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Moreira, Paulo. « Ancient Tillage by Raduan Nassar ». Hispania 100, no 3 (2017) : 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2017.0091.
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Balážová, Kristýna, Jan Chyba, Jitka Kumhálová, Jiří Mašek et Stanislav Petrásek. « Monitoring of Khorasan (Triticum turgidum ssp. Turanicum) and Modern Kabot Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Varieties by UAV and Sensor Technologies under Different Soil Tillage ». Agronomy 11, no 7 (30 juin 2021) : 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071348.
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Khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum (Jakubz.)) is an ancient tetraploid spring wheat variety originating from northeast parts of Central Asia. This variety can serve as a full-fledged alternative to modern wheat but has a lower yield than modern varieties. It is commonly known that wheat growth is influenced by soil tillage technology (among other things). However, it is not known how soil tillage technology affects ancient varieties. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different soil tillage technologies on the growth of the ancient Khorasan wheat variety in comparison to the modern Kabot spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) variety. The trial was arranged in six small plots, one half of which was sown by the Khorasan wheat variety and the other half of which was sown by the Kabot wheat variety. Three soil tillage methods were used for each cultivar: conventional tillage (CT) (20–25 cm), minimum tillage (MTC) with a coulter cultivator (15 cm), and minimization tillage (MTD) with a disc cultivator (12 cm). The soil surface of all of the variants were leveled after tillage (harrows & levelling bars). An unmanned aerial vehicle with multispectral and thermal cameras was used to monitor growth during the vegetation season. The flight missions were supplemented by measurements using the GreenSeeker hand-held sensor and plant and soil analysis. The results showed that the Khorasan ancient wheat was better suited the conditions of conventional tillage, with low values of bulk density and highvalues of total soil porosity, which generally increased the nutritional value of the yield in this experimental plot. At the same time, it was found that this ancient wheat does not deplete the soil. The results also showed that the trend of developmental growing curves derived from different sensors was very similar regardless of measurement method. The sensors used in this study can be good indicators of micronutrient content in the plant as well as in the grains. A low-cost RGB camera can provide relevant results, especially in cases where equipment that is more accurate is not available.
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Guh, Ja Ock, et Yong In Kuk. « Farming Techniques Development for the Labor Minimal in Ancient Tillage ». Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture 24, no 5 (31 décembre 2012) : 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12719/ksia.2012.24.5.609.
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Hassan, Waïl S. « Ancient Tillage and A Cup of Rage, by Raduan Nassar ». Review : Literature and Arts of the Americas 50, no 2 (3 juillet 2017) : 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905762.2017.1415023.
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Carvalho Fonseca, Luciana. « Translation and Beyond : Machado’s Resurrection and Nassar’s Ancient Tillage, an Interview with Karen Sotelino ». Letras & ; Letras 32, no 1 (21 août 2016) : 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ll63-v32n1a2016-23.
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SARKER, A., et W. ERSKINE. « Recent progress in the ancient lentil ». Journal of Agricultural Science 144, no 1 (16 janvier 2006) : 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005800.
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Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris) was among the first crops domesticated and has become an important food legume crop in the farming and food systems of many countries globally. Its seed is a rich source of protein, minerals, and vitamins for human nutrition, and the straw is a valued animal feed. Its ability in nitrogen and carbon sequestration improves soil nutrient status, which in turn provides sustainability in production systems. In the current paper, research progress achieved in lentil improvement at national and international levels is reviewed.Since the late 1970s there have been significant national and international lentil improvement programmes, with the main objectives being to develop phenologically adapted, stress resistant and high-yielding cultivars with improved production packages.Systematic research on lentil started recently, compared to other early-domesticated crops. During the last two and a half decades, research progress has been made in various aspects of the crop. Large numbers of germplasm have been collected, evaluated and preserved at national and international levels, with the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) holding the largest collection of cultivated and wild germplasm accessions. A major effort has been made to study the genetic variation in the world germplasm collection, in order to understand local adaptation and to develop specific research programmes. Genotypes with resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly resistance to vascular wilt, rust and Ascochyta blight have been identified, and directly exploited or used in breeding programmes. New genotypes have been bred with good standing ability, suitable for mechanical harvest for West Asia and North Africa. Through introduction and hybridization, the genetic base of lentil has been broadened, most particularly in South Asia, by breaking an ancient genetic bottleneck.Agronomic practices, including seeding time, seed rate, tillage requirements, soil type, and weed control, are optimized locally and improved production packages have been developed to realize higher yield. To date, a total of 91 improved cultivars have been released globally, emanating from genetic material supplied by ICARDA. Due to adoption of improved varieties combined with production technologies, the average global productivity has increased from 611 kg/ha to 966 kg/ha, and total production from 1·3 million tonnes to 3·8 million tonnes in the last three decades. Research at the molecular level, including construction of a lentil genetic linkage map, identification of molecular markers, and genetic transformation, has progressed considerably.
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THOMPSON, S. J. « PARLIAMENTARY ENCLOSURE, PROPERTY, POPULATION, AND THE DECLINE OF CLASSICAL REPUBLICANISM IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN ». Historical Journal 51, no 3 (septembre 2008) : 621–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08006948.
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ABSTRACTThe pamphlet debate concerning the perceived effects of parliamentary enclosure on property and population in eighteenth-century Britain has been largely neglected by intellectual historians. One consequence of this debate was to undermine the credibility of the classical republican economic vision of agrarian simplicity, due to its proponents' failure to come to terms with the enormous disjunction between ancient and modern economies. Although the enclosure of agricultural land had provoked hostility since at least the fifteenth century, after 1700 its opponents developed new arguments to take account of the legislature's increasingly prominent role in facilitating the process. In doing so, anti-enclosure writers drew on classical republican ideas, arguing that enclosure was contrary to the public interest because it eroded the independence of the yeomanry, valorized by numerous republican authorities as integral to the country's military strength. In their criticisms of modern policy, these writers praised the agrarian laws of the Roman republic, as well as the Tudor tillage acts. The agricultural ‘improvers’, on the other hand, denied the validity of these precedents on the grounds that the historical contingencies which had produced the Roman agrarian laws, or the Tudor tillage acts, were of limited relevance in a society based on the interdependence of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce.
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Pashkevych, G. O., et R. L. Boguslavskyi. « Origins of the crop production in Ukraine (on the materials of historical and archeological research) ». Genetičnì resursi roslin (Plant Genetic Resources), no 24 (2019) : 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36814/pgr.2019.24.11.
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Aim – on the basis of literary sources analysis and results of archaeological research, to define sortiment of cultivated plants were grown in the most ancient known period of agriculture in the territory of Ukraine – Trypillia culture, and also the state of agriculture in that time. Results. There is determined that the agriculture on the territory of Ukraine arose on the basis of a crops introduced from the South West Asian cultivated plants origin center through Balkans and Caucasus. The Trypillia tribes growed hulled wheats - emmer and eincorn, barley hulled and nacked, leguminous plants – peas and vetch ervilia. These crops were well adapted by their biological characteristics – resistance to climatic conditions, tolerance to soil conditions and resistance to fungal diseases – both to natural conditions and to primitive griculture level: tillage with horn and wood tools, harvesting not by sickles but by special devices for breaking off ears etc. At the same time, they satisfied people with nutritional and qualitative properties. Use by ancient growers of wild flora – herbaceous, fruit, nutty, berry plants, grapes, forest species is considered. These crops were the start from which agriculture began in Ukraine. In the modern period in Ukraine, as in the whole world, interest in ancient crops as sources of "healthy nutrition" is renewed. On the basis of ancient forms of spelt and emmer, domestic breeding varieties were created. Conclusions. The most ancient known period of agriculture on the territory of Ukraine is Trypillia culture. The Trypillia tribes grew hulled wheats, barley, peas and ervil vetch. These crops were well adapted both to natural conditions and to the primitive agriculture level. Plants of wild-growing flora were used also. Ukraine is not included in the primary or secondary cultivated plants origin centers. But the talent and industriousness of the population in combination with various, predominantly favorable natural conditions conditioned the development of of the cultivated plants diversity through the creative role of the initially folk and then scientific breeding, in which Ukraine occupies leading positions in the world.
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Vercesi, Alberto, Matteo Gatti, Claudia Meisina, Massimiliano Bordoni, Michael Maerker, Cristina Ganimede, Maria Cristina Reguzzi, Emanuele Mazzoni et Stefano Poni. « Relationship among soil management, organic matter content and root development along the explorable soil profile in the vineyard ». BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019) : 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191304021.
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In the most ancient wine area of the Controlled Denomination of Origin (DOC) “Oltrepò Pavese” in North-West Italy, foothills of the Apennine mountains, the soils of 14 representative vineyards managed for about 10 years with tillage (T) or natural grass-cover (G) or the alternation of the two methods between the rows (GT), were compared for their contents of organic matter, main soil parameters and extent of root development, in the first meter of depth. The soils are fine textured, sometimes calcareous, with low levels of organic matter. G and GT soil treatments showed higher organic matter content (on average 1.4%) than T (0.88%). Better root development (number and area) was observed in G and GT, in comparison with T; the number and size of roots showed a positive correlation with the soil organic matter.
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Ferreira, Carla SS, Adélcia Veiga, Ana Caetano, Oscar Gonzalez-Pelayo, Anne Karine-Boulet, Nelson Abrantes, Jacob Keizer et António JD Ferreira. « Assessment of the Impact of Distinct Vineyard Management Practices on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties ». Air, Soil and Water Research 13 (janvier 2020) : 117862212094484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622120944847.
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Vines are one of the most ancient crops, with great relevance worldwide but especially in wine-growing areas in Southern Europe. In the Bairrada wine region of north-central Portugal, vineyards have long been managed intensively, with frequent tillage and application of fertilizers and phytochemical products. During the last decade, however, these conventional practices are increasingly becoming substituted by more sustainable management practices, in particular integrated production (IP) and, to a lesser degree, no-tillage (NT) and biodynamic (BD). This study investigated differences in soil quality of 4 vineyards managed with each of these practices for at least 6 years. Twelve topsoil (0-15 cm) samples were collected in vineyard rows and inter-rows, during one sampling campaign, and analyzed for selected physical and chemical properties. These physical properties were texture, bulk density and penetration resistance, while the chemical properties included pH, electrical conductivity, and the contents of organic matter, nutrients, cations, and metals. Nearby forest soils were also sampled as a reference, since this was the prior land-use in the study sites. The obtained results demonstrated that conventional practices were associated with diminished soil quality, as indicated by lower contents of organic matter and nutrients, such as total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP), and exchangeable cations, as well as by a higher concentration of Cu and, in some samples, of Ni and Pb. Cu concentrations were also relatively high under NT, so that overall soil quality, particularly associated with fertility, was best under IP.
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Ikanovic, Jela, Vera Popovic, Snezana Jankovic, Ljubisa Zivanovic, Sveto Rakic et Dalibor Doncic. « Khorasan wheat population researching (Triticum turgidum, ssp. Turanicum (McKey) in the minimum tillage conditions ». Genetika 46, no 1 (2014) : 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1401105i.
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Khorasan wheat occupies a special place in the group of new-old cereals (Triticum turgidum, ssp. Turanicum McKey). It is an ancient species, native to eastern Persia, that is very close to durum wheat by morphological characteristics. Investigations were carried out in agro ecological conditions of the eastern Srem, with two wheat populations with dark and bright awns as objects of study. The following morphological and productive characteristics were investigated: plant height (PH), spike length (SH), number of spikelets per spike (NSS), absolute weight (AW) and grain weight per spike (GW), seed germination (G) and grains yield (YG). Field micro-experiments were set on the carbonate chernozem soil type on loess plateau in 2011 and 2012. Hand wheat sowing was conducted in early March with drill row spacing of 12 cm. The experiment was established as complete randomized block system with four replications. Tending crops measures were not applied during the growing season. Plants were grown without usage of NPK mineral nutrients. Chemical crop protection measures were not applied, although powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was appeared before plants spike formation in a small extent. The results showed that both populations have a genetic yield potential. In general, both populations manifested a satisfactory tolerance on lodging and there was no seed dispersal. Plants from bright awns population were higher, had longer spikes and larger number of spikelet?s per spike. However, plants from dark awns population had higher absolute weight and grains weight per spike, as well as grain yield per plant. Strong correlation connections were identified among the investigated characteristics. The determination of correlations, as well as direct and indirect affects, enabled easier understanding of the mutual relationships and their balancing in order to improve the yield per unit area.
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Jones, Glynis, Amy Bogaard, Paul Halstead, Michael Charles et Helen Smith. « Identifying the intensity of crop husbandry practices on the basis of weed floras ». Annual of the British School at Athens 94 (novembre 1999) : 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400000563.
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A question of broad economic and social significance is the extent to which farming in prehistoric times, and perhaps even in historical times, was characterised by cultivation on a small scale and with intensive methods. Archaeobotanically, a distinction may be possible between intensive and extensive cultivation on the basis of the weed seeds associated with ancient grain samples. To this end, an ecological study was carried out in central Ewia of the weeds of winter-sown pulses grown both intensively in gardens and extensively in fields. The recorded weed flora was demonstrably influenced by relevant husbandry variables, such as method of tillage (with hoe or plough), weeding, manuring and soil organic content. The closest correspondence, however, was with the size, type and location of cultivated plots, suggesting that the weed flora was determined by a combination of these husbandry variables. In conclusion, the potential is briefly discussed of disentangling these variables for application in an archacobotanical context.
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Santos, Elijames Moraes dos. « Exceção e vida nua : diálogos entre a literatura de Nassar e a de Sófocles / Exception and life nua : dialogues between the literature of Nassar and of Sophocles ». Profanações 5, no 1 (18 juillet 2018) : 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.24302/prof.v5i1.1754.
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Este artigo propõe analisar como as categorias do estado de exceção e da vida nua são dramatizados nos textos Antígona, de Sófocles, e Lavoura Arcaica, de Raduan Nassar. Para alcançar o objetivo estabelecido, consideramos os estudos sobre esses conceitos propostos no projeto Homo Sacer, de Giorgio Agamben (2007; 2014), entre outras fontes que respaldam este estudo. Seguindo a proposta agambeniana, enfatizamos a relação de soberania com o estado de exceção, culminando, muitas vezes na eliminação do vivente. Aspecto este que fica evidente no desenrolar das ações presentes em ambas as narrativas em análise.AbstractThis article proposes to analyze how the categories of the state of exception and bare life are dramatized in the texts Antigone, by Sophocles, and Ancient tillage¸ by Raduan Nassar. To reach the established objective, we consider the studies on these concepts proposed in the project Homo Sacer, by Giorgio Agamben (2007, 2014), among other sources that support this study. Following the Agambenian proposal, we emphasize the relationship of sovereignty with the state of exception, culminating, often in the elimination of the living. This aspect is evident in the unfolding of the actions present in both narratives under analysis.
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Nerlekar, Ashish N., et Joseph W. Veldman. « High plant diversity and slow assembly of old-growth grasslands ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no 31 (16 juillet 2020) : 18550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922266117.
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Earth’s ancient grasslands and savannas—hereafter old-growth grasslands—have long been viewed by scientists and environmental policymakers as early successional plant communities of low conservation value. Challenging this view, emerging research suggests that old-growth grasslands support substantial biodiversity and are slow to recover if destroyed by human land uses (e.g., tillage agriculture, plantation forestry). But despite growing interest in grassland conservation, there has been no global test of whether old-growth grasslands support greater plant species diversity than secondary grasslands (i.e., herbaceous communities that assemble after destruction of old-growth grasslands). Our synthesis of 31 studies, including 92 timepoints on six continents, found that secondary grasslands supported 37% fewer plant species than old-growth grasslands (log response ratio = −0.46) and that secondary grasslands typically require at least a century, and more often millennia (projected mean 1,400 y), to recover their former richness. Young (<29 y) secondary grasslands were composed of weedy species, and even as their richness increased over decades to centuries, secondary grasslands were still missing characteristic old-growth grassland species (e.g., long-lived perennials). In light of these results, the view that all grasslands are weedy communities, trapped by fire and large herbivores in a state of arrested succession, is untenable. Moving forward, we suggest that ecologists should explicitly consider grassland assembly time and endogenous disturbance regimes in studies of plant community structure and function. We encourage environmental policymakers to prioritize old-growth grassland conservation and work to elevate the status of old-growth grasslands, alongside old-growth forests, in the public consciousness.
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Souza Júnior, Carlos Roberto Bernardes de, et Maria Geralda Almeida. « ''O gado sempre vai ao cocho'' : vínculos e tensões na dialética sujeito-lugar em "Lavoura arcaica" / “The cattle always go trough” : attachments and tensions in the subject-place dialetics at “Ancient tillage” ». Geograficidade 8, no 2 (6 novembre 2018) : 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/geograficidade2018.82.a13127.
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Configurada como obra outsider ao período em que foi lançada, 1975, “Lavoura Arcaica” de Raduan Nassar discute questões concernentes aos arcaicos conflitos humanos no âmbito do lar. Em confronto ao patriarcado do lar, o pathos subversivo de André ocasiona em rupturas no lugar. Pelos vínculos de ancestralidade, paixão, corporeidade e natureza, André evidencia relações que desdobram um cotidiano familiar. O artigo centra-se na interpretação da inseparabilidade de pessoas-ou-pessoa-experienciando-lugar, correlacionando a dialética sujeito-lugar. Entremeado pelo corpo, as forças desejantes dos sujeitos se contrapõem na proposição de outras formas e substancializações de lugar. Destarte, identifica-se que as tensões e vínculos manifestam-se como maneiras de viver e reconstituir o lugar formulado no seio do habitar.
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McBride, Ian. « The Politics of A Modest Proposal : Swift and the Irish Crisis of the Late 1720s ». Past & ; Present 244, no 1 (5 juin 2019) : 89–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz015.
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Abstract Swift’s Modest Proposal (1729) is widely regarded as the most brilliant satire in the English language, but its political context has never been properly explored. Some literary scholars have presented the tract as a parody of political economy; others have concentrated on the imputation of cannibalism, the distinguishing mark of the savage, which Swift redirects away from the natives towards the English settlers and their descendants. But nobody has convincingly related A Modest Proposal to the Irish parliamentary debates and pamphlet discussions of the late 1720s, when three successive harvest failures led to food riots in southern ports, large-scale emigration from the north, and thousands of deaths. Nor has anyone seriously investigated Swift’s hatred of the Irish landlord class, which provides A Modest Proposal with its most powerful, animating grievance. During the 1720s disputes over estate management, leasing practices and the relative merits of tillage and pastoral agriculture reflected the spiralling sense that the colonial mission of Ireland’s Protestant elite was on the point of collapse. Swift joined other patriotic commentators in deploring the conversion of arable land to pasture and the resultant expulsion of communities of villagers. Political economists marshalled statistics to demonstrate that human tenants could be as profitable as livestock. A dramatic deterioration in relations between Ireland’s clerical intelligentsia and the landed elite encouraged a distinct strain of social criticism among Anglican clergymen, who blamed landowners for depopulating the countryside ‐ something that Swift repeatedly associated with those barbarous man-eaters of ancient times, the Scythians. For a century and a half the cultivation of Irish soil had been a barometer of the civilising process; consequently the figure of the grazier had become for Swift the epitome of Irish perversity and self-destruction.
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Gvozdeva, Inna Andreevna. « Veteran’s estate as a category of roman land surveying ». RUDN Journal of World History 13, no 3 (2 septembre 2021) : 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2021-13-3-299-309.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate how did form veterans landowning in the Roman land surveying. The main sources on the problem are the treatises of Roman land surveyers (1-2 centuries AD). They contain information about the principles of surveying of land plots for Roman retirees and about right guarantees the veterans had. The task of this article is reconstruction of the process of civic assignations in Ancient Rome and highlighting of features of this action when land was granted to the veterans. At the end of 2nd century BC the limitatio has become the most common way of land division thank to activities of brothers Gracchi. The limitatio assumed the creation of dividers that organized space: Decumanus maximus and Cardo maximus . Their intersection created four parts of the future Ager Colonicus for veterans. The limits parallel to the main ones turned the colony field into a clearly organized boundary grid with a square unit of area - centuria, within which the land plots (intended for tillage, horticulture, viticulture) were formed for veterans. Since the time of Caesar and Augustus, the question of adding grazing land to the arable land was decided in the Roman land surveying art. The most desired types of non-arable land was not only forests, pastureland and relicta but also subseciva - remainders from land division. Those vacant centuriae were a good arable land which the state temporarily allocated to new settlers on a lease basis. In the cadastre, a special right of remainders (ius subsecivorum) was created, unifying the lease relations. Thus, the farm of the Roman veteran consisted of fertile land suitable for all types of agricultural activities, as well as different categories of land, which contributed to the development of property and ownership relations.
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Justel, Josué J., et Daniel Justel. « AN UNPUBLISHED NUZI-TYPE ANTICHRETIC LOAN CONTRACT IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM ; WITH SOME COMMENTS ON CHILDREN IN THE KINGDOM OF ARRAPḪE ». Iraq 77 (décembre 2015) : 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2015.12.
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The paper presents the edition of cuneiform tablet BM 102353, from Yorġān Tepe (ancient Nuzi). Though various scholars have examined the document, and information about its content has been partially distributed, it is the first time that copy, transliteration and thorough commentaries are provided. The text presumably was written during the fourth generation of Teḫip-Tilla's family. It is an antichretic contract in which a young girl is lent, and therefore some comments on children in the documentary evidence from the Kingdom of Arrapḫe are in order.
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Jurjevič Katasonov, Valentin. « Spiritual foundations of the modern consumer slavery ». СОЦИОЛОШКИ ДИСКУРС 5, no 9 (8 novembre 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/socen1509087k.
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Among the feudal lords was the accumulation of money, but not the capital.Even when the feudal lords resorted exploitation, based on the use ofcredit and debt, it did not make them capitalists. Credit interest, in any form(cash, in-kind or the form of tillage) went to personal consumption of feudallords, it was not turning into capital. However, this does not mean that in feudalsociety there was no capital and capitalism. Capital and capitalism were asthey were in the Roman slave-owning society. In Ancient Rome, the capitaldid not exist in the commodity or production form, but in money, capitalismwas not a commercial or industrial, but usurious. There the “professional”usury was practiced by people from the stock of horsemen.