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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Amphibiens – Physiologie »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 21 septembre 2023

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1

Çömden, Esra Akat, Melodi Yenmiş, and Berna Çakır. "The Complex Bridge between Aquatic and Terrestrial Life: Skin Changes during Development of Amphibians." Journal of Developmental Biology 11, no. 1 (2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb11010006.

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Amphibian skin is a particularly complex organ that is primarily responsible for respiration, osmoregulation, thermoregulation, defense, water absorption, and communication. The skin, as well as many other organs in the amphibian body, has undergone the most extensive rearrangement in the adaptation from water to land. Structural and physiological features of skin in amphibians are presented within this review. We aim to procure extensive and updated information on the evolutionary history of amphibians and their transition from water to land—that is, the changes seen in their skin from the la
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Hernandez-Caballero, Irene, Luz Garcia-Longoria, Ivan Gomez-Mestre, and Alfonso Marzal. "The Adaptive Host Manipulation Hypothesis: Parasites Modify the Behaviour, Morphology, and Physiology of Amphibians." Diversity 14, no. 9 (2022): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14090739.

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Parasites have evolved different strategies to increase their transmission from one host to another. The Adaptive Host Manipulation hypothesis states that parasites induce modifications of host phenotypes that could maximise parasite fitness. There are numerous examples of parasite manipulation across a wide range of host and parasite taxa. However, the number of studies exploring the manipulative effects of parasites on amphibians is still scarce. Herein, we extensively review the current knowledge on phenotypic alterations in amphibians following parasite infection. Outcomes from different s
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Blaustein, Andrew R., Stephanie S. Gervasi, Pieter T. J. Johnson, et al. "Ecophysiology meets conservation: understanding the role of disease in amphibian population declines." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1596 (2012): 1688–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0011.

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Infectious diseases are intimately associated with the dynamics of biodiversity. However, the role that infectious disease plays within ecological communities is complex. The complex effects of infectious disease at the scale of communities and ecosystems are driven by the interaction between host and pathogen. Whether or not a given host–pathogen interaction results in progression from infection to disease is largely dependent on the physiological characteristics of the host within the context of the external environment. Here, we highlight the importance of understanding the outcome of infec
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Glinski, Donna A., S. Thomas Purucker, Robin J. Van Meter, Marsha C. Black, and W. Matthew Henderson. "Endogenous and exogenous biomarker analysis in terrestrial phase amphibians (Lithobates sphenocephala) following dermal exposure to pesticide mixtures." Environmental Chemistry 16, no. 1 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en18163.

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Environmental contextMetabolomics can be used to provide a snapshot of an organism’s physiology as the organism is exposed to varying environmental conditions. In this study, laboratory-reared amphibians were exposed to multiple pesticides, analogous to field exposures, resulting in an impact to both pesticide body concentrations and the amphibians’ hepatic metabolome. These data can be used in the environmental and ecological risk assessment of multiple pesticides in non-target species. AbstractPesticide mixtures are frequently co-applied throughout an agricultural growing season to maximise
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Storey, Kenneth B., and Janet M. Storey. "Molecular Physiology of Freeze Tolerance in Vertebrates." Physiological Reviews 97, no. 2 (2017): 623–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00016.2016.

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Freeze tolerance is an amazing winter survival strategy used by various amphibians and reptiles living in seasonally cold environments. These animals may spend weeks or months with up to ∼65% of their total body water frozen as extracellular ice and no physiological vital signs, and yet after thawing they return to normal life within a few hours. Two main principles of animal freeze tolerance have received much attention: the production of high concentrations of organic osmolytes (glucose, glycerol, urea among amphibians) that protect the intracellular environment, and the control of ice withi
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Frumkes, Thomas E., and Thor Eysteinsson. "The cellular basis for suppressive rod–cone interaction." Visual Neuroscience 1, no. 3 (1988): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800001929.

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AbstractThe response to spatially focal flicker is enhanced by dim, spatially diffuse, rod-stimulating backgrounds. This effect is called suppressive rod-cone interaction (SRCI) as it reflects a tonic, suppressive influence of dark-adapted rods upon cone pathways which is removed by selective rod-light adaptation. SRCI is observed in amphibian retina with intracellular recordings from most cone-driven cells including the cones themselves, and is most obvious using stimuli flickering at frequencies too rapid for rods to follow. SRCI is blocked by glutamate analogs which selectively block the ph
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Svinin, Anton O., Igor V. Chikhlyaev, Ivan W. Bashinskiy, et al. "Diversity of trematodes from the amphibian anomaly P hotspot: Role of planorbid snails." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (2023): e0281740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281740.

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Trematode infection of the second intermediate hosts can lead to changes in their fitness and, as a result, a change in the invasion rate of animal communities. It is especially pronounced during the invasion of parasite species that reduce activity due to the manipulation of hosts through the changes of their morphology and physiology. One of these cases is an anomaly P syndrome hotspot found in some populations of water frogs and toads in Europe caused by the trematode Strigea robusta metacercariae. The occurrence of pathogen and their participation in ecosystems are intrigues questions in t
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Yermolenko, S. V., V. S. Nedzvetsky, V. Y. Gasso, V. A. Spirina, V. B. Petrushevskyi, and V. V. Kyrychenko. "Low doses of imidacloprid induce neurotoxic effects in adult marsh frogs: GFAP, NfL, and angiostatin as biomarkers." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 13, no. 4 (2022): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022256.

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Imidacloprid is one of the most widely used insecticides in the world. The neurotoxicity of imidacloprid in adult amphibians has not been studied thoroughly. We investigated the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light chain (NfL) and angiostatin in the amphibian brain to identify valid biomarkers of low dose imidacloprid exposure. For the experiment, 30 individuals of the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus were selected. The amphibians were divided into five groups. The duration of the experiment was 7 and 21 days. The exposure concentrations were 10 and 100 µg/
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Turko, Andy J., Giulia S. Rossi, and Patricia A. Wright. "More than Breathing Air: Evolutionary Drivers and Physiological Implications of an Amphibious Lifestyle in Fishes." Physiology 36, no. 5 (2021): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00012.2021.

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Amphibious and aquatic air-breathing fishes both exchange respiratory gasses with the atmosphere, but these fishes differ in physiology, ecology, and possibly evolutionary origins. We introduce a scoring system to characterize interspecific variation in amphibiousness and use this system to highlight important unanswered questions about the evolutionary physiology of amphibious fishes.
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Gull, Mazhar, Stefan M. Schmitt, Roland E. Kälin, and André W. Brändli. "Screening of Chemical Libraries UsingXenopusEmbryos and Tadpoles for Phenotypic Drug Discovery." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2023, no. 4 (2022): pdb.prot098269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot098269.

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Phenotypic drug discovery assesses the effect of small molecules on the phenotype of cells, tissues, or whole organisms without a priori knowledge of the target or pathway. Using vertebrate embryos instead of cell-based assays has the advantage that the screening of small molecules occurs in the context of the complex biology and physiology of the whole organism. Fish and amphibians are the only classes of vertebrates with free-living larvae amenable to high-throughput drug screening in multiwell dishes. For both animal classes, particularly zebrafish andXenopus, husbandry requirements are str
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SÁNCHEZ-CAMACHO, CRISTINA, OSCAR MARÍN, and AGUSTÍN GONZÁLEZ. "Distribution and origin of the catecholaminergic innervation in the amphibian mesencephalic tectum." Visual Neuroscience 19, no. 3 (2002): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523802192091.

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The mesencephalic tectum plays a prominent role in integrating both visual and multimodal sensory information essential for normal behavior in amphibians. Activity in the mesencephalic tectum is thought to be modulated by the influence of distinct neurochemical inputs, including the catecholaminergic and the cholinergic systems. In the present study, we have investigated the distribution and the origin of the catecholaminergic innervation of the mesencephalic tectum in two amphibian species, the anuran Rana perezi and the urodele Pleurodeles waltl. Immunohistochemistry for dopamine and two enz
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Greenberg, Dan A., and Wendy J. Palen. "Hydrothermal physiology and climate vulnerability in amphibians." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1945 (2021): 20202273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2273.

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Concerns over the consequences of global climate change for biodiversity have spurred a renewed interest in organismal thermal physiology. However, temperature is only one of many environmental axes poised to change in the future. In particular, hydrologic regimes are also expected to shift concurrently with temperature in many regions, yet our understanding of how thermal and hydration physiology jointly affect performance and fitness is still limited for most taxonomic groups. Here, we investigated the relationship between functional performance, hydration state and temperature in three ecol
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BAILES, HELENA J., ANN E. O. TREZISE, and SHAUN P. COLLIN. "The optics of the growing lungfish eye: Lens shape, focal ratio and pupillary movements inNeoceratodus forsteri(Krefft, 1870)." Visual Neuroscience 24, no. 3 (2007): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523807070381.

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Lungfish (order Dipnoi) evolved during the Devonian period and are believed to be the closest living relatives to the land vertebrates. Here we describe the previously unknown morphology of the lungfish eye in order to examine ocular adaptations present in early sarcopterygian fish. Unlike many teleosts, the Australian lungfishNeoceratodus forsteripossesses a mobile pupil with a slow pupillary response similar to amphibians. The structure of the eye changes from juvenile to adult, with both eye and lens becoming more elliptical in shape with growth. This change in structure results in a decrea
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Ríos, Eduardo, Jingsong Zhou, Gustavo Brum, Bradley S. Launikonis, and Michael D. Stern. "Calcium-dependent Inactivation Terminates Calcium Release in Skeletal Muscle of Amphibians." Journal of General Physiology 131, no. 4 (2008): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200709870.

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In skeletal muscle of amphibians, the cell-wide cytosolic release of calcium that enables contraction in response to an action potential appears to be built of Ca2+ sparks. The mechanism that rapidly terminates this release was investigated by studying the termination of Ca2+ release underlying sparks. In groups of thousands of sparks occurring spontaneously in membrane-permeabilized frog muscle cells a complex relationship was found between amplitude a and rise time T, which in sparks corresponds to the active time of the underlying Ca2+ release. This relationship included a range of T where
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BENOIT, EVELYNE. "A Quantitative Description of Nodal Membrane Currents in Myelinated Nerve Fibres of the Lizard Anous Carolinensis." Journal of Experimental Biology 151, no. 1 (1990): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.151.1.405.

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Experiments were performed on individual nodes of Ranvier from a lizard at 15–16°C, using the method of Nonner (1969). In addition to a leakage current (mean conductance of 19.7 nS), the membrane ionic currents consisted of a Na+ current, completely inhibited by lμmoll−1 external tetrodotoxin, and a K+ current, sensitive to external tetraethylammonium ions and to internal caesium ions. The inactivation time course of the Na+current at 0 mV was well fitted by the sum of two exponential phases, one fast and one slow, with mean time constants of 0.68 and 2.92 ms, respectively. In contrast to obse
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Stiffler, D. F. "Amphibian calcium metabolism." Journal of Experimental Biology 184, no. 1 (1993): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.184.1.47.

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Calcium is present in amphibian blood at a concentration similar to that in other vertebrates, about 1–2 mmol l-1. The fraction of free calcium in amphibians is lower than that in other tetrapod vertebrates because about 50% of the plasma Ca2+ is bound to plasma proteins and perhaps other molecules. Plasma [Ca2+] varies seasonally, increasing in spring and summer and decreasing in winter. Changes in plasma [Ca2+] also occur during larval development, as the concentration of this ion increases in larval forms as they approach metamorphosis. Calcium is exchanged at a variety of sites in animals.
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Griffioen, John A., Devorah M. Stowe, Macy Trosclair, Larry J. Minter, Chelsey Vanetten, and Tara M. Harrison. "Comparison of Dilution on Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) and Marine Toad (Rhinella marinus) Blood Parameters as Measured on a Portable Chemistry Analyzer." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (August 27, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8843058.

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Biochemical testing is an important clinical tool in evaluating the physiology of reptiles and amphibians. Suitable point of care analyzers can allow for rapid delivery of results, but small patient size can inhibit sufficient sample collection. This study evaluated the utility of sample dilution with sterile distilled water as a means of biochemical evaluation when sample volume is limited. Blood was collected from 12 eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) and 12 marine toads (Rhinella marinus) and analyzed via i-STAT CHEM8+ cartridges. Two undiluted samples and two samples diluted
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Noronha-de-Souza, Carolina R., Kênia C. Bícego, Gustavo Michel, Mogens L. Glass, Luiz G. S. Branco, and Luciane H. Gargaglioni. "Locus coeruleus is a central chemoreceptive site in toads." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291, no. 4 (2006): R997—R1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00090.2006.

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The locus coeruleus (LC) has been suggested as a CO2 chemoreceptor site in mammals. This nucleus is a mesencephalic structure of the amphibian brain and is probably homologous to the LC in mammals. There are no data available for the role of LC in the central chemoreception of amphibians. Thus the present study was designed to investigate whether LC of toads ( Bufo schneideri) is a CO2/H+ chemoreceptor site. Fos immunoreactivity was used to verify whether the nucleus is activated by hypercarbia (5% CO2 in air). In addition, we assessed the role of noradrenergic LC neurons on respiratory and ca
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Dunand, M., M. L. Aubert, J. P. Kraehenbuhl, and B. C. Rossier. "Specific binding sites for ovine prolactin in three amphibian cell lines." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 248, no. 1 (1985): C80—C87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1985.248.1.c80.

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Established cell lines (TB-6c and TB-M) obtained by continuous culture of epithelial cells from toad Bufo marinus urinary bladder, which, in culture, maintained a high degree of functional differentiation, exhibited a significant number of high-affinity (KA = 1-2 X 10(10) M-1) binding sites detected both with radioiodinated (125I) ovine prolactin (oPRL) and human growth hormone (hGH). Binding capacity was higher in the case of TB-6c cells (7,573 +/- 581 sites/cell) than with the TB-M cells (1,160 +/- 87). Similarly, binding sites for oPRL were characterized on Xenopus laevis kidney-derived cel
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Wassersug, Richard J., Akemi Izumi-kurotani, Masamichi Yamashita, and Tomio Naitoh. "Motion sickness in amphibians." Behavioral and Neural Biology 60, no. 1 (1993): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-1047(93)90703-k.

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Phillips, John B., Mark E. Deutschlander, Michael J. Freake, and S. Chris Borland. "The role of extraocular photoreceptors in newt magnetic compass orientation: parallels between light-dependent magnetoreception and polarized light detection in vertebrates." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 14 (2001): 2543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.14.2543.

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SUMMARYTheoretical models implicating specialized photoreceptors in the detection of the geomagnetic field have been the impetus for studying the effects of light on magnetic compass orientation. Magnetic orientation in flies, amphibians and birds has been found to be influenced by light, and in all these groups a shift of approximately 90° in the direction of magnetic compass orientation has been observed under certain wavelengths and/or intensities of light. In the eastern red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens, wavelength-dependent effects of light on magnetic compass orientation appear
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Pinder, A., and S. Friet. "OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN EGG MASSES OF THE AMPHIBIANS RANA SYLVATICA AND AMBYSTOMA MACULATUM: CONVECTION, DIFFUSION AND OXYGEN PRODUCTION BY ALGAE." Journal of Experimental Biology 197, no. 1 (1994): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.197.1.17.

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Many amphibians lay their eggs in gelatinous masses up to 10­20 cm in diameter, posing problems for diffusive oxygen delivery. Oxygen may also be provided by water convection between eggs or by oxygen production by endogenous algae. We studied egg masses of two local amphibians, Rana sylvatica and Ambystoma maculatum, to estimate the importance of each of these processes. We injected dye to check for water channels, measured oxygen partial pressures within egg masses to determine the influence of external water convection and lighting, measured oxygen consumption and production in dark
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Gabor, Caitlin R., Caitlin R. Gabor, Jaime Bosch, et al. "A non-invasive water-borne hormone assay for amphibians." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 2 (2013): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002877.

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Anthropogenic disturbances have been implicated in the rapid decline of amphibians. Disturbances, such as disease and poor water quality, might cause changes in the physiology of amphibians resulting in chronic stress, which can result in decreased growth and development as well as immunosuppression. In amphibians, corticosterone (CORT) is the main hormone released in response to stressors. We took the first steps towards validating a new, non-invasive, technique to assay CORT in amphibians using a water-borne collection method previously used only with fish. In validation of this technique, w
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Sundqvist, Monika. "Developmental changes of purinergic control of intestinal motor activity during metamorphosis in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292, no. 5 (2007): R1916—R1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00785.2006.

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Little is known about the purinergic regulation of intestinal motor activity in amphibians. Purinergic control of intestinal motility is subject to changes during development in mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate purinergic control of intestinal smooth muscle in the amphibian Xenopus laevis and explore possible changes in this system during the developmental phase of metamorphosis. Effects of purinergic compounds on mean force and contraction frequency in intestinal circular muscle strips from prometamorphic, metamorphic, and juvenile animals were investigated. Before metamorpho
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Houck, Lynne D. "Pheromone Communication in Amphibians and Reptiles." Annual Review of Physiology 71, no. 1 (2009): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163134.

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Pearce, J. L., D. Schuurman, K. N. Barber, et al. "Pitfall trap designs to maximize invertebrate captures and minimize captures of nontarget vertebrates." Canadian Entomologist 137, no. 2 (2005): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-029.

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AbstractPitfall traps containing a preservative have become the standard method of sampling for epigeal invertebrates such as carabid beetles and cursorial spiders. However, they often result in high levels of mortality for small mammals and amphibians. We compared the carabid, spider, and vertebrate captures within five pitfall trap types (conventional trap, funnel trap, shallow trap, Nordlander trap, and the ramp trap) to determine the trap type that would reduce vertebrate incidental catch without compromising the capture of invertebrates. We also examined the effect of a mesh screen over p
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Taylor, Edwin W., David Jordan, and John H. Coote. "Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and Their Interactions in Vertebrates." Physiological Reviews 79, no. 3 (1999): 855–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1999.79.3.855.

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This review explores the fundamental neuranatomical and functional bases for integration of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates and traces their evolution through the vertebrate groups, from primarily water-breathing fish and larval amphibians to facultative air-breathers such as lungfish and some adult amphibians and finally obligate air-breathers among the reptiles, birds, and mammals. A comparative account of respiratory rhythm generation leads to consideration of the changing roles in cardiorespiratory integration for central and peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanor
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BARNI, SERGIO, VITTORIO BERTONE, ANNA CLETA CROCE, GIOVANNI BOTTIROLI, FRANCO BERNINI, and GIUSEPPE GERZELI. "Increase in liver pigmentation during natural hibernation in some amphibians." Journal of Anatomy 195, no. 1 (1999): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021878299004999.

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The amount/distribution of liver melanin in 3 amphibian species (Rana esculenta, Triturus a. apuanus, Triturus carnifex) was studied during 2 periods of the annual cycle (summer activity–winter hibernation) by light and electron microscopy, image analysis and microspectrofluorometry. The increase in liver pigmentation (melanin content) during winter appeared to be correlated with morphological and functional modifications in the hepatocytes, which at this period were characterised by a decrease in metabolic activity. These findings were interpreted according to the functional role (e.g. phagoc
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Carvajalino-Fernández, Juan Manuel, Maria Argenis Bonilla Gomez, Liliana Giraldo-Gutierréz, and Carlos Arturo Navas. "Freeze tolerance in neotropical frogs: an intrageneric comparison using Pristimantis species of high elevation and medium elevation." Journal of Tropical Ecology 37, no. 3 (2021): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646742100016x.

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AbstractParamos are high-elevation tropical Andean ecosystems above the tree line that display variable temperature and frequent freezing spells. Because a significant anuran community lives in this environment, physiological protection against freezing must characterise individuals in this community. Antifreeze protection has been studied in amphibians from other communities, and it is likely that Paramo anurans rely on the same underlying molecules that convey such protection to Nearctic species. However, given the pervasive presence of freezing spells in the Paramos year-round, the processe
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Kettlun, Claudia, Adom González, Eduardo Ríos, and Michael Fill. "Unitary Ca2+ Current through Mammalian Cardiac and Amphibian Skeletal Muscle Ryanodine Receptor Channels under Near-physiological Ionic Conditions." Journal of General Physiology 122, no. 4 (2003): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200308843.

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Ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels from mammalian cardiac and amphibian skeletal muscle were incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. Unitary Ca2+ currents in the SR lumen-to-cytosol direction were recorded at 0 mV in the presence of caffeine (to minimize gating fluctuations). Currents measured with 20 mM lumenal Ca2+ as exclusive charge carrier were 4.00 and 4.07 pA, respectively, and not significantly different. Currents recorded at 1–30 mM lumenal Ca2+ concentrations were attenuated by physiological [K+] (150 mM) and [Mg2+] (1 mM), in the same proportion (∼55%) in mammalian and amphibian cha
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Kikuyama, Sakaé, Kazutoshi Yamamoto, Takeo Iwata, and Fumiyo Toyoda. "Peptide and protein pheromones in amphibians." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 132, no. 1 (2002): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00534-6.

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Fritsche, R., and A. Jacobsson. "Ontogeny of cardiovascular regulation in amphibians." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 124 (August 1999): S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(99)90120-4.

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Gargaglioni, Luciane H., and William K. Milsom. "Control of breathing in anuran amphibians." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 147, no. 3 (2007): 665–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.040.

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Gargaglioni, L. H. "24.2. Control of Breathing in Amphibians." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 148 (August 2007): S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.06.285.

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Huang, Min Yi, Ren Yan Duan, and Xiao Li Ji. "Amphibian as a Model to Study Environmental Problem." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3179.

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In order to obtain a better insight of the possible threat of environmental factor to wildlife, especially to amphibians, we studied influences of dicofol on heart rate inR. nigromaculataby applying biological signal recording and monitoring system.R. nigromaculatawas injected in ventral lymph follicle in different doses of dicofol solution, and then observed the changes of heart rate after 7 days. The results showed that with the concentration of dicofol solution increasing, the heart rate, systolic tension and diastolic tension changed. The aim of this research is to discuss the cause of dic
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36

Theiss, Klaus, H. Peter Richter, Adolf Dörge, and Bernd Lindemann. "Vacuolation of Isolated Amphibian Urocytes." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 2, no. 5 (1992): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000154647.

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37

Gnionsahe, A., M. Claire, N. Koechlin, J. P. Bonvalet, and N. Farman. "Aldosterone binding sites along nephron of Xenopus and rabbit." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 1 (1989): R87—R95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.1.r87.

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Distal segment of several amphibians exhibits aldosterone-modulated ion transport properties. On the other hand, A6 cells, derived from Xenopus laevis (XL) kidney, are aldosterone sensitive. We examined the distribution of aldosterone binding sites in isolated tubules of XL compared with rabbit. After incubation with 2 nM [3H]aldosterone, microdissected tubular segments from proximal (PT), distal straight segment (DST), and flask cell collecting (CT) tubules from XL and from rabbit cortical thick ascending limb (CTAL), connecting (CNT), and collecting (CCD) tubules were processed for dry film
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38

Woodley, Sarah K. "Pheromonal communication in amphibians." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 196, no. 10 (2010): 713–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-010-0540-6.

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39

Smotherman, M. S., and P. M. Narins. "Hair cells, hearing and hopping: a field guide to hair cell physiology in the frog." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 15 (2000): 2237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.15.2237.

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For more than four decades, hearing in frogs has been an important source of information for those interested in auditory neuroscience, neuroethology and the evolution of hearing. Individual features of the frog auditory system can be found represented in one or many of the other vertebrate classes, but collectively the frog inner ear represents a cornucopia of evolutionary experiments in acoustic signal processing. The mechano-sensitive hair cell, as the focal point of transduction, figures critically in the encoding of acoustic information in the afferent auditory nerve. In this review, we p
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40

Gaudino, G., A. Fasolo, G. Merlo, et al. "Active peptides from amphibian skin are also amphibian neuropeptides." Peptides 6 (January 1985): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(85)90376-6.

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41

Bögi, Christian, Gregor Levy, Ilka Lutz, and Werner Kloas. "Functional genomics and sexual differentiation in amphibians." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 133, no. 4 (2002): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00162-8.

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42

Theiss, Klaus, Pedro Mestres-Ventura, H. Peter Richter, and Bernd Lindemann. "Membrane Redistribution in Isolated Amphibian Urocytes." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 2, no. 5 (1992): 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000154645.

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Kondrashev, S. L. "Neuroethology and color vision in amphibians." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10, no. 3 (1987): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0002330x.

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Hillman, Stanley S., Andrew Zygmunt, and Mark Baustian. "Transcapillary Fluid Forces during Dehydration in Two Amphibians." Physiological Zoology 60, no. 3 (1987): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/physzool.60.3.30162287.

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45

Oishi, Tadashi, Kiyoko Nagai, Yumiko Harada, et al. "Circadian Rhythms in Amphibians and Reptiles: Ecological Implications." Biological Rhythm Research 35, no. 1-2 (2004): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09291010412331313278.

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46

WOOD, CHRIS M., R. S. MUNGER, and D. P. TOEWS. "Ammonia, Urea and H+ Distribution and the Evolution of Ureotelism in Amphibians." Journal of Experimental Biology 144, no. 1 (1989): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.144.1.215.

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In theory, the distribution of ammonia across cell membranes (Tammi/Tamme) between intracellular and extracellular fluids (ICF and ECF) may be determined by the transmembrane pH gradient (as in mammals), the transmembrane potential (as in teleost fish), or both, depending on the relative permeability of the membranes to NH3 and NH4+ (pNH3/pNH4+). The resting distributions of H+ (via [14C]DMO), ammonia and urea between plasma and skeletal muscle, and the relative excretion rates of ammonia-N and urea-N, were measured in five amphibian species (Bufo marinus, Ambystoma tigrinum, Rana catesbeiana,
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47

Gargaglioni, Luciane H., Janice T. Meier, Luiz G. S. Branco, and William K. Milsom. "Role of midbrain in the control of breathing in anuran amphibians." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 1 (2007): R447—R457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00793.2006.

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The present study was designed to explore systematically the midbrain of unanesthetized, decerebrate anuran amphibians (bullfrogs), using chemical and electrical stimulation and midbrain transections to identify sites capable of exciting and inhibiting breathing. Ventilation was measured as fictive motor output from the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve and the laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve. The results of our transection studies suggest that, under resting conditions, the net effect of inputs from sites within the rostral half of the midbrain is to increase fictive breathing fre
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48

GLEESON, TODD T. "Patterns of Metabolic Recovery from Exercise in Amphibians and Reptiles." Journal of Experimental Biology 160, no. 1 (1991): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.160.1.187.

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The physiological responses of amphibians and reptiles undergoing vigorous exercise are qualitatively similar to those of other vertebrates. Oxygen consumption increases rapidly to rates that are three- to 10-fold the rates at rest. The aerobic response to graded exercise in locomoting reptiles and amphibians is for the most part linear. Oxygen transport by the cardiovascular system during exercise is accomplished by factorial increases in heart rate and oxygen extraction from arterial blood in a fashion similar to that in mammals. Increments in stroke volume during exercise are small or in so
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49

Fishman, A. P., R. G. DeLaney, and P. Laurent. "Circulatory adaptation to bimodal respiration in the dipnoan lungfish." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 2 (1985): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.285.

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In the dipnoan lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus, P. annectens, and Lepidosiren paradoxa, the ductus is a short powerful muscular vascular trunk forming a channel for communication between the systemic and pulmonary circulations. In structure, the dipnoan ductus is very similar to the ductus arteriosus (Botalli) in the mammal. Innervation is abundant, consisting of myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers issuing, at least in part, from the vagus. Neurons are present in the adventitia, and numerous nerve profiles, filled with small agranular vesicles, are closely associated with the myocytes,
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50

Stinner, J. N., L. K. Hartzler, M. R. Grguric, and D. L. Newlon. "A protein titration hypothesis for the temperature-dependence of tissue CO2 content in reptiles and amphibians." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 3 (1998): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.3.415.

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Whole-body CO2 stores are known to increase with cooling in reptiles and amphibians (-[CO2]/T ). The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism(s) producing this inverse relationship. The [CO2]/T coefficients were determined for eight reptilian and one amphibian species and were found to differ by a factor of approximately 10, from -0.21 mmol kg-1 °C-1 in the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca to -0.02 mmol kg-1 °C-1 in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. The [CO2]/T coefficients were correlated with values in the literature for in vivo plasma pH/T coefficients
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