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MAHMOUD, Sahira Hussein. "OTTOMAN NAVAL WARS (1454-1918): (HISTORICAL STUDY)." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 04, no. 01 (2022): 557–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.15.39.
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Most researchers focus on the land wars of the conflicting countries in ancient, contemporary, or modern history, which gives naval battles and their effects a second role in the causes of victory or defeat. Ottoman naval power and its battles are no exception. Through my study of most of the Ottoman wars in the ancient Ottoman and modern Turkish sources, I found that the impact of naval warfare is no less important than land wars, although they were not the direct causes of victory or defeat. Therefore, my research came to show the naval battles of the Ottoman Empire and to shed light on their causes and consequences.
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Papalas, Anthony J. "Book Review: Great Naval Battles of the Ancient Greek World." International Journal of Maritime History 31, no. 4 (2019): 944–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419874006p.
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Lazenby, J. F. "Naval Warfare in the Ancient World: Myths and Realities." International History Review 9, no. 3 (1987): 438–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640451.
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Nantet, Emmanuel. "“ Hippapai !” Horse-Carriers: A Master Ship of Ancient Thalassocracies." Klio 105, no. 2 (2023): 486–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/klio-2022-0029.
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Summary Most powerful ancient navies included a type of ship that conveyed cavalry known as hippagogos – a master weapon of all sea powers – to carry out their expeditions overseas. Ancient thalassocracies understood that their dominion depended not only on fighting ships. Cavalry was necessary for victory on land and was thus a necessary component of their maritime strategy. Control of Mediterranean waters necessitated the construction of horse-carriers that provided much needed auxiliary support to the fleet. Although a naval force might include only a few of these vessels, their role was essential, and for this reason they were part of every significant fleet. Only sea powers with large resources and advanced nautical skills could commission horse-transports, which were old warships that had been transformed. This investigation traces the evolution in the use of vessels conveying cavalry from Persian expeditions in the Aegean to the Battle of Actium. The study considers the literary and epigraphic sources evidencing them in order to emphasize their continued importance for the evolution of naval warfare throughout antiquity. Athenian horse-carriers are the best documented examples and are considered the most extensively, even though many other powers used these kinds of vessels. At the peak of their maritime empire, the Athenian employed horse-carriers on multiple occasions against their enemies. The city-state was renowned for them to the extent that Aristophanes dedicated a comedic episode to them in his play Knights, which indicates the great interest of elites in these vessels. The article also reassesses the role of the cavalrymen who played pivotal roles in the expeditions of all maritime empires in antiquity.
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Kumari, Madhu, and Shubhangi Rathore Rathore. "Project Udbhav: Integrating Ancient Wisdom with Modern Indian Military Pedagogy." Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies 05, no. 05 (2024): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.47362/ejsss.2024.5505.
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Throughout history, humanity has seen many destructive wars, especially in India. Early wars in India were fought by the people of the Indus Valley civilization, who were skilled in building forts for defense. Hindu civilization had a rich knowledge of warfare, military strategies, and martial arts. Ancient political thinkers considered War as an extension of politics, a fallout of interstate relations. Strategies were both offensive and defensive. The ancient Indian thinkers instated war as a means of increasing royal glory and outright conquest. The battles depicted in the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata provide valuable information about the warfare mechanism of the ancient period. 'Project UDBHAV,' a collaborative effort between the Indian Army and the United Services Institution of India (USI), and the government of India, emphasized the project's significance, aiming to revisit India's ancient military thoughts. The initiative seeks to synthesize ancient knowledge, particularly from texts like Chanakya's Arthashastra and Thirukkural, with modern military practices. Examining historical campaigns, leaders, and examples like the Naval Battle of Saraighat, the paper highlights the enduring relevance of ancient Indian military strategies. The paper will also focus on contemporary military practices addressing modern challenges and the importance of Indian historical strategies in tackling diplomatic complexities.
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Denker, A., and H. Oniz. "ANCIENT SHIPYARD ON TURKEY’S DANA ISLAND: ITS 3D MODELLING WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-289-2018.
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Although a small island 2 km off the southern coast of Turkey, Dana Island offers a rich history which is likely to shed light upon the Dark Ages. Starting from 2015 our archaeological team discovered through continuing coastal and underwater excavations 274 shipsheds/slipways there. This discovery places Dana Island among the biggest shipyards of antiquity. The slipways varied in dimensions suitable for vessels of different sizes from small boats to large warships. Historical sources suggest that the name of the island may stem from Yadnana, Yadana or Adana which was mentioned in an Assyrian tablet of the 8th century BC, as an island in the vicinity of Cyprus. Archaeological evidence exists that shows Dana Island had played a significant role in seamanship activities in Levant starting from Neolithic times. A substantial part of the naval campaigns must have involved Dana Island which used be the biggest shipyard/naval base of the Eastern Mediterranean. A 3D model of the island has been made by using photogrammetry and computer graphics methods and simulations were executed to check the hypotheses related to the involvement of Dana Island in the major sea battles of antiquity, such as Sea Battle of Lade in 495 BC.
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Bhattacharya, Deepak, and Sahadeva Sahoo. "Odra: Naval and Merchant Vessels (Maritime science heritage: Sanatan Nau vigyan: Select discussions)." Maritime Technology and Research 4, no. 2 (2021): 253758. http://dx.doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2022.253758.
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Odra (riparian) is a historical entity, a synonym for the Kalinga empire (India) which was maritime in nature and had a robust seafaring heritage. In this paper, the south-east Asian archipelago nexus is touched upon, along with less well known aspects of Indo-Asian maritime history. Historically-dated artifacts are presented; naval and merchandise issues ranging from the period c.1200 to 1900 C.E., are discussed. A possible depiction of the empire’s fleet (c.12th C.E) is conceptualized. Boat-related numerical calculations are adduced, and associated physics and mechanics of ocean sailing are discussed. Ancient high speed and stable barges are discussed. In-continuum heritage practice and real-time modeling are presented.
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Ахссан, Раша, and Т. В. Кудрявцева. "NAVAL TACTICS AT THE BATTLE OF SALAMIS." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: История, no. 1(61) (April 1, 2022): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vthistory/2022.1.092-103.
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Морское сражение при Саламине между греками и персами, произошедшее в 480 г. до н.э., было одним из самых известных сражений в древней истории. В статье рассмотрен ряд дискуссионных вопросов о подготовке и ходе Саламинского сражения. Анализируются данные о количестве греческих и персидских кораблей, приводимые в источниках, особенно у Геродота и Эсхила, и дискуссия относительно данной проблемы в современной историографии. Внимание было уделено проводимым афинскими и другими греческими кораблями морским маневрам, позволившим грекам, несмотря на малочисленность их кораблей по сравнению с персидскими, разгромить персидский флот и нанести ему большие потери. Делается вывод: в проливе Саламин афиняне использовала громоздкость своих кораблей с выгодой для себя в сочетании со своей военно-морской тактикой. The naval battle of Salamis between the Greeks and Persians in 480 BC was one of the most famous battles in ancient history. The article considers a number of debatable questions about the preparation and course of the Salamis battle. The data on the number of Greek and Persian ships given in the sources, especially those of Herodotus and Aeschylus, and the discussion regarding this problem in modern historiography are analyzed. Attention was paid to the naval maneuvers conducted by the Athenian and other Greek ships, which allowed the Greeks, despite the small number of their ships compared to the Persians, to defeat the Persian fleet and inflict heavy losses on it. It is concluded that in the Strait of Salamis, the Athenians used the bulkiness of their ships to their advantage in combination with their naval tactics.
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Balletti, C., F. Guerra, and A. Lorenzon. "THE VENETIAN <i>GALEA</i>: FROM THE WOODEN MODEL TO THE DIGITAL MODEL." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 14, 2020): 1371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-1371-2020.
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Abstract. The Venetian galea (galley), dominating the Mediterranean Sea for almost 1000 years, is one of the most emblematic and fascinating objects in the history and culture of the Serenissima Republic of San Marco, the official name of ancient Venice. This boat has changed according to the needs and developments that have taken place over the centuries, proving versatile and powerful in military and commercial use.Unfortunately, no complete specimen has been received, and everything that can be known about galleys derives from paintings made in different eras, in models and in some original parts, kept inside the Naval Historical Museum of Venice.Another source are some manuscripts, where part of the traditional shipbuilding knowledge is handed down. To understand a galley it is necessary to understand which techniques were used by the proti (directors of the ancient shipyard) which differ substantially from the current design.These techniques were the synthesis of knowledge handed down from person to person and which did not make use of design drawings such as are used today. To obtain the reconstruction of a galley, lacking complete original drawings, we collected and analyzed different documentation that testified the ancient forms.The presented work aims to reconstruct a digital model of a galea starting from the photogrammetric and laser scanning survey of a wooden model of the hull of half of a 25-bench galley of the mid-seventeenth century. The surveyed maquette and brought back to the real scale was integrated by some artifacts present at the Naval History Museum of Venice, surveyed with photogrammetric techniques and laser scanning too.In this way a hypothetical configuration was reconstructed (by synthesis of collected and historical data) which shows the shape that this boat could reasonably have had. The result is a digital model, then printed to the scale, obtained by three-dimensional modeling starting from the point clouds of the maquette and the original artifacts. This final model has been compared with all the iconographic and documentary sources for its historical validation.The results obtained were used for a set-up aimed at enhancing the museum, because it was intended for a large audience.
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Shen, John. "New Thoughts on the Use of Chinese Documents in the Reconstruction of Early Swahili History." History in Africa 22 (January 1995): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171921.
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For a long time, scholars have known that the ancient Sino-East Africantrade relationship produced valuable accounts of East Africa in the Chinese imperial archives. Particularly, the historical documents compiled during the T'ang, Sung, and Ming dynasties contain several insightful snapshots of East Africa over the span of 800 years. Unfortunately, due to the difficulty of translating ancient Chinese texts, scholars have not been able to utilize these documents fully. In other cases, scholars have misused the translations to derive conclusions that may not be supported by the original text. In this essay I propose to re-examine the original Chinese sources and the way these sources have been used by subsequent scholars. Furthermore, I shall explore the real or potential contribution of these texts to our understanding of East African coastal history.The primary source of Chinese knowledge about East Africa during the T'ang dynasty (618-907) comes from Ching–hsing Chi (“Record of Travels”) and Yu–yang Tsa–tsu (“Assorted Dishes from Yu–yang”). During the Sung dynasty (960-1279), most of the information is recorded in Chu-fan-chih (“Gazetteer of Foreigners”) and Ling–wai Tai–ta (“Information from Beyond the Mountains”). Finally, the record of the Ming (1368-1644) naval expedition into the western Indian Ocean is preserved in Wu–pei–chih (“Notes on Military Preparedness”), Hsing–ch'a Sheng–lan (“Triumphant Vision of the Starry Raft”), and Ming Shih (“History of the Ming Dynasty”).
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Oxley, Ian. "Scapa Flow and the protection and management of Scotland's historic military shipwrecks." Antiquity 76, no. 293 (2002): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00091353.
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IntroductionIn the past Britain has been a global naval, mercantile and industrial power and, as an island which has benefited from successive waves of settlement, its history is inextricably linked to its surrounding seas (Lavery 2001). High volumes of shipping traffic and a long history of seafaring and warfare have contributed to a density of shipwreck remains in UK territorial waters which is likely to be amongst the highest in the world.Recently warship wrecks have been given a significantly higher degree of attention in the UK and world-wide, and the recent ‘scheduling’ of the German High Seas Fleet wrecks under the terms of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 2979 (AMAA 1979) has led to new challenges in heritage management. At the same time as we are becoming aware of the value of these resources, the administrative, legislative, environmental and social frameworks in which they have to be managed are changing rapidly.
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Sunarto. "The Impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on the Music of Indonesia." ASIAN-EUROPEAN MUSIC RESEARCH JOURNAL 11 (June 22, 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/aemr.11-1.
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The incorporation of Hinduism and Buddhism in Indonesia has given a unique characteristic to the Indonesian cultural reality. Since the Kalinga–Bali Yatra (from 320 BC to the establishment of Kalinga kingdom in Central Java around 500 AD), that is, the yearly ancient naval expedition of sailors from Orissa (Kalinga in India) to the Swarnadwipa Islands (Malacca, Sumatera, Java, Borneo, and Bali), the culture of Hinduism and Buddhism has been slowly introduced and acknowledged by the people of Indonesia. The earliest interaction between Hinduism/Buddhism and the locals could be tracked since the period of Kalinga kingdom in the central part of Java island. The influence of Hinduism and Buddhism in Indonesian traditional culture has penetrated to the people’s musical tradition in Java and Bali. On top of that, the story of Ramayana and Mahabharata has been adopted into Wayang Kulit tradition in Java. Among other Hindu–Buddhist influences in Indonesia comprise Indian drama– dance, Rasa esthetic theory, Mahayana Buddhist influence in Bedoyo, Slendro pathet (Javanese gamelan musical organization system), and Hinayana Buddhist concept of removal of nine consciousness of human beings.
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Grigoropoulos, Dimitris. "THE PIRAEUS FROM 86 BC TO LATE ANTIQUITY: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE LANDSCAPE, FUNCTION AND ECONOMY OF THE PORT OF ROMAN ATHENS." Annual of the British School at Athens 111 (January 7, 2016): 239–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245415000106.
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Modern perceptions of the ancient Piraeus have been monopolised by the urban image and function of the port as the naval stronghold of Classical Athens. Existing scholarship so far has tended to consider the post-Classical centuries, especially the era following the sack of the port in 86bcby the Romans, as a period of decline. Such preconceptions, based on largely superficial readings of a few ancient literary texts and a near-total disregard of the material evidence, have created a distorted image of the Piraeus and its significance in the Roman period. Drawing upon textual sources as well as archaeological evidence, this paper explores the changing nature of urban settlement, maritime functions and the economy of the port from the time of its destruction in 86bcto around the sixth centuryad. Particular emphasis is placed on a re-examination of the existing evidence from rescue excavations conducted by the Greek Archaeological Service as they relate to the topography of the Roman port and its long-term evolution. This combined study offers a more complex picture of the infrastructure, urban image and operational capability of the port during the Roman period than was hitherto possible. It also permits a more balanced understanding of the port's function at local, regional and provincial levels, and thus enables comparisons with other Roman ports in the Aegean and the rest of the Mediterranean.
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James, Dylan. "Nearchus, Guides, and Place Names on Alexander’s Expedition." Mnemosyne 73, no. 4 (2020): 553–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342496.
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Abstract The use of ὀνοµαζόµενα at Arr. Ind. 27.1 continues to puzzle scholars. This article uses the textual debate as a jumping-off point to explore Nearchus’ presentation of naval guides and their role on Alexander’s expedition, something which previous interpretations of the passage have not adequately considered. Through examination of all Nearchan fragments, I argue that providing local place names was a key aspect of a guide’s role and significant for navigation. It is also suggested that the use of this verb may additionally refer to the Macedonians’ practice of giving places new names or altering indigenous names; in this section, comparative material from New World conquest is brought to bear on the ancient evidence. In light of this analysis, I conclude that the manuscript reading of ὀνοµαζόµενα should be retained.
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Feofanov, Aleksandr M. "The Educational Differentiation of the Russian Nobility during the Reign of Elizabeth." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 333–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.202.
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This article analyses the educational differentiation of the nobility during the reign of Elizabeth expressed in the status of their property (number of “souls”); the geographical location of their estates; the educational institutions where they were sent; and the age when they began education. It is based on a wide array of historical sources, among which archival records from the collections of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. The data of registration of gentry were supplemented by materials from educational institutions (The Noble Land Cadet Corps, The Naval Cadet Corps, artillery and engineering schools, Gymnasium of Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences). The article demonstrates the career achievements; establishes which schools gave a higher percentage of students who replenished the elite of the Russian Empire. The median value of the estate for all gentry was 20 souls, including those who did not have peasants. The poorest representatives of the “noble proletariat” were students of garrison schools, more than half of whom did not have peasants at all. The highest was the median value of serf-ownership among the students of the Noble Land Cadet Corps. Average and big noble landowners (owners of hundreds and thousands of “souls”) studied in the Noble Land Cadet Corps. The percentage of generals from the families of major and middle-rank landowners was also the highest among graduates of the Noble Land Cadet Corps. The presented figures clearly show the preferences of different layers of nobility, their educational strategies, the results of their career advancement.
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Pivovarov, Evgeny G., and Andrey Yu Skrydlov. "“Survey of F. P. Litke’s Papers Collection Stored in the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts” Compiled by the Historian and Archivist V. L. Bushueva: 1946–48." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2022): 1138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1138-1156.
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After World War II, Varvara Lavrentievna Bushueva, Moscow State History and Archives Institute graduate and employee, wrote a survey of comte Friedrich Benjamin von Litke’s documents stored in the XXX fond of the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts. A brief outline of the scholar’s legacy is given in our preamble to the current publication. Originally, the text was intended to preface the book “F. P. Litke—Vice-Chairman of the Russian Geographical Society: 1845–74: Collected Letters and Materials” compiled under Aleksandr Ignitevich Andreev’s guidance for the Russian Geographical Society centenary and Litke’s anniversary. The manuscript has two similar title pages dated 1946 and 1948. On the cover of the latter, Andreev wrote that on March 10, 1948 it was sent to typesetting. The document heading named two supervising institutions, under aegis of which it was initially compiled: the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts. It contained 140 documents stored in the archive: letters to Litke from K. E. von Baer, A. V. Golovnin, E. I. Lamansky, R. F. F. von der Osten-Sacken, and others; correspondence of Konstantin Nikolayevich; references, notes and projects of L. V. Dubbelt. It was not published for ideological reasons, but has been preserved in St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences and Technology. Bushueva’s review is broader than the stated topic of the work. She described not only the RGO-related items, but gave a general sketch of all Litke’s documents in the archive, dividing them thematically into the following groups: (1) sea voyages (1817–39); (2) the Danzig operation (1831–132); (3) education of the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich (1832–47); (4) Revel port supervision and Kronstadt defense (1850–55); (5) the Naval Department transformation (1850–69); (6) the Russian Geographical Society (1845–1875); (7) the Academy of Sciences. She paid particular attention to Litke’s correspondence with statesmen and scientists and put together an index of his correspondents. Her survey of high scientific value, it retains its relevance and practical importance for scholars. To demonstrate the state of knowledge, we have accompanied Bushueva’s text with references to two investigations: one prepared by the admiral’s descendant, Nikolai Fedorovich Litke, another by the prominent historian of science Alexander Ivanovich Alekseev.
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Banu, Laila Arzumand, Shahriar Hasan Mridha Ratul, Md Mahmudur Rahman Howlather, Ahnab Habib Talha, and Afnan Hossain. "Rule’s & Vast Documentation and Conservation Techniques of Explicative in Ancient Mughal Water Fort “Subarnakandi Fort” to “Sonakanda Fort” (at presents): 1660AD-1663 AD." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science VIII, no. XI (2023): 204–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2023.81118.
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Water fort was originally a military establishment of the Mughal period. Needless to say, this water fort system is the first structure of the Mughal period. By whose hands the palace, fort, and building gradually evolved. Gradually things become quite popular. In course of time, the use of Jaldurga is almost non-existent even though the usage of all the structures is quite strong. Subaddar Mir Jumla built nine water forts in Bengal to protect Mughal Dhaka. Such as Idrakpur Fort, Kalagachia Fort, Sonakanda Fort (Subarkandi Fort), Hajiganj Fort (Old Khizirpur Fort), Dapa Fort, Fatulla Fort, Pagla Fort, Beg Murad Fort, Jinjira Fort etc. All these forts are river side. This is situated on the banks of the river. Water forts play a direct role in naval control. Many of the forts here have not survived. One of these three survives is Sonakanda Fort. Initially it was popularly known as Subarnakandi Fort but eventually it was renamed as Sonakanda Fort. The fort is very popular and known by this name till now. This paper contains numerous research works. Jaldurga is extensively discussed in the research paper. Initially, hands were assigned to determine the exact location of the water fort. The history of this fort is highlighted. The historic Sonakanda fort has been extensively documented architecturally. This documentation is accompanied by the required photographs and drawings. It also sheds light on how to restore this water castle and sustain it for the future. In this article, the historical issues, problem solving and the basics of conservation of these ancient artifacts are brilliantly discussed. And so this framework will be ready for the future. In this way, every historical place has to be prepared for the future. And in this way, their identity will be presented to future people with historical values.
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Lee-Stecum, Parshia. "Tot in Vno Corpore Formae: Hybridity, Ethnicity and Vertumnus in Propertius Book 4." Ramus 34, no. 1 (2005): 22–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x0000103x.
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The opening poem of Propertius Book 4 famously contains a programmatic statement which presents notamor(love or desire)—the staple of Roman elegy through the 20s and into the 10s BCE—as the ruling theme of the collection, but Roman aetiology:Roma, faue, tibi surgit opus, date candida ciuesomina, et inceptis dextera cantet auis!sacra diesque canam et cognomina prisca locorum.(4.1.67-69)Rome, lend your support. This work arises for you. Citizens, grant brightomens—and may the bird of augury sing favourably!Of rites and days I will sing, and of the ancient names of places.The focus on Roman origins in poem 1 itself specifically involves a comparison between the early history of Rome (the mythic past) and the poet's present (what we have come to know as ‘Augustan’ Rome). This comparison is introduced in the very opening lines of the poem:hoc quodcumque uides, hospes, qua maxima Roma est,ante Phrygem Aenean collis et herba fuit;atque ubi Nauali stant sacra Palatia Phoebo,Euandri profugae procubuere boues.fictilibus creuere deis haec aurea templa,nec fuit opprobrio facta sine arte casa.(4.1.1-6)Whatever you see here, stranger, where now is great Rome,was hills and grassland before the coming of Phrygian Aeneas.Where the Palatine shrine of Naval Phoebus now stands,the cattle of Evander once lay down as refugees.These golden temples grew from clay gods,and there was no shame in an artless dwelling.Anthropologists and sociologists have demonstrated the vital role which myths of origin, such as the poet here purports to represent, play in the formation, maintenance and expression of ethnicity in many cultures, ancient and modern. A.D. Smith even goes so far as to call such myths thesine qua nonof ethnic identity. It seems reasonable to suggest, then, that the representation of Roman origins projects Roman identity. Indeed, some scholars have recently argued for this in the case of Propertius Book 4. What is more, as I will argue here, Propertius Book 4 accentuates the complexities inherent in the particular picture of Roman identity which Roman myth transmits, and dramatises them in such ways as to challenge the unitariness of that identity at the very moment of its assertion.
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Fitzgerald, Jill. "A Petersen Type ‘M’ Sword in the Naval Academy’s Collections: Viking History Meets the Modern Navy." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 33, no. 3-4 (2024): 445–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.1163.
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Sometime between 850-950 CE a 91cm single-edged sword was forged in Viking Age Norway. Eventually, that sword was placed in the earth, likely buried alongside its owner. Roughly 1,000 years later (in 1957), that sword was presented to the brigade of midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy by President Eisenhower. The artifact has the distinction of being the oldest weapon in the Naval Academy’s possession. This essay considers what forensic and archaeological evidence can tell us about the sword’s hitherto unknown history and also explores this artifact’s modern provenance and connection to US-Norwegian maritime relations in the mid-twentieth century. Entre 850 et 950 EC, une épée à un tranchant de 91 cm a été forgée dans la Norvège de l’ère des Vikings, puis elle a été enterrée, probablement aux côtés de son propriétaire. Environ 1 000 ans plus tard (en 1957), le président Eisenhower a présenté l’épée à la brigade d’aspirants de marine à l’Académie navale des États-Unis. L’artéfact a la particularité d’être la plus ancienne arme en la possession de l’Académie navale. Le présent article traite de ce que les preuves médico-légales et archéologiques peuvent nous dire au sujet de l’histoire jusqu’ici inconnue de l’épée et examine la provenance moderne de cet artéfact ainsi que son rapport aux relations maritimes américano-norvégiennes au milieu du 20e siècle.
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Korzhova, Inessa N. "Forms of actualization of the historical past on posters and in poems of the Great Patriotic War." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filologiya, no. 81 (2023): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19986645/81/12.
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The article is dedicated to comprehending the variants of actualization of the historical past in poetry and on posters of 1941–1945. Fostering respect for the past became one of the goals of the pre-war years’ propaganda. But art revealed stronger forms of time connection than the mere knowledge of history by contemporaries. The aim of the article is to establish similar types of representation of the past in poetry and poster art. According to Benveniste’s “principle of nonredundancy”, the codes of the arts are mutually untranslatable, so the objectives of the study include establishing the specifics of the forms of actualizing the past in each of arts under study. The simplest type is the spatial (on the poster) or temporal (in poetry) division of history and modernity. Narrative and comparative techniques, each in their own way, speak about the possibility of victory through an appeal to the precedent. On the poster, a multi-frame composition conveys this message. In poetry, composition is a level that is almost not used to express the concepts I am interested in. Retrospection can be introduced in any part of the text and is supported by comparative constructions, semantics of adverbs and pronoun, the special dynamics of verb tense forms. In other types, history is present in modernity. This can happen indirectly through the inclusion in the plane of the present cultural signs of the past: monuments or books. They do not point to real events, but to actual historical ideas and myths. The most effective force is works that implement the metaphor of the past helping in the battles. For this, poster artists created a special two-level composition with a coloristic opposition of the planes and their comparison at the level of poses’ and figures’ identity. The past personifies in the person of the glorified generals and naval commanders, and poetry also recreates the resurrection and participation in modernity of nameless, seemingly unheroic ancestors. The pragmatics of addressing the past in such works was different – they evoked a sense of responsibility to history. The past was also actualized in the concept of the immortal collective body of the people. When implementing this idea, poetry does not abandon the linear development of time, describing the historical path of the people as the centuries-old life of the giant individual. The poster, which focuses on only one point, reveals the soul of ancient warriors in contemporaries. Posters with deformed shadows become the means of embodying this idea. Finally, the past appears in the form of reincarnation of heroes. Formally such works are devoid of a second plane, but it is present in the form of allusions that establish an internal or external similarity of modern heroes with a historical person. This type, like the previous one, speaks of the embodiment of national typical features in contemporaries – the most reliable form of the presence of the past in the present.
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Roberts, O. "Review of Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks, by J. R. Steffy; 500 Years of Change—Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from SHA Conference, Jamaica 1992, by D. H. Keith and T. L. Carrell; The Ancient Mariners—Seafarers & Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times (2nd Edition); Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times, by L. Casson; The Naval Institute Guide to Maritime Museums of North America (with selected lighthouse, canal and lock museums), by R. H. Smith and Version 2 (History and Archaeology) of Essentials of Statistical Methods, by T. P. Hutchinson." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 23, no. 3 (1994): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ijna.1994.1032.
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Goldman, Neal D. "Nasal Airway Devices from Ancient History to The Present." Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America 7, no. 3 (1999): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1064-7406(23)00452-2.
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Müller, Marcus. "Emanuel, Jeffrey P. : Naval Warfare and Maritime Conflict in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Mediterranean. Leiden/Boston: Brill 2021. XX, 497 S., 50 Abb. 8° = Ancient Warfare 2. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 117. Hardbd. € 117,00. ISBN 978-90-04-43077-8." Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 117, no. 2 (2022): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/olzg-2022-0035.
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Fandino, A., and R. Douglas. "A historical review of the evolution of nasal lavage systems." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 135, no. 2 (2021): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221512100030x.
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AbstractBackgroundNasal lavage is an ancient practice that still has a fundamental role in the management of sinonasal conditions. The history related to these devices is extensive and remarkable. By reviewing it, it is hoped that a broader view can be achieved on what is currently possible with nasal lavage and how advances may be made in the future.MethodsA careful review of different sources, such as ancient manuscripts, registered patents and scientific papers, was conducted to achieve a thorough examination of the history related to nasal rinsing devices.ConclusionNasal lavage has evolved significantly since first considered for medical use and has always played a central role in the treatment of patients with sinonasal conditions. Further innovation is still necessary to surmount the shortcomings of current nasal lavage systems.
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Prokopakis, E. P., P. W. Hellings, G. A. Velegrakis, and H. Kawauchi. "From ancient Greek medicine to EP³OS." Rhinology journal 48, no. 3 (2010): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino09.211.
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The manuscripts of eminent Byzantine physicians from the 4th to the 14th century contain extensive information on various otorhinolaryngological issues. In their work, the early knowledge of rhinological disease from definition and symptoms to conservative treatment and surgical intervention is intriguing. Most of this meticulous knowledge was developed through time, beginning mainly from Hippocrates and the Hellenistic period. Thereafter, medicine developed through Roman and Byzantium times to finally influence European medicine and later the rest of the Western world. History of medicine reflects the history of mankind itself, and otorhinolaryngology follows closely this path. Our goal is to slim down and illuminate the most challenging of the vast amount of information on rhinological issues contained in the original Greek text of Hippocrates, and mainly in the hagiographical texts of Byzantine medical writers. In particular, we focus on rhinological diseases from antiquity till the time being, following the journey of evolution of topical and nebulizer therapy for sinonasal inflammatory diseases in Greece, from "milothris" to modern nasal sprays, leading to an understanding of the philosophy of our predecessors and the roots of modern rhinology.
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Mallory, Jim. "The saving of Navan." Antiquity 61, no. 231 (1987): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00072501.
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Navan, Co. Armagh, is one of the major ritual sites of Irish and of European prehistory. Its 2.5 square km encompass the bronze- and iron-age Navan ‘fort’, the bronze-age ritual pond of the King's Stables, the bronze-/iron-age Haughey's fort, and the iron-age ritual lake of Loughnashade – and, surely, other sites not yet detected. It figures largely in the early history of Ireland as the ancient capital of Ulster. For years, a limestone quarry has been eating into the archaeological landscape; its erosion was finally halted last year, thanks to the vigour with which the Friends of Navan fought the archaeological case. Here, one of the founder Friends sets out the issues, and what kind of victory was won.
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Figueiredo, Aldrin Moura de. "Um Natal de negros: esboço etnográfico sobre um ritual religioso num quilombo amazônico." Revista de Antropologia 38, no. 2 (1995): 207–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1995.111569.
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This article intends to approximate the Anthropology and the History through the description of a religious ritual lived by descendents of ancient fugitive slaves of Curuá river, dístrict of Alenquer, Médio-Amazonas paraense, who had lived in that region since middle-eighteen century . Therefore, we try to penetrate into the meanders of one of the most important feasts of Christisnity - Christmas - and in its reorganization in the daily life of an amazon quilombo, arranging several temporalities, recreating biblical passages in the light of black human experience in the community of fugitive slaves
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Hamilton, Mark. "At Whose Table? Stories of Elites and Social Climbers in 1-2 Samuel." Vetus Testamentum 59, no. 4 (2009): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/004249309x12493729132637.
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Abstract1-2 Samuel and indeed the entire Deuteronomistic History include several stories of elite members of society and their lifeways, concentrating on their use of economic resources, proper self-display as rhetors, and obedience or otherwise to those around them. Like other traditional societies, ancient Israel had a fairly deeply articulated sense of appropriate behavior by such persons. This paper draws on contemporary studies in both anthropology and rhetoric, as well as comparative evidence from the ancient Near East and other Israelite texts, to examine the stories of Nabal (1 Sam 25) and Barzillai (2 Sam 19) in their ancient social settings and locations in 2 Samuel. It argues that stories of such landed gentry reflect the interests of the readers and authors of these texts and reveal part of the social location of the entire DH. As such, they allow us to question a simplistic attribution of these texts either to the royal court or its critics, illustrating the complex interrelationships among various settings in Israelite life.
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HAGGMAN, BERTIL. "The Bendery Constitution and Pylyp Orlyk and His Government-in-Exile in Sweden in 1715–1720." Право України, no. 2020/01 (2020): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.33498/louu-2020-01-288.
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The period 1709 to 1720 was of historic importance in the Ukrainian struggle for freedom and independence. On April 5, 1710, on Turkish territory in Bendery, Ukraine’s first constitution was inaugurated. The main author was Orlyk. After the Battle of Poltava in June 1709 King Charles XII of Sweden and the newly elected Hetman Pylyp Orlyk were in exile. In the fall of 1709 Hetman Ivan Mazepa had died in Moldavian Bendery. Orlyk, his chancellor, was elected hetman of Ukraine in the spring of 1710. The Bendery Constitution is not only an expression of the rights of a free Ukrainian people. It may be the main earliest document in modern Ukrainian intellectual history. The constitution is probably also the oldest constitution in the world of the modern era. The first Ukrainian constitution confirmed the status of the “ancient Cossack nation” and its century long struggle for freedom and independence. It guarantees the supremacy of a Kyiv metropolitan. A large number of the rights of the Cossacks are provided for as well as the protection by the king of Sweden. In 1714 around 40 of the Ukrainians in Moldavia left for exile together with Swedes returning home. The journey across Europe first ended in Stralsund (Swedish Pommerania) in May 1715. Later that year to avoid capture Hetman Orlyk and the Ukrainians (including parts of the government) left Stralsund by ship for Ystad, Sweden. Orlyk and family came to reside in the fortress city of Kristianstad in southern Sweden 1716 to 1719 while his government continued to Stockholm. During 1719 to 1720 Orlyk joined them in the Swedish capital. The Ukrainian government-in-exile in Stockholm was supported by the Swedish government of Frederic I and especially by the prominent Swedish politician Daniel von Höpken. The latter aided Orlyk and his ministers financially and most likely with living quarters. In June 1720 von Höpken in a letter advised the king that Orlyk should be financially supported and be given the opportunity to leave Sweden to continue the fight for freedom and independence of Ukraine and lead the Ukrainian Cossacks against Russia. In January 1719 Orlyk had been greatly encouraged by the Treaty of Vienna between Austria, Hannover and Saxony against Russia and its aggressive policy in Eastern Europe. In a last letter dated Stockholm October 10, 1720, Orlyk wrote in Latin to King Frederic I that when leaving Sweden he first planned to visit the King of Great Britain, then Vienna and after that via Hungary go further east. In foreign policy Orlyk’s best hope was King George I of Great Britain. He was willing to go to war against Russia but in the end could find no partners. British naval squadrons entered the Baltic Sea from 1719 to 1721 but could not attack Russian ports. The result was that George I advised Frederic I to conclude peace with Peter I on what terms he could. At Nystad in 1721, however, the question of Ukraine’s freedom and independence was not on the agenda of the Swedish negotiators. The Bendery constitution of 1710 remains as a monument to Ukraine’s first main attempt to break away from Russian domination. Full freedom and independence of Ukraine was finally achieved in 2014.
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Ivanyuk, Sergey. "Pomeranian Campaign (1712–1713): Reconnaissance and Sabotage Activities of the Russian Army." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (July 2024): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2024.3.1.
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Introduction. During the Great Northern War, the Russian army conducted many military campaigns in various theaters of combat operations. Many research papers have been devoted to the study of these events, but the events in Northern Germany (1712–1713) were not sufficiently disclosed. The article, with the involvement of sources on the history of the so-called “Pomeranian campaign,” including those not yet introduced into scientific circulation, reveals the features of conducting intelligence and sabotage activities of the army of Peter I in the conditions of a small war. Мaterials. The research is based on both published documents and those stored in archives, which allow us to restore the chronology of events and the methods of conducting intelligence and sabotage activities of the Petrovsky troops. Analysis. A comparison of the documentary evidence of the participants of the Pomeranian campaign, as well as research by Danish military historians, made it possible to determine the main methods of conducting reconnaissance and sabotage activities of Peter I’s troops in this theater of operations and to build a chronology of the events of the period 1712–1713, as well as the place and role of tactical intelligence assessment in the overall course of the campaign. Results. Despite the conditionally zero result of the Russian army, it was possible to achieve several significant results in Pomerania, in which the reconnaissance and sabotage activities of its troops played an important role, with the ability to expect the actions of the enemy and to stop threats from his side. Methods and materials. The basis of the source base was made up of documents stored in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, as well as published materials: correspondence between the Most Serene Prince and Peter I, heads of offices and contractors, as well as notes and diaries of eyewitnesses. The study of published and archival sources and the analysis and comparison of the information contained in them make it possible to reveal the role of St. Petersburg governor A.D. Menshikov in the creation of a regularly built-up port city. Analysis. Before the laying of the Kronstadt fortress on October 7, 1723, the settlement on Kotlin had no name. The first stone houses on the southern coast of the island were erected by the forces of the provinces; therefore, they were called “provincial.” After the start of the second regional reform, the completion of the provincial houses was entrusted to Senator M.M. Samarin. The construction of all stone buildings Peter I entrusted to A.D. Menshikov. In 1720, the Office of the Construction of Kotlin Stone Houses was created to conduct work. In connection with the beginning of the construction of the canal (the future Petrovsky Dock), the wooden residential buildings and outbuildings located near the seacoast were demolished or moved inland. At the beginning of 1724, the stone houses in the “bracket” – the sea gates of Kronstadt – were transferred to the associates of the first Russian emperor and naval officers. Results. In historiography, all stone houses built in 1717–1725 on Kotlin are what it is customary to call “provincial.” The buildings begun in 1719 under the leadership of A.D. Menshikov were built on the model of the provincial ones, but they were called “the houses of his royal majesty.” The office of the construction of the Kotlin stone houses carried out work at a faster pace, which was facilitated by the huge administrative resources of the Petersburg governor.
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Finn, Jennifer. "The Center of the Earth in Ancient Thought." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 4, no. 1-2 (2018): 177–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2017-0018.
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AbstractThroughout the annals of history, many societies have imagined that places integral to their religious, political, or cultural life should be considered “centers.” These centers are often represented by symbolic constructions, mythologies, and ideological statements. In many cases, notions of centrality are accompanied by claims that a particular space should be considered the “center” or “middle” of the earth; in the Classical World, such a place may also be referred to as the “navel of the earth,” with theomphalosconnected to the oracle at Delphi being the examplepar excellence. Yet Delphi did not hold a monopoly on Classical notions of centrality. From the archaic period to Late Antiquity, critical responses to Delphi emerged, sparking the appearance of other, competing, centers throughout the Mediterranean. New centers show striking similarities to one another in their associated ideologies, physicality, and mythography, and could be represented through programmatic cartographic, literary, and architectural statements. Regardless of the medium, all avenues of representation are indicators of the myriad ways in which these societies understood their physical and metaphorical place in relation to other civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean. This paper will argue that, through intense cultural contact, societies of the ancient world created imagined centers as a direct—and oftentimes competitive—response to other imagined centers in the Mediterranean, and beyond. All of these reconfigurations and manipulations of fictional and real space can be associated with fundamental shifts in the socio-cultural operations of the society in which the new “center” appears.
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Oh, Chong Jin. "Diaspora Nationalism: The Case of Ethnic Korean Minority in Kazakhstan and its Lessons from the Crimean Tatars in Turkey." Nationalities Papers 34, no. 2 (2006): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990600617623.
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A diaspora is a migrant community which crosses borders, retains an ethnic group consciousness and peculiar institutions over extended periods (Cohen, 1997, p. ix). It is an ancient social formation, comprised of people living out of their ancestral homeland, who retain their loyalties toward their co-ethnics and the homeland from which they were forced out (Esman, 1996, p. 317). The Jews were the most ancient and well-known diasporic people. For a long time, “diaspora” meant almost exclusively the Jewish people. Hence diaspora signified a collective trauma, a banishment, where one dreamed of home but lived in exile. However, in recent years other peoples, such as Palestinians, Armenians, Chinese, Tatars, etc., who have settled outside their natal territories but maintain strong collective identities, also have defined themselves as disasporas. As Cohen states, “the description or self-description of such groups as diasporas is now common,” which allows a certain degree of social distance to displace a high degree of psychological alienation. Accordingly, during the last decades, disaspora has been rediscovered and expanded to include refugees, gastarbeiters, migrants, expatriates, expellees, political refugees, and ethnic minorities (Safran, 1991, p. 83).
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Freller, Thomas. "IN SEARCH OF A MEDITERRANEAN BASE: THE ORDER OF ST. JOHN AND RUSSIA'S GREAT POWER PLANS DURING THE RULE OF TSAR PETER THE GREAT AND TSARINA CATHERINE II." Journal of Early Modern History 8, no. 1 (2004): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570065041268933.
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AbstractRossiya yest' yevropeyskaya derzhava ("Russia is a European power") was Tsarina Catherine II's credo and program, a logical continuation of the policy of Tsar Peter the Great. Malta and the Order of St. John played an important role in Catherine's plan: the island of the knights was to serve as a bridgehead for a permanent Russian presence in the Mediterranean. Already in 1698 Tsar Peter had sent delegations and diplomats to Hospitaller Malta to negotiate a Russo-Maltese alliance against the Ottomans. In the 1760s a Russian chargé d'affaires was installed in Malta and the famous fleet of the Order was used by Russian officers for training, and in 1768 a plan was drawn up for a joint Russo-Maltese naval attack on the Greek mainland. But such moves must have brought about the united opposition of the Mediterranean powers as well as of that of the British. Even in such a "holy war" against their infidel archenemy, which would have been in perfect accord with its statutes, the Order of St. John could no longer act freely. Officially, France remained the main protector of the Order's neutrality, so until the end of the Ancien régime the Order did not risk an open alliance with Russia. In the long run, however, Tsarina Catherine's insistence had paved the way for extremely close Russo-Maltese relations to come when her son Paul became tsar and even was proclaimed as the new grand master of the Order of Malta.
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Štanfel, Danijela, Livije Kalogjera, Sergej V. Ryazantsev, et al. "The Role of Seawater and Saline Solutions in Treatment of Upper Respiratory Conditions." Marine Drugs 20, no. 5 (2022): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20050330.
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The history of saline nasal irrigation (SNI) is indeed a long one, beginning from the ancient Ayurvedic practices and gaining a foothold in the west at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, there is a growing number of papers covering the effects of SNI, from in vitro studies to randomized clinical trials and literature overviews. Based on the recommendations of most of the European and American professional associations, seawater, alone or in combination with other preparations, has its place in the treatment of numerous conditions of the upper respiratory tract (URT), primarily chronic (rhino)sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, acute URT infections and postoperative recovery. Additionally, taking into account its multiple mechanisms of action and mounting evidence from recent studies, locally applied seawater preparations may have an important role in the prevention of viral and bacterial infections of the URT. In this review we discuss results published in the past years focusing on seawater preparations and their use in clinical and everyday conditions, since such products provide the benefits of additional ions vs. saline, have an excellent safety profile and are recommended by most professional associations in the field of otorhinolaryngology.
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Hawkins, Ralph K. "El-Ahwat: A Fortified Site from the Early Iron Age Near Nahal ʿIron, Israel. Excavations 1993–2000. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 24". Bulletin for Biblical Research 23, № 4 (2013): 578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26424802.
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Black, Jeremy. "Eighteenth-Century English Politics: Recent Work and Current Problems." Albion 25, no. 3 (1993): 419–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050876.
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The Annual Bibliography of British and Irish History published for 1991, contains 393 items in section G, “Britain 1714-1815,” a section that excludes works devoted to “long periods” that also cover the period. Of those 393, twenty were in Ga “General,” thirty-six in Gb, “Politics,” eight in Gc “Constitution, Administration and Law,” thirty-two in Gd “External Affairs” and thirty-seven in Ge “Religion.” Though politics is in theory restricted to Gb, in practice it overlaps with these other categories, and, indeed, in part, with the categories Economic Affairs, Social Structure and Population, Naval and Military, and Intellectual and Cultural. Restricting, however, the survey to Gb, the figures for 1988, 1989 and 1990 respectively were fifty-six, fifty-two and fifty-four. It is thus clear that while political history no longer dominates eighteenth-century historiography as it once did, there is still a formidable quantity of it produced. This is not a situation to be regretted, but it does emphasize the subjectivity of any assessment of recent work and of current problems. Such a situation, however, is not simply a question of problems derived from quantity, for any attempt to produce an historiographical account focusing on earlier scholarship would itself encounter many difficulties. The absence of consensus among modern scholars extends to their assessment of historiographical trends. This was demonstrated clearly by Jonathan Clark in 1986. Having, the previous year, in his English Society 1688-1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Regime (Cambridge, 1985), asserted the strength of conservatism and religious identity and the marginality of reform and radicalism in eighteenth-century England, he offered, inter alia, in his Revolution and Rebellion: State and Society in England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1986), a combative interpretation of the methodology and historiography of the period.
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Anokhina, Evgeniia. "Two Clay Female Figurines in the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 3 (2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080017602-9.
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The paper continues a series of publications of female nude figurines from the Ancient Egyptian collection of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. It deals with two unusual handmade clay figurines of the late Middle Kingdom and the early New Kingdom (I, 1a 5889, I, 1a 7076) which are examined in the context of other figurines of this type. Their iconography is characterized by a disproportionate head with discoid headdress, broad shoulders, small breasts, arms stretched along body, slim waist, broad hips, marked enlarged pubic triangle, navel, dimples above the buttocks, prominent rounded buttocks, long legs, poorly developed hand and feet. The face has generalized features: large carelessly drawn eyes without pupils, a protruding beak-shaped nose, pierced ears. Special attention is paid to hairstyles and jewelry. The headdress consists of a a convex disk pierced with three to six holes which likely held linen threads imitating hair with clay, mud, faience beads, shells. As for the jewelry, the figurines usually depicted: a ribbon/fillet on the forehead surrounding a convex disk, incised girdles, incised bracelets on the hands, incised body chains, one-, two-and less often three-partite modelled necklaces with or without patterns, incised necklaces of one or more rows of dots, rarely earrings in the ears. The article considers the issues of the figurines origin and the influence of Nubian and Middle Eastern cultures on their emergence. The authors conclude that despite the possible impact of other cultures the clay figurines in question were centrally produced in the Nile Valley and were close in their iconography and meaning to other female images of Ancient Egypt.
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Glancy, Jennifer. "FAMILY PLOTS: BURYING SLAVES DEEP IN HISTORICAL GROUND." Biblical Interpretation 10, no. 1 (2002): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851502753443290.
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AbstractDespite the anthropological identification of slavery as an anti-kinship structure, some New Testament scholars have attempted to "kin-ify" the relations between slaveholders and slaves, that is, to interpret slavery as a fictive kinship structure. Commentators on Acts of the Apostles, for example, are likely to accept the patriarchal or matriarchal right of householders to enforce decisions concerning the cultic practices of household slaves. By suggesting that the Spirit responds to the invitations of slaveholders, household by patriarchal household, Acts treats enslaved members of households as dependent bodies subjected to the intellectual and spiritual authority of slaveholders. By accepting uncritically Luke's portrait of the growth of the church, household by patriarchal household, commentators unwittingly buy into a family plot that legitimates the slaveholder's preferred vision of the household. Drawing on sources as disparate as Egyptian papyri of the Roman era and personal family history, this article challenges attempts to subsume relationships of slavery within the warm circle of the family. At the same time, the article warns against sentimental depictions of maternal and other family ties. In the first century as in the twenty-first century, the family could be a locus of exploitation and alienation. The natal alienation at the heart of the ancient slave experience is ultimately intertwined with the forms of alienation inherent within families themselves. It is not that relations of slavery are warmer than we might expect, but rather that relations between even the closest of kin can be more exploitative than we want to admit.
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Dampilova, Liudmila S. "Маркеры этничности в песнях бурят о Чингис-хане". Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 14, № 1 (2022): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-1-212-222.
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Introduction. The article analyzes legends and songs about Genghis Khan recorded in expeditions across Buryatia, Mongolia and China — to further compare them with related archival and published materials. Goals. The work aims at identifying distinctive features inherent to folklore texts dealing with Genghis Khan in different linguistic and ethnic environments. The issue of revival of ethnic consciousness actualizes insights into ethnic culture and its peculiarities. Methods. The paper is first to consider local versions of Buryat songs about Genghis Khan in a comparative aspect. Semantic contextual analysis proves instrumental in revealing ethnic markers. Results. The article discusses songs about Genghis Khan of both local and general Mongol significance. Songs about kinship with Genghis Khan and the ancestral homeland of Buryats — Nayan Nava — have a local and specifically tribal meaning being connected to the history of the Khori Buryats proper. Songs with a motif of chase contain parallels with plots of all-Mongol toponymic legends. The song titled ‘Two Steeds of Bogdo’ (Bur. Bogdyn hoyor zagal) and known among the Mongolic peoples dates back to the Mongolian medieval literature — The Tale of Two Steeds of Genghis Khan. The songs are examined in comparison with legends and The Secret History of the Mongols. Conclusion. Contextual analysis of songs about Genghis Khan along with legends and The Secret History reveals a hidden deep layer in the semantics of texts. The songs of Russia and Mongolia’s Buryats identify ancient roots of the motif of kinship with Genghis Khan that date back to the historical homeland. The Shinehen Buryats of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (China) have shown a perfect preservation of authentic materials in an isolated environment, while Mongolia’s Buryats experienced a transformation and song borrowings in the close ethnic culture. The paper also concludes there are virtually no such songs about Genghis Khan among modern Buryats of Russia. In general, the comparative analysis of Buryat songs about the legendary warlord proves those had been created in their historical homeland of present-day Russia to be further preserved both in the alien (China) and kindred (Mongolia) ethnocultural environments.
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Mądry, Wojciech. "Władysław Kowalenko – zapomniany poznański prekursor badań nad rolą morza dla studiów słowiańskich we wczesnym średniowieczu." Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny 3 (2016): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2391-890xpah.16.004.14892.
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Artykuł przedstawia sylwetkę i losy zmarłego przed pięćdziesięciu laty, a dzisiaj niemal zupełnie zapomnianego związanego z Poznaniem badacza Słowiańszczyzny, Władysława Kowalenki. Wykazana jest w nim zarówno nieliczna literatura odnosząca się do jego osoby oraz przede wszystkim niewykorzystane dotychczas liczne materiały archiwalne. W dalszej części przedstawione są wczesne zainteresowania Kowalenki skupiające się wokół osadnictwa grodowego Wielkopolski, oraz jego działalność w okresie okupacji na tajnym Uniwersytecie Ziem Zachodnich. Czasy, w jakich przyszło mu żyć po wojnie, a także sytuacja polityczna epoki PRL wywarły niebagatelny wpływ na kierunek jego dalszej pracy naukowej. Pomimo tego, oraz podeszłego już wieku w ostatnich kilkunastu latach jego życia nastąpił znaczny rozwój jego zainteresowań badawczych związanych z dziejami morskimi Słowiańszczyzny zachodniej i południowej, znajdujący swój wyraz w licznych publikacjach. Kierował też pracami redakcyjnymi jedynego wielotomowego kompendium wiedzy o wczesnej Słowiańszczyźnie jakim jest do dzisiaj Słownik starożytności słowiańskich. Obecnie dorobek naukowy Kowalenki nadal jest wykorzystywany przez badaczy i cytowany w ich pracach Władysław Kowalenko – a forgotten pioneer of research on the importance of sea for the Slavic nations in the early Middle Ages from Poznań The articles presents the character and the life of Władysław Kowalenko, a researcher in Slavic studies connected to Poznań, who died 50 years ago and is now almost entirely forgotten. The article presents primarily the archive materials which had not been used so far, and includes the scarce pieces of literature concerning Kowalenko. The subsequent part of the article presents his early interest in the town settlements in Greater Poland and his activity during the occupation in an underground University of the Western Lands. The times in which he lived after the Second Wold War and the political situation of socialist Poland significantly influenced the direction of his academic work later on. It can be noticed that in the final years of his life, despite the circumstances and despite his advanced age, a significant development of his research interests related to the marine history of the western and southern parts of the Slavic area can be observed, which was expressed in numerous publications. Kowalenko also supervised the editorial work on the only multi-volume encyclopedia concerning the early Slavic history – the “Dictionary of Ancient Slavic History”. At present, the academic legacy of Kowalenko is still used by researchers and quoted in their works.
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Havemeister, Justyna, and Karolina Chilicka. "Effect of diamond microdermabrasion on oily skin: a case report." Medical Science Pulse 12, no. 3 (2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1690.
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Background: The history of microdermabrasion dates back to ancient Egypt. The first treatment in Europe occurred in 1985 and has since become a popular method of exfoliation of the superficial layers of skin. Microdermabrasion is an effective method of taking care of the skin of the face and body, bringing about immediate effects in the treatment of deep scars and stretch marks. Aim of the study: To determine the effectiveness of diamond microdermabrasion on a person with hyperuricemia of the sebaceous glands. Materials and methods: Based on interviews, a case analysis, and the impact of diamond microdermabrasion on the structure of the skin’s surface, the level of hydration, oiliness and epidermal exfoliation were analyzed. Case report: The subject was a 22-year-old woman struggling with oily skin. A few acne lesions and a large number of blackheads were observed in her nasal area. An interview was conducted prior to the procedure to eliminate any contraindications. The study was conducted within a period of 4 months at 3-week intervals. The Nati Skin Analyzer was used to determine the skin parameters of the patient. Results: After applying a series of treatments using the microdermabrasion apparatus, satisfactory results were obtained in the form of reduced peeled sebum and improved skin hydration in the T and U zones. Conclusions: The study shows that diamond microdermabrasion treatment has a beneficial effect on the patient’s skin condition. Phot ographs before and after the surgery document the positive effects this series of treatments had. There was a decrease in the level of sebum secretion and the elimination of skin changes in the form of acne or open comedones.
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Fidan, Alizade. "XVIII CENTURY AZERBAIJAN HISTORICAL REALITY AND LITERATURE." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 62, no. 1 (2024): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/6202.
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Throughout the entire history of mankind, literature has been a fact of the time of its creation. When we look at the issue both in a universal context and in a local one, we see approximately the same picture. Just as Homer is a fact of ancient Greece, the work of the genius Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi of the 12th century is considered to be the fact of the mighty Seljuk Empire, the state of the Atabays of Azerbaijan. Khagani Shirvani's literary heritage, dominated by rebellious and grievous motives, was a literary phenomenon caused by the state of the Shirvanshahs, the Akhsitan dynasty. The invasion of the Mongols, the invasion of Emir Timur, the period-specific manifestations of discontent against oppression and slavery, the spread of philanthropy and the phenomenon of Imadaddin Nasimi.. The work of Alishir Navai, the Uzbek-Chagatai poet and statesman of the 15th century, the author of the first “Khamsa” in Turkic, and the great Turkic culture, which was called the Timurid renaissance, were echoes of Huseyn Baygara's rule which lasted 37 years, in culture, science and literature. The establishment of the Safavid state of Azerbaijan in the XVI century and the fact that Azerbaijan remained the “metropolis and central province of the state” (Efendiyev, 2007: 11) throughout the century, the domestic and foreign policy has had a direct impact on the change of the direction of literature. The biggest event was the stabilization of the tradition of writing in the Azerbaijani language, the preference for the folk language, and the rapid development of ashug poetry. If in the literature of three centuries ago there was a palace splendor, then in the poetry of this period there is already a roar of battlefields, heroic motives surpass love poems, ashug poetry, which is closer to the people, and therefore has a lot of influence and propaganda power. The 18th century Azerbaijani literature is also a “mirror that shows the straight and the crooked” of its time. The article examines the most important events in the history of Azerbaijan of the XVIII century, their influence on the development of literature and features of their reflection in artistic works.
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Reddé, Michel. "La puissance navale dans l'antiquité - CHESTER G. STARR , THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER ON ANCIENT HISTORY (Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York 1989). Pp. 105, maps. $16.95 ($8.95 paperback). ISBN 0-19-505666-3." Journal of Roman Archaeology 2 (1989): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400010692.
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Fernandes, Emília Fátima, Erica Soares Rodrigues, Jonas Sâmi Albuquerque Oliveira, Maria Lúcia Azevedo Ferreira De Macêdo, Sandra Michelle Bessa de Andrade Fernandes, and Soraya Maria de Medeiros. "Perspective of the elderly on the care provided by the Family Health Strategy." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 5, no. 8 (2011): 1828. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.1262-12560-1-le.0508201102.
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ABSTRACTObjective: to identify how elderly people perceive the care provided by the Family Health Unit (FHU) from Igapo neighborhood, in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Methodology: this is a study with qualitative approach, using Oral History as a methodological means. The information collection was held within the period from August to October 2010, through recorded interviews, carried out with twenty elderly people registered in the Program HiperDia in the FHU of Igapo neighborhood, in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, after the approval by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, under the Opinion 085/2010. Results: through the analyses of interviews, it was found that among the elderly people assisted at the FHU under study, most are women, their ages range from 60 to 69 years, and their education level is low. The elderly people come to the FHU through registering in the Programa HiperDia. Conclusions: it was also realized that the follow-up of the elderly population alone carried out by the Programa HiperDia is not enough to guarantee the guidance and basic care procedures which elderly people need, having in mind the priorities of this age group. Descriptors: aging; old age assistance; primary health care.RESUMOObjetivo: identificar como os idosos percebem a atenção à saúde recebida na Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) do bairro Igapó, em Natal-RN. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a História Oral como recurso metodológico. A coleta das informações foi realizada no período entre agosto e outubro de 2010, por meio de entrevistas gravadas, realizadas com vinte idosos cadastrados no Programa HiperDia na USF do bairro Igapó, em Natal-RN, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, sob o Parecer n. 085/2010. Resultados: a partir das análises das entrevistas, constatou-se que dentre os idosos que são assistidos na USF estudada, a maioria é do sexo feminino, com faixa etária entre 60 e 69 anos e com baixo nível de escolaridade. Os idosos chegam à USF por meio do cadastro no Programa HiperDia. Conclusões: percebeu-se, ainda, que apenas o acompanhamento da população idosa a partir do Programa HiperDia não consegue garantir a orientação e os cuidados necessários para os idosos, considerando-se as prioridades desse grupo etário. Descritores: envelhecimento; assistência a idosos; atenção primária à saúde. RESUMENObjetivo: identificar cómo los ancianos perciben la atención a la salud recibida en la Unidad de Salud de la Familia (USF) del barrio Igapó, en Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Metodología: esto es um estudio con abordaje cualitativa, que utiliza la Historia Oral como recurso metodológico. La recogida de las informaciones fue realizada en el período de agosto a octubre de 2010, por medio de entrevistas gravadas, realizadas con veinte ancianos catastrados en el Programa HiperDia en la USF del barrio Igapó, en Natal Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, después de la aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, con la Opinión 085/2010. Resultados: desde los análisis de las entrevistas, se constato que entre los los ancianos atendidos en la USF estudiada, la mayoría es del sexo femenino, con franja etaria entre 60 y 69 años y con bajo nivel de escolaridad. Los ancianos llegan a la USF por medio del catastro en el Programa HiperDia. Conclusiones: se percibió, también, que sólo el acompañamiento de la población anciana desde el Programa HiperDia no basta para garantizar la orientación y la atención necesarias a los ancianos, teniendo en cuenta las prioridades de ese grupo etario. Descriptores: envejecimiento; asistencia a los ancianos; atención primaria de salud.
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Renuka Gajanan Chawke, Priti Kashinath Jondhale, Vaishanavi Bhagwat Dange, Riya Gokul Chavhan, Ankita P. Jatale, and Swati P. Deshmukh. "Ephedra: An anti-asthamatic medicinal plant." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 27, no. 2 (2024): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.27.2.0182.
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ailments such as cold, cough, asthma, fever and flu. It is distributed in many regions such as Asia, Europe, North Africa, Western North America and South America. It has more than 100 active compounds with effects. It contains flavonoids, alkanes, tannins, sugars and organic phenolic acids. It is used in the treatment of asthma, liver disease, skin disease and other diseases, the most important among the effectiveness of the treatment of the disease is COVID-19. It is considered an ancient group and is appreciated for its abundant fossil record. Ephedra, known as "Ephedra" in China, is a gymnosperm plant. It is a dry straw stalk associated with the lung and bladder meridians. Ephedra is one of the largest genera of the Ephedra family and is found in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In traditional medicine in many countries, some of these species are frequently used to treat asthma, colds, flu, colds, fever, headaches, nasal congestion and cough. The chemical composition of the ephedra plant has been a focus of interest for decades due to its content of ephedrine alkaloids and its medicinal properties. Other chemical compounds such as phenolics and amino acid derivatives are also of interest and provide evidence-based support for the ethnomedical use of Ephedra. Medicinal plants contain many phytochemical compounds related to various treatments (Naiá et al., 2005; Ghoíbani, 2005). Therefore, this medicinal herb is used in various ephedrine formulations and has many adverse effects on diseases such as liver diseases, angle-closure glaucoma, kidney stones, neurodegenerative diseases and heart toxicity. Indian Ayurveda is a traditional herbal medicine with a long history and strong foundations. Medicinal plants play an important role in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. This plant usually grows on dry rocks and soil because it needs high, dry mountain forests to grow. Many parts of plants such as branches and roots are used in various applications for medicinal purposes. For example, the dry part of the plant is used in vartonic medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha and traditional Chinese medicine to treat many diseases such as asthma, hay fever, pain or inflammation, lung disease, heart disease. Aches, coughs, and colds are considered flu-like symptoms.
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Joffe, Alexander H. "El-Ahwat, A Fortified Site from the Early Iron Age near Nahal ʿIron, Israel: Excavations 1993–2000, edited by Adam Zertal. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, Volume 24. Leiden: Brill, 2012. xx + 485 pp., 207 figures, 34 tables. Cloth. $185.00." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 371 (травень 2014): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.371.0219.
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Kovtun, Natalia. "The Intertextual Game in Ulitskaya’s Novel Medea and Her Children." Respectus Philologicus 22, no. 27 (2012): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2012.27.15338.
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This article attempts to present a reading of Ulitskaya’s novel as a metatext of world culture, as an encrypted message through which the author inveigles “a shrewd reader” into the guessing of discourses (from ancient mythology to works of social realism and postmodernism) in order to detect traces of the initial scenarios proposed to humanity by the Creator. The conceptual basis of the work was the myth of Sophia Wisdom Divine, an artist painting the primary blueprint of the universe and inviting other artists to co-create (the muse and the artist). Ulitskaya’s Sophiology is based on the ideas of the Russian modernists, e.g., Soloviev and Block.The Greek story of Medea—the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis and wife of Jason, who headed the expedition of the Argonauts—provides the basic structure of the novel. This myth is one of the most popular in the world among artists. Its interpretive options (from Euripides and Ovid to Anouilh, Pasolini and Petrushevskaya) are evidence for the unity of the text of culture. The novel, then—the ironical statement of the author to enter into the circle of the elect, the family of Medea, whose image is highlighted by signs of Sofia—is the embodiment of style. Medea’s manor is “the navel of the earth” in which the outlines of the Masons are traced; here, time and space, living and dead, sinners and saints converge. The earth itself is read like a book.All the characters are divided into puppets—unable to understand the hidden meaning of the text—and directors/demiurges—artists, musicians, and doctors who write the history of dolls. The typology of female images is constructed on the gender stereotypes of the fin de siècle era: the woman as a sexual object (Gypsy, wanton); femme fatale/vamp (Amazonian, Salomé); and the romantic lover and muse (Madonna, the eternal feminine). The functions of the male characters are associated with Orpheus, Perseus, Pygmalion, and Ulysses, who perform their feats in the name of Beauty. The mission of the reader is to pass the initiation of the plot and guess all its variations with the power of letters resembling dragon’s teeth, to detect in these traces of meaning the “Golden Fleece,” much as Medea who led Jason to such a purpose.
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Sušanj Protić, Tea. "O urbanizmu Osora nakon 1450. godine." Ars Adriatica, no. 5 (January 1, 2015): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.520.
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The renovation of Adriatic towns under Venetian rule included all major urban settlements on the islands in the Quarnero Gulf. The size of Osor, the Roman centre of the Cres-Lošinj group of islands, radically decreased during this period. The scholarship holds that the town of Cres started to grow in the second half of the fifteenth century while Osor fell into disrepair. Apart from the new Renaissance Cathedral, other late Gothic and Renaissance buildings in Osor have never been thoroughly studied, partly because their state of preservation is modest and party because of the deep-seated opinionthat the fifteenth century was only an epilogue to Osor’s great past. As a consequence, no basic analysis of local architecture has ever been done and the urban layout of historic Osor is not very well known. The causes of Osor’s demise, on the other hand, are well known. The population was decimated by illness and the town itself was destroyed by wars in the fourteenth century. Furthermore, maritime navigation changed from coastal to that accustomed to the open sea and Osor lost the strategic importance it held when it came to sailing along the Adriatic. The relocation of the local Count to Cres, frequently underlined as one of the key moments in the history of Osor’s decline and dated to 1450, does not seem to be as fateful as the reduced numberof its inhabitants and the loss of naval and trading significance. The relocation created a dual government of sorts and a bimunicipal county was established. The historical importance of Osor as a traditional seat of power was paramount to Venice and the town maintained the prestige it had acquired during the Roman period as a town which controlled a large territory.In the mid-fifteenth century Osor was a building site: architectural structures were maintained, repaired and built anew. In the fourteenth century, a Gothic church of St Gaudentius was constructed on the main street and in the first half of the fifteenth century the Town Hall was built on the site of the ancient Roman curia. Until now, it was held that the reason for the construction of thenew cathedral was the bisection of Osor which occurred in the mid-fifteenth century when the new fortification walls – with a reduced catchment area –were erected and so excluded the old cathedral from the perimeter. However, the decision to reduce the circumference of the new walls was made only in the last quarter of the fifteenth century, that is, after the foundations for the new cathedral had been laid. This means that the plans drawn up in the second half of the fifteenth century covered a larger area than previouslt thought and that they were done during the pontificate of Bishop Antun Palčić who wasoriginally from Pag and who witnessed first-hand the building of the new town of Pag. A decree of 1581 records the construction of the town walls at Cres and Osor. The new fortification walls of Cres were being built throughout the sixteenth century and so it is likely that the transversal wall at Osor was constructed at the same time as the new walls at Cres, during thesixteenth century. The building of the new wall was not an ambitious feat of fortification construction but a simple encircling of the remodelled town centre. The new wall was just a consequence of urban reorganization and its directionwas determined by the pre-existing defence buildings which were utilised and incorporated in the new addition. In the late fifteenth century, the main town square was fully developed and surrounded by the most importantpublic and religious buildings. The Town Hall stood on the south-east corner and the new cathedral was built on the square’s south side. The Episcopal Palace extended along the entire west flank of the square. The Palace’s long andnarrow east wing, facing the square, connected the two main wings of the complex. Despite its modest role as nothing more than a link, the east front was the widest part of the Palace and closed the square’s west side, respecting the new, small-scale urban layout of Osor. The north-east corner of the complex is decorated with an engaged colonette topped by a leaf capital. Its counterpart can be found on a building at the opposite side of the square, which was subsequently heavily rebuilt. These corresponding engaged colonettes indicate that the architects wanted to create a meaningful urban space. The north side of the square no longer exists in its original shape. In the mid-fifteenth century, this area was occupied by religious buildings traces of which can be seen in the present-day modest houses. These traces are mostly elements of Gothic decoration and so it can be concluded that this side of the square featured Gothic structures. The analysis of the architecture on the main square demonstrates that it there were consecutive building phases and that the Cathedral was the last building to be built. There was no unifying stylistic concept; the buildings on the square were either Gothic or Renaissance. This does not reduce the importance of this feat of public building because the Episcopal Palace and Osor Cathedral were built at the same time, by the same master builders, for the same patron, the difference being that the former in the Gothic and the latter in the Renaissance style. This, in my opinion, means that the value of the main square at Osor should not be assessed throughstylistic unity but by considering the harmonious spatial relationships between its structures, the attention given to their design, their role as public buildings and the balance achieved by adapting the newly built structures tothe pre-existing ones. It is well known that the late fifteenth century was the time when traditional Gothic decoration was used alongside new Renaissance forms and so the stylistic inconsistency apparent in Osor’s main squarewas done in the spirit of time. The remodelling of the town centre lasted for the whole century and the town was also well maintained in the period that followed. Archival records tell us that a grain store was built inthe late fifteenth century but nothing is known about its location or appearance.Despite the efforts and large-scale building campaigns of public and religious architecture, the migration of able-bodied people looking for work continued and Osor was gradually transformed into an occasional dwelling place of the nobility and the clergy – a town of the Church and aristocracy. Today, Osor is a town with low-density architecture. The legacy of medieval town buildingcan be seen only in the row of houses that face the main street. They are huddled together and arranged around communal courtyards, which is a characteristic of local medieval town planning on the island of Cres. The mostprominent residential building is the palazzetto of the Draža family, an old noble family of Osor. The location of the Draža house and its spatial relationship with the surrounding, more modest houses, implies that it embodied the medieval concept of densely built town blocks dominated by a single aristocratic building. Other aristocratic houses at Osor are more isolated and surrounded by green spaces. These large green areas were once occupied by Roman and medieval houses and insulae. Following the late middle ages, the decaying architectural structures were not repaired butused to create gardens: their perimeter walls were neatly re-arranged and became the dividing walls between different gardens while the spaces they contained were filled with a layer of soil, as archaeological test pits have shown. Apart from large gardens and courtyards, the residential character of Osor as an aristocratic resort is attested by the Latin inscriptions on the building façades but also by the written records about noble familieswhich possessed estates in both Cres and Osor during the period that followed the formation of the bimunicipal county in the fifteenth century.All these events created a set of specific characteristics in Osor during the late fifteenth and the sixteenth century. Its importance as the seat of a commune and a bishop was reflected in the main town square which was planned in the spirit of the Renaissance and according to the redesign of towns under the Venetian rule. The medieval legacy is still evident in the buildings on the main street which are densely huddled around communal courtyards and which centre around dominant aristocratic houses. In contract to them, large gardens and the aforementioned historic circumstances indicate that Osor was a residential resort of the local nobility. From the fifteenth century onward, the most frequently recorded features of Osor were its decay and mala aria (bad air). Nevertheless, as late as 1771, Alberto Fortis described it as the only town on the island of Cres to have kept the legacy of its noble past. In addition to the aforementioned Gothic and Renaissance elements of architecturaldecoration, many more were rebuilt into later houses. They are as frequent as the Roman and early medieval spolia and were reused in the same manner. Their existence witnesses that Osor had had another important historic phase in its long life.
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Sušanj Protić, Tea. "O urbanizmu Osora nakon 1450. godine." Ars Adriatica, no. 5 (January 1, 2015): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.931.
Texte intégralRésumé :
he renovation of Adriatic towns under Venetian rule included all major urban settlements on the islands in the Quarnero Gulf. The size of Osor, the Roman centre of the Cres-Lošinj group of islands, radically decreased during this period. The scholarship holds that the town of Cres started to grow in the second half of the fifteenth century while Osor fell into disrepair. Apart from the new Renaissance Cathedral, other late Gothic and Renaissance buildings in Osor have never been thoroughly studied, partly because their state of preservation is modest and party because of the deep-seated opinion that the fifteenth century was only an epilogue to Osor’s great past. As a consequence, no basic analysis of local architecture has ever been done and the urban layout of historic Osor is not very well known. The causes of Osor’s demise, on the other hand, are well known. The population was decimated by illness and the town itself was destroyed by wars in the fourteenth century. Furthermore, maritime navigation changed from coastal to that accustomed to the open sea and Osor lost the strategic importance it held when it came to sailing along the Adriatic. The relocation of the local Count to Cres, frequently underlined as one of the key moments in the history of Osor’s decline and dated to 1450, does not seem to be as fateful as the reduced number of its inhabitants and the loss of naval and trading significance. The relocation created a dual government of sorts and a bimunicipal county was established. The historical importance of Osor as a traditional seat of power was paramount to Venice and the town maintained the prestige it had acquired during the Roman period as a town which controlled a large territory. In the mid-fifteenth century Osor was a building site: architectural structures were maintained, repaired and built anew. In the fourteenth century, a Gothic church of St Gaudentius was constructed on the main street and in the first half of the fifteenth century the Town Hall was built on the site of the ancient Roman curia. Until now, it was held that the reason for the construction of the new cathedral was the bisection of Osor which occurred in the mid-fifteenth century when the new fortification walls – with a reduced catchment area –were erected and so excluded the old cathedral from the perimeter. However, the decision to reduce the circumference of the new walls was made only in the last quarter of the fifteenth century, that is, after the foundations for the new cathedral had been laid. This means that the plans drawn up in the second half of the fifteenth century covered a larger area than previouslt thought and that they were done during the pontificate of Bishop Antun Palčić who was originally from Pag and who witnessed first-hand the building of the new town of Pag. A decree of 1581 records the construction of the town walls at Cres and Osor. The new fortification walls of Cres were being built throughout the sixteenth century and so it is likely that the transversal wall at Osor was constructed at the same time as the new walls at Cres, during the sixteenth century. The building of the new wall was not an ambitious feat of fortification construction but a simple encircling of the remodelled town centre. The new wall was just a consequence of urban reorganization and its direction was determined by the pre-existing defence buildings which were utilised and incorporated in the new addition. In the late fifteenth century, the main town square was fully developed and surrounded by the most important public and religious buildings. The Town Hall stood on the south-east corner and the new cathedral was built on the square’s south side. The Episcopal Palace extended along the entire west flank of the square. The Palace’s long and narrow east wing, facing the square, connected the two main wings of the complex. Despite its modest role as nothing more than a link, the east front was the widest part of the Palace and closed the square’s west side, respecting the new, small-scale urban layout of Osor. The north-east corner of the complex is decorated with an engaged colonette topped by a leaf capital. Its counterpart can be found on a building at the opposite side of the square, which was subsequently heavily rebuilt. These corresponding engaged colonettes indicate that the architects wanted to create a meaningful urban space. The north side of the square no longer exists in its original shape. In the mid-fifteenth century, this area was occupied by religious buildings traces of which can be seen in the present-day modest houses. These traces are mostly elements of Gothic decoration and so it can be concluded that this side of the square featured Gothic structures. The analysis of the architecture on the main square demonstrates that it there were consecutive building phases and that the Cathedral was the last building to be built. There was no unifying stylistic concept; the buildings on the square were either Gothic or Renaissance. This does not reduce the importance of this feat of public building because the Episcopal Palace and Osor Cathedral were built at the same time, by the same master builders, for the same patron, the difference being that the former in the Gothic and the latter in the Renaissance style. This, in my opinion, means that the value of the main square at Osor should not be assessed through stylistic unity but by considering the harmonious spatial relationships between its structures, the attention given to their design, their role as public buildings and the balance achieved by adapting the newly built structures to the pre-existing ones. It is well known that the late fifteenth century was the time when traditional Gothic decoration was used alongside new Renaissance forms and so the stylistic inconsistency apparent in Osor’s main square was done in the spirit of time. The remodelling of the town centre lasted for the whole century and the town was also well maintained in the period that followed. Archival records tell us that a grain store was built in the late fifteenth century but nothing is known about its location or appearance. Despite the efforts and large-scale building campaigns of public and religious architecture, the migration of able-bodied people looking for work continued and Osor was gradually transformed into an occasional dwelling place of the nobility and the clergy – a town of the Church and aristocracy. Today, Osor is a town with low-density architecture. The legacy of medieval town building can be seen only in the row of houses that face the main street. They are huddled together and arranged around communal courtyards, which is a characteristic of local medieval town planning on the island of Cres. The most prominent residential building is the palazzetto of the Draža family, an old noble family of Osor. The location of the Draža house and its spatial relationship with the surrounding, more modest houses, implies that it embodied the medieval concept of densely built town blocks dominated by a single aristocratic building. Other aristocratic houses at Osor are more isolated and surrounded by green spaces. These large green areas were once occupied by Roman and medieval houses and insulae. Following the late middle ages, the decaying architectural structures were not repaired but used to create gardens: their perimeter walls were neatly re-arranged and became the dividing walls between different gardens while the spaces they contained were filled with a layer of soil, as archaeological test pits have shown. Apart from large gardens and courtyards, the residential character of Osor as an aristocratic resort is attested by the Latin inscriptions on the building façades but also by the written records about noble families which possessed estates in both Cres and Osor during the period that followed the formation of the bimunicipal county in the fifteenth century. All these events created a set of specific characteristics in Osor during the late fifteenth and the sixteenth century. Its importance as the seat of a commune and a bishop was reflected in the main town square which was planned in the spirit of the Renaissance and according to the redesign of towns under the Venetian rule. The medieval legacy is still evident in the buildings on the main street which are densely huddled around communal courtyards and which centre around dominant aristocratic houses. In contract to them, large gardens and the aforementioned historic circumstances indicate that Osor was a residential resort of the local nobility. From the fifteenth century onward, the most frequently recorded features of Osor were its decay and mala aria (bad air). Nevertheless, as late as 1771, Alberto Fortis described it as the only town on the island of Cres to have kept the legacy of its noble past. In addition to the aforementioned Gothic and Renaissance elements of architectural decoration, many more were rebuilt into later houses. They are as frequent as the Roman and early medieval spolia and were reused in the same manner. Their existence witnesses that Osor had had another important historic phase in its long life.
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Sujecka, Jolanta. "The Continuity and Discontinuity. The Question of Territorialism and Double Identity from the Perspective of 20th Century Macedonia." Colloquia Humanistica, no. 1 (July 22, 2015): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2012.003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Contuinity and Discontinuity. The Question of Territorialism and Double Identity from the Perspective of 20th Century MacedoniaThe sense of territorial identity gains force whenever political means of solving the Macedonian Question, a repugnant legacy of the Eastern issue, become scarce. This attitude is reflected in the articles published by the representatives of the Macedonian diaspora in journals of its different centres. Due to space constraints I decided to present only (and at least) the views of Krste Misirkov, a very complex figure indeed, who in contemporary Macedonia belongs to the undisputable national pantheon. His opinions on the Macedonian Question were far from explicit and his statements delivered at different stages of his life do not fit into a cohesive whole as the national purists would want it. However, it is difficult to imagine a better mirror for “Macedonian matters” in the 20th century and a more comprehensive picture of the twisted paths that the Macedonian Slavs took to reach the concept of ‘Macedonian’ understood as an ethnos, not only in its territorial aspect.A bond with the territory has never disappeared from Macedonian self-perception. Only the constant presence of territorial identity explains the assimilation of the ancient heritage, which is in fact heritage of a territory, into the Macedonian national canon. It is further confirmed by the most recent Macedonian history textbooks for high school students where the ancient tradition is treated as a part of their own heritage. While the bond with the territory is still an integral part of the Macedonian elite’s consciousness, the question of double identity remains less obvious. In Misirkov’s time double identity, expressed through various ethnic configurations, on the one hand shaped Macedonian self-identity and on the other proved the distinctiveness of a ‘Macedonian’ at that time (i.e. in the first half of the 20th century) from a ‘Serb’ in Serbia proper and a ‘Bulgarian’ in Bulgaria proper, thus creating favourable conditions for the emergence of separatist understanding of Macedonianness, allowing even non-Slavs to be Macedonians. Macedonianness began to be founded on Slavicness relatively late and this dependence was propagated quite naturally mainly by Slavophile circles (the circle of Nace Dimov) and by the communists in the 1920’s and 1930’s. However, in the first half of the 20th century there still existed alternatives, such as, for instance, the above-described project of Krste Misirkov. The most evident connection between the term ‘Macedonian’ and Slavicness crystallised in Tito’s post-war Macedonia, de facto undermining the notion of double identity in the sense in which it had functioned in the first half of the 20th century.Ciągłość i jej brak. Kwestia terytorializmu i podwójnej tożsamości z perspektywy macedońskiejPoczucie tożsamości terytorialnej odzywa się ze szczególną siłą w sytuacjach, kiedy wyczerpują się polityczne możliwości rozwiązania problemu macedońskiego, jako niedobrego spadku po kwestii wschodniej. Potwierdzają to wypowiedzi przedstawicieli macedońskiej diaspory publikowane na łamach czasopism, wychodzących w różnych miejscach jej skupisk. Zdecydowałam się na przedstawienie jedynie (i aż) poglądów Krste Misirkova, należącego w dzisiejszej Macedonii do niekwestionowanego panteonu narodowego, w istocie postaci wielce skomplikowanej. Jego poglądy w kwestii macedońskiej były dalekie od jednoznaczności, a wypowiedzi wygłaszane na różnych etapach życia nie układają się w całość, jakiej chcieliby narodowi puryści, natomiast trudno sobie wyobrazić lepsze zwierciadło „spraw macedońskich” w XX wieku i pełniejszy obraz krętych dróg, jakimi macedońscy Słowianie dochodzili do pojęcia „Macedończyk” rozumianego jako éthnie, a nie tylko terytorialnie.Więź z terytorium nigdy nie zniknęła z macedońskiego myślenia o sobie samych. Jedynie stałą obecnością tożsamości terytorialnej można wytłumaczyć asymilację dziedzictwa antycznego, czyli faktycznie dziedzictwa terytorium, do macedońskiego kanonu narodowego. Potwierdzają to najnowsze macedońskie podręczniki do nauki historii dla szkół średnich, w których tradycja antyczna jest traktowana jako część tradycji własnej. O ile jednak więź z terytorium jest nadal integralną częścią świadomości macedońskich elit, to zupełnie inaczej wygląda kwestia podwójnej tożsamości. W czasach Misirkova podwójna tożsamość, wyrażająca się poprzez różne etniczne konfiguracje, z jednej strony kształtowała macedońską tożsamość własną, z drugiej zaś to dzięki niej pojęcie „Macedończyk” w tym czasie (tzn. w pierwszej połowie wieku XX) potwierdzało swoją odrębność od Serba z Serbii właściwej i od Bułgara z Bułgarii właściwej i tym samym sprzyjało kształtowaniu się separatystycznego rozumienia macedońskości. Ten sposób widzenia umożliwiał bycie Macedończykiem także nie-Słowianom. Oparcie pojęcia macedońskości o słowiańskość nastąpiło stosunkowo późno i było propagowane w sposób naturalny głównie przez środowiska słowianofilskie (petersburski krąg Nace Dimova), ale w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX w. także przez środowiska komunistyczne. Jednak w pierwszej połowie XX wieku miało wciąż alternatywne propozycje, jak chociażby omówiony przeze mnie projekt K. Misirkova. Najwyrazistsze powiązanie pojęcia „Macedończyk” ze słowiańskością nastąpiło w powojennej Macedonii czasów Josipa Broz Tity i w istocie podważyło pojęcie podwójnej tożsamości, w tym sensie w jakim funkcjonowała ona w okresie wcześniejszym, tzn. w pierwszej połowie wieku XX.