tot-resultaat getoon. Die data is deur die WGO aangevra, en daar is besluit dat die toets gebruik kan word om behandeling in werking te stel, maar geen finale onderskrywings is tot op hede nog gemaak nie. Die behoefte aan 'n punt-van-sorg toets het gelei tot die implementering van die “Xpert®MTB/RIF” toets in die verwysingslaboratorium, en is geoogmerk vir die gebruik op beide smeer positiewe en -negatiewe direkte pasient materiaal. Omrede die “LPA” al in verskeie laborotoriums geimplementeer was, is die “GenoType®MTBDRplus Ver2.0 LPA” ontwikkel, waarvan die gebruik onafhanklik is van die smeerresultaat. 'n Direkte assesering tussen die twee toetse was gedoen en daar is bevind dat beide se prestasie eienskappe vergelykend was. In hierdie studies het ons bewys dat die gebruik van molekulêre diagnostiese toetse in staat is om TB en die gepaargaande middel-weerstandigheids profiel spoedig te diagnoseer. Hierdie bevindinge sal 'n groot impak hê op die vetraging van tyd-tot-resultaat, op die mediese besluitneming asook op die uitkoms van die pasiënt.
FIND (Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics)
Hain Lifescience
National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS)
Vale, Maíra Cavalcanti 1987. « Prosa que tece a vida, estórias de mulheres em KwaZulu-Natal, África do Sul ». [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279136.
Texte intégralDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vale_MairaCavalcanti_M.pdf: 14775616 bytes, checksum: c1a99ae25623fe8ace3dca1ef185c660 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: O presente trabalho é fruto dos aprendizados ao longo do curso de mestrado e de três meses de trabalho de campo na África do Sul. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com foco no cotidiano de algumas mulheres negras, moradoras da região de KwaZulu-Natal e falantes de isiZulu, através dos diversos grupos dos quais fazem parte. Estes estão ligados a funerais e maneiras de poupar dinheiro - nos quais se encontram periodicamente para guardar certa quantia que poderá ser utilizada quando precisarem para os grandes custos de funerais ou rituais para os ancestrais -, como também relacionados ao ganho de recursos pela venda de artesanatos feitos de miçangas, alimentos produzidos em hortas comunitárias ou na criação de galinhas. A partir dessas experiências é também feita nesta dissertação uma discussão sobre a própria forma de se fazer e escrever a pesquisa. Ao usar no texto elementos trazidos de diversas formas de conhecimento, como a literatura, o trabalho de campo e alguns filmes, tentei demonstrar aquilo que aprendi com as pessoas que me receberam, de uma forma que pudesse espelhar a complexidade da vida e transpirar as confusões supostas em se estar na África do Sul. A escolha da narrativa tem como intenção ser instrumento que desenha a importância da terra e da ancestralidade, e de tudo que a ela está vinculado politicamente, na vida das mulheres e casas que me acolheram ao longo da pesquisa. Assim como nas próprias relações traçadas a partir das diferenças de língua e de cor. A ideia é construir conhecimento antropológico de uma forma em que a narrativa faça parte da reflexão, contando as estórias das pessoas que encontrei em diversas linguagens. O pressuposto aqui é, pois, de que é possível que a própria narrativa faça parte da construção de uma linguagem do conhecimento científico e analítico que se paute nas formas com que as próprias interlocutoras de campo pensam suas vidas
Abstract: This work is a result of master's course and of the three months of field work developed in South Africa on 2011. The work was done with focus on the daily activities of black women living in KwaZulu-Natal, isiZulu speakers, through the various groups which they are part of. Those groups are linked to funerals issues and to save money - meeting periodically to get money that can be used when needed for the large costs of funerals or rituals for the ancestors - as well as resources related to gain income from saling handicrafts made of beads, food grown in community gardens or raising chickens. From these experiences, it is also made here a discussion about doing and writing a research, for that, it is used along the dissertation elements brought from various forms of knowledge, such as literature, field work and some movies. In doing so, I tried to show what I learned from the people who received me in a way that could reflect the complexity of life and evidence the confusions supposed on being in South Africa. The narrative choices are intended to be an instrument that draws the importance of land and ancestry, and all that is politically linked to them, in the women's lives and homes which welcomed me along the search. Such as the relationships themselves drawn from the differences of language and color. The idea is to build anthropological knowledge in a way that the narrative is a part of the reflection, telling the stories of the people I met in several languages guided by what really care for the women and what they chose to tell me
Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestra em Antropologia Social
Panossian, Anahid. « La prise en compte du développement durable dans les accords de pêche entre l'Union européenne et certains états africains ». Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE0009.
Texte intégralBilateral fisheries agreements between the European Union (EU) and third countries have always been a feature of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The 2002 reform of the CFP introduced the concept of partnership, to emphasize the EU’s intention to support the development of the national fisheries sector in its partner countries. Since 2004, they have been known as Fisheries partnership agreements (FPAs). Underpinning the partnership approach is the EU’s commitment to promote responsible and sustainable fisheries wherever European vessels fish throughout the world. Mainly signed with African countries (and also with States in the Pacific Ocean and Greenland), they are cooperation tools designed to build sustainable development in fisheries access agreements in order to enhance fisheries management. After few years of practice of the FPAs, and by the yardstick of their reform, within the reform of the CFP, it is time for evaluation. It should be assessed whether or not they fulfilled their objectives and if they indeed contributed to the implementation of more responsible behaviours in fishing activities in third countries
Musah, Halidu. « Democratic Governance and Conflict Resistance in Conflict-prone Societies : A Consociational Analysis of the Experiences of Ghana in West Africa (1992-2016) ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0411.
Texte intégralAbstract Conflicts are part and parcel of every societal endeavour. These conflicts however, become undesirable when they travel along the widening line of destruction of property and persons. Democracy is one mechanism aimed at regulating dissenting views and harmonising multi-group interests for successful, peaceful coexistence and national development. There is growing establishment in the literature that democratisation is very difficult, if not impossible, in pluralistic or multi-cleavage societies. To surmount this difficulty, consociationalism has been suggested as a panacea which allows formal equitable sharing of power and public resources among recognised facets of the plural society. Without this, it is assumed any attempt at democracy is most likely to crumble and fail. Ghana is a multi-ethnic country with at least 92 different ethnic groups which is seemingly defying the basic reasoning of consociational democratisation because it has successfully practised democracy for over 25 years without necessarily adopting formal consociational models. This thesis situated Ghana within this theoretical context and examined the reasons behind Ghana’s democratic success despite the theoretical deviation from consociationalism. Mixed-method approach was adopted in the study, and 542 respondents were purposefully selected for observation. Data gathered through interview and questionnaire administration revealed that Ghana has not experienced nation-wide violent conflicts in spite of the dotted conflicts across the country due to the very nature of its internal conflicts; thus circumscribed by the geographical, issue, and actor-based circumstances. Second, the study found that despite the existence of multiple social cleavages in Ghana, social interaction among the people places emphasis on crosscutting ties that exist among them, than on the cleavages that divide them even if cleavage awareness is high in Ghanaian society. In addition, constitutional framework for democratisation in Ghana formerly enshrines national interest above cleavage interests and prohibits political organisations based on cleavages. The study recommends that more attention be paid to peace education across the country by formally involving both relevant formal and informal traditional and modern institutions at the basic level of society in this peace education process. It is also imperative to address as a matter of urgency the root causes of the myriad of conflicts that span the length and breadth of the country for their sustainable resolution to enhance peaceful democratisation. Politicians should avoid meddling in local conflicts and allow the institutional frameworks established by the Ghanaian democratic system to deal decisively with conflict issues
Kette, Justin-Sylvestre. « La subsistance du clergé séculier en Centrafrique : possible auto-prise en charge ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAK016.
Texte intégralAlthough the Code of Canon Law provides at canon 281 the remuneration of clerics and their social assistance in case of sickness, invalidity or old age, this provision is far from being properly applied to the secular priests of Central Africa. In addition to structural poverty, the country is in the throes of a civil war that has destroyed the entire socio-economic fabric. But war does not justify everything. There is a problem of management and administration of ecclesiastical goods. The rigorous and transparent management of the meager financial resources available to the Church remains a major challenge. While it is true that clergy subsistence is the responsibility of the Church, priests also have an important part to play. Our thesis proposes the steps to be taken to make possible the self-reliance of the priests in the Central African Republic
Tchounga, Boris Kévin. « Epidémiologie, diagnostic et prise en charge de l'infection par le VIH-2 en Afrique de l'Ouest ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0218/document.
Texte intégralBackground : The holistic care of the one to two million HIV-2 infected individuals in West Africa remain a concern. The frequent misdiagnosis with rapid HIV tests, in addition to the intrinsic resistance of HIV-2 to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and its low susceptibility to some protease inhibitors, make the treatment of people living with HIV-2 very challenging. The lack of data on mortality and retention in care among people living with HIV-2, as well as the emergence of resistance to most ART drugs is a great concern for the West African ART program. Method : We relied on the WADA-HIV-2 cohort, its associated biobank and the ANRS 12294 FIT-2 trial, to describe challenges in diagnosis and treatment, as well as mortality and lost to follow up, among people living with HIV-2 in West Africa. Results : One quarter of HIV-2 or dually reactive individuals, according to the national algorithms for HIV diagnosis, were found infected by HIV-1 only, and the tests GenieIII® and ImmunoCombII® showed good performances for a more accurate algorithm. Considering treatment, HIV-2 patients often initiate boosted PI based regimen, with good immunologic and virologic response. A suboptimal response was obtained with either three NRTI based regimens and unboosted PI based regimen, however worse with the first one. HIV-2 infected individuals experienced early and relatively high mortality (5.2/100 person-years), that was associated with anemia and low CD4 count (<100/mm3) at ART initiation. The results of the ongoing ANRS 12294 FIT-2 trial are expected to identify the best strategy for the optimal use of available ART regimens in West African countries. Conclusion : Many questions remain unanswered regarding HIV-2. Epidemiologic, immunologic and genotypic resistances surveys will help improving the care of people living with HIV-2 the West African region
Nyende, Keith Mark. « A PLAUSIBILITY PROBE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL INTEGRATION AND REFUGEE RELATED VIOLENCE. : Cases from countries piloting the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework in Africa ». Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-45611.
Texte intégralNgom, Ndeye Fatou. « Enjeux de la prise en charge thérapeutique du VIH au Sénegal ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT098/document.
Texte intégralABSTRACT : The international community is committed to ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Achieving this goal depends on the ability of HIV programs to provide treatment to all people living with HIV / AIDS and maintain these people on treatment with a suppressed viral load for as long as possible. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in access to treatment, but program performance remains weak in Africa, particularly in West Africa.To better understand the obstacles in the implementation of HIV programs we describe the evolution of HIV care in a reference center in Senegal over a period of 20 years and in the context of international and national recommendations. We investigate initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for eligible people, retention on ART at 12, 24 and 36 months and access to and control of viral load during follow-up.This work is based on the analysis of the data available in the computerized medical file of 3651 treatment-naive people over the age of 15 who entered the Fann Outpatient Treatment Center (ATC) in Dakar, Senegal between 1998 and 2015. Eligibility is defined according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization taking into account the level of CD4 count (<200, <350 and <500 cells / μl until 2010, 2013 and 2015, respectively) and the clinical stage. Free ART is provided in Senegal from 2004. Thus, the evolution of HIV care is studied over four periods: 1998-2003 (P1), 2004-2010 (P2), 2011-2013 (P3), 2014-2015 (P4).Of the 3,651 ART-naïve patients, 2535 (69%) are eligible and 1503 (41%) initiate ART during their follow-up at CTA. The proportion of eligible patients on ART is 25%, 47%, 75% and 82%, at P1, P2, P3 and P4 respectively. This increase is associated with a significant reduction in the median time to ART, from 5.6 months in 1998-2003 to 0.8 months in period 4. Eligible individuals with low CD4 count were more likely to initiate timely treatment.Retention rates are 84%, 77% and 73% at 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. There is an improvement in retention for the most recent period (2014-2016) with rates reaching 90% and 82% at 12 and 24 months. At 36 months, this improvement in the last period is no longer observed. At 36 months, male sex and residence outside Dakar are predictors of being lost to follow-up, whereas advanced age, advanced clinical stage and CD4 <200 cells / mm3 are associated with higher risk of mortality. The availability of viral load at 12, 24 or 36 months reaches about 40% and remains stable according to study periods. The virological success measured from the available viral loads reaches 64% at a 50 copies/ml threshold and 84% at a 1000 copies/ml threshold.The evolution of HIV care in CTA is marked by significant progress in access to treatment, the benefit of which is limited by the persistence of difficulties in retention on ART and in the follow-up of virological control, difficulties that need to be addressed to achieve the ambitious goals of UNAIDS
Tort, Julie. « Comment améliorer la qualité de la prise en charge de l'hémorragie du post-partum en Afrique de l'Ouest ? » Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066348/document.
Texte intégralThe maternal mortality ratio in West Africa is the highest in the world and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading direct cause of maternal mortality. The general objective of this work was to provide knowledge to improve the management of PPH in hospitals in West Africa. Firstly, we have highlighted that maternal risk factors for morbidity and mortality related to the PPH found in high-resource countries were generalizable to the context of West Africa. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the qualification of the doctor in charge of the maternity unit (general practitioner versus obstetrician) has a decisive impact on the maternal issue in this context. Then, we showed that injection of oxytocin within ten minutes after the diagnosis of PPH was a key factor for improving maternal health in Benin and Mali. Rapid diagnosis of PPH and better monitoring of the immediate postpartum period were also important. Finally, we set up a pilot study to assess the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), which aims to test the effectiveness of uterine tamponade with condom catheter in the postpartum hemorrhage management in this region. The results showed that f a RCT was feasible and provided additional knowledge to optimize the research protocol. Thus, we have identified a number of factors on which action should be taken to improve the quality of PPH management
Jésus, Pierre. « Impact de l’état et de la prise en charge nutritionnels dans les maladies neurodégénératives : Approche neuroépidémiologique ». Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0071/document.
Texte intégralNeurodegenerative diseases (NDD) mainly concern neuromuscular diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease. Due to the multiplicity of factors inducing a weight loss, the NDD are at risk of malnutrition, which can alter the evolution of these diseases and the quality of life of patients. The purpose of this work was to assess the nutritional status and / or the effect of treatment of patients with ALS and cognitive disorders (dementia and / or mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) in France with a health network, but also in Central Africa. The health network Limousin Nutrition (LINUT) realizes assessments and nutritional interventions in ALS patients at home and in residents of nursing homes (NH). The first evaluation by the network of ALS patients found more swallowing disorders than specialized consultation (60.0% vs. 47.5%) and taste disorders (43.8%), not further described in ALS. Improvements of practices were proposed. The network assessed also residents in NH, with or without dementia, initially and after a 4 months follow-up. Malnutrition affected more often demented patients (56.1% vs. 46.4% p=0.004), and energy intakes of all residents (26.4 ± 8.8 kcal/kg/d) were below the recommendations. The network intervention improved the nutritional status of patients with dementia (+0.29 ± 0.07 point of MNA®/month, p=0.003) and energy intake of all residents at 4 months. Two studies named
Kemp, Anna Francina. « Die onontkombaarheid van die verlede ». Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02222010-172655.
Texte intégralLecoutre, Delphine. « Le fonctionnement du Conseil de paix et de sécurité : jeux de puissance et d'influence dans le cadre multilatéral de l'Union africaine ». Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010332.
Texte intégralNdondoki, Monny Kosso Eugénie Anne Camille. « Recherche et évaluation des stratégies de prise en charge précoce de l’enfant infecté par le VIH en Afrique de l’Ouest : accès, efficacité, et déterminants ». Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21915/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis aimed to assess the accessibility, the efficiency and operational difficulties of treatment and care of HIV infected children in West Africa: Cote d’Ivoire, Mali and Burkina Faso. This region is particularly marked by poor access to care for HIV infected children. Our work has show that besides the insufficient provision of care in this region, the delay to care for these children was particularly influenced by the low acceptability of HIV early infant diagnosis, with a key role of the father in the decision making for the care of the child. Children begin antiretroviral treatment very late, at a very advanced stage of disease and severely immunocompromised. After twelve months of antiretroviral therapy, there was a clinical or immunological treatment failure in more than half of all children, especially among those who had started antiretroviral therapy with poor clinical and immunological status. Interventions to prevent mother to child transmission do not seem related to children treatment failure in this region. However, adherence to antiretroviral therapy in young children is good in this region. These results support the need for early antiretroviral treatment for HIV infected children at an earlier stage of the disease. This necessarily requires improved early infant diagnosis, through the involvement of fathers, the strengthening of the technical platform for screening and monitoring of children, and training of health staff. Also, cohort studies on prognostic factors for treatment failure in West African context are needed to investigate the issue of antiretroviral treatment response in these children
Raines, Mark Douglas. « An assessment of equilibrium in the Merensky Reef : a textural, geochemical and Nd isotope study of coexisting plagioclase and orthopyroxene from Winnaarshoek in the eastern Bushveld Complex, RSA ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015644.
Texte intégralTraore, Isidore Tiandiogo. « Prise en charge des travailleuses du sexe confrontées au VIH/sida au Burkina Faso : évaluation d’un paquet d’intervention offert aux jeunes travailleuses du sexe dans la ville de Ouagadougou ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT036.
Texte intégralBackground: In West Africa, interventions targeting female sex workers (FSW) are crucial to impact on the HIV dynamics. However, the contents and efficacy of these interventions are unclear, and identifying the most at risk FSW in order to adapt these interventions remain challenging, partly because of the limitations of self-reported sexual behaviours. We therefore designed a comprehensive dedicated intervention targeting young female sex workers, and assessed its impact on HIV incidence in Burkina Faso and the reliability of interview data. Methods: From September 2009 to September 2010 we conducted a cross sectional study in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Then HIV-uninfected FSW aged 18-25 years were enrolled in a prospective interventional cohort. The participants were followed quarterly for a maximum of 21 months. The intervention group received a package which combined prevention and care within the same setting, and consisting of peer-led education sessions, psychological support, sexually transmitted infections and HIV care, general routine health care, and reproductive health services. At each visit, behavioural characteristics were collected and HIV, HSV-2 and pregnancy were tested. High-risk behaviour was defined as the first occurrence of any biological event resulting from unsafe sex, including unexpected pregnancy or HSV-2 or T. vaginalis infection. We used random logistic models to assess the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the residual high risk behaviours during the intervention.We compared the cohort HIV incidence with a Bernoulli modelled expected incidence in the absence of intervention, using data collected at the same time from FSW clients and key parameters from the litterature. Results: We screened 609 FSW including 188 (30.9%) professionals. Their median age was 21 years [IQR, 19-23], and the prevalence of HIV was 10.3% among professionals and 6.5% among non-professionals. Overall, 277 (45.6%) women reported high-risk behaviours (41.2% among professionals and 47.5% among non-professionals), which were driven mainly by non-consistent condom use with regular partners. In multivariable analysis, before the intervention, HIV infection was associated with older age (AOR=1.44; 95%CI: 1.22-1.71), with being married/cohabiting (AOR=2.70; 95%CI: 1.21-6.04), and with T. vaginalis infection (AOR=9.63; 95%CI: 2.93-31.59), while previous HIV testing was associated with a decreased risk (AOR=0.18; 95%CI: 0.08-0.40).The 321 HIV-uninfected FSW enrolled in the cohort completed 409 person-years of follow-up. No participant seroconverted for HIV during the study while the expected modelled number of HIV infections were 5.05 (95%CI, 5.01-5.08) during the same follow-up (409 person-years) or 1.23 infection per 100 person-years (p=0.005). This null incidence was related to a reduction in the number of regular partners and regular clients, and to an increase in consistent condom use with casual clients (AOR =2.19; 95%CI, 1.16-4.14, p=0.01) and with regular clients (AOR=2.18; 95%CI, 1.26-3.76, p=0.005). However, the incidence of residual risk was high, at 26.7/100 person-years (95% CI, 24.1-33.7). The residual risk was higher among FSW living in couple (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] =7.47, 95% CI, 1.70-30.80) and among those for whom sex work was not the main source of income (AOR =5.53, 95% CI, 1.75-16.84). The latter also tended not to report high-risk behaviours during face –to–face interview. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for targeted interventions among young FSW focusing particularly on non-professionals, sexual behaviours with regular partners and regular HIV testing. The ANRS 1222 study intervention package which combined peer-based prevention and care within the same setting markedly reduced HIV incidence among young female sex workers in Burkina Faso, through reduced risky behaviours
Ouattara, Eric. « Utilisation du modèle CEPAC en appui à la recherche clinique dans le domaine de la prise en charge des adultes infectés par le VIH en Afrique sub-saharienne ». Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21995/document.
Texte intégralIn the first part of this work, we review the issues that have been the subject of randomized clinical trials in the field of prevention and care of HIV-infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa. From this research, we draw two conclusions: (i) many research questions have not been explored with clinical trials, either because they were not considered as a priority, or because conducting a trial was not a feasible way to answer the question; (ii) trials with positive results often lead to new issues, especially regarding interpretation of results, practical implications, long-term projections, and replication in different contexts. At times, these issues paralyze health decisions. The question therefore becomes how to best use tools that complement clinical trials, including "disease modelling" tools. In the second part of this work, we place multi-state models of natural history of disease within different mathematical models used in medical research. We describe, in detail, one of these models--the “Cost Effectiveness of Preventing Aids Complication” (CEPAC) model, designed in the USA and then developed and implemented by the “CEPAC-International” collaboration, which includes French, Ivorian, South African and Indian teams, to conduct cost-effectiveness analyses. In the third part, we use the CEPAC model to explore two questions: The first question is concerned with whether to use efavirenz, which is potentially teratogenic, or nevirapine, which can induce severe toxicity, in first-line antiretroviral regimen for women of child-bearing age in sub-Saharan Africa. Projecting at 10 years the survival of the mothers and the cumulative number of malformations in their children, we show that the teratogenicity of efavirenz would have to be 2.3 times higher than that of nevirapine for the additional number of defects in children whose mothers are taking efavirenz to be greater than the number of additional deaths among women who are taking nevirapine. The second question focuses on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different treatment strategies after the failure on second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected adults in Côte d'Ivoire. This analysis shows that the use of third-line ART would be effective and cost-effective in Côte d'Ivoire, if used within a strategy that mandated an intensive adherence reinforcement intervention before deciding to switch patients to third-line. In conclusion, we define four situations within which modelling can help inform clinical research: (i) to assist the design of clinical trials, (ii) to put in perspective the results of clinical trials, by projecting the results in the long term or in different contexts, (iii) to study any questions for which a clinical trial is not suitable, (iv) to fuel the discussion on new issues for which testing has not yet be done. While we experiment with the practical use of these models, we also have to reflect on the validation, standardization, and transparency of the model, especially at the time of publication, to make sure studies are accessible to clinicians and researchers who are not familiar with modelling
Coulibaly, Malik. « Prise en charge précoce de l’infection par le VIH du nourrisson de moins de deux ans en Afrique de l’Ouest : accessibilité, acceptabilité, observance et efficacité du traitement antirétroviral de première ligne basé sur le lopinavir et ses déterminants dans la cohorte initiale MONOD ANRS 12206 ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0318/document.
Texte intégralWe assessed the accessibility, acceptability and efficacy at 12 months of early antiretroviraltherapy (EAT) initiated before two years of age in children HIV-infected in Côte d'Ivoire andBurkina Faso.We conducted two baseline surveys and analyzed the enrolment and therapeutic response inthe cohort recruited ahead of the MONOD ANRS 12206 trial.Despite a high prenatal HIV screening coverage of 88%, only 29% [95% CI: 27-32] exposedchildren had access to early HIV diagnosis in 2011 in Ouagadougou.In terms of knowledge, 97% of parents/caregivers of children were aware of the main route ofHIV transmission in infants. All the parents thought the child EAT was necessary, withoutreally know in what it consists.Among the 217 children referred for inclusion, 161 (74%) have initiated EAT with a medianage of 13.5 months; 70% had reached the 3/4 WHO stage, and 57% had a severe immunedeficiency. The reasons for non-inclusion were: fear or the father's refusal (48%), mortality(24%), false positives (16%), others (12%). Having already shared the child or the motherHIV status with the father and having an age ≥ 12 months were the factors associated with theinitiation of EAT.Among the 156 children who received an EAT-based lopinavir/ritonavir, 11 children died(7%), 5 were lost to follow-up (3%), 140 were followed for 12 months (90%), with 70%virological success (viral load <500 cp / mL).In 2011-2013, the challenges for improving access to EAT in HIV-infected children in WestAfrica remain. Late access is associated with a high early mortality. Nevertheless, the successrate of EAT is high
Nkengne, Nkengne Alain Patrick. « De l'information à la prise de décision, analyse du processus de politique publique en Afrique francophone : le cas de la politique des enseignants contractuels de l'Etat ». Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00586375.
Texte intégralNtafatiro, Patrice. « L'exilé de toute part suivi de la Poétique négro-africaine de l'exil ». Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20263.
Texte intégralRafaranalisoa, Esther. « Donnees nouvelles sur la hibonite (ca a112 o19) de madagascar ». Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066502.
Texte intégralMakgamatha, P. M. (Phaka Moffat). « The nature of prose narrative in Northern Sotho : from orality to literacy ». Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27432.
Texte intégralAfrican Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)
Carusi, Maria Cristina. « Problems involved in translating South African prose into Italian, with reference to N. Gordimer's Burger's daughter ». Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/16014.
Texte intégralThis study consists of three chapters of varying length dealing with the- problem of literary translation from contemporary South African English to modern Italian. Talcing as our model the recent Gordimer novel Burger's Daughter (Jonathan Cape Ltd.., London, 1979), we consider the various responsibilities of the literary translator, detaching his problems from those of the commercial version of a piece of prose, which require qualities of paraphrase, word to word correspondence and accuracy at expense of style. In our opening chapter we look at the extraordinary difference between the educated literary reader's expectation when handling a modern classic in the target language and this version's actual treatment of the original language. We taice Capriolo's La figlia fid Burger (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S. p . A . , Milanoj 197S) as the model of an average* competent, professional exercise in South African/Italian translation and we note that most of our criteria are contravened or even ignored In chapter II our study turns to a detailed listing of omissions, adjustments, inaccuracies, misunderstandings, unresearched technical points and plain imperfections of style and manner. In most cases the study accounts for the imperfection or error and proceeds to suggest not only why it arose, but also how it could be rectified. Our criteria for improvement rest on categories of (a) stylistic compensation for individual features of the original, (b) homogeneous Hi manner and (political equivalences. In chapter III we offer a sample translation into Italian of four selected pages of the text (original, pp. 353-356) in our own hand, hoping thereby to establish tighter and more rigorous categories for the rendition of this exemplary modern South African
Griessel, Karin. « Depicting the dispossessed in the 1940s : an analysis of Holmer Johanssen's Die Onterfdes and Peter Abraham's Mine Boy ». Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/16706.
Texte intégralNtuli, Joshua Hlalanempi. « The conception and evolution of characterization in the Zulu novel ». Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/381.
Texte intégralIn this research work an attempt is made to clear certain misconceptions and generalizations which prevail amongst certain literary critics, viz that characterization in the Zulu novel is static and should be modelled on the Eurocentric canon. Investigation into this problem shows the opposite. Particular attention is devoted to demonstrating that characterization in the Zulu novel is evolutionary. And it is indeed so. Characterization in the Zulu novel has changed over the changing times under changing circumstances. The study shows that factors such as folktale residual material, traditional beliefs, christianization, urbanization, industrialization, etc. all have in one way or another impacted on the art of characterization in the Zulu novel. For this purpose we have divided the Zulu novel into three different developmental periods. These literary periods are: the period of Zulu narrative which is mostly dominated by folktale material and traditional beliefs. The second period is characterized by traditional beliefs and historical material. This manifests itself mostly in the historical novel. The third period is dominated by the social or psychological novel. Characterization during this period is characterized by such factors as christianisation, acculturation, urbanization, apartheid laws, industrialization which forced people to move to big cities like Johannesburg. During this period social adjustment problems manifest themselves in antisocial, criminal behaviour and maladjustment on the part of the characters who find themselves in this strange environment. It is, however, important to note that these periods are not watertight entities. But research has shown that a progression - retrogression tendency is found amongst the Zulu novel writers. A case in point is the impact of ancentral beliefs which transcends the three periods of the novel investigated. This means one cannot divorce entirely a literature from its past, which is why we accept lyesere's theory that the modern writer is to his indigenous oral tradition trapped as a snail is to its shell. Even in foreign habitat, a snail never leaves its shell behind, (The Journal of Modern African Studies 1975: 107-119). The study shows that characterization in the Zulu novel follows a definite pattern of development. Therefore the Zulu novel is a literature in its own right. The research shows that the present Eurocentric tools of criticism have grown alongside western literacy tradition, but definitely outside the African milieu. It is noted that characterization in the Zulu novel has been, to a very large extent, influenced by the cultural and traditional background of the Zulu people. The study shows that while using general laws of literary criticism scholars must be mindful of the fact that the Zulu novel is a novel in its own right and has peculiar characteristics of its own.