Articles de revues : « Agriculture primitive »

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Brock, Debra A., Tracy E. Douglas, David C. Queller, and Joan E. Strassmann. "Primitive agriculture in a social amoeba." Nature 469, no. 7330 (2011): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09668.

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Jesus, Maria, Pedro Damião Henriques, Pedro Laranjeira, Vanda Narciso, and Maria Leonor Da Silva Carvalho. "A Agricultura Itinerante no Distrito de Bobonaro em Timor-Leste no Período Pós-Independência." Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente 8, no. 1 (2015): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2015v8n1p193-215.

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A agricultura itinerante é um tipo de sistema agrícola primitivo, adotado historicamente nos ecossistemas de florestas tropicais, em que o ser humano faz o corte da floresta, queimando os resíduos como preparação da terra para a cultura. A produção de alimentos é feita por 2 a 3 anos e, posteriormente, a área é abandonada, tornando-se improdutiva. Muitas vezes, nos terrenos abandonados estabelece-se a floresta secundária, podendo voltar a ser utilizados para o cultivo cerca de dez a vinte anos depois. Em Timor-Leste, a agricultura itinerante ainda é praticada como forma de agricultura de subsistência. Com este trabalho pretendemos caracterizar a agricultura itinerante em Timor-Leste e relevar a sua importância socioeconômica para as populações rurais do território, identificar os seus impactos na sustentabilidade ambiental dos ecossistemas e referir as soluções para minorar os seus efeitos negativos. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se na recolha de informação bibliográfica relevante sobre o tema e na realização de um inquérito por questionário a agricultores itinerantes do subdistrito de Atabae, distrito de Bobonaro. Este questionário caracterizou a agricultura itinerante e ouviu a opinião dos agricultores sobre os efeitos da mesma. A agricultura itinerante de hoje em Timor-Leste destina-se essencialmente às culturas de horta. Os materiais resultantes do derrube e corte da floresta são usados para lenha, vedações e materiais de construção. Os impactos negativos sobre os bens e serviços produzidos por florestas são sentidos através das mudanças na precipitação, erosão, mudanças climáticas, diminuição do número de animais selvagens, e das plantas e produtos colhidos nas florestas. Itinerant Agriculture in the Bobonaro District in East Timor During the Post-Independence Period ABSTRACT: Itinerant agriculture is a primitive agricultural system historically adopted in the ecosystems of tropical forests in which people make a clearing in the forest and burn the residues to prepare the ground for planting. Food production occurs for 2 to 3 years; the area is then abandoned and becomes non-productive. A secondary forest establishes itself frequently on the abandoned ground and may be used once more for crop planting after ten to twenty years. Itinerant agriculture is still employed in East Timor as subsistence agriculture. Current analysis characterizes the iterant agriculture in East Timor and enhances its social and economic relevance for rural populations, identifies impacts on the environmental sustainability of ecosystems and describes solutions to minimize its negative effects. Methodology is based on the bibliographical information on the theme and on a questionnaire survey to itinerant peasants of the sub-district Atabae in Bobonaro. The questionnaire characterized itinerant agriculture and collected the opinion of peasants on its effects. Current itinerant agriculture in East Timor is restricted to kitchen gardens and the material produced in forest clearings is used as firewood and building material. The negative impacts on goods and services produced by the forests are measured by changes in rainfall, erosion, climate changes, decrease in the number of wild animals and plants and in products collected in the forest. KEYWORDS: Itinerant Agriculture; Forest Ecosystems; Sustainability; East Timor.

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Tsukada, Matsuo, Shinya Sugita, and Yorko Tsukada. "Oldest primitive agriculture and vegetational environments in Japan." Nature 322, no. 6080 (1986): 632–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/322632a0.

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Hornbeck, Richard. "Nature versus Nurture: The Environment's Persistent Influence through the Modernization of American Agriculture." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (2012): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.245.

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Technological innovation in agriculture was substantial during the 20th century. Is “modern” technological control of the environment replacing a “primitive” dependency on natural advantages and disadvantages, or has agricultural production remained persistently dependent on the environment? This paper estimates how the 20th century modernization of United States Plains' agriculture changed the impact of environmental characteristics on agricultural land values. Despite substantial technological innovation and rising land values from 1945 to 2002, counties' environmental characteristics largely maintained influence on land values. Environmental change has become no less costly, as technological innovation has not reduced the importance of natural advantages or disadvantages.

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S, Gnaneswaran. "Anthropological perspectives in Primitive Social Production and Evolution." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 1 (2022): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s123.

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The work refers to the socio-agricultural system of the Sangam period. In the Thinai community, the Kurinjinila community initially involved in hunting. These ancient tribes who lived as hunters are socially classified as vettuvar, kanavar and kuravar. Kanavar community is the forerunner of deforesting the forest for agricultural purposes the Kuravans also farmed here. They set up locations according to the nature of the situation. In the hilly and mountainous area, they have used the land for agriculture by burning the bushes under the trees. They stirred the soil with tools like ‘thondukali’ and ‘thular’ and sowed seeds. ‘Thondukali’ was the first agricultural tool to appear here and it was first used by women. Bhagavatsala Bharathi mentions that the woman was the first farmer. The land thus created is called ‘thinaipunam’ and both the man and the woman have harvested the crop in ‘thinaipunam’ safely. The harvested crop is stored for reproduction. They offered it to their Gods and later they cooked and ate them. They involved in bartering in exchange for their forest products. This study explains how the Kurinji land community evolved from the hunting community into the food producer, bartering and collector of foods.

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Mahadika, Alam. "Hermeneutika Komunisme Primitif." Aksiologi : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial 2, no. 2 (2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47134/aksiologi.v2i2.73.

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This study aims to describe a more conceptual understanding of the Hermeneutics of Primitive Communism, using qualitative research with a socio-historical approach that analyzes the condition of language data and behavior in situations that consider the social and cultural context. In special needs, the survey results are obtained, for example, analyzing the results of the theories of primitive communal theory until the discovery of the primitive communist epistemology. The findings of this socio-historical research are that the explanation of Primitive Communism Hermeneutics has three first stages, primitive communalism or primitive communism called primitive society, the basic needs of life that depend on nature, primitive communism is in people who live by hunting with simple forms of agriculture, or herding animals. , the state of private property has not arisen, and there is not even a class division. People live in harmony and equality. Even as primitive communism, the means of production are collectively owned, and other types of property are distributed equally among the members of the tribe. After that, the birth of Pre-Marxism, namely after the life of primitive society, with the emergence of the classical period rejecting metaphysics and visible psychology of collective and individualist society. The last is the development of Karl Marx's ideas which wants a communist society through resistance by the feudal society and capitalism using a system of socialism.

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Mahadika, Alam. "Hermeneutika Komunisme Primitif." Aksiologi : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial 2, no. 2 (2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47134/aksiologi.v2i2.73.

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This study aims to describe a more conceptual understanding of the Hermeneutics of Primitive Communism, using qualitative research with a socio-historical approach that analyzes the condition of language data and behavior in situations that consider the social and cultural context. In special needs, the survey results are obtained, for example, analyzing the results of the theories of primitive communal theory until the discovery of the primitive communist epistemology. The findings of this socio-historical research are that the explanation of Primitive Communism Hermeneutics has three first stages, primitive communalism or primitive communism called primitive society, the basic needs of life that depend on nature, primitive communism is in people who live by hunting with simple forms of agriculture, or herding animals. , the state of private property has not arisen, and there is not even a class division. People live in harmony and equality. Even as primitive communism, the means of production are collectively owned, and other types of property are distributed equally among the members of the tribe. After that, the birth of Pre-Marxism, namely after the life of primitive society, with the emergence of the classical period rejecting metaphysics and visible psychology of collective and individualist society. The last is the development of Karl Marx's ideas which wants a communist society through resistance by the feudal society and capitalism using a system of socialism.

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Mahadika, Alam. "Hermeneutika Komunisme Primitif." Aksiologi : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial 2, no. 2 (2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47134/aksiologi.v2i2.73.

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This study aims to describe a more conceptual understanding of the Hermeneutics of Primitive Communism, using qualitative research with a socio-historical approach that analyzes the condition of language data and behavior in situations that consider the social and cultural context. In special needs, the survey results are obtained, for example, analyzing the results of the theories of primitive communal theory until the discovery of the primitive communist epistemology. The findings of this socio-historical research are that the explanation of Primitive Communism Hermeneutics has three first stages, primitive communalism or primitive communism called primitive society, the basic needs of life that depend on nature, primitive communism is in people who live by hunting with simple forms of agriculture, or herding animals. , the state of private property has not arisen, and there is not even a class division. People live in harmony and equality. Even as primitive communism, the means of production are collectively owned, and other types of property are distributed equally among the members of the tribe. After that, the birth of Pre-Marxism, namely after the life of primitive society, with the emergence of the classical period rejecting metaphysics and visible psychology of collective and individualist society. The last is the development of Karl Marx's ideas which wants a communist society through resistance by the feudal society and capitalism using a system of socialism.

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Levandivskyi, Omelian T., and Volodymyr V. Humeniuk. "The Economic Potential of Agriculture in Eastern Galicia in the Interwar Period." Rusin, no. 68 (2022): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/68/8.

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The article deals with the economic potential of the agrarian sphere of Eastern Galicia in the interwar period of 1918-1939, the territory of which in certain periods was under the influence of different states. This has also left an imprint on agriculture. Agrarian reforms in the interwar period were accompanied not only by the intensification of the economic activities of property owners and farms, but also by the introduction of advanced agricultural machinery. The article investigates the impact of the economic crisis of the early 1930s on the reduction of agricultural machinery and the decline in purchasing power of the population. The development of market relations in Eastern Galicia during the interwar period was accompanied by the concentration of agricultural machinery mainly at large property owners and farmers, and the lack of it in small peasant farms, where primitive tools of labor were still widely used. The state economic policy contributed little to the industrial development.

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Singh, Madanjit, Amardeep Singh, Sarveshwar Bharti, Prithvipal Singh, and Munish Saini. "Using Social Media Analytics and Machine Learning Approaches to Analyze the Behavioral Response of Agriculture Stakeholders during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (2022): 16174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316174.

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COVID-19, over time, has spread around multiple countries and has affected a large number of humans. It has influenced diverse people’s lives, consisting of social, behavioral, physical, mental, and economic aspects. In this study, we aim to analyze one such social impact: the behavioral aspects of agriculture stakeholders during the pandemic period in the Indian region. For this purpose, we have gathered agriculture-related tweets from Twitter in three phases: (a) initial phase, (b) mid-phase, and (c) later phase, where these phases are related to the period of complete lockdown implemented in India in the year 2020. Afterward, we applied machine-learning-based qualitative-content-based methods to analyze the sentiments, emotions, and views of these people. The outcomes depicted the presence of highly negative emotions in the initial phase of the lockdown, which signifies fear of insecurity among the agriculture stakeholders. However, a decline in unhappiness was noted during the later phase of the lockdown. Furthermore, these outcomes will help policymakers to obtain insights into the behavioral responses of agricultural stakeholders. They can initiate primitive and preventive actions accordingly, to tackle such issues in the future.

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Lashitha Vishnu Priya, P., N. Sai Harshith, and Dr N.V.K.Ramesh. "Smart agriculture monitoring system using IoT." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.7 (2018): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.10603.

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Atmospheric changes have been sporadic over the previous decade. Because of this in late period, atmosphere shrewd techniques called as savvy agribusiness is embraced by numerous Indian farmers. Keen farming is a robotized and coordinated data innovation executed with the Internet of Things. IOT is growing quickly and broadly connected in every remote condition. This paper presents an efficient sensor innovation and remote systems coordination of IOT innovation has been contemplated and looked into in light of the real circum-stance of agricultural activities. Real goal is to gather ongoing information of agriculture that gives simple access to the farmer. Our task screens the yield development utilizing advanced means giving the precise esteems of different parameters where upon the development depends. Additionally, it will help the farmer to screen more than one rural field in the meantime. Since, the vast majority of the observ-ing is done remotely, it will help the person to pick up data. Since, observing through our framework requires less labor, individuals with physical handicaps can be utilized for checking fields. Our task, not just tries to relieve the primitive methods identified with farming yet additionally serve the group by opening new roads for work.

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Östman, Ann-Catrin. "The Peasants of the Forest: Masculinity, Nation, and Landscapes in Agrarian Historiography in Finland, 1900–1930." Agricultural History 82, no. 1 (2008): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-82.1.62.

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Abstract This article studies agricultural history from the perspective of masculinity. It aims to show how early twentieth-century Finnish historical studies articulated manly ideals, mainly by looking at "The History of Karelian" Tribe in Finland published in 1915 by Väinö Voionmaa. This well-known book, central to Finnish historiography and important for later studies on rural history, dealt with swidden agriculture in the Finnish interior. The article focuses on the intertwining of societal ideals, landscapes, and masculinity and shows the intersection of nationalist, class-based, and racial conceptions of the peasantry. Through this interpretation stressing manly ideals, Voionmaa ascribed the Finnish swidden society, traditionally regarded as primitive, a more recognized place in the nation’s history.

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Pashkevych, G. O., and R. L. Boguslavskyi. "Origins of the crop production in Ukraine (on the materials of historical and archeological research)." Genetičnì resursi roslin (Plant Genetic Resources), no. 24 (2019): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36814/pgr.2019.24.11.

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Aim – on the basis of literary sources analysis and results of archaeological research, to define sortiment of cultivated plants were grown in the most ancient known period of agriculture in the territory of Ukraine – Trypillia culture, and also the state of agriculture in that time. Results. There is determined that the agriculture on the territory of Ukraine arose on the basis of a crops introduced from the South West Asian cultivated plants origin center through Balkans and Caucasus. The Trypillia tribes growed hulled wheats - emmer and eincorn, barley hulled and nacked, leguminous plants – peas and vetch ervilia. These crops were well adapted by their biological characteristics – resistance to climatic conditions, tolerance to soil conditions and resistance to fungal diseases – both to natural conditions and to primitive griculture level: tillage with horn and wood tools, harvesting not by sickles but by special devices for breaking off ears etc. At the same time, they satisfied people with nutritional and qualitative properties. Use by ancient growers of wild flora – herbaceous, fruit, nutty, berry plants, grapes, forest species is considered. These crops were the start from which agriculture began in Ukraine. In the modern period in Ukraine, as in the whole world, interest in ancient crops as sources of "healthy nutrition" is renewed. On the basis of ancient forms of spelt and emmer, domestic breeding varieties were created. Conclusions. The most ancient known period of agriculture on the territory of Ukraine is Trypillia culture. The Trypillia tribes grew hulled wheats, barley, peas and ervil vetch. These crops were well adapted both to natural conditions and to the primitive agriculture level. Plants of wild-growing flora were used also. Ukraine is not included in the primary or secondary cultivated plants origin centers. But the talent and industriousness of the population in combination with various, predominantly favorable natural conditions conditioned the development of of the cultivated plants diversity through the creative role of the initially folk and then scientific breeding, in which Ukraine occupies leading positions in the world.

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Hussain, Azmat, Hafiza Sundus Fatima, Syed Mohiuddin Zia, et al. "Development of Cost-Effective and Easily Replicable Robust Weeding Machine—Premiering Precision Agriculture in Pakistan." Machines 11, no. 2 (2023): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11020287.

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Weed management has become a highly labor-intensive activity, which is the reason for decreased yields and high costs. Moreover, the lack of skilled labor and weed-resistant herbicides severely impact the agriculture sector and food production, hence increasing the need for automation in agriculture. The use of agricultural robots will help in the assurance of higher yields and proactive control of the crops. This study proposes a laser-based weeding vehicle with a unique mechanical body that is adjustable relative to the field structure, called the Robot Operating System (ROS) based robust control system, and is customizable, cost-effective and easily replicable. Hence, an autonomous-mobile-agricultural robot with a 20 watt laser has been developed for the precise removal of weed plants. The assembled robot’s testing was conducted in the agro living lab. The field trials have demonstrated that the robot takes approximately 23.7 h at the linear velocity of 0.07 m/s for the weeding of one acre plot. It includes 5 s of laser to kill one weed plant. Comparatively, the primitive weeding technique is highly labor intensive and takes several days to complete an acre plot area. The data presented herein reflects that implementing this technology could become an excellent approach to removing unwanted plants from agricultural fields. This solution is relatively cost-efficient and provides an alternative to expensive human labor initiatives to deal with the increased labor wages.

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Falchenko, Olena, Viktoriia Yatsyna, and Tetyana Kochetova. "A FEATURES OF FORMING OF FINANCIAL RESULTS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE." Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences), no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2519-4461.2021.2.32.

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In the article essence over of agricultural enterprises is brought after the type of economic activity as a legal entity, the basic type of activity of which is growing and processing of agricultural produce and specific of agriculture, as to the type of economic activity. The financial results of agricultural enterprises as economic category which represents effectiveness of activity of agricultural enterprise are considered. General methodology of determination of financial results of agricultural activity is analysed on accordance to the real model of market economy. The existent substantial features of forming of financial results in agricultural enterprises, which are predefined by the accepted legislative base, at which biological assets and regulated order of their confession, estimation and account are certain and accordingly which the constituents of financial results of agricultural enterprises, and also features of forming of financial result, belong in agricultural enterprises in connection with the specific of industrial and economic activity of industry, are educed. Composition of profits of agricultural enterprises and composition of charges of agricultural enterprises are considered, due to what an income is determined on every type of activity separately by comparison of profits and charges on agricultural enterprises. The basic internal source of forming of financial results of agricultural enterprises, which is income and her influence on economic activity in agriculture is certain. Substantial influence is marked on a size and forming of financial results of agricultural enterprises of estimation of products on a fair value at primitive confession. The order of methodology of forming of financial results of agricultural enterprises is recommended on the basis of the conducted research at a record-keeping. Drawn conclusion, that forming of financial results of agricultural enterprises is the extraordinarily important aspect of their activity and foresees development of certain organizationally-methodical measures with the aim of creation of integral control system by the income of enterprises.

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Wynyard, Matthew. "Dairying, Dispossession, Devastation." Counterfutures 8 (March 11, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/cf.v8i0.6346.

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The past three-and-a-half decades of neoliberal orthodoxy in New Zealand have been marked by the rapid expansion and intensification of the New Zealand dairy industry. In the years since direct agricultural subsidies and supports were removed in the mid-1980s, the national dairy herd has more than doubled and the area given over to dairying has increased by some 750,000 hectares. This relentless drive to intensify has come at a simply enormous environmental cost: New Zealanders, present and future, are being systematically dispossessed of cherished freshwater ecosystems and endemic biodiversity. In this paper, I argue that this is but the latest episode in a long history of often-violent dispossession that has been crucial to the historical development of capitalist agriculture in New Zealand. In so doing, I draw on Marx’s theory of primitive accumulation.

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Nasritdinov, Kabulzhan Makhamadzhanovich. "The history of national constructions of 1940 (by the example of the Ferghana Valley)." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 1 (2020): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202091211.

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Based on scientific, historical and archival sources the author of the paper analyzes the history of developing plans aimed at irrigation of virgin lands in the central part of the Ferghana Valley in the first half of the 20th century by large Russian scientists and specialists. The author also shows a historical picture of the construction of the irrigation facilities of the Ferghana Valley using the high-speed hashar folk method in 1940. With the construction of hydraulic structures such as the northern and southern Ferghana canals, a new stage began in the development of irrigated agriculture in the Ferghana Valley, since the water of these hydraulic structures made it possible to irrigate new virgin lands in the central part and foothill areas of the Ferghana Valley. But it should be noted that these large and complex irrigation canals were constructed by the peoples of Uzbekistan mainly with the use of primitive tools such as a hoe, a crow, a shovel, a stretcher and pickaxes. For nearly 80 years, these hydraulic structures have provided agricultural areas with life-giving water. The author of the paper also summarizes the essence of economic measures carried out by the Soviet government on the development of irrigated agriculture in the valley.

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Moran, J. B. "The Indigenous Cattle and Buffalo of South East Asia: their Past, Present, and Future." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 3 (1987): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600304.

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Cattle and buffalo play an important role in the agriculture of South East Asia, providing both milk and meat and also traction for ploughing and transport. The native breeds vary considerably in their characteristics, not only in their inherent qualities but in their response to varying systems of management, some very primitive. Improvement is clearly possible by cross-breeding, but it appears that this is most likely to be achieved within existing native breeds, than by introducing exotic ones developed to thrive under very different circumstances.

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Dawi, Klara, Didi Haryono, Anita Yuliastini, and Agustinus Astono. "Restorative Justice Paradigm of Kanayat'n Dayak Customary Law on Environmental Damage Caused By Shifting Cultivation." Jurnal Analisis Hukum 5, no. 2 (2022): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.38043/jah.v5i2.3918.

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The culture of farming and clearing land has existed since the transition of primitive humans to the modern age, as has the agricultural culture of the Dayak Kanayat’n indigenous people, which has been handed down from their predecessors for generations is currently evolving. The Kanayat’n Dayak are a sub-tribe of the Dayak who reside primarily in West Kalimantan on the island of Kalimantan. The Dayak Kanayat’n indigenous people are predominantly traditional farmers using traditional farming techniques. Agriculture is a part of the culture; agricultural techniques give rise to a farming culture, which absorbs local practices in cultivating the land. The pattern of land clearing can deduce the traditional nature of this agriculture. Conventional Dayak kanayat’n farmers clear the ground by identifying the area, chopping down the vegetation, and burning the remnants. This method of land clearance employed by the indigenous Dayak Kanyat‘n is also known as shifting cropping. This shifting cultivation activity has a positive aspect, namely the development and preservation of traditional Dayak kanayat’n agricultural culture customs. Still, it also has a wrong side, environmental damage, if carried out in large quantities and without measurement. This research focuses on the sociological juridical approach. Methods of data collection employing both primary and secondary legal materials. Article 80 of the Provisions for the Traditional Deliberation in Sengah Temila District, dated March 12-13, 2010, stipulates the administration of restorative justice to farmers who violate Dayak Kanayat customary law and cause forest fires. The sanction is Siam Pahar Pangalabur Temenggung.

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Zhou, Xuan, Hong Dao Zhang, Zheng Hong Li, et al. "Plant Genetic Resources Management for Sustainable Development." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2528.

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The appearance of agriculture roughly 10,000 years ago disrupted the ecological balance of numerous systems. Fortunately, the process of domesticating plants and animals and the spread of agriculture were slow enough to allow a new equilibrium to emerge. Plant genetic resources include primitive forms of cultivated plant species and landraces, modern cultivars, obsolete cultivars, breeding lines and genetic stocks, weedy types and related wild species, which provide the building blocks that allow classical plant breeders and biotechnologists to develop new commercial varieties and other biological products. Therefore, it is obviously very important to manage plant genetic resources for sustainable development in all of country. This article describes the management of plant genetic resources from conservation to utilization, introduces the status of international cooperation for sustainable development and perspectives that the significant plant genetic resources management for sustainable development in the future.

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Chittoor, Prithvi Krishna, and Bharatiraja C. "Drone Operated Bidirectional Wireless Charging System for Energy Constrained Devices in Smart Farming Applications." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (2022): 11867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.11867ecst.

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The new age of technology has revolutionized the way the agriculture sector functions. Smart machines are gradually captivating primitive farming techniques and aid in increasing the quality and yield of crops. The implementation of Energy Constrained Devices (ECDs) into the agricultural sector has grabbed the curiosity of many researchers and has opened up opportunities for autonomous monitoring of soil-crop’s health. This research benefits the agricultural sector in providing top quality yield at minimal human resources and uses smart machinery, such as drones to monitor the progress on the field. This study aids in implementing the use of ECDs for collecting field data, such as moisture content, temperature, mineral requirements, etc. at a given area. The key challenge in this research is to identify the ECDs that needs to be charged and to find the shortest path between the home position and the ECDs for the drone to fly and charge the required ECDs. The proposed algorithm modifies the Dijkstra’s algorithm and prioritizes the ECDs in the order to be charged and plan a path accordingly.

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Allen, Archibald. "Lucretius, D.R.N. 5.948." Classical Quarterly 46, no. 1 (1996): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/46.1.304.

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In his account of primitive people in D.R.N. 5 Lucretius says that they led a wandering, nomadic sort of existence (932, ‘vulgivago vitam tractabant more ferarum’); ignorant of agriculture and husbandry, they were content to eat nuts and berries and the like (933ff.), while streams and springs called them to quench their thirst (945ff.):denique nota vagis silvestria templa tenebantnympharum…The rest of the sentence is a lush description of the streams which welled up from those woodland shrines, washing over rocks and moss, and sometimes breaking out over the plain (949–52).

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Pokharia, Anil K. "Early agricultural economy in north-eastern Vindhyas: An archaeological perspective." Journal of Palaeosciences 57, no. (1-3) (2008): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2008.246.

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The present article seeks to highlight an overall synthesis of information on the pre- and proto-historic agriculture based subsistence economy, in north-eastern Vindhyas. The vast area stretching over the plateau region and alluvial tract in adjacent plain, envelope a large number of early settlements, which reveal the gradually evolving sequences of farming communities from primitive metal-free stages of Neolithic Cultures up to the advanced Iron using Cultures. Excavations at Koldihwa, Mahagara, Malhar in Vindhyan region and Lahuradewa in Ganga Plain have revealed the beginning of agriculture evidenced by a domesticated form of rice (Oryza sativa) during 7th-6th millennia BC. The diverse crop assemblage, includes remains of Near-Eastern, African, Eurasian, Central Asian and Indigenous crops. Collective evidence shows that the double cropping system was followed in the summer and winter seasons during 2200-700 BC. In view of the fully established agricultural system in the region of north-eastern Vindhyas, the cultural relationships of the farming communities have been established with altogether diverse cultures in the distant north-western regions. However, the complex process of the dispersal of winter crops in terms of diffusionary trends is not fully demonstrable in the present state of archaeological knowledge. Future archaeobotanical studies in this region is expected to fill-up gaps in time and space of exploitation of crop plants.

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Горбаненко, Сергій. "Хліборобство, застигле в глині". Scientific journal "Archaeological ceramology", № 1-2 (31 січня 2022): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52213/archaeologicalceramology.vi1-2.69.

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Зібрано й упорядковано глиняні вироби, що мають хліборобську символіку. Виділено двікатегорії предметів: речі з хліборобськими зображеннями та вироби, до яких додано зернівкикультурних рослин. На перших наявні як абстрактні символи, що інтерпретуються як хліборобські,так і примітивні реалістичні зображення. Вироби з відбитками зернівок культурних рослин можнарозділити на культові й побутові. Поєднанням того й іншого є певне культове використаннязбіжжя під час виготовлення звичайних речей щоденного вжитку. The author has accumulated and organized clay finds that have agricultural symbols in the article.The material is represented by products from the Neolithic period, when pottery was originated and,accordingly, ornamentation and technologies began to develop.There are two categories of artefacts: objects with agricultural images; products with added grains ofcultivated plants. Products with images are represented by household items: utensils and spindles. Thereare both primitive realistic images and abstract symbols that are interpreted as agricultural. Primitiverealistic images include drawings that schematically like to spikelets (dishes of the Trypillia culture,spindles of the Early Iron Age) and ploughing tools (ware of the Eneolithic period, Lengyel culture, spindlesof the Early Iron Age). The calendar with agricultural signs from Lepesivka site of Chernyakhiv culture canbe included to the conditionally abstract symbolism.The other type of agriculture tradition is the deliberate process of admixture of the grain to the clayproducts. It includes the most popular items: cult figurines, "small loafs", commonware and parts of stoves.There is a set of clay models, which included a plow, a yoke, as well as bull figurines (Early IronAge, Bilsk settlement). This set also brightly illustrates the farming traditions of the ancient population.All these examples emphasize the importance of agriculture in the different peoples, who lived mainlyon the reproduction of the economy. The purpose of my essay is only to pay attention to this interestingphenomenon of perception of the world through the prism of a combination of two traditional industries:agriculture and pottery.

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Maxwell, David. "Photography and the Religious Encounter: Ambiguity and Aesthetics in Missionary Representations of the Luba of South East Belgian Congo." Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no. 1 (2011): 38–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417510000629.

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William F. P. Burton's career straddled several worlds that seemed at odds with each other. As a first-generation Pentecostal he pioneered, with James Salter, the Congo Evangelistic Mission (CEM) at Mwanza, Belgian Congo in 1915. The CEM became a paradigm for future Pentecostal Faith Mission work in Africa, thanks to Burton's propagandist writings that were published in at least thirty European and North American missionary periodicals. His extensive publications, some twenty-eight books, excluding tracts and articles in mission journals, reveal that the CEM was a missionary movement animated by a relentless proselytism, divine healing, exorcism, and the destruction of so-called “fetishes.” The CEM's Christocentric message required the new believer to make a public confession of sin and reject practices relating to ancestor religion, possession cults, divination, and witchcraft. It was a deeply iconoclastic form of Protestantism that maintained a strong distinction between an “advanced” Christian religion, mediated by the Bible, and an idolatrous primitive pagan religion. Burton's Pentecostalism had many of its own primitive urges, harkening back to an age where miraculous signs and wonders were the stuff of daily life, dreams and visions constituted normative authority, and the Bible was immune to higher criticism. But his vision also embraced social modernization and he preached the virtues of schooling and western styles of clothing, architecture, and agriculture. It was this combination of primitive and pragmatic tendencies that shaped the CEM's tense relations with the Belgian colonial state.

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Naz, Lubna. "Paul Roberts (ed). The End of Food. New York: Mariner Books Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Bosten. 2009. xv+330 pages. (Price not given)." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 2 (2011): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i2pp.183-185.

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The modern food economy has evolved over time. The calorie dense food (meat) has taken the place of plants and a technologically driven agriculture system has replaced the traditional food system. Several factors such as industrial revolution, opening of trade, end of communism, female market participation and technological change have contributed in shaping the rules of modern food production system. The endless efforts of the scientists geared towards discoveries has led to a green revolution in the field of agriculture and have done enough to untrue the earlier predictions of mass famine by Thomas Malthus. However, all such man made progress has not done much to resolve challenges of food security, food economy liberalisation and food safety being faced by every country today. This book presents well researched answers to questions raised at every forum on global food security such as; how did the primitive food system evolve into its present shape, what has motivated less spending on food, what has promoted the idea of convenience food in retail business, what has led to technology driven revolution in agriculture output, what radical steps are needed to escape from evils of hunger and malnutrition in the present world, what provokes food producers in developed countries to rule out unfettered functioning of food trade, and finally what turns around the progress that has ever been made in agriculture.

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Eubanks, Mary. "Reevaluation of the Identification of Ancient Maize Pollen from Alabama." American Antiquity 62, no. 1 (1997): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282385.

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Fearn and Liu (1995) reported positive identification of a large Poaceae pollen grain recovered from a lake bed core in Alabama dating to 3500 B.P. as Zea mays. Reinterpretation of old data and new data reported here indicate this identification is questionable. Review of the evidence at hand indicates the most likely identification of the pollen grain in question is Tripsacum, although it could be primitive maize, teosinte, or Zea “indiana,” a hybrid between Tripsacum and teosinte. Until the sample size is expanded and a firm identification can be made, caution is urged in interpretations about the significance of this find for early maize agriculture in eastern North America.

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Bryant, Raymond L. "Shifting the Cultivator: The Politics of Teak Regeneration in Colonial Burma." Modern Asian Studies 28, no. 2 (1994): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00012397.

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One of the most innovative aspects of forest policy in colonial Burma was the employment of shifting cultivators in order to create teak plantations. As developed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this system of plantation forestry represented an far-sighted attempt to establish teak production on a long-term basis. Indeed, its adaptation of what many colonial officials viewed as a destructive and primitive form of agriculture to more ‘useful’ end, guaranteed its popularity in a broader imperial context. Even today, the use of shifting cultivators for commercial tree planting remains an acknowledged agroforestry technique, and is promoted as a cure for various social and ecological problems.

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Sariah, John, and Daniel Rodriguez. "Technology Package for Sustainable Productivity and Resiliency to Climate Variability: The Proof from SIMLESA Studies in Tanzania." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036168.

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The agricultural sector in Tanzania is mainly dryland and dominated by smallholder farmers. Unreliable rainfall, short than normal duration of cropping season and fluctuations of onset and end of cropping season are main challenges facing farmers. The increased frequency and intensity of droughts, unpredictability of weather, shorter than normal duration of cropping seasons have significant impact on farmers’ productivity, profitability and resilience. This paper report study on Conservation agriculture for Sustainable Intensification (CASI) technology package tested on farm for productive, resilient and sustainable smallholder maize-legume cropping systems across five districts in Tanzania. Three practices namely Conservation practice (CA), Current applied recommended practice (CONV. or sometimes referred to as IMPROV) and primitive farmers practice (FP) were compared in experimental plots on farmers’ fields. Improved (DT maize and Pigeonpeas) was intercropped in all practices. Only CA and CONV practices were statistically compared, whereas FP was for farmer’s visual observations and comparisons. Data recorded were, soil carbon, moisture, yields and economic analysis. Results showed that, the average maize yields for four seasons in CA and CONV doubled and for tripled. An average of 30.5% hours of labour were saved in CASI relative to non CASI practice. The benefit cost ratio of maize-pigeonpea intercrops under CASI was 2.1 as compared to 1.4 in conventional agriculture investments. The institutionalization of CASI at local and national policy decision levels will be required for the scaling of CASI technologies across Tanzania.

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Jayaprakash, Subha Babu, and Sabu K. Thomas. "Species composition of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in the coffee plantation of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve of the Western Ghats, India." ENTOMON 47, no. 1 (2022): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v47i1.680.

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Analysis of species composition of dung beetles in the shaded coffee plantations of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve of south Western Ghats revealed a checklist of 38 species. The presence of many endemic species, very primitive rare old world tribe Canthonini represented by the genus Ochicanthon, the first report of Onthophagus lilliputanus and the presence of two (O. truncaticornis and O. discedens) which were deemed as extinct from the natural forests of the Western Ghats) make the dung beetle assemblage in the coffee plantation unusual. Onthophagus lilliputanus and the presence of two species (O. truncaticornis and O. discedens). The study showed species composition of dung beetles in the shaded coffee plantation with a comparatively smaller area had no major differences with the nearby natural forests in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Higher species richness and presence of some unique species in the coffee plantation belt compared to other agricultural habitats highlights the significance of shaded coffee plantations as an important nested habitat in the forest-agriculture land matrix of the moist Western Ghats.

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Bashir, Aworinde Olalekan, Yinusa Olumuyiwa Ganiyu, and Williams Tolulope Oyakhilome. "MACROECONOMIC POLICIES AND THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN NIGERIA: EVIDENCE FROM ASYMMETRIC COINTEGRATION." Actual Problems of Economics 1, no. 223 (2020): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32752/1993-6788-2020-1-223-26-41.

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This study examines the impact of fiscal and monetary policies on agricultural output in Nigeria. Nearly 800 million people suffer from hunger globally and the vast majority of them live in developing countries (United Nations, 2015). These figures motivate the inclusion of zero hunger, defined as the eradication of hunger and the achievement of food security, as a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) in the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Agenda and feeding of Africa as one of the High 5s (five) of the African Development Bank Agenda. To achieve the sustainable development goals and the goal of feeding Africa for the developing countries there is the need to reinvigorate the agricultural sector of developing countries. The Agriculture sector in most developing countries is largely underdeveloped and relies on primitive tools as against mechanized Agriculture, output per hectare is still very low, access to capital and credit by farmers is very limited and at very high cost, basic amenities and infrastructure that can enhance Agricultural performance is minimal and of very poor quality. It employed the asymmetric cointegration method and documented that macroeconomic policies have mixed impact on agricultural output in Nigeria over the years. Specifically, important monetary variables that drive agricultural output in Nigeria include interest rate , exchange rate and inflation rate while government budgetary provision for the agricultural sector is still abysmal low and far below the Maputo recommendation, thus its non-significance. Institutional quality was found to have a positive relationship with agricultural output in Nigeria; however, it does significantly influence agricultural output. The study therefore concludes that macroeconomic policies both monetary and fiscal are important drivers of agricultural performance in Nigeria and good institutional quality is key in achieving better performance in the agricultural sector in Nigeria. It is against this conclusion that the study recommends that institutional quality need to be strengthen in Nigeria as this may go a long way to assist macroeconomic policies which will engender better performance in the agricultural sector. The government may need to show more political will to meet up with the Maputo (10%) requirement in terms of budgetary provision for the agricultural sector.

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Leonard Udodi Obialor, Sunday Nnaji Ani, Paul Okpala, and Ogochukwu Paschal Nwosuobieogu. "Design and fabrication of remote-controlled seed sowing machine." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 11, no. 3 (2022): 067–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2022.11.3.0102.

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In most countries of which Nigeria is among, Agriculture plays a very vital role in their economic growth. Agriculture is one of the backbones of Nigeria's economy among oil production. It is on this note that farmers are given all the necessary assistance to boost their production. These include provision of good and improved seeds and seedlings, fertilizers and improved implements/equipment for clearing, planting and harvesting to increase their yield. This research work involves the design and fabrication of remote controlled seed sowing machine to assist local or peasant farmers in seed sowing, thus reducing stress and time wastage involved in the primitive way of planting. A review of the seed sowing machine was conducted. A design concept was developed and the detailed design was carried out. The machine was manufactured using the secondary manufacturing process and tested for performance. The result showed that the control range of 10m was achieved, the machine can also cover 1000 square meter in 5 minutes and its efficiency is 95 percent.

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Bengisu, Elif. "Human History and Göbeklitepe." International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research 7, no. 1 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/ijospervol7iss1pp1-10.

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Şanlıurfa is known as the lands of the dawn of civilization and is located in regions so called as “Fertile Crescent” in archeology literature. From primitive religions to monotheistic religions, all religions emerged in this region. The very first agricultural practices were performed in this region and writing was invented also in this region. The male sculpture, so called as “Urfa Man”, came across during the excavations made within the scope of “Balıklıgöl Landscape Project” in 1992 and sent to Urfa Museum, was dated back to circa 10.000 BC and recorded as the oldest naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human in archeology literature. This sculpture proved that Balıklıgöl and surroundings in Urfa city center were settled toward the end of Paleolithic age about 12.000 years ago (10.000 BC). At the end of this age, humans left the hunter and nomadic lifestyle and passed into permanent settlements, they established the very first villages and initiated agricultural practices for the first time and became producer societies. This age is also known as the age in which primitive religions emerged for the first time. Therefore, Şanlıurfa has a great place in world culture in terms of history of religions, history of agriculture and faith tourism. In archaeological excavations conducted in Göbeklitepe close to city center under the chairmanship of Prof. Dr. Klaus Schmidt, the oldest temple of the world belonging to ends of Paleolithic Age dated back to 12.000 years ago (10.000 BC) was explored. Such an exploration proved that Şanlıurfa was the oldest center of the believers in the world. Before Göbekli Tepe, archaeological excavations were conducted in Nevali Çori of Hilvan Town and a square-planned temple of Neolithic Age dated back to 8.500-8.000 BC was explored. Therefore, Nevali Çori led up the Göbeklitepe excavations. In several archeological excavations conducted in Şanlıurfa region, schematic idols to which Chalcolithic and Old Bronze Age Societies worshipped were explored. Several violin-type idols depicting homiform gods explored in Titriş Höyük Necropolis of Bozova Town and exhibited in Şanlıurfa Museum.

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Younis, Adnan, Fahad Ramzan, Yasir Ramzan, Faisal Zulfiqar, Muhammad Ahsan, and Ki Byung Lim. "Molecular Markers Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops: A Review." Plants 9, no. 10 (2020): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101374.

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Plants endure many abiotic stresses, such as temperature (heat or frost), drought, and salt. Such factors are primary and frequent stressors that reduce agriculture crop yields. Often alterations in nutrient management and constituents, along with variations in biosynthetic capacity, ultimately reduce or halt plant growth. Genetically, stress is an environmental condition that interferes with complete genetic expression. A vast range of molecular genomic markers is available for the analysis of agricultural crops. These markers are classified into various groups based on how the markers are used: RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers serve to identify and screen hybrids based on salinity and drought stress tolerance, while simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are excellent for the assessment of stress tolerance. Such markers also play an important role in the QTL (Quantitative trait loci) mapping of stress-related genes. Dehydrins for drought and saltol for salinity stresses are primitive genes which regulate responses to these conditions. Further, a focus on traits using single-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers supports genetic mapping and the sequencing of stress-related traits in inbred lines. DNA markers facilitate marker-assisted breeding to enhance abiotic stress tolerance using advanced techniques and marker modification.

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Turner, Christy G. "A Second Drilled Tooth from Prehistoric Western North America." American Antiquity 69, no. 2 (2004): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128425.

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The burial of a young adult woman with a drilled molar tooth was excavated in 1965 in northern Arizona (Museum of Northern Arizona NA9099.B5; Pueblo IV, A.D. 1300–1600). The drilling angle and location suggest that the therapeutic or palliative procedure was done while the woman was alive, and probably in pain because the drilled hole occurred at the bottom of a large necrotic cavity involving about one quarter of the occlusal surface. The drilled hole exited at the crown-root junction near a small alveolar buccal abscess. With painful and unhealthy dental caries on the rise as dependency on agriculture increased through time, it is suggested that this case and one other mark the beginning practice of primitive technical dentistry in prehistoric western North America.

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Falchenko, Olena, and Oleksandr Volobuev. "FEATURES OF CLASSIFICATION OF PROFITS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE." Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences), no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2519-4461.2021.3.68.

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In the article the description of agricultural enterprise and features of agriculture are given. It is consist in by main and specific capital goods. The profits of agricultural enterprise as economic category are considered, which represent the optimal return of enterprises generating in sizes, necessary for coverage of him current outlays. General essence of profits of agricultural activity, confession of profit is analysed and his reliable estimation. Principles, which foresee the choice of method of estimation and reflection in the financial reporting of all profits of enterprise, and also feature of forming of financial result in agricultural enterprises in connection with the specific of industrial and economic activity of industry, are educed. Classification of profits of agricultural enterprises is considered from primitive confession of biological assets and agricultural produce, profit from the change of fair value of biological assets, profit from realization of biological assets and agricultural produce, got as a result of biological transformations, after book-keeping approach in obedience to the requirements of legislation, by administrative approach which enables to collect and group information for an acceptance and realization of corresponding decisions. Certainly existent substantial features of profits on agricultural enterprises, which are predefined by the accepted legislative base, at which biological assets and regulated order of their confession, estimation and account are certain and accordingly which the constituents of financial results of agricultural enterprises belong. Substantial influence is marked on a size and forming of financial results of agricultural enterprises of classification of profits. It is recommended on the basis of the conducted research of classification of profits of agricultural enterprises at a record-keeping. Drawn conclusion, that logical and structured classification of profits of agricultural enterprises is the extraordinarily important aspect of their activity and provides for, will enable effectively by them to manage and be the constituent of modern control system.

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Mansour, Tamer Gamal Ibrahim, Mahmoud Alaa Abdelazez, Khairy Hamed Eleshmawi, and Salah Said Abd el- Ghani. "Environmental SWOT Analysis for Agricultural Extension in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 10 (2019): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i10.1503-1508.2216.

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North Sinai governorate is one of the largest desert areas in terms of intensity of agricultural extension work, In spite of efforts by state agencies to bring about agricultural development in the governorate, agriculture is still somewhat characterized by primitive traditional methods, making agricultural development rates almost indistinguishable, And with the scarcity of extension research carried out in North Sinai in the field of environmental SWOT analysis, It was necessary to conduct the study that is trying to analyze the current situation of agricultural extension in North Sinai governorate through identifying the strengths; weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). A participatory SWOT analysis study using open-ended qualitative-type instrument was conducted; Research data were collected through personal interviewing questionnaire with 90 respondents representing 75% of the total extension workers in North Sinai Governorate, during the period from May till October 2018. The results showed that the most important strengths of these were that a large proportion of the extension workers are specialized in agricultural extension, more than half of the guides were from rural areas and the high job satisfaction degree among of the majority of the extension workers while the most important weaknesses were Weak budget and inadequate funding for extension work, Absence of job description for the extension workers, and Lack of financial and material resources. On the other hand the most important opportunities were Availability of research institutes in the governorate, NGO-Public Sector Collaboration. While the most important threats were Decreased investments targeting the agricultural sector in general and the extension system in particular, Poor Farmer Organization, Security instability in the governorate. Depending upon SWOT outputs, some relevant strategies were discussed to develop agricultural extension system in the governorate through some dimensions that uses strengths and opportunities to overcome weaknesses and to avoid threats or minimize their effects.

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I Mhaibes, Hakeem, and Shahnawaz Qadir. "A Lightweight Authentication Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 13, no. 13 (2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.13.1.3.

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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is emerging as a dominant technology with its applications in areas like agriculture, communication, environment monitoring, and surveillance. The inherited vulnerability and resource-constrained nature of sensor nodes led researchers to propose many lightweight cryptographic protocols for WSN. These sensors are low-cost, low energy, have low processing capability and have low storage restrictions. WSN suffers from many risks because of these unique constraints. This paper proposes a new lightweight security framework for WSNs and covers different lightweight cryptographic schemes for WSN applications. The aim is to provide cryptographic primitives for integrity, confidentiality, and protection from the man-in-the-middle and reply attacks. The work is based solely on symmetric cryptography and it has four phases; Network Initialization, Node Initialization, Nodes Communication, and Node Authentication. This work adopts the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) framework, which deploys random rotation to distribute the energy among a group of nodes. The probability of attacking in LEACH is higher at cluster head and member nodes. Therefore, data transmission among communicated nodes is encrypted over multiple levels of protection by dynamic session keys to provide a high level of security. In addition, an authentication ticket is provided by a cluster head for each authenticated node to identify another node. The session keys are dynamically generated and updated during the communication to prevent compromising or capturing the keys. Through simulation and evaluation of the system, the results showed less energy consumption and efficient cryptographic primitive were compared with existing schemes

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Epstein, T. D. "Healthcare of the TR as a result of the first five-year plan and its immediate tasks." Kazan medical journal 29, no. 8-9 (2022): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj89786.

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On the basis of the greatest successes achieved by the USSR as a result of the implementation of the first five-year plan of industrialization of the country and the socialist reorganization of agriculture, a process of rapid pulling up to the most advanced levels of a number of national republics, regions and regions, which until recently were in a state of economic and cultural backwardness, is taking place. This is the great strength of the Leninist national policy, which proves to the proletarians and oppressed colonial peoples of the whole world that only through the proletarian revolution lies the only path to the complete economic, political and cultural emancipation of the multimillion national masses and their rise in a short historical period of time from primitive and feudal forms of economy to the highest levels of socialist production and a complete revolution in the everyday and cultural way of life.

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ANDERSON, DAVID M. "MASTER AND SERVANT IN COLONIAL KENYA, 1895–1939." Journal of African History 41, no. 3 (2000): 459–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370000774x.

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THE recruitment of African labour at poor rates of pay and under primitive conditions of work was characteristic of the operation of colonial capitalism in Africa during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The implications of these conditions have been generalized very widely in the historiography of colonial Kenya. Where capital was centred upon extractive industries or upon settler agriculture (as in Kenya), historians have found much evidence to indicate that colonial states (and the metropolitan government) readily colluded with capital in providing the legal framework within which labour could be recruited and maintained in adequate numbers and at low cost to the employer. The state itself was the largest employer of labour throughout British colonial Africa and shared an interest in encouraging Africans into the labour market. Criticisms of labour conditions prevailing in any colony were thus likely to be interpreted as criticisms of the state itself.

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Korotkova, E. A., M. A. Karabut, and P. N. Shorokhov. "The model of an agrarian entrepreneurial university." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128208004.

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This paper considers the implementation of the Strategy for the development of the agrobusiness of the Sverdlovsk region. The conclusion is confirmed concerning insufficient development of the business environment in the agrarian sector. Approaches and methods of transformation of the classical agrarian university into an entrepreneurial one on the example of the Ural State Agrarian University are discussed: knowledge generation, teaching and translation of knowledge into practice; reshaping of the university’s internal environment; modification of interactions with the external environment developing the university’s innovation environment. The results of the project and their significance are predicted: the creation of a modern system of educational, scientific and design-entrepreneurial environment. New educational products will be developed. A set of indicators and marks of compliance of the agrarian university to the entrepreneurial type will be introduced. The uniqueness of this project has been found. The thing is that the Ural State Agrarian University is not a classical or purely technical university and this expands its ability to enter various areas of the region’s life: economic, social and technological. The article concludes that the implementation of the project will meet the needs of the agriculture cluster of the Sverdlovsk region in the development of intellectual entrepreneurship and avoid primitive mechanisms of collection and independent implementation of their agricultural products by residents.

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Hnativ, P. S., V. V. Snitunskyj, V. M. Polovyy, B. V. Gutyj, V. J. Ivaniuk, and N. I. Lahush. "Climate vibrations and ecosystemogenesis of the Ukrainian Society from the Birth of Christ to the formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 92 (2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9217.

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Fluctuations in the climate of Eurasia during the Middle Holocene led to various adaptations of agriculture and livestock, which were engaged in the primitive ethnic groups in the current territory of Ukraine. Using the methods of paleogeography, paleoclimatology, paleobiology, the dynamics of landscape ecosystems are reconstructed and presented in the form of verbal and graphic models of the past dynamics. This allows us to understand the nature of agricultural sustainability, climatogenic transformation of landscapes and the peculiarities of the formation of the Ukrainian ethnic group in a dynamic natural environment. We show the decisive role of natural properties of local primary landscape ecosystems in the history of Ukrainian society from the time of the collapse of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the small ice age in Ukraine. The dynamics of the global and local climate (mesoclimate) is traced and analyzed and its connection and significant influence on the motivation of tribal movement in Central and Eastern Europe are shown. Migration waves, population outbreaks in some tribes, and the decline and assimilation of others are linked to the biotic, behavioral, and ultimately social and economic adaptation of peoples and the changing natural environment. The most effective and efficient adaptation is determined by the bioethological advantages of aboriginal (indigenous - those formed in the primary ecosystem) human tribal populations, prone to use their own ways of survival in local natural landscapes and often able to assimilate immigrant cultures. customs. According to our conclusions, based on the study of climate history and age dynamics of landscape ecosystems, the agricultural adaptability of primitive ethnic groups was the key to the survival and transformation of tribes into a nation during the Middle Holocene. The relatively stable ten-thousand-year climatic period of the Holocene already had extremes of high temperatures in the Minoan (Trypillia period), Roman warm subperiods (the period of prosperity of the Russian state), which are not yet surpassed. Ending in the middle of the twentieth century. it passes into the Anthropocene, and the climate changes rapidly in the direction of warming. Without an in-depth paleoecological analysis of the dynamics of landscape and biome ecosystems, it will be impossible to develop rational ways to adapt the agro-complex and environmentally safe nature management to the modern transformation of the Earth's climate and mesoclimate.

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., Salva. "Crop and Fertilizer Prediction based on Soil Nutrients using IOT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (2021): 4424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36092.

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The project is motivated from general observation on the following facts in Indian agriculture system. Traditionally, in order to know the fertility of the soil, farmers collect soil samples from their field and send it to nearby soil testing laboratories. These laboratories use primitive methods which take a long time to obtain results. In addition to that, soil nutrients also change over time. The proposed method efficiently estimates soil nutrients based on a sensor network that helps in predicting suitable crops for that soil under test. The sensors of the hardware kit collect nutrient level from the soil sample and data is stored through Raspberry-Pi. Based on the values obtained from the sensor the system makes predictions using the classification algorithms. Subsequently a text message is sent to the registered farmer with the best crop predicted. Based upon the suggested/desired crop the fertilizer is suggested. The same is also displayed on a web page.

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Yasmin, Bushra, and Wajeeha Qamar. "The Role of Power Generation and Industrial Consumption Uncertainty in De-industrialising Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 52, no. 4I (2013): 517–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.517-536.

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The term deindustrialisation refers to the process of socio-economic changes taking place due to reduction in the industrial capacity and/or the loss of industrial potential of an economy. This also connotes the secular decline in the share of industrial sector employment as observed in developed countries since 1970s. The secular shift from manufacturing to services sector reflects the impact of discrepancy in productivity growth between the said sectors. A faster rise in productivity in manufacturing sector than in services switches the employment from manufacturing to the services sector, as suggested by Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1997). Generally, deindustrialisation is considered as the natural outcome of economic development because it involves the transformation from primitive agriculture-based economy to the modern industrial-based. After the establishment of manufacturing sector, the long-run economic growth stimulates an innovation-based economy implying the services sector’s growth [Galor (2005)]. However, the process requires a gradual shift accompanied by allied institutional and infrastructural reforms and the process of deindustrialisation occurs at the later stage of development.

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KUMAR, LAVUDYA ARUN, Syed H. Mazhar, and Jahanara Jahanara. "To Ascertain the Level of Knowledge of Beneficiaries Regarding Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) Providing Farm Services Adilabad District of Telangana." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 8 (2021): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i8.014.

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The present study would be carried out in the tribal dominant area of Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) Utnoor of Erstwhile Adilabad district in Telangana State. After reorganization of districts in Telangana State, ITDA, Utnoor spread over four districts namely Adilabad, Asifabad, Nirmal, and Mancherial. As per 2011 census in Telangana State total tribal population constitute 9.08%The population of Erstwhile Adilabad district is 27, 41,238 and among them 4, 95,794 people were tribes. There are 32 tribal communities in Telangana State where eight tribes dwelling in the Erstwhile Adilabad district, such as Gond-2,55,403, Lambada 1,43,554, Kolam/Mane- 52,772, Koya-26534, Pardhan-16,667, Andh-9922, Thoti-8998. Among them kolam and Thoti are Primitive Tribal Group (PTG)With the advent of ITDAs (Integrated Tribal Developmental Agencies), developmental efforts of various departments (Agriculture, Horticulture, Veterinary and Rural works departments) have been channelled through a single window system. Agriculture being the main thrust area, ITDAs is focusing on improving the productivity of the crops by provisioning inputs such as seeds of improved varieties, and chemicals to make the farmers economically better off. 120 respondents from utnoor mandal were randomly selected and data were collected and analysed by using appropriate statistical tool. (48.33%) of the respondents have Medium level of the knowledge about ITDA Farm services. Variables like age, caste, occupation, annual income, extension contacts and risk orientation has no significance relationship with the knowledge on ITDA Farm ,while variables like gender, land holding, education, mass media and extension contacts, innovativeness, risk orientation have positive correlation with the knowledge on ITDA Farm services.

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Tanyanyiwa, Vincent Itai. "Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the Teaching of Climate Change in Zimbabwean Secondary Schools." SAGE Open 9, no. 4 (2019): 215824401988514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019885149.

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Indigenous African education grew out of the immediate environment, real or imaginary, where people had knowledge of the environment. Indigenous education inculcated a religious attitude that imbued courtesy, generosity, and honesty. At colonization, Africans were thought of as primitive although they had their own systems, contents, and methods of education. Colonialism signified the decline in the importance of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS). By shifting focus in the core curriculum from teaching/learning based on Western science to teaching/learning through IKS as a foundation for all education, it is anticipated that all forms of knowledge, ways of knowing, and world views be acknowledged as equally valid, adaptable, and complementary to one another in equally valuable ways. The uniqueness of indigenous people and their knowledge is inextricably connected to their lands, which are situated primarily at the social-ecological margins of human habitation such as tropical forests and desert margins. It is at these margins that the consequences of climate change manifest themselves in the following sectors: agriculture, pastoralism, fishing, hunting and gathering, and other subsistence activities, including access to water. Government policies in Zimbabwe often limit options and thus undermine indigenous peoples’ efforts to adapt. IKS is very important for community-based adaptation and mitigation actions in the agricultural sector for maintenance of resilience of social-ecological systems at a local level. This article, through interviews, document analysis, and personal observations, proposes that it is best for Zimbabwe to develop her own climate change curricula and modes of delivery that incorporates IKS.

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Loewen, Royden. "Ethnic Farmers and the “Outside” World: Mennonites in Manitoba and Nebraska, 1874-1900." Victoria 1990 1, no. 1 (2006): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031016ar.

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Abstract Historians have suggested that two types of farmers settled on the Canadian prairie; one was the commercially oriented Anglo-Canadian farmer, the other was the European ethnic group settler bent on transplanting an “Old World” way of life on the periphery of mainstream society. These latter settlements — comprised of Ukrainians, German-Catholics, French-Canadians, Doukhobors, and Mennonites — have been described as isolated “ethnic islands in a Canadian sea”. This essay, however, argues that even the Mennonites or rural, sectarian, immigrant communities were not dependent on geographical isolation or a transplanted subsistence agriculture. It suggests that their aims were to reproduce their ethnic communities with financial resources derived from a judicious interaction with the marketplace and an adaption of agricultural practices to a new physical environment. It counters the impression that, while Anglo-Canadian farmers adapted quickly to the exigencies of their environments, ethnic farmers like the Mennonites transplanted their traditional ways without change. The essay focuses on the experience of a small but representative Mennonite immigrant group, the “Kleine Gemeinde”, who settled in both the East Reserve, Manitoba, and in Jefferson County, Nebraska in 1874. The writings of these farmers and the parallel Canadian and American public record suggest that these ethnic farmers adapted quickly to their new environments. New climates, labour conditions, and markets brought changes to their crop selections, levels of mechanization, and cultivation practices. The East Reserve farms were relatively small, mixed operations but, it is argued, that rather than suggesting a peasant existence, these facts point to rational market choices in a relatively primitive Manitoba economy. Changes that these Mennonite farmers made during their first generation in Canada reflect the development of Manitoba's economy. A comparison of East Reserve with its sister settlement in Nebraska indicates that, between 1874 and 1900, the two communities diverged significantly in their farming practices. That divergence reflected differences in the economy and physiography of Manitoba and Nebraska. More important than cultural predispositions in shaping their agriculture was the Mennonites' willingness to adapt to a new climate and cultivate a sustained relationship with the markets of the “outside world”.

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Bolelov, S. B. "Ancient Khorezm in the era of the Early Iron age. (Models of the formation of the socio-economic structure of ancient societies on the territory of the Southern Aral Sea region according to the archeological data)." Russia & World: Sc. Dialogue, no. 1 (March 26, 2022): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53658/rw2022-2-1(3)-124-139.

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This article examines the early period of the formation of agricultural civilization on the territory of the ancient delta of the Amu Darya river in the southern Aral Sea region - Ancient Khorezm. The basic problem, that has remained debatable for many years, is the time of the initial stage of the ancient agricultural culture formation and urbanization on the territory of Khoresm. Besides until the recent time the role of autochtonous polulation on the lower reaches of the Amu Darya in these processes is not so clear, as well as the degree of the influence of agricultural cultures of the south of the Middle Asia on them. Based on archaeological sources in the era of the early Iron Age of Khorezm – VII-V centuries BC, two stages are singled out. The early - Sako-Kuyusai stage, VII- early VI BC was the beginning of the permanent flooding of the Near-Kamysh delta on the territory of the Left Bank of the Amu Darya, as a result of the interaction of two groups of pastoralists, different in origin and in the way of farming; a fairly stable paleoeconomical system is being formed, the basis of which was mainly pasture cattle breeding and primitive hoe farming. Community handicraft production functioned in stationary settlements of settled cattle breeders (Kuyusai culture). The second stage is the archaic period of the history of Khorezm (VI-V centuries BC) is characterized by the introduction of advanced technologies (irrigation, construction, pottery) that appeared on the territory of the southern Aral Sea region as a result of a powerful cultural impulse from the southern ancient agricultural regions of Central Asia. During this period, the paleoeconomical system of the historical and cultural region is radically changing; agriculture there, based on artificial irrigation, becomes dominant. At the same time, it should be emphasized that these changes are not related to the change of population. The Khorezm agricultural culture in the period of the RSVC-II was born as a result of the interaction of the autochthonous, mainly pastoral, Sako- Kuyusai population of the Near-Kama region and groups of farmers and artisans, natives of the ancient agricultural regions of the south of Central Asia.

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Kirkby, M. J. "Water in the critical zone: soil, water and life from profile to planet." SOIL 2, no. 4 (2016): 631–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-631-2016.

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Abstract. Earth is unique in the combination of abundant liquid water, plate tectonics and life, providing the broad context within which the critical zone exists, as the surface skin of the land. Global differences in the availability of water provide a major control on the balance of processes operating in the soil, allowing the development of environments as diverse as those dominated by organic soils, by salty deserts or by deeply weathered lateritic profiles. Within the critical zone, despite the importance of water, the complexity of its relationships with the soil material continue to provide many fundamental barriers to our improved understanding, at the scales of pore, hillslope and landscape. Water is also a vital resource for the survival of increasing human populations. Intensive agriculture first developed in semi-arid areas where the availability of solar energy could be combined with irrigation water from more humid areas, minimising the problems of weed control with primitive tillage techniques. Today the challenge to feed the world requires improved, and perhaps novel, ways to optimise the combination of solar energy and water at a sustainable economic and environmental cost.

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Lesnik, Julie J. "The Colonial/Imperial History of Insect Food Avoidance in the United States." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, no. 6 (2019): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz023.

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Abstract Interest in edible insects has increased greatly since the 2013 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization demonstrated that insects offer an appealing option for a more sustainable livestock alternative. However, overcoming the cultural bias against insect consumption is necessary in order to see widespread adoption. In order to overcome the bias, it is important to first understand it. There is not a simple answer as to why westerners do not eat insects, but using the United States as an example, this paper works to untangle the history that western culture has with insects as food; a history that is stained by the colonial exploitation of native peoples. Notions that insects are a ‘primitive’ food source and the strong disgust response they trigger can be traced back to the 15th century and Age of Exploration. These ideas have persisted because of the perpetuation of European imperial attitudes and the unconscious transfer of the disgust emotion from parents to offspring for many generations. Fortunately, continued outreach events that normalize insects as food, especially those open to families, will be helpful in reprogramming mindsets that have been deeply rooted in our culture for centuries.

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