Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Ancient tillage »

Khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum (Jakubz.)) is an ancient tetraploid spring wheat variety originating from northeast parts of Central Asia. This variety can serve as a full-fledged alternative to modern wheat but has a lower yield than modern varieties. It is commonly known that wheat growth is influenced by soil tillage technology (among other things). However, it is not known how soil tillage technology affects ancient varieties. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different soil tillage technologies on the growth of the ancient Khorasan wheat variety in comparison to the modern Kabot spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) variety. The trial was arranged in six small plots, one half of which was sown by the Khorasan wheat variety and the other half of which was sown by the Kabot wheat variety. Three soil tillage methods were used for each cultivar: conventional tillage (CT) (20–25 cm), minimum tillage (MTC) with a coulter cultivator (15 cm), and minimization tillage (MTD) with a disc cultivator (12 cm). The soil surface of all of the variants were leveled after tillage (harrows & levelling bars). An unmanned aerial vehicle with multispectral and thermal cameras was used to monitor growth during the vegetation season. The flight missions were supplemented by measurements using the GreenSeeker hand-held sensor and plant and soil analysis. The results showed that the Khorasan ancient wheat was better suited the conditions of conventional tillage, with low values of bulk density and highvalues of total soil porosity, which generally increased the nutritional value of the yield in this experimental plot. At the same time, it was found that this ancient wheat does not deplete the soil. The results also showed that the trend of developmental growing curves derived from different sensors was very similar regardless of measurement method. The sensors used in this study can be good indicators of micronutrient content in the plant as well as in the grains. A low-cost RGB camera can provide relevant results, especially in cases where equipment that is more accurate is not available.

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris) was among the first crops domesticated and has become an important food legume crop in the farming and food systems of many countries globally. Its seed is a rich source of protein, minerals, and vitamins for human nutrition, and the straw is a valued animal feed. Its ability in nitrogen and carbon sequestration improves soil nutrient status, which in turn provides sustainability in production systems. In the current paper, research progress achieved in lentil improvement at national and international levels is reviewed.Since the late 1970s there have been significant national and international lentil improvement programmes, with the main objectives being to develop phenologically adapted, stress resistant and high-yielding cultivars with improved production packages.Systematic research on lentil started recently, compared to other early-domesticated crops. During the last two and a half decades, research progress has been made in various aspects of the crop. Large numbers of germplasm have been collected, evaluated and preserved at national and international levels, with the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) holding the largest collection of cultivated and wild germplasm accessions. A major effort has been made to study the genetic variation in the world germplasm collection, in order to understand local adaptation and to develop specific research programmes. Genotypes with resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly resistance to vascular wilt, rust and Ascochyta blight have been identified, and directly exploited or used in breeding programmes. New genotypes have been bred with good standing ability, suitable for mechanical harvest for West Asia and North Africa. Through introduction and hybridization, the genetic base of lentil has been broadened, most particularly in South Asia, by breaking an ancient genetic bottleneck.Agronomic practices, including seeding time, seed rate, tillage requirements, soil type, and weed control, are optimized locally and improved production packages have been developed to realize higher yield. To date, a total of 91 improved cultivars have been released globally, emanating from genetic material supplied by ICARDA. Due to adoption of improved varieties combined with production technologies, the average global productivity has increased from 611 kg/ha to 966 kg/ha, and total production from 1·3 million tonnes to 3·8 million tonnes in the last three decades. Research at the molecular level, including construction of a lentil genetic linkage map, identification of molecular markers, and genetic transformation, has progressed considerably.

ABSTRACTThe pamphlet debate concerning the perceived effects of parliamentary enclosure on property and population in eighteenth-century Britain has been largely neglected by intellectual historians. One consequence of this debate was to undermine the credibility of the classical republican economic vision of agrarian simplicity, due to its proponents' failure to come to terms with the enormous disjunction between ancient and modern economies. Although the enclosure of agricultural land had provoked hostility since at least the fifteenth century, after 1700 its opponents developed new arguments to take account of the legislature's increasingly prominent role in facilitating the process. In doing so, anti-enclosure writers drew on classical republican ideas, arguing that enclosure was contrary to the public interest because it eroded the independence of the yeomanry, valorized by numerous republican authorities as integral to the country's military strength. In their criticisms of modern policy, these writers praised the agrarian laws of the Roman republic, as well as the Tudor tillage acts. The agricultural ‘improvers’, on the other hand, denied the validity of these precedents on the grounds that the historical contingencies which had produced the Roman agrarian laws, or the Tudor tillage acts, were of limited relevance in a society based on the interdependence of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce.

Aim – on the basis of literary sources analysis and results of archaeological research, to define sortiment of cultivated plants were grown in the most ancient known period of agriculture in the territory of Ukraine – Trypillia culture, and also the state of agriculture in that time. Results. There is determined that the agriculture on the territory of Ukraine arose on the basis of a crops introduced from the South West Asian cultivated plants origin center through Balkans and Caucasus. The Trypillia tribes growed hulled wheats - emmer and eincorn, barley hulled and nacked, leguminous plants – peas and vetch ervilia. These crops were well adapted by their biological characteristics – resistance to climatic conditions, tolerance to soil conditions and resistance to fungal diseases – both to natural conditions and to primitive griculture level: tillage with horn and wood tools, harvesting not by sickles but by special devices for breaking off ears etc. At the same time, they satisfied people with nutritional and qualitative properties. Use by ancient growers of wild flora – herbaceous, fruit, nutty, berry plants, grapes, forest species is considered. These crops were the start from which agriculture began in Ukraine. In the modern period in Ukraine, as in the whole world, interest in ancient crops as sources of "healthy nutrition" is renewed. On the basis of ancient forms of spelt and emmer, domestic breeding varieties were created. Conclusions. The most ancient known period of agriculture on the territory of Ukraine is Trypillia culture. The Trypillia tribes grew hulled wheats, barley, peas and ervil vetch. These crops were well adapted both to natural conditions and to the primitive agriculture level. Plants of wild-growing flora were used also. Ukraine is not included in the primary or secondary cultivated plants origin centers. But the talent and industriousness of the population in combination with various, predominantly favorable natural conditions conditioned the development of of the cultivated plants diversity through the creative role of the initially folk and then scientific breeding, in which Ukraine occupies leading positions in the world.

In the most ancient wine area of the Controlled Denomination of Origin (DOC) “Oltrepò Pavese” in North-West Italy, foothills of the Apennine mountains, the soils of 14 representative vineyards managed for about 10 years with tillage (T) or natural grass-cover (G) or the alternation of the two methods between the rows (GT), were compared for their contents of organic matter, main soil parameters and extent of root development, in the first meter of depth. The soils are fine textured, sometimes calcareous, with low levels of organic matter. G and GT soil treatments showed higher organic matter content (on average 1.4%) than T (0.88%). Better root development (number and area) was observed in G and GT, in comparison with T; the number and size of roots showed a positive correlation with the soil organic matter.

Vines are one of the most ancient crops, with great relevance worldwide but especially in wine-growing areas in Southern Europe. In the Bairrada wine region of north-central Portugal, vineyards have long been managed intensively, with frequent tillage and application of fertilizers and phytochemical products. During the last decade, however, these conventional practices are increasingly becoming substituted by more sustainable management practices, in particular integrated production (IP) and, to a lesser degree, no-tillage (NT) and biodynamic (BD). This study investigated differences in soil quality of 4 vineyards managed with each of these practices for at least 6 years. Twelve topsoil (0-15 cm) samples were collected in vineyard rows and inter-rows, during one sampling campaign, and analyzed for selected physical and chemical properties. These physical properties were texture, bulk density and penetration resistance, while the chemical properties included pH, electrical conductivity, and the contents of organic matter, nutrients, cations, and metals. Nearby forest soils were also sampled as a reference, since this was the prior land-use in the study sites. The obtained results demonstrated that conventional practices were associated with diminished soil quality, as indicated by lower contents of organic matter and nutrients, such as total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP), and exchangeable cations, as well as by a higher concentration of Cu and, in some samples, of Ni and Pb. Cu concentrations were also relatively high under NT, so that overall soil quality, particularly associated with fertility, was best under IP.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
A semente do desatino: o germe da transgressão em Lavoura arcaica consiste em uma análise do romance de Raduan Nassar, tomando o conceito de transgressão como operador de leitura na interface entre literatura e psicanálise. Tem como objetivo aproximar a estrutura narrativa da obra à questão do excesso, presente no traço barroco da escrita nassariana e no verbo colérico e disruptivo de André. O romance é perpassado pela ideia de transbordamento, encontrando seu ápice no embate entre pai e filho, no incesto e no filicídio; a pesquisa se propõe a investigar essa noção a partir das concepções de gozo em Jacques Lacan e de erotismo em Georges Bataille, além da contribuição teórica de Sigmund Freud, Friedrich Nietzsche, Michel Foucault, entre outros.
The madness seed: the germ of transgression in Raduan Nassar s Ancient Tillage consists of an analysis of Raduan Nassar s romance, considering the concept of transgression as the reading operator at the interface between literature and psychoanalysis. Its object is to link the novel s narrative structure to the subject of the excess, always present at the baroque style of the nassarian writing and at the fiery-tempered and disruptive speech of André. The romance is entangled by the idea of overflowing, finding its apex at the shock between father and son, at the incest and at the filicide; the research investigate this notion starting from the concepts of jouissance as for Jacques Lacan and erotism as for Georges Bataille, including also the theoretical contribution of Sigmund Freud, Friedrich Nietzsche, Michel Foucault, amongst others.

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Originally published in 1975, Lavoura Arcaica (Ancient Tillage), written by Raduan Nassar is considered one of the main Brazilian literary productions of the 20th century, being also responsible for many of the author’s awards. The romance follows, in first person, the story of André, middle son of a peasant family, who runs from home to get away to the submissions of the patriarch and to cope with the rejection of the sister after the incestuous act, but returns after the supplications of Pedro, the oldest brother. By the authoritative nexus of the father, always reinforcing the ideas of union and patience, situations of continuous discomfort have to be put up by the protagonist. In order to decipher these relations, the existentialist phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty is used as the theoretical basis. In this approach of Humanist and Cultural Geography, it was possible to identify the diverse tensions that manifests and builds up the place. In the passages which the everyday of the tillage is unraveled, the way the home and the power influx is composed, it was possible to evidence the obtuse and complex feelings that are contraposed in ways that architects a place that is founded on contradictions. André offers a perspective of place that is not a space of bonding, but of attachments. Mainly in the book are the linkages of ancestry, blood, passion, hate, strength, religiousness, survival, bonding, nature, corporeality, imposition, and others; each with its relational possibilities. It is by the way of those attachments that the characters are going to interact at and with the place-Tillage. By the means of the concepts of place-ballet, temporality and home, the notions of the ways by with place and subject are inserted in a profound and tense dialect was reconstructed. In the contrapositions made aware by the limit situations of the novel, it was possible to explore the spatialities of being-in-the-world and comprehend the existential dynamics at the nature of place.
Publicado originalmente em 1975, Lavoura Arcaica, escrito por Raduan Nassar é considerado uma das principais produções literárias brasileiras do século XX, inclusive foi responsável por diversas premiações ao autor. O romance narra, em primeira pessoa, a história de André, filho do meio de uma família campesina, que foge de casa para fugir da submissão aos domínios do patriarca e lidar com a rejeição da irmã após o ato incestuoso, mas volta à pedidos de Pedro, irmão mais velho. Pelo nexo impositivo do Pai-patrão, sempre reforçando as ideias de união e paciência, se colocam situações de contínuo incômodo para o protagonista. Para decifrar essas relações recorreu-se à fenomenologia existencialista, de embasamento em Merleau-Ponty. Nesta abordagem de geografia cultural e humanista, identificou-se as diversas tensões que se manifestam e adensam o lugar. Nas passagens em que desvela os cotidianos da lida com a Lavoura, como se compõe a casa e os fluxos de poder nesse contexto, pôde-se evidenciar como os sentimentos obtusos e rugosos se contrapõem de maneiras a arquitetar um lugar pautado em contradições. André oferece uma perspectiva de lugar que não é um espaço de apego, mas de vínculos. De destaque na obra estão os laços de ancestralidade, sangue, paixão, ódio, força, religiosidade, sobrevivência, apego, natureza, corporeidade, imposição, entre outros; cada qual com suas possibilidades relacionais. É a partir dessas vinculações que os personagens vão interagir no e com o lugar-Lavoura. Por meio dos conceitos de dança-de-lugar, temporalidade e lar, reconstruiu-se noções referentes ao modo pelas quais sujeito e lugar estão inseridos em uma profunda e tensa dialética. Nas contraposições apresentadas pelas situações limítrofes da obra, pode-se explorar as espacialidades do ser-no-mundo e compreender as dinâmicas existenciais presentes na natureza do lugar.

Our attempts to reconstruct the climate of the distant Archaean in Chapter 1 might seem a little like reading a volume of Tolstoy’s War and Peace recovered from a burnt-out house. Most of the pages have turned to ash, and only some scattered sentences remain on a few charred pages. The Proterozoic Eon that followed began 2.5 billion years ago, thus is not quite so distant from us in time. We know it a little better than the Archaean—at least a handful of pages from its own book have survived. And this book is long—the Proterozoic lasted nearly two billion years. This is as long as the Hadean and Archaean together, and not far short of half of Earth’s history. Like many a soldier’s account of war, it combined long periods of boredom and brief intervals of terror—or their climatic equivalents, at least. The latter included the most intense glaciations that ever spread across the Earth. Some of these may have converted the planet into one giant snowball. The earliest traces of glaciation on Earth are seen even before the Proterozoic, in rock strata of Archaean age, 2.9 billion years old, near the small South African town of Pongola. These rocks include sedimentary deposits called tillites, which are essentially a jumble of rock fragments embedded in finer sediment. The vivid, old-fashioned term for such deposits is ‘boulder clays’, while the newer and more formal name is ‘till’ for a recent deposit and ‘tillite’ for the hardened, ancient version. Many of the ancient blocks and boulders in the tillites of Pongola are grooved and scratched—a tell-tale sign that they have been dragged along the ground by debris-rich ice. This kind of evidence is among the first ever employed by scientists of the mid-nineteenth century, such as Louis Agassiz and William Buckland, to tell apart ice-transported sediments from superficially similar ones that had formed as boulder-rich slurries when rivers flooded or volcanoes erupted. Ice, then, appeared on Earth in Archaean times.