Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Agriculture primitive »

A agricultura itinerante é um tipo de sistema agrícola primitivo, adotado historicamente nos ecossistemas de florestas tropicais, em que o ser humano faz o corte da floresta, queimando os resíduos como preparação da terra para a cultura. A produção de alimentos é feita por 2 a 3 anos e, posteriormente, a área é abandonada, tornando-se improdutiva. Muitas vezes, nos terrenos abandonados estabelece-se a floresta secundária, podendo voltar a ser utilizados para o cultivo cerca de dez a vinte anos depois. Em Timor-Leste, a agricultura itinerante ainda é praticada como forma de agricultura de subsistência. Com este trabalho pretendemos caracterizar a agricultura itinerante em Timor-Leste e relevar a sua importância socioeconômica para as populações rurais do território, identificar os seus impactos na sustentabilidade ambiental dos ecossistemas e referir as soluções para minorar os seus efeitos negativos. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se na recolha de informação bibliográfica relevante sobre o tema e na realização de um inquérito por questionário a agricultores itinerantes do subdistrito de Atabae, distrito de Bobonaro. Este questionário caracterizou a agricultura itinerante e ouviu a opinião dos agricultores sobre os efeitos da mesma. A agricultura itinerante de hoje em Timor-Leste destina-se essencialmente às culturas de horta. Os materiais resultantes do derrube e corte da floresta são usados para lenha, vedações e materiais de construção. Os impactos negativos sobre os bens e serviços produzidos por florestas são sentidos através das mudanças na precipitação, erosão, mudanças climáticas, diminuição do número de animais selvagens, e das plantas e produtos colhidos nas florestas. Itinerant Agriculture in the Bobonaro District in East Timor During the Post-Independence Period ABSTRACT: Itinerant agriculture is a primitive agricultural system historically adopted in the ecosystems of tropical forests in which people make a clearing in the forest and burn the residues to prepare the ground for planting. Food production occurs for 2 to 3 years; the area is then abandoned and becomes non-productive. A secondary forest establishes itself frequently on the abandoned ground and may be used once more for crop planting after ten to twenty years. Itinerant agriculture is still employed in East Timor as subsistence agriculture. Current analysis characterizes the iterant agriculture in East Timor and enhances its social and economic relevance for rural populations, identifies impacts on the environmental sustainability of ecosystems and describes solutions to minimize its negative effects. Methodology is based on the bibliographical information on the theme and on a questionnaire survey to itinerant peasants of the sub-district Atabae in Bobonaro. The questionnaire characterized itinerant agriculture and collected the opinion of peasants on its effects. Current itinerant agriculture in East Timor is restricted to kitchen gardens and the material produced in forest clearings is used as firewood and building material. The negative impacts on goods and services produced by the forests are measured by changes in rainfall, erosion, climate changes, decrease in the number of wild animals and plants and in products collected in the forest. KEYWORDS: Itinerant Agriculture; Forest Ecosystems; Sustainability; East Timor.

Technological innovation in agriculture was substantial during the 20th century. Is “modern” technological control of the environment replacing a “primitive” dependency on natural advantages and disadvantages, or has agricultural production remained persistently dependent on the environment? This paper estimates how the 20th century modernization of United States Plains' agriculture changed the impact of environmental characteristics on agricultural land values. Despite substantial technological innovation and rising land values from 1945 to 2002, counties' environmental characteristics largely maintained influence on land values. Environmental change has become no less costly, as technological innovation has not reduced the importance of natural advantages or disadvantages.

The work refers to the socio-agricultural system of the Sangam period. In the Thinai community, the Kurinjinila community initially involved in hunting. These ancient tribes who lived as hunters are socially classified as vettuvar, kanavar and kuravar. Kanavar community is the forerunner of deforesting the forest for agricultural purposes the Kuravans also farmed here. They set up locations according to the nature of the situation. In the hilly and mountainous area, they have used the land for agriculture by burning the bushes under the trees. They stirred the soil with tools like ‘thondukali’ and ‘thular’ and sowed seeds. ‘Thondukali’ was the first agricultural tool to appear here and it was first used by women. Bhagavatsala Bharathi mentions that the woman was the first farmer. The land thus created is called ‘thinaipunam’ and both the man and the woman have harvested the crop in ‘thinaipunam’ safely. The harvested crop is stored for reproduction. They offered it to their Gods and later they cooked and ate them. They involved in bartering in exchange for their forest products. This study explains how the Kurinji land community evolved from the hunting community into the food producer, bartering and collector of foods.

This study aims to describe a more conceptual understanding of the Hermeneutics of Primitive Communism, using qualitative research with a socio-historical approach that analyzes the condition of language data and behavior in situations that consider the social and cultural context. In special needs, the survey results are obtained, for example, analyzing the results of the theories of primitive communal theory until the discovery of the primitive communist epistemology. The findings of this socio-historical research are that the explanation of Primitive Communism Hermeneutics has three first stages, primitive communalism or primitive communism called primitive society, the basic needs of life that depend on nature, primitive communism is in people who live by hunting with simple forms of agriculture, or herding animals. , the state of private property has not arisen, and there is not even a class division. People live in harmony and equality. Even as primitive communism, the means of production are collectively owned, and other types of property are distributed equally among the members of the tribe. After that, the birth of Pre-Marxism, namely after the life of primitive society, with the emergence of the classical period rejecting metaphysics and visible psychology of collective and individualist society. The last is the development of Karl Marx's ideas which wants a communist society through resistance by the feudal society and capitalism using a system of socialism.

This study aims to describe a more conceptual understanding of the Hermeneutics of Primitive Communism, using qualitative research with a socio-historical approach that analyzes the condition of language data and behavior in situations that consider the social and cultural context. In special needs, the survey results are obtained, for example, analyzing the results of the theories of primitive communal theory until the discovery of the primitive communist epistemology. The findings of this socio-historical research are that the explanation of Primitive Communism Hermeneutics has three first stages, primitive communalism or primitive communism called primitive society, the basic needs of life that depend on nature, primitive communism is in people who live by hunting with simple forms of agriculture, or herding animals. , the state of private property has not arisen, and there is not even a class division. People live in harmony and equality. Even as primitive communism, the means of production are collectively owned, and other types of property are distributed equally among the members of the tribe. After that, the birth of Pre-Marxism, namely after the life of primitive society, with the emergence of the classical period rejecting metaphysics and visible psychology of collective and individualist society. The last is the development of Karl Marx's ideas which wants a communist society through resistance by the feudal society and capitalism using a system of socialism.

This study aims to describe a more conceptual understanding of the Hermeneutics of Primitive Communism, using qualitative research with a socio-historical approach that analyzes the condition of language data and behavior in situations that consider the social and cultural context. In special needs, the survey results are obtained, for example, analyzing the results of the theories of primitive communal theory until the discovery of the primitive communist epistemology. The findings of this socio-historical research are that the explanation of Primitive Communism Hermeneutics has three first stages, primitive communalism or primitive communism called primitive society, the basic needs of life that depend on nature, primitive communism is in people who live by hunting with simple forms of agriculture, or herding animals. , the state of private property has not arisen, and there is not even a class division. People live in harmony and equality. Even as primitive communism, the means of production are collectively owned, and other types of property are distributed equally among the members of the tribe. After that, the birth of Pre-Marxism, namely after the life of primitive society, with the emergence of the classical period rejecting metaphysics and visible psychology of collective and individualist society. The last is the development of Karl Marx's ideas which wants a communist society through resistance by the feudal society and capitalism using a system of socialism.

The article deals with the economic potential of the agrarian sphere of Eastern Galicia in the interwar period of 1918-1939, the territory of which in certain periods was under the influence of different states. This has also left an imprint on agriculture. Agrarian reforms in the interwar period were accompanied not only by the intensification of the economic activities of property owners and farms, but also by the introduction of advanced agricultural machinery. The article investigates the impact of the economic crisis of the early 1930s on the reduction of agricultural machinery and the decline in purchasing power of the population. The development of market relations in Eastern Galicia during the interwar period was accompanied by the concentration of agricultural machinery mainly at large property owners and farmers, and the lack of it in small peasant farms, where primitive tools of labor were still widely used. The state economic policy contributed little to the industrial development.

COVID-19, over time, has spread around multiple countries and has affected a large number of humans. It has influenced diverse people’s lives, consisting of social, behavioral, physical, mental, and economic aspects. In this study, we aim to analyze one such social impact: the behavioral aspects of agriculture stakeholders during the pandemic period in the Indian region. For this purpose, we have gathered agriculture-related tweets from Twitter in three phases: (a) initial phase, (b) mid-phase, and (c) later phase, where these phases are related to the period of complete lockdown implemented in India in the year 2020. Afterward, we applied machine-learning-based qualitative-content-based methods to analyze the sentiments, emotions, and views of these people. The outcomes depicted the presence of highly negative emotions in the initial phase of the lockdown, which signifies fear of insecurity among the agriculture stakeholders. However, a decline in unhappiness was noted during the later phase of the lockdown. Furthermore, these outcomes will help policymakers to obtain insights into the behavioral responses of agricultural stakeholders. They can initiate primitive and preventive actions accordingly, to tackle such issues in the future.

This thesis examines the political economy of genetically modified (GM) crops. Its empirical focus is their impact on farmers in Australia. It also considers and compares the experiences of Canada and the United States where GM crops are more prevalent but which have comparable legal, political and agrarian economies to that in Australia. Investigating the question of whether farmers are being proletarianised due to the proliferation of GM crops, the thesis engages with the concept of enclosures and how enclosures are mobilised, through the prevailing corporate food regime, to respond to the various crises and contradictions of capitalism. GM crops are conceptualised here as a genetic enclosure that create market imperatives for farmers to buy seeds, establishing new sources of capital, while also being posited as a response to various social and ecological crises facing contemporary, industrialised agriculture. The thesis finds that a confluence of legal, economic, technological and public policy developments contribute to the concentration of economic and political power in agriculture. This has tangible impacts on the lives of farmers creating a tendency for them to become propertied workers or contractors for major seed companies. Farmers’ labour and the natural world are simultaneously subsumed by circuits of capital accumulation in this process, which forges an increasingly industrialised future for agriculture.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-21T20:42:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 211592.pdf: 1674987 bytes, checksum: 7de813d104b9e48b5ffbe380f47aae39 (MD5)<br>A visão depreciativa em relação à população rural aprofundou o descaso com muitos sistemas de conhecimento nativo, cujo conteúdo era expresso de forma discursiva e simbólica. Poucos trabalhos foram realizados e ainda pouco se conhece sobre os sistemas tradicionais de produção. Os estudos realizados têm demonstrado a diversidade e complexidade dos padrões de cultivo, dos sistemas de manejo e conservação de solos, usos da água, reciclagem de nutrientes, controle da sucessão e proteção das culturas, além da incorporação de grande número de cultivares, importantes para o desenvolvimento de programas de melhoramento genético. A agricultura itinerante constitui a forma tradicional de uso da terra mais praticada na América Latina. Alternando-se períodos de cultivo e regeneração da floresta, é possível manejar a fertilidade do solo e controlar pragas e doenças, estabelecendo policultivos e sistemas agroflorestais com alto grau de sustentabilidade. Nos sistemas tradicionais indígenas da Amazônia, os produtos de maior importância são o milho, a mandioca e a banana, representando as fontes básicas de carboidratos. Com a conquista européia da Amazônia, os cacicados indígenas estabelecidos na várzea e que mantinham forte o cultivo de milho, foram destruídos e os grupos indígenas restantes tiveram que retornar ao cultivo de mandioca, que se mantém como alimento principal para a maior parte das populações nativas até os dias atuais. Em diversos grupos indígenas, no entanto, a banana vem se tornando o cultivo mais importante. É o que vem acontecendo com os índios Matis e Marubo, grupos Pano do Vale do Javari, no Amazonas. Esses grupos praticam uma agricultura de derrubada e queima, conformando sistemas agroflorestais. Constitui o objetivo deste trabalho estudar as razões e conseqüências da substituição de espécies no repertório dos cultivos Matis e Marubo, no contexto atual, cujo fato mais marcante está nas substituições da mandioca e milho pela banana. Utilizando-se metodologias qualitativas em um longo período de convívio com os grupos pesquisados, estudou-se os seus sistemas agrícolas e as mudanças ocorridas, onde a substituição de espécies foi o fator mais relevante. Resultados do trabalho indicaram que a introdução e a adaptação da banana contribuiu para a melhoria do agroecossistema e permitiu aos indígenas se adaptarem melhor à nova realidade pós-contato com a sociedade nacional, além dos ganhos na dieta e no rendimento do trabalho na roça. O conhecimento indígena sobre o seu agroecossistema pode ser visto como um processo co-evolutivo, na medida em que sociedade e sistema agrícola evoluem, mantendo-se as características básicas de interação ecológica.

BRITO, A. F. Vantagens do Sistema Agroflorestal Sobre o Sistema Agrícola Convencional no Domínio do Semiárido. 2010. 91 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Geografia) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2010.<br>Submitted by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-02-24T19:29:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_afbrito.pdf: 19635805 bytes, checksum: 596213c0baf87c37b9c7162947f97984 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-02-24T19:30:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_afbrito.pdf: 19635805 bytes, checksum: 596213c0baf87c37b9c7162947f97984 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-24T19:30:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_afbrito.pdf: 19635805 bytes, checksum: 596213c0baf87c37b9c7162947f97984 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>In the face of the expansion of agroecological cultivation and the hitherto use of areas of application of conventional agriculture in the semi-arid region, it showed to be necessary a deeper and more scientific study for the detection, through a comparative analysis, of the main differences between these two types of cultivation, observing the local space in its peculiar characteristics and impact. This study aimed to analyze the agricultural practices in properties of conventional and agroecological use in two areas of the same municipality – Nova Olinda/CE, with the same geophysical characteristics and that they have been using the specific practice of cultivation for more than ten years. This was an exploratory and descriptive study with a quanti-qualitative approach, using for data collection: formulary, systematic direct observation, interview, collection and analysis of soil. In relation to the techniques of cultivation, the agroforest model was put in evidence for using polyculture, partnership with other plants in which was included around 29 native species, incorporation of organic remains, selective cut and direct planting. Other techniques which were equally important in that system and widely used by this cultivator were: collection and extraction (fruits, roots, leaves, honeycombs, etc.), which involve horticulture (fruits and vegetables) and apiculture. In this model of cultivation, agrochemicals were not used, since the intention was to reach the natural control through the biological chain using vegetable species. As the benefits of those techniques, it was identified the maintenance of the microclimate which was adequate for the biology of the soil; control of weeds and erosion; greater permeability to water; protection of the soil against direct sunlight, rain and wind; stabilization of eroded areas; and promotion of biodiversity. In the conventional model, mono and partnership are the adopted types of cultivation; the practices of soil preparation include the cut and removal of remaining stems, fire, use of mechanical rakes and weeding. As consequences, it was identified an abrupt diminishing of the biodiversity, reduction in the capacity for vegetal restitution and soil bareness with the consequent increase in the erosion index and diminishing of the fertile layer. The mineralogical indexes of soil fertility are higher in the Agroforest System (AFS), and, due to the techniques used by the cultivator, they have a tendency to increase; on the contrary, in the Conventional System (CS), the techniques used generally diminish the soil fertility, thereby taking the soil to more critical indexes. In relation to productivity, the Agroforest System was put in focus due to its different productions, which provide a higher number of sources of income with consequent profitability. It was grasped then that in terms of productivity and profitability, the Agroforest System was more advantageous to the cultivator due to various reasons, among them it was highlighted: more sources of income, greater production per hectare and more security and terms of production, not only at the environmental level but also at the economic one. It was identified that the Agroforest System showed excellent results and it outperformed at the level of soil and ecosystem conservation, as well as in productivity and profitability, the adopted Conventional System. Therefore, the Agroforest model is considered profitable and favorable to the adoption by the cultivators from the semi-arid region of the Brazilian North-East<br>Diante da expansão dos cultivos agroecológicos e da permanência de áreas de aplicação da agricultura convencional no semiárido, fez-se necessário um estudo científico para a detecção, através de uma análise comparativa, das principais diferenças entre as modalidades, observando o espaço local em suas características peculiares e impactos. Objetivamos analisar as práticas agrícolas em propriedades de uso convencional e agroecológica em duas áreas de um mesmo município - Nova Olinda/CE, com as mesmas características geofísicas e que há mais de dez anos faziam uso de práticas específicas de cultivo. Tratou-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo com uma abordagem quanti-qualitativa, utilizando-se para a coleta de dados: formulário, observação direta sistemática, entrevista, coleta e análise de solo. Em relação às técnicas de cultivo, o modelo agroflorestal destacou-se por utilizar o policultivo e o consórcio com outras plantas, onde se incluem em torno de 29 espécies nativas, a incorporação de resíduos orgânicos, o roço seletivo e o plantio direto. Outras técnicas que foram igualmente importantes nesse sistema e amplamente utilizadas por este agricultor foram: coleta e extração (frutos, raízes, folhas, favos, etc.), as quais envolvem a fruticultura, apicultura e cultivo de hortaliças. Neste modelo de cultivo dispensou-se o uso de agrotóxico, pois a intenção era alcançar o controle natural por meio da cadeia biológica, utilizando espécies vegetais. Como benefícios dessas técnicas identificaram-se a manutenção do microclima adequado à biologia do solo; o controle de ervas daninhas e da erosão; maior permeabilidade às chuvas; proteção do solo contra investidas direta do sol, da chuva e do vento; estabilização de ravinas e voçorocas; e promoção da biodiversidade. Já no modelo convencional, encontramos como o tipo de cultivo adotado o consórcio e a monocultura, onde as práticas de preparação da terra incluem o roço e o destocamento, a queimada, a utilização de arados mecânicos e a capinação. Como consequências foram identificadas uma diminuição abrupta da biodiversidade, redução na capacidade de restituição vegetal e desnudação do solo com consequente aumento do índice de erosão e empobrecimento da camada fértil. Os índices mineralógicos de fertilidade do solo são maiores no Sistema Agroflorestal (SAF), e, que dada as técnicas empreendidas pelo agricultor, têm uma tendência a elevarem-se ao contrário das empreendidas na área do Sistema Convencional (SC), que em geral empobrecem o solo, podendo assim levá-lo a índices ainda mais críticos. Em relação à produtividade, o Sistema Agroflorestal também destacou-se graças às suas diferentes produções, que asseguram um maior número de fontes de renda, com uma consequente lucratividade. Compreendemos assim, que, em termos de produtividade e rentabilidade, o SAF apresentou-se mais vantajoso para o agricultor por diversos motivos, dentre os quais destacaram-se: mais fontes de rendas, maior produção por tarefa e mais segurança em termos de produção tanto a nível ambiental como econômico. Identificamos que o Sistema Agroflorestal apontou excelentes resultados e que superou a nível de conservação dos solos e dos ecossistemas, bem como de produtividade e rentabilidade, o Sistema Convencional adotado. Com isso, indicamos o modelo agroflorestal como rentável e favorável à adoção para os agricultores do semiárido nordestino.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-10-24T17:40:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 873323 bytes, checksum: dad05d1597aca0003a8ca4c493ce5c80 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-24T17:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 873323 bytes, checksum: dad05d1597aca0003a8ca4c493ce5c80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-07<br>A questão tecnológica na agricultura é objeto de debates que tendem a se polarizar entre duas correntes: uma que defende o modelo atual de modernização da agricultura consolidado a partir da Revolução Verde como o único modelo de produção agrícola economicamente viável, e outra que defende sistemas de produção menos intensivos em capital, que resgatam técnicas tradicionais de cultivo. Paralelamente à expansão do paradigma moderno, paradigmas tecnológicos alternativos se desenvolveram seja pela dificuldade de acesso às facilidades fornecidas pelo governo para o processo de modernização (que resultou na manutenção de técnicas agrícolas tradicionais); seja pela crítica às dificuldades desse modelo em resolver problemas como pobreza, poluição, riscos alimentares e perda da biodiversidade; seja pela oportunidade de retorno financeiro em ofertar um produto diferenciado. Diante da heterogeneidade historicamente formada em território brasileiro do ponto de vista da tecnologia empregada, foi feita uma análise de cluster visando um estudo comparativo de desempenho econômico dos grupamentos definidos com base em características relacionadas à intensidade do emprego do pacote tecnológico na produção. Para tanto, foram utilizados os dados do Censo Agropecuário referentes ao ano 2006 e foram considerados todos os municípios de todas as cinco regiões do território brasileiro: Sul, Sudeste, Centro-Oeste, Nordeste e Norte. Os resultados demonstraram valores majoritariamente superiores de produtividade para aos grupos mais intensos em tecnologia (paradigma moderno). Em contrapartida, os resultados referentes à margem bruta e taxa de lucro desses mesmos grupos apresentaram valores inferiores quando comparados aos grupos menos intensos em tecnologia (paradigma tradicional). Ao se avaliar o grau de endividamento, os grupos tradicionais apresentaram melhores resultados, com exceção das regiões Sul e Sudeste onde os grupos modernos obtiveram melhores resultados.<br>The technological issue on agriculture is subject of debates that tend to polarize between two currents: one that defends the modern agriculture consolidated after the Green Revolution as the only model of agricultural production economically viable, and another that defends traditional farming techniques. Parallel to the expansion of the modern paradigm, alternative technological paradigms have developed either because of the difficulty in accessing the facilities provided by the government for the modernization process (which resulted in the maintenance of traditional agricultural techniques), or because of its difficulty to solve problems such as poverty, pollution, food risks and loss of biodiversity or by the opportunity of financial return by offering a better product. Considering the heterogeneity historically formed in the Brazilian territory, a cluster analysis was done aiming a comparative study of the economic performance of the groups based on characteristics related to the intensity of the use of the technology package. For that, the data of the Agricultural Census for the year 2006 were used and all the five Brazilian regions were considered: South, Southeast, Center-west, Northeast and North. The results show mostly better productivity to technologically intense groups (modern paradigm). On the other hand, the results related to gross margin and profit rate of these same groups presented lower values when compared to the groups less intense in technology (traditional paradigm). When evaluating the debt ratio, the groups less intense in technology presented better results, expect for the South and Southeast regions where the modern groups achieved better results.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-22T11:48:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 231248.pdf: 5777336 bytes, checksum: bb9624fd22dc753d8a42c3da89c82207 (MD5)<br>Os índios Guarani Mbyá são ocupantes históricos do Bioma Mata Atlântica e ao longo do tempo vêm tecendo suas práticas agrícolas e manejo do ambiente numa porção do território brasileiro de grande pressão demográfica pela sociedade envolvente. Torna-se importante o estudo da agricultura e manejo do ambiente praticado por esse grupo indígena, para a obtenção de interpretação coerente e atual da sua dinâmica de apropriação, bem como para a compreensão das estreitas relações que imprimem com os recursos naturais. Desse modo, poderão ser verificados seus esforços na conservação dos recursos existentes nos locais que ocupam. Esse trabalho também visa contribuir enquanto elemento de subsidio aos processos de formulação de políticas públicas que efetivem relações de cooperação entre sociedade envolvente nacional e comunidades guarani. Ao longo do trabalho de campo na aldeia Yakã Porã - Garuva/SC, observou-se que o conhecimento tradicional guarani, no tocante ao modo de lidar com a agricultura, e por conseguinte, no manejo dos ambientes que ocupam, tem como raiz sua própria cultura, o que significa dizer que suas práticas comungam com uma dinâmica de interpretação de mundo e de paisagem, e que os elementos da natureza, como a mata, a água e o solo são essenciais à sua sobrevivência. A essa visão "integradora" assumida pelos Guarani Mbyá, sobressaem-se nesse trabalho as importantes estratégias como: plantio em policultivos, proteção do solo, manutenção das matas ciliares, conservação e multiplicação das sementes tradicionais, conservação e manejo do banco de germoplasma, incremento da biodiversidade. Neste contexto, lançam mão de ferramentas novas no trato com o meio físico em virtude da impossibilidade de ocuparem amplos territórios como em tempos pretéritos.

Orientador: Reinaldo Monteiro<br>Banca: Eulalia Soler Sobreira Hoogerheide<br>Banca: Maria Antonia Carniello<br>Banca: Elizabeth Ann Veasey<br>Banca: Marcos Aparecido Pizano<br>Resumo: Sabe-se que os agricultores de pequena escala que praticam agricultura de modo tradicional desempenham um importante papel na manutenção da agrobiodiversidade, podendo complementar o trabalho de conservação ex situ. Um dos cultivos mais presentes na agricultura tradicional tropical é a mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.), base alimentar de mais de 800 milhões de pessoas no mundo. No Brasil, encontra-se elevada diversidade intraespecífica da referida tuberosa, sobretudo entre os agricultores da Baixada Cuiabana, Mato Grosso, que ainda praticam agricultura nos moldes tradicionais por meio de técnicas que não apenas mantêm, mas também amplificam essa diversidade. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a dinâmica de cultivo das variedades locais de mandioca das comunidades tradicionais contíguas Mutum (Mt), Vaquejador (Vq), Ribeirão das Pedras Acima (Ra) e Quilombo (Qb), localizadas no município de Jangada-MT e analisar a influência dos aspectos socioeconômicos, culturais e genéticos na manutenção da agrobiodiversidade local, bem como analisar as relações entre as comunidades estudadas e suas influências sobre o manejo da agrobiodiversidade. Os capítulos que compõem este trabalho consistem em: 1) Apresentação da problemática, área de estudo, métodos e análises utilizados; 2) Caracterização socioeconômica das comunidades estudadas e dos agricultores; 3) Descrição dos espaços de cultivo, técnicas de manejo e produção de farinha de mandioca; e 4) Levantamento etnobotânic... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Small-scale farmers who perform agriculture in a traditional manner are known to play an important role in maintaining agrobiodiversity and, therefore, they may complement ex situ conservation work. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is one of the most important crops in traditional tropical agriculture, being considered as staple food for more than 800 million people in the world. There is a high intraspecific diversity in Brazil, especially among farmers located in the region of Baixada Cuiabana, Mato Grosso, which still cultivates it in a traditional way, using techniques that contribute not only to maintain but also to expand the diversity. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the dynamics of cultivation of local cassava varieties, given its relevance to small scale farmers, of four contiguous traditional communities located in the municipality of Jangada, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil; Mutum (Mt), Vaquejador (Vq), Ribeirão das Pedras Acima (Ra), and Quilombo (Qb); and it also aimed to analyze the influence of socioeconomic, cultural and genetic aspects in the maintenance of agrobiodiversity, as well as the relations between studied communities and their influences on the agrobiodiversity management. The chapters of this work consist of: 1) Problem presentation, study area, methods and adopted analysis; 2) Socioeconomic characterization of studied communities and farmers; 3) Description of crop spaces, management techniques and production of cassava flour; and 4) Ethnob... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor

Contexte. Le cancer bronchopulmonaire (CBP) demeure la première cause de mortalité par cancer dans le monde. Malgré l'espoir suscité par le développement des thérapies ciblées, son pronostic demeure sombre, particulièrement dans les cas de CBP à petites cellules (CBP-PC) et de CBP non à petites cellules (CBP-NPC) présentant une activation de l'oncogène KRAS. Matériel et Méthodes. Nous avons mené 3 études successives, visant à (i) radiosensibiliser des modèles de CBP-PC par l'ajout d'un inhibiteur de BCL2, (ii) cibler des modèles de CBP-NPC mutés KRAS par l'association d'un inhibiteur de mTOR et d'un inhibiteur de RAF, et (iii) créer un modèle préclinique orthotopique murin de CBP reproduisant la progression tumorale observée en clinique. Résultats. Dans la première étude, l'inhibiteur de BCL2 oblimersen a présenté un effet radiosensibilisant sur des modèles de CBP-PC, in vitro et in vivo. Dans la seconde étude, l'association de l'inhibiteur de mTOR everolimus et de l'inhibiteur de RAF/VEGFR RAF265 a présenté un effet synergique sur des lignées cellulaires de cancers présentant la double mutation de KRAS et de PIK3CA, in vitro et in vivo. Dans la troisième étude, l'injection orthotopique d'une lignée bioluminescente de CBP-NPC chez des souris nude a permis d'établir des tumeurs intra pulmonaires évoluant vers une extension métastatique ganglionnaire et hématogène, et de détecter la présence de cellules tumorales circulantes. Conclusion. L'association d'un inhibiteur de BCL2 à la radiothérapie est une stratégie intéressante dans le CBP-PC, l'association d'un inhibiteur de mTOR et d'un inhibiteur de RAF/VEGFR est une stratégie intéressante dans le CBP-NPC présentant une double mutation KRAS-PIK3CA, mais ces données doivent être confirmées sur des modèles orthotopiques afin de gagner en pertinence avant d'envisager un transfert en clinique.

La myopathie de Duchenne est une maladie génétique qui se caractérise principalement par une dégénérescence progressive des muscles squelettiques dont la cause est l'absence de dystrophine fonctionnelle dans les muscles. A ce jour, il n'existe toujours pas de traitement efficace contre ces maladies. Comme le plus grand gène connu chez l'Homme, la dystrophine code pour une protéine de 427kDa. La protéine connecte l'actine avec le DAPC (Dystrophin Associated Protein Complex) dans les muscles striés. Pour l'instant, il y a 3 hypothèses concernant le mécanisme du DMD. L'absence de la dystrophine peut supprimer le lien physique entre les protéines structurales de la membrane basale (laminines) et les protéines structurales du cytosquelette (filaments intermédiaires et actine), ou la distribution et la fonction des canaux ioniques, ou des voies de signalisation nécessaires à la survie du muscle. Caenorhabditis elegans ne possède qu'un homologue du gène de la dystrophine humaine, le gène dys-1. La protéine DYS-1 présente 37% d'homologie avec la dystrophine humaine. Le double mutant dys-1(cx18) ; hlh-1(cc561) présente une forte dégénérescence musculaire. Comme le sarcomère de C. elegans ressemble au sarcomère de mammifère, C. elegans est modèle pertinent d'étude la maladie. En vue de comprendre la raison du DMD chez les mammifères et chez les vers, le groupe L. SEGALAT a effectué des cribles pour identifier les molécules et les gènes qui peuvent supprimer la dégénérescence musculaire. On a trouvé un gène pkc-2 qui est capable de supprimer la dégénérescence musculaire chez C. elegans. La protéine PKC-2 est l'orthologue de la Protein Kinase C Alpha (PKC) humaine et appartient à la famille du serine/threonine protéine kinase. Afin d'étudier la fonction du gène pkc-2, on a analysé l'expression du gène avec les construits différents in vivo et a utilisé la technique de double-hybride dans la levure. De plus, le crible par EMS (éthane méthyle sulfonâtes) a identifié une molécule sérotonine (5-HT) qui est un neuromédiateur, et supprime partiellement la dégénérescence musculaire des doubles mutants dys-1; hlh-1. La sérotonine a aussi un effet fort sur le mutant pkc-2(ok328), puisqu'elle provoque un phénotype blister. Ça nous permet de rechercher le lien entre la signalisation sérotoninergique et pkc-2. Le crible génétique peut contribuer à la connaissance du rôle pkc-2. [...]. Elle sert aussi de plate-forme de voie de signalisation intracellulaire. L'identification de Y59A8A.3 propose la possibilité que pkc-2 modifie la filamin A par l'intermédiaire de la filamin A interacting protéine 1. Le crible génétique par EMS pour rechercher des suppresseurs de l'effet blister de la sérotonine sur les mutants pkc-2(ok328) a donné 8 candidats sur 5000 F1s : cx253, cx254, cx259, cx263, cx267, cx268, cx270, cx276. Les mutations ont été localisées sur les chromosomes par SNP mapping avec une souche de C. elegans très polymorphe, mais le temps a manqué pour leur identification exacte. L'expérience valide notre approche à étudier le lien entre la signalisation sérotoninergique et pkc-2. En résumé, le but de la thèse était de rechercher la fonction du gène pkc-2 dans les mécanismes moléculaires conduisant à la nécrose musculaire en absence de dystrophine. Les résultats présentés dans la thèse apportent des réponses aux questions fondamentales sur pkc-2 et aussi demandent des expériences supplémentaires afin de élucider plus avant les mécanismes de la dégénérescence musculaire dystrophine-dépendante.

Agriculture is the primitive and crucial occupation for the people. Urbanization, which indirectly affected the lives of people in the agricultural sector by increasing level of environmental pollution, climate change, degradation of soil and water quality, increasing population, decreasing income from the farming industry, etc. come as a new challenge and makes mass migration of rural people to the cities. To overcome this problem, new technologies are emerging that play a pivotal role in developing smart agriculture based on IoT technology by using smart sensors. Smart agriculture helps improve crop yield, livestock tracking, soil moisture monitoring, remote water tank level monitoring, temperature, and humidity sensing, the security of farmland, monitoring the environmental conditions, and equipment tracking. This helps farmers protect and monitor their property remotely, etc. Internet of things (IoT)-based smart sensors is the new technique for the smart agriculture system. IoT-based smart agriculture system consists of various sensor nodes placed in different locations, internet service, smart remote devices, or computer systems with the internet that monitor the operation of sensor nodes, WiFi, a camera with a microcontroller, and different interfacing sensing nodes for service. Some of the examples of such sensors are temperature sensors for temperature sensing, soil moisture sensors to check the moisture content in the soil, PIR sensors used in the detection of animals, people and other objects present in the farm field, GPS-based remote control robots that perform spraying, weeding, security, moisture sensing, etc. This chapter will have the following sequence introduction of the agriculture sector with the problems it is facing now and a new technique to overcome the current issues, need of IoT in the agriculture sector, the link of IoT technique with wireless sensor network in full detail study of IoT-based system, IoT-based applications, benefits of IoT technique in the agriculture sector, and future scope.

Abstract In recent years, autonomous robots have been gradually introduced into various agricultural operations to address the ever-increasing labor shortage problem. Accurate navigation from one row to another is one of the many challenging tasks for an autonomous robot scouting in semi-structured agricultural fields. In this study, a marker-based row alignment control is proposed for the cross-bed motion of a scouting robot in strawberry fields. Specifically, a feature-based computer vision algorithm is used to detect primitive markers placed at the end of each planting bed. Then the image coordinates of detected markers are used to guide the robot to move away from one row and then align with the next one. The proposed method is low cost and robust with respect to varying lighting conditions, and has been validated in a local strawberry farm.

Introdução: O meio ambiente é fonte de sobrevivência para o homem desde os primórdios, o mesmo retira dele seu sustento, extraindo riquezas naturais como: água, alimentos (frutos, legumes, carne bovina, carne suína, peixes, ovinos etc.). Para melhoramento da agricultura ao longo dos anos, o homem passou fazer o uso de substâncias químicas para acelerar processo de amadurecimento das frutas, evitar pragas e estimular o crescimento. A interferência do homem no meio ambiente acabou por prejudicar sua própria existência, os danos são tão grandes que interferem no processo saúde-doença. Objetivo: Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca da relação homem – natureza e como a mesma pode afetar a agricultura e interferir no processo saúde-doença. Material e métodos: Para isto, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura nos bancos de dados Scielo e Pubmed. Resultados: Portanto a necessidade humana de desenvolvimento capitalista transformou o meio ambiente em uma moeda de troca levando a uma crise ambiental, na qual a sua própria existência passa a ser questionada. Segundo alguns autores como Balim, o homem primitivo não interferia na natureza sem cautela, sempre tentava manter o equilíbrio, mas ao modernizar seu modo de pensar, começou a estar no centro de tudo, sempre extraindo bens da natureza como se estes não fossem finitos. Conclusão: Esta forma de agir se encaixa em uma perspectiva simplista onde o meio ambiente é apenas um objeto para uso humano, necessitando assim de uma nova visão de mundo para entender que os recursos do planeta são finitos.

Downstream of the Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex, the countryside records the flourishing of communities based on agricultural economies that have been facilitated, since the early modern history, by the fertility of the land, the mildness of the climate and the favourable location with respect to the natural routes of communication. The adaptation and dialogue between this territory and man led to the realization of the so-called “masserie”, the articulated rural artefacts, mostly developed on a primitive compositional structure at court, in which residential and working functions seamlessly coexist. The paper discusses the sustainable and bioclimatic solutions for building and running evidence of this volcanic vernacular system, to inquire how the constructive knowledge, based on the awareness of the properties of local materials, has given solutions to various needs. Indeed, the peasants used the different characteristics of the various igneous rocks, exploited to their maximum performance capabilities, to realize rubble masonry, light vaults, outdoor flooring, and even fixed furniture. In the same functional and “green” resource use, the plan layout follows a distribution corresponding to the best use of the sun and its effects on environmental optimization, and the rainwater collection system connects multiple wells to the underground tank whose position, spatial conformation and materials are expertly engineered. The study finally deepens a case study (the masseria of the Duke of Salza) representing the application of local building tradition in terms of construction features and typological aspects, and the evidence of the history and vulnerabilities of the Vesuvian land. In addition, the specificities of the masseria sample allow mastering the functioning of the whole building organism and the quality of the finishes, which demonstrate how, in their formal simplicity, these vernacular “monuments” were soberly embellished and complexly designed.