Thèses sur le sujet « Architecture Project Management »

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-86).
The choice of project architecture - the structure of and interrelationships between product, processes, and organization - alters the project's risk profile. While most analyses take project scope as an input, I propose the examination of multiple project decompositions take place as part of project planning and project monitoring. The sub­projects created by each decomposition will have unique risk profiles, suggesting different process and organizational adaptations that lower overall project risk. By selecting project decompositions that partition risk and then adapting the structure of each sub-project to mitigate its particular risks, the probability of risk occurrence is reduced and the severity of consequences may be reduced. Case studies of four IBM mainframe system software projects illustrate lessons regarding project architecture, some general and some project- or process-specific. These projects employ both waterfall and iterative process models, managed using varying degrees of functional, lightweight, and heavyweight organizations.
by John E. Arwe.
S.M.

This thesis includes a study and research on project management, time management and motivation. Study and research starts with the introduction of management techniques and tools and continues with the case study. Case study is a restoration project time management of Farabi building in Nicosia, North Cyprus. Techniques and tools which learned and researched for project management, time management and motivation adapted on Farabi building restoration project which held in 2017. With that, a new case study created from the scratch by using all of these knowledge with a proper discussion.

Poor project performance creates a dilemma for managers in both the public and private sectors. Much research has been conducted on project success, but the relationship between organisational architecture and project success has not been fully explored. This led to the main research question of the study, which was: How can project success be better explained and understood from the perspective of organisational architecture theory? A literature review was conducted on the nature of projects, the project environment, and how project success can be defined and measured, including a discussion on success criteria and critical success factors. Organisational architecture was broken down into its core components. These components were further categorised into structural, operational or procedural, and behavioural (culture, motivation and leadership) components after which literature within each of these components were analysed and discussed. The study used a positivistic paradigm and collected quantitative data that was statistically analysed. An electronic questionnaire was successfully launched and distributed via an email link, which worked through the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) web survey system. This was done within the framework of built environment projects that are typically implemented through partnerships between the public and private sector. A satisfactory response rate was obtained from built environment professionals in South Africa to allow inference of the sample results to the population. The following hypotheses were tested in this study: H1.1: The perception of South African built environment professionals is that there is a significant relationship between organisational structure and project success. H1.2: The perception of South African built environment professionals is that there is a significant relationship between the use and application of traditional operations management tools and techniques and project success. H1.3: The perception of South African built environment professionals is that there is a significant relationship between organisational culture and project success. H1.4: The perception of South African built environment professionals is that there is a significant relationship between motivation and project success. H1.5: The perception of South African built environment professionals is that there is a significant relationship between leadership and project success. An analysis of the survey results revealed that, according to South African built environment professionals, there is an overall significant relationship between organisational architecture and project success. Following an overview of the main findings, an Organisational Architecture – Project Success (OAPS) framework was presented as a recommendation of how to better explain and understand the relationship between organisational architecture and project success.

The scope of this project includes a re-engineering of the internal architecture of the Solicitation Management System (SMS), a web-based application that facilitates the running of grant proposal solicitations for the Office of Technology Transfer and Commercialization at California State University San Bernardino (CSUSB). A goal of the project is to increase consistency and efficiency of the code base of the system, making it easier to understand, maintain, and extend. The previous version of SMS was written to rely on the Spring and Hibernate frameworks. The project includes a restructuring of the system to remove reliance on the Spring framework, but maintain reliance on Hibernate. The result is an updated version of the SMS. The system was written using current technologies such as Java, JSP, and CSS.

Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Hayes-Roth, Rick. "June 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 13, 2009. DTIC Identifiers: Defense acquisition, RVEA (Rapid Value-based Evolutionary Acquisition), rapid acquisition. Author(s) subject terms: Acquisition, Defense Acquisition, Rapid Acquisition, Project Management, Program Management, Service Oriented Architecture, Tactical Service Oriented Architecture. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-79). Also available in print.

The purpose of the thesis was to propose one set of solutions to some of the challenges that are delaying the adoption of utility computing on a wider scale. These components enable effective deployment of utility computing, efficient look-up, and comparison of service offerings of different utility computing resource centers connected to the utility computing network.

The aim of this thesis is to find the relationship between enterprise architecture (EA) and project management. This objective is achieved through two milestones - the first aims to answer the question whether EA can be controlled (in the case of this work represented an architectural framework, TOGAF), using the principles of project management (where this work represented CzNCB standard) and the second deals with issue of the outputs of EA (TOGAF) as a reference for development projects (controlled by CzNCB). The first - EA management and project management focuses on project management of one iteration of the process of building enterprise architecture process model according to architectural framework, TOGAF ADM. It examines whether the EA project manage the building and what is or should be in project management according CzNCB add to the building through the allow EA to drive. In the second of them - EA and project development objectives are achieved partial identification information, which adds to the architecture project and a comparison with the standard for project management CzNCB. The benefit of this work is the best link building practises used in the EA through TOGAF ADM and project management based on standard CzNCB. This work may be a practical benefit for the company that has implemented project management by IPMA and intends to build the enterprise architecture. Such enterprise content of this work will provide guidance on how to manage the building through the EA CzNCB and consequently help to apply EA outputs to development projects. In the first part of this work is to analyze the state of knowledge in project management and EA. The second part is devoted to characterizing concepts closely related to both areas. In the third part of the methodological basis set out analysis of the relationship of project management and EA. The following two chapters, which are separately engaged in sub-goals of this work - Management EA and the EA and project management and development projects.

Le sujet du dysfonctionnement dans la production architecturale, s’il n’est pas récent reste encore pour l’heure une problématique encore posée que les intervenants ont du mal à résoudre. En effet, à une époque où les dispositifs et les réglementations sont de plus en plus nombreux, amenant avec eux la multiplication du nombre d’intervenants, ce sujet demeure complexe et enclin à de nouvelles difficultés. Alors que faire ? Comment intervenir pour aider les acteurs des projets architecturaux à surmonter ces difficultés ? Autrement dit comment les accompagner sur cette problématique ? A l’évidence, il n’existe pas de recettes toutes faites. Ce travail a l’ambition de présenter notre réflexion sur les modalités d’accompagnement favorisant l’implication des acteurs et s’intéressant à leur mode de prise en compte de cette problématique. Pour cela, à partir de la littérature, nous avons cherché à approfondir le constat selon lequel la gestion des projets architecturaux est globalement assez peu efficace et efficiente malgré des réglementations de plus en plus importantes et une nouvelle fonction d’accompagnement qui se développe ces dernières années, celle d’assistance à la maîtrise d’ouvrage. Notre cheminement nous a conduite à mettre en lumière l’importance que revêt un accompagnement favorisant l’implication des acteurs dans le projet. Nous avons expérimenté cet aspect sur un terrain constitué par un projet de reconversion architectural d’une SCI. Dans ce projet, nous sommes intervenue en tant qu’assistante à la maîtrise d’ouvrage dans le cadre d’une CIFRE sur une durée de trois ans. Cette immersion nous a permis de dégager des modalités concrètes d’accompagnement qui favorisent l’implication des différents acteurs de l’organisation dans le projet et ceci, dès les phases amont
While the problems of management of architectural projects is not a new topic, it remains an issue that stakeholders struggle to resolve. While plans and regulations are becoming more and more numerous, increasing the number of stakeholders, this topic remains complex and prone to new difficulties. So, what should be done? How can those involved in architectural projects be supported to overcome these difficulties? Obviously, there are no ready-made solutions. The aim of this study is to present our reflection on how to promote stakeholder involvement and our understanding of how they deal with these issues. By way of a literature search, we investigated the finding that architectural project management is generally not really effective and efficient despite the increasing impact of regulations, but also despite an emerging practice of a support function that has expanded in recent years: project management assistance. Our search led us to highlight the importance of an approach to project support that promotes the involvement of stakeholders. We gained experienced of this issue on a site consisting of an architectural conversion project for an enterprise. We took part in this project as an assistant project manager in the context of a CIFRE (a type of contract between the researcher and the enterprise) over a period of three years. This involvement allowed us to identify specific support methods that promote stakeholder involvement in this project from its beginning

Nowadays, the public and state administration authorities are more frequently than ever forced to change public service processes due to the constantly changing environment and growing pressure on accessibility and quality of the public services. The requisite changes are sometimes only minor but due to the rigidity of the state administration and fast social and technological development it's necessary to make deeper changes more often. Those changes are possible to make only by using project. Effective evidence, monitoring and coordination is becoming the necessity with growing number of projects. This thesis is focused on architecture design and software solution testing for evidence, monitoring and project coordination of the Ministry of the Interior. The first goal of this work is to analyze the software solution requirements following future user needs. Second goal is to design process, process-organizational, functional, data and software architecture based on those requirements. Third goal is to design the method and testing plan including testing scenario design for designed software solution. Last goal is execute this testing plan and present the results. The main benefit of this thesis is architecture design creation of software solution for evidence, monitoring and project coordination of the Ministry of the Interior. Beneficial is also the design of testing method and testing plan for the software solution which could be repeatedly used for future projects related with delivery of software solution. The project management scope of the Ministry of the Interior and analysis of requirements on software solution for evidence, monitoring and project coordination is defined in the introduction of this thesis. Next part of the thesis is dedicated to the design of process, process-organizational, functional, data and software architecture of the designed software solution. Last part of the thesis is dealing with design of the testing method and testing plan for the software solution, execution of the testing and presentation of its results.

Os hospitais possuem estruturas físicas complexas, e projetá-los não é uma tarefa fácil. A dificuldade aumenta se o profissional não tiver disponíveis ferramentas de gerenciamento de escopo as quais auxiliariam a interconexão dos inúmeros profissionais de áreas de conhecimentos distintos, das normatizações vigentes, das atividades da unidade hospitalar, dos fluxos a serem respeitados, da variedade de elementos construtivos e das constantes inovações tecnológicas e assistenciais. O problema identificado é a baixa adoção de processos de gerenciamento de escopo em projetos de arquitetura para saúde. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo modelar um processo de gerenciamento de escopo para a aplicação em projetos de arquitetura para saúde. Como metodologia, fez-se o estudo de literatura técnico-científica. Como resultado deste trabalho, apresentou-se um processo de gerenciamento de escopo para projetos de arquitetura para saúde (GEPAS), para que se torne uma ferramenta de gestão destinada a arquitetos, gestores de escopo, gerentes de projetos e administradores e, com isso, contribuir para que diminua o número de falhas decorrentes da ausência de controle das informações de projetos
Hospitals are complex physical structures and design them is not an easy task. The difficulty increases with the lack of projects scope management tools, which would help interconnect the many professionals in different areas of knowledge, current regulations, hospital unit activities, flows to be considered, variety of constructive elements and the constant technological and healthcare assistance innovations. The problem identified is the low adoption rate of project scope management processes in healthcare architecture projects. The present thesis had an objective to introduce a process of scope management for applications in healthcare architecture projects. The study of technical-scientific literature was the methodology adopted for the current thesis. As a result of this effort, a process of scope management for healthcare architecture projects (GEPAS) was introduced. It should become a management tool aimed at architects, project scope managers, project managers and administrators and with that, contribute to minimize the number of failures due to the lack of control of information in projects

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
In the today’s market, there is a wide range of failed IT projects in specialized small and medium-sized companies because of poor control in the gap between the business and its vision. In other words, acquired goods are not being sold, a scenario which is very common in tourism retail companies. These companies buy a number of travel packages from big companies and due to lack of demand for these packages, they expire, becoming an expense, rather than an investment. To solve this problem, we propose to detect the problems that limit a company by re-engineering the processes, enabling the implementation of a business architecture based on sentimental analysis, allowing small and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMEs) to make better decisions and analyze the information that most possess, without knowing how to exploit it. In addition, a case study was applied using a real company, comparing data before and after using the proposed model in order to validate feasibility of the applied model.
Revisión por pares

This project was done with the vision that it would simplify and improve outpatient treatment of substance abusers through a rehabilitation software program with 24-7 access availability. By developing an easy-to-use interface for out-patient substance abuse patients, they along with their counselors, administrators and insurance agencies, will be able to facilitate continuous communication during the course of a patient's treatment.

Information Technology (IT) Project Management methodologies are numerous, often varying from organization to organization, and sometimes from project to project within the same organization. Although project type and scope can be a powerful indicator of what methodologies may work best for a given project, choosing which methodology to use can be daunting for project teams. At times, even after due diligence has been practiced to identify the management options available for a given project, there may not be a perfect fit. At such times, or when a formal methodology does not exist in an organization or project management office, the best approach for a project may be to utilize a collective of “best practices,” instead of a concrete methodology. When tasked with the IT Project Management of the new Gary Ransdell Hall on WKU’s main campus, the IT Project Manager (PM) did not have a tried-and-true methodology to use for managing the project. As a result, the IT PM and project team chose to research best practices, as reflected in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), to formulate a project plan that would maximize efficiency while protecting the triple constraints. Early in this paper, the author outlines assumptions, constraints, and risks that faced the IT team throughout the project cycle. Afterwards, the resulting methods and procedures used to manage the IT scope for the project are discussed, with figures included for reference. Next, a brief project summary is included to summarize the results of the project, with performance and scope metrics and limited end-user feedback. Finally, the lessons learned section outlines changes that have been implemented since project completion, as part of a continuous improvement effort by the WKU IT Division.

Que ce soit dans ses objectifs, son organisation, ses outils ou ses techniques, le projet en architecture subit des transformations profondes. Certaines découlent des politiques publiques, liées notamment à l’environnement, d’autres d’une maîtrise croissante du rapport qualité-coût, d’autres encore des innovations constructives et de l’essor du numérique, d’autres enfin de l’évolution du cadre des marchés publics, à l’exemple de la conception-réalisation. Dans ce contexte, on observe des pratiques de pilotage et de gestion des projets plus complexes dans lesquelles l’architecte n’est plus le seul à détenir la compétence de synthèse. Cette dernière, au contraire, prend des formes plus partagées dans lesquelles l’ingénieur occupe une place croissante. Pourtant, celle-ci reste peu décrite et mal connue, ou limitée dans sa définition à la synthèse d’exécution définie par la loi n° 85-704 du 12 juillet 1985, dite loi MOP (maîtrise d'ouvrage publique). Caractériser les conditions d’exercice de la synthèse et ses impacts sur les processus de projet est l’enjeu de cette thèse. Nous nous intéressons ici à un aspect, certes circonscrit, mais décisif pour la réussite du projet, à savoir les modalités de collaboration entre ingénieurs et architectes : formes de pensées et d’organisation, outils de représentation, divergences et convergences de leurs actions. L’analyse porte sur le partage de la dimension architecturale et constructive dans huit situations de synthèse issues de trois cas d'étude : la Maison Hermès à Tokyo, la station d'assainissement Seine-Aval à Achères, la Fondation Louis Vuitton à Paris.Par une observation sur le terrain et par des entretiens menés auprès d'ingénieurs et d'architectes, ce travail met en avant deux types de résultats : 1) une caractérisation des situations de synthèse qui précise le rôle des représentations, dont trois types sont identifiés : les représentations spécifiques, les représentations échangées et les représentations partagées ; 2) une évaluation des incidences de la synthèse sur le pilotage et le management des projets. Ces résultats mettent en lumière de nouvelles modalités de collaboration entre ingénieurs et architectes et de gestion de projet qui, sans être totalement représentatifs des projets menés en loi MOP, sont susceptibles de les rendre plus efficients
Whether in its objectives, its organisation, its tools, or its techniques, the architectural project is undergoing profound transformations. Some arise from public policies, notably relating to the environment, others from increasing control over project cost management, yet others from innovations in construction and developments in digital technology, and others, finally, from changes in the framework of public contracts, such as design-build. As a result of these factors, more complex project management practices are emerging, in which the coordinating role is no longer confined to architects alone. Instead, it now takes more collaborative forms, with engineers playing an increasingly more important role. Nonetheless, there has been little description of this synthesising activity and it is poorly understood, or limited in its definition to the execution summary defined by act No. 85-704 of 12 July 1985, the so-called public project ownership (MOP) act. The aim of this thesis is to explain what is meant by project synthesis. We are interested here in a circumscribed aspect of the architectural and construction project – but one decisive to its success – which is the forms of collaboration between engineers and architects: modalities of thinking and organising, representational tools, differences and similarities in their activities. The theoretical and practical implications of this hypothesis will be explored through an analysis of the sharing of the architectural and constructional dimensions of eight examples of synthesis, drawn from three case studies: Maison Hermès in Tokyo, the Seine-Aval sewage plant in Achères, the Louis Vuitton Foundation in Paris. Through observation on the ground and interviews with engineers and architects, this analysis highlights two kinds of result: 1) a description of situations of synthesis, which details the role of representations, identifying three types: specific representations, exchanged representations, and shared representations; 2) assessment of the impacts of synthesis on the conduct and management of projects. These results demonstrate new forms of collaboration between engineers and architects and of project management which, though not entirely representative of projects conducted under the MOP act, offer methodological contributions that could help make them more effective

This work focuses on the need for new knowledge to allow hierarchical multi-project management to be conducted in the construction industry, which is characterised by high uncertainty, fragmentation, complex decisions, dynamic changes and long-distance communication. A dynamic integrated project management approach is required at strategic, tactical and operational levels in order to achieve adaptability. The work sees the multi-project planning and control problem in the context of supply chain management at main contractor companies. A portfolio manager must select and prioritise the projects, bid and negotiate with a wide range of clients, while project managers are dealing with subcontractors, suppliers, etc whose relationships and collaborations are critical to the optimisation of schedules in which time, cost and safety (etc) criteria must be achieved. Literature review and case studies were used to investigate existing approaches to hierarchical multi-project management, to identify the relationships and interactions between the parties concerned, and to investigate the possibilities for integration. A system framework was developed using a multi-agent-system architecture and utilising procedures adapted from literature to deal with short, medium and long-term planning. The framework is based on in-depth case study and integrates time-cost trade-off for project optimisation with multi-attribute utility theory to facilitate project scheduling, subcontractor selection and bid negotiation at the single project level. In addition, at the enterprise level, key performance indicator rule models are devised to align enterprise supply chain configuration (strategic decision) with bid selection and bid preparation/negotiation (tactical decision) and project supply chain selection (operational decision). Across the hierarchical framework the required quantitative and qualitative methods are integrated for project scheduling, risk assessment and subcontractor evaluation. Thus, experience sharing and knowledge management facilitate project planning across the scattered construction sites. The mathematical aspects were verified using real data from in-depth case study and a test case. The correctness, usefulness and applicability of the framework for users was assessed by creating a prototype Multi Agent System-Decision Support System (MAS-DSS) which was evaluated empirically with four case studies in national, international, large and small companies. The positive feedback from these cases indicates strong acceptance of the framework by experienced practitioners. It provides an original contribution to the literature on planning and supply chain management by integrating a practical solution for the dynamic and uncertain complex multi-project environment of the construction industry.

The purpose of this project is to develop a computerized timesheet application. Using this application, an employee of a company can log onto the company's Web site and fill out a timesheet from anywhere in the world. The project involved automating timesheet data entry and approval procedures using contemporary technologies like Active Server Pages (ASP), JavaScript, VB Script, Component Object Model (COM), Components and Open Database connectivity (ODBC).

This licentiate thesis presents a taxonomic approach to classification of defect information in construction projects. A conceptual model, based in a frame of reference consisting of the concepts of Continuous Improvement, Performance Measurement, Knowledge Management, as well as the current Quality Management regime of the industry helps to understand how the use of Contract Inspections can be developed towards facilitating inter-project knowledge diffusion and continuous improvement in construction.Three research questions were formulated:RQ I:How is information from inspection reports currently used?RQ II:How could information from inspection reports be utilised further?RQ III:How should information from inspection reports be structured and codified, to enable storage and future data analysis to facilitate continuous improvement?Qualitative as well as quantitative data has been collected in three different studies. In the first contractors were surveyed through a questionnaire about their use of different suggested experience feedback concepts, such as contract inspections. In the second other project participants than contractors was an interviewed, asking them how they use inspections and how the current usage could be extended. In the third study, a single case study about the inspection activities in one construction project, the purpose was to analyse the method and results of Pre- and Final Inspections. These results were interpreted through classification theory. It is further suggested how inspection data could be enhanced for the purpose of database storing, transforming, and easy access.The thesis concludes that both contractors and the other project roles currently use and view inspections as they are prompted in the General Conditions (AB 04), i.e. as an activity that document what defects there are for the contractor to rectify. Several companies have started to store inspection reports on project-dedicated servers, a routine that is thought to enhance the access to information to some extent. Several respondents have also introduced the compilation of defect statistics.Except automating the compiling of descriptive defect statistics, a system for managing inspection information, giving the widest access to the information about previously experienced defects, is expected to serve a Continuous Improvement process with input for identifying reoccurring problems in the production process. This system could as well be utilised for giving performance feedback to contractors and suppliers. Through continual surveying of the performance of current projects, the performance of the production process can be monitored. Based on the analysed reports, and the literature on taxonomy, the conclusions for RQ III identifies 15 different types of data tags, or types of information, that should be used as structure for the defects’ information: Unique Project Identifier, Unique Defect Identifier, Inspection Identifier, Responsibility, Defect Serial Number, Floor level, BSAB 96 Space Code, BSAB Object code, Defect type, Defect description, Rectification measure, Flag for Safety Issue, Cause, Date logging, and Photos.Future research should focus on the validation of the proposed model and system, suggested through case studies.
Den här licentiatavhandlingen presenterar ett taxonomiskt upplägg för att klassificera informationen om de fel som uppkommer i byggprojekt. Tre forskningsfrågor formulerades:FF I: Hur används informationen i besiktningsutlåtandena i nuläget?FF II: Hur kan användningen av informationen i besiktningsutlåtandenavidareutvecklas?FF III: Hur bör informationen från utlåtandena struktureras och kodifieras, för att tillåta lagring samt framtida dataanalys, till hjälp för Ständiga förbättringar?Kvalitativ, såväl som kvantitativ, data har samlats in över tre olika studier. I den första tillfrågades Sveriges byggentreprenörer genom en enkät hur de använder olika typer av föreslagna erfarenhetsåterföringsaktiviteter, t.ex. entreprenadbesiktningar. I den andra studien intervjuades övriga projektroller om hur de använder besiktningsinformationen, samt hur det nuvarande användandet kan utökas till andra områden. I den tredje studien, en singel-fallstudie över besiktningsaktiviteterna i ett större byggprojekt, analyserades och klassificerades informationen om felen från projektets besiktningsutlåtanden utifrån det svenska klassificeringssystemet för byggbranschen, BSAB 96.Resultaten visar att alla tillfrågade projektroller idag har den syn på besiktningar som de är tänkta från början, som de presenteras i AB 04, d.v.s. som en aktivitet som dokumenterar de fel som finns i ett projekt och som entreprenören måste åtgärda innan besiktningen blir godkänd. Ett flertal företag har dock börjat spara de färdiga besiktningsutlåtandena på projektportaler, en rutin som torde öka möjligheten till spridning av besiktningsinformationen något. Några respondenter har även börjat med att sammanställa enklare statistik över fel inom produktionen i företaget. Baserat på de analyserade besiktningsutlåtandena och litteraturen om taxonomier så föreslås även 15 olika klassificeringsbegrepp, med syftet att förädla informationen om felen i utlåtandena: Unikt Projekt-ID, Unikt Fel-ID, Besiktnings-ID, Ansvar, Löpnummer fel, Våning, BSAB 96 Utrymme-kod, BSAB element/objekt-kod, Feltyp, Felbeskrivning, Åtgärd, Flagga för säkerhetsproblem, Orsak (förslagsvis grundorsaksanalys), datumloggning och foton.Förutom att kunna automatisera statistikframställning, så ger en systemlösning för att hantera besiktningsinformation möjligheter till att kunna sprida informationen om tidigare producerade fel. Systemet antas kunna förse en process för Ständiga förbättringar med input för att kunna identifiera systematiskt återkommande fel och därav problemområden för förbättringsorganisation att arbeta med.Baserat på idéerna om Ständiga förbättringar, prestationsmätningar och Knowledge Management utvecklades en modell för hur arbetet med entreprenad-besiktningar kan utvecklas till att kunna hjälpa vid med kunskapsspridning mellan projekt samt Ständiga förbättringar. Framtida forskning bör framförallt fokusera på att validera den föreslagna modellen och systemet, förslagsvis genom fallstudier.
Godkänd; 2011; 20111115 (roblun); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Byggproduktion/Construction Engineering Examinator: Professor Thomas Olofsson, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Filosofie doktor Kajsa Simu, NCC Construction, Luleå Tid: Fredag den 16 december 2011 kl 10.00 Plats: E246, Luleå tekniska universitet

Main goal of this paper is to define a solution for employee training and development programs. The goal is accomplished through formulating of project management plan and specifications of requirements and software architecture.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal propor melhorias aos fluxos de desenvolvimento e gerenciamento dos projetos executivos de arquitetura que atendem Ãs particularidades de HabitaÃÃo de Interesse Social (HIS), à luz do Pensamento Enxuto (PE). A partir da hipÃtese da existÃncia de uma situaÃÃo de comprometimento nos fluxos apontados, este trabalho com carÃter exploratÃrio-descritivo, qualitativo apresenta como questÃo de pesquisa, a discussÃo de âcomo aprimorar o processo do projeto de arquitetura dos empreendimentos de HIS?â. Esta pesquisa propÃe empregar a ferramenta lean de Mapeamento do Fluxo de Valor (MFV) para representar e analisar o fluxo de informaÃÃes ao longo do tempo de um processo administrativo de elaboraÃÃo de projetos voltados à HIS. A ferramenta foi escolhida, devido permitir avaliar o fluxo de informaÃÃes ao longo do tempo e propor melhorias com a finalidade de racionalizar o processo atual do projeto a partir da identificaÃÃo dos fatores que comprometem o tempo de desenvolvimento do mesmo. A metodologia para aplicaÃÃo desta ferramenta baseou-se em propostas encontradas na literatura sobre o emprego do MFV em ambientes administrativos. O presente trabalho consiste na aplicaÃÃo dos passos 2, 4, 5 e 6 do mÃtodo proposto por Tapping e Shuker (2002), que a partir da escolha de um fluxo de valor, à descrita a situaÃÃo atual, adotadas mÃtricas de tempo de permanÃncia (TP) e tempo de realizaÃÃo da atividade (TRA) e definido o mapeamento do estado futuro a espelho da demanda do cliente. Apresenta-se como resultados os mapas, atual e futuro, com possÃveis sugestÃes de melhoria para o processo analisado. A estratÃgia da pesquisa à um estudo de caso no projeto padrÃo aprovado pela Caixa EconÃmica para o programa habitacional do Governo Federal, Minha Casa Minha Vida, cujo valor por unidade habitacional atenda ao pÃblico de HIS de atà 03 (trÃs) salÃrios mÃnimos. O levantamento de informaÃÃes, na fase exploratÃria desta pesquisa, foi realizado atravÃs de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os agentes envolvidos diretamente com o projeto, o escritÃrio de arquitetura e construtor, e ampliadas aos setores pÃblicos e tÃcnicos analistas, ligados diretamente aos processos de anÃlise dos projetos, Caixa EconÃmica. Na etapa de anÃlise dos dados, este trabalho buscou identificar melhorias nos fluxos de projeto estudados, baseadas em experiÃncias e necessidades dos agentes dos referidos fluxos e analisar a aplicabilidade da ferramenta do MFV, realizou adaptaÃÃes aos mapas atuais obtidos com a implantaÃÃo das melhorias identificadas e, a partir disso, construiu-se propostas de mapas de fluxo de valor futuro para o processo de desenvolvimento de projeto. Dos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, a partir das sugestÃes de melhorias, espera-se um impacto econÃmico e social positivo no projeto e, sobretudo, influenciar projetistas e profissionais ligados a Ãrea da construÃÃo civil para utilizaÃÃo dos mapas, na compilaÃÃo de informaÃÃes importantes sobre os processos e utilizaÃÃo como base para a definiÃÃo de diretrizes e elaboraÃÃo de planos de aÃÃo.

The primary influence on project results is human effort, therefore the most essential tool for effort management and focus is communication. Communication in Project Management is characterized by its complexity however it may be analysed from two perspectives; communication tools and human factor. The main objective of this work is to identify problematic areas of internal communication in Project Management and the design of corrective measures that will mitigate or eliminate these problems. This work is based on research in a dynamic environment and comprehensive project program, which is an excellent example and material for definition of such areas. The theoretical section lists the topics of project management and communication; each topic affects specific features that are part of the program or directly related (SOA, agile management, conflict parties business, ICT, etc.). The practical part acquaints readers with the concept of sociological research and defines a hypotheses and set of methods that were used in this research. Further, it contains a description of the program in which research was undertaken and the results of such analysis with recommendations on what measurements should be implemented to improve communication and its effectiveness.

eFörvaltning ses som ett medel för att göra kommunalt förvaltningsarbete mer effektivt och interoperabelt. Dock begränsas kommuner av oförmåga att uppnå det vilket försvårar genomförandet av deras uppdrag. En orsak till varför införandet av eFörvaltning inte ger de systematiska fördelar som efterfrågas beror på att införandet av informations och kommunikations teknologier (IKT) inte är tillräckligt. Förändringen som krävs kan inte ske över en natt utan är en gradvis förändring över tid som även kräver nya sätt att arbeta på. Kommuner behöver hantera sin eFörvaltningsutveckling på ett mer strukturerat sätt för att öka möjligheterna att förverkliga de fördelarna som sägs kunna erhållas. Enterprise Architecture (EA) har på senare tid kommit att ses som en möjlig lösning för att komma tillrätta med denna problematik. Genom att arbeta mot en EA skapas möjligheten att brygga IKT system med affärsprocesser och därigenom leda till effektivitet och interoperabilitet. Dock är EA inom offentlig sektor ifrågasatt. Forskare menar att EA saknar tydlig definierad omfattning och begreppsvärld, vilket gör användningen av EA inom förvaltningsarbete svår. De omfattande logiska EA ramverk som finns idag saknar innehåll som är specifikt relaterade till offentlig sektor. Vari det blir problematiskt att arbeta mot en EA inom offentlig sektor. Denna licentiatavhandling lägger följande forskningsfråga: ”Vilken roll har EA för införandet av eFörvaltning inom Svenska kommuner?” Samt följande underfrågor ”Vilka förutsättningar finns för att använda EA vid eFörvaltningsutveckling?” ”Vad har Örebro kommun uppnått genom att arbete mot en EA i deras eFörvaltningsutveckling?” Och ”Vilka problem har Örebro kommun upplevt av att arbeta mot en EA vid eFörvaltningsutvecklingen?”. En longitudinell fallstudie av ett eFörvaltningsutvecklingsprojekt i Örebrokommun genomfördes mellan 2007 och 2009 med syfte att utröna dessa frågor och för att skapa insikt om EAs roll för eFörvaltningsutveckling. Förutsättningar, resultat och upplevda problem vid eFörvaltningsutvecklingen studerades. I anslutning till detta empiriska arbete genomfördes även en jämförandestudie av eFörvaltningsmål såsom de anges i officiella statliga dokument inom så väl Sverige som i EU gentemot förmodade fördelarna med EA som diskuteras i samtida EA-litteratur. Studien visar att EA som fenomen ses som en förutsättning för att lyckas med eFörvaltning. 7 viktiga aspekter gällande förutsättningen för att lyckas med kommuners eFörvaltningsutveckling identifierades: Skillnaden mellan administrativa och politiska ansvaret, Politiskt mandat, Politisk timing, Resursfördelning, Samordning under NPM, Leverantörsberoende, Val av standard och bäst praxis. För att förbättra möjligheten att röna framgång i eFörvaltningsutveckling behöver dessa aspekter aktualiseras och hanteras. New Public Management (NPM) som styrmodell utgör ett strukturellt hinder för eFörvaltningsutveckling som förhindrar en mer explicit användning av EA-ramverk, vilket påverkar möjligheten att uppnå uppsatta mål negativt. Trots den strukturella problematik som föreligger, kan stöd erhållas genom att arbeta utifrån ett ”EA-tänk”. Ett ”EAtänk” kan här ses som ett medel för att påbörja förändringen mot en EA utan att för den delen explicit använda sig av ett EA-ramverk, eller -metod. Dock är det viktigt skapa en förståelse för att ”EA-tänk” som fenomen i sin tur ger upphov till strukturer och således kan leda till problem som även de måste hanteras för att eFörvaltningsutveckling skall lyckas. eFörvaltning, NPM och ett ”EA-tänk” skapar en strukturell triad där olika strukturella egenskaper i vissa fall sammanfaller med varandra vari de kan stödja kommuner i dess arbete och således bidra till positiv utveckling. Medan det i andra fall leder till negativ utveckling där administrationen upplever problem att ta till sig av de rekommendationer eFörvaltningsprojektet kan tänkas ge till organisationen som helhet. Paradoxalt nog skapar denna strukturella triad en situation där kommuner måste arbete runt sig själv för att komma framåt. Normer och befintliga strukturer i kommuner förhindrar effektiv samarbete både internt mellan olika förvaltningar och externt gentemot andra kommuner och landsting vilket leder till fragmentariska framsteg mot projektmålen och i slutänden även kommunens övergripande mål gällande eFörvaltningsutveckling. Givet de i många fall motstridiga strukturella egenskaper som finns mellan NPM och eFörvaltning innebär att det initiala arbetet mot EA i eFörvaltningsutveckling är ett ytterst komplext fenomen. För att öka möjligheten att eFörvaltningsutvecklingen blir lyckad krävs det att kommuner känner till och hantera den negativa inverkan NPM har på eFörvaltningsutveckling. Samtidigt behöver de känna till och hanterar problematiken som uppstår av att arbeta mot en EA genom ett ”EA-tänk”, Samt att som studien visat, EA ger inget stöd för mer politiseras mål, vari kommuner behöver annat sätt och andra strategier för sådant arbete. Detta är viktigt att beakta, speciellt med tanke på att mer politiserade mål i mångt och mycket är de mål som kommer premieras av politiker. Av just den enkla orsaken att politiker inte blir omvalda på grund av “effektiva IKT integrerade interna processer” utan blir omvalda utifrån förbättringar som är synliga och som gagnar medborgare positivt. Avhandlingen bidrar till forsknings genom att öka förståelse för och behovet av att hantera både positiva och negativa faktorer som påverkar möjligheten att lyckas med eFörvaltningsutveckling inom kommunalt arbete. Vilket inkluderar de 7 identifierade kritiska faktorer måste aktualiseras och hanteras för att öka möjligheten att lyckas. Den negativa effekt NPM har på eFörvaltningsutveckling och hur ett ”EA-tänk” kan leda till positiv utveckling, även om det som denna studie visat inte kan bidra till mer politiserade mål. Vad gäller denna licentiatavhandlings bidrag till praktiken så bidrar den med att belysa den problematiska situation som föreligger av att institutionaliserade strukturer i många fall verkar som ett hinder mot förändring. Studien möjliggör även till att kommuner kan skapa en förståelse för sin egna eFörvaltningsutveckling och möjligtvis kan verka för att inte uppleva samma problematik som identifierats i Örebros eFörvaltningsutveckling samt visa på hur en kommun kan arbeta för att hantera den problematik som inte kan förhindras alternativ som uppstår trots denna kunskap.
Governments struggle with inefficiencies and an inability to achieve interoperable information communication technology (ICT) systems. Apparent issues include a failure of local government to realize the benefits of electronic government (eGov) initiatives, high project failure rates, administrations hampered with inefficiencies, and a lack of interoperability between systems within the local government. Thus, local governments need to address their eGov initiatives in a structured way to improve their chances of providing the benefits that are sought after. Sweden’s eGov model is decentralized, following a strict new public management (NPM) model. Whilst eGov ought to bring benefits to local government, Sweden is still hampered by inefficiencies and an inability to achieve interoperable ICT systems. This has been the case for quite some time. One reason why systemic gains from adopting eGov have not reached the levels sought after could be that, in many cases, ICT implementations are not enough. The transformation needed for eGov is not instantaneous; it requires various new ways of working. Enterprise Architecture (EA) has come to be seen as a possible solution to the apparent issues of developing, adopting and managing eGov successfully. By utilizing EA, it is argued that it is possible to bridge ICT systems and business processes, thus making the organization more efficient. However EA’s usefulness for eGov development and adoption is the subject of debate. Some researchers argue that EA lacks clearly defined scopes and concepts, which makes the use of EA in government difficult. Whereas other argues that although EA frameworks are comprehensive logical frameworks, they lack content that is related specifically to government organizations. The thesis posits the following research questions: What is the role of EA in eGov adoption in Swedish local government? together with three sub questions: What are the prerequisites for using EA in Swedish local eGov adoption? What has the Swedish local government in Örebro achieved with its use of EA in eGov adoption? And What problems have the Swedish local government in Örebro experienced in its use of EA when adopting eGov? To explore the role of EA in eGov adoption a longitudinal case study is carried out on the municipality of Örebro’s eGov project MovIT, a project launched in 2007 that ended in 2009. I study the prerequisites, results and problems associated with using EA in Swedish local government as part of eGov adoption. A comparative study is conducted of the goals of eGov, as stated in official eGov documents at EU and Swedish governmental levels will attest as to the supposed benefits of EA in contemporary EA-literature. From the study, it can be concluded that EA, as a phenomenon, is thought to be, if not a silverbullet, then at least a prerequisite to eGov success. In term of prerequisites, EA use cannot assist Swedish local government where there are more politicized objectives; in this situation, local government is required to look elsewhere to find support for its work. The study identify several critical issues from the empirical study of the prerequisites: distinction between administrative and political responsibilities; political mandate; political timing; resource allocation; coordination under NPM; dependence on providers; and choosing among standards and best practices. These issues need to be acknowledged and handled appropriately by Swedish local government in order to improve the chances for success in eGov adoption. The study also showed that NPM as governance model becomes a hindrance in eGov adoption, preventing the project from a more explicit use of an EA-framework and negatively affecting the projects possibility to adopt eGov. However, despite this structural problem, it is still possible – as observed – for a project that is based on EA-thinking to begin working. EGov, NPM and EA-thinking form a triad, with structural properties that, in some instances, correlate. In such cases, this can lead to positive changes. However, in other situations, they are contradictory, resulting in Swedish local government having a difficult time in adhering to the suggestions endorsed by the eGov project. This lead to incoherent progressions towards requested results. The existing structures hindered effective cooperation, both internally between different departments and externally with other local governments. This licentiate thesis has shown that the initial use of EA in local government eGov adoption is complex. Given the contradictory nature of NPM and eGov, local government has to acknowledge the negative impacts of NPM on eGov adoption. As well as acknowledging the issues that arise from EA use, a key area is a lack of support of local government in an area that is most likely to be endorsed by politicians. Politicians do not get re-elected based on efficient internal processes with a highly integrated ICT; rather, changes must be visible to citizens and businesses. This licentiate thesis has also shown that ‘EA-thinking’, as a means for local government, can move towards an EA without the explicit use of an EA framework or EA method. However, ‘EA-thinking’ may give rise to other issues that need to be acknowledged and dealt with. This licentiate thesis contributes to research by improving our understanding of the nature and importance of promoting and inhibiting different factors. Including critical issues for succeeding with eGov adoption, the negative effects of NPM and how EA-thinking can lead to positive changes, even though it cannot assist local government in all aspects deemed important to eGov adoption. In terms of practice, this thesis contributes by highlighting the problematic nature of institutionalized structures and the effect that this has on eGov adoption. It also contributes by enabling local governments to acknowledge the problems identified. This allows them to better understand their own development and possibly avoid similar problems or at least have a better understanding of how to handle the issues that arise.

This thesis is written at WSP management and investigates the practice of pre-project planning and feasibility studies at Swedish construction companies, through the study of the ongoing feasibility study of the mall Sturegallerian in Stockholm, and through interviews with experienced project managers in the construction industry. There is currently a big span in the way Swedish construction companies plan the pre-project phase and the aim of this thesis is to present a more generic and standardized way that helps minimize project risks and maximize efficiency and profit.

 

The result is a generic model which can be used in pre-project planning. The model describes the phases in the preproject planning process and the activities that span these phases. Is also describes the categories of professions that need to participate in the preproject planning group and which activities that each profession executes.

 

The other result is a list of factors that need to be considered for a well performed pre-project phase, as found during the interviews. Among others the thesis stresses the importance of involving the client as a key participant in the process. The importance of testing the profitability of the idea is also being discussed. The interviews also indicated that the pre-project phase is not linear but rather transactional and that the original alternatives presented to the client lead to new client desires and requirements.

O gerenciamento ágil de projetos (APM) é uma abordagem que vem se disseminando rapidamente, em especial para o caso de produtos inovadores. A contribuição desta abordagem está em propor meios para simplificar e fornecer maior flexibilidade nos processos de trabalho, permitindo maior quantidade de mudanças no decorrer do projeto. Uma das estratégias é o uso de gestão visual, por meio de painéis, com adesivos autocolantes. Existem várias inconveniências do uso destes painéis e, paralelamente, vivencia-se a popularização de novas tecnologias de interação humano-computador painéis digital touchscreen. O objetivo deste projeto é propor uma nova arquitetura de software de domínio específico para a construção de sistemas de gerenciamento de projetos distribuídos, considerando o planejamento iterativo e visual do gerenciamento ágil de projetos e segundo o paradigma da sinalização digital; ao mesmo tempo em que os dados do projeto são enviados para Sistemas Integrados de Gerenciamento de Projetos tradicionais. Esta pesquisa combina vários procedimentos para o seu completo desenvolvimento, em seis etapas. Duas de levantamento bibliográfico, geral e específico, uma de estudo de tecnologias, duas principais para o desenvolvimento da arquitetura e protótipo e, por fim, a construção de um exemplo de aplicação para testar sua exequibilidade. A viabilidade técnica da proposta foi comprovada com um protótipo utilizando as tecnologias Adobe Flex, PHP e o software de gerenciamento de projetos (SGP) dotProject. Os resultados demonstram que a arquitetura proposta é viável e pode trazer uma série de vantagens frente o uso de softwares tradicionais e os softwares voltados para o APM.
The Agile Project Management (APM) approach was rapidly disseminated, especially in the case of innovative products. The contribution of this approach is to propose methods to simplify and provide flexibility in work processes with considerable amount of change throughout the project. The strategy is use visual management with white panels and stick notes, however, there are several concerns of using these panels. Moreover it is observed the popularization of new technologies for human computer interaction like the touchscreen panels. The main objective of this project is to propose a new Domain-Specific Software Architecture for building distributed project management systems considering iterative and visual planning of agile project management and according to the paradigm of digital signage while the project data is sent to the traditional Integrated Systems Project Management. This research combines various procedures to its development in six phases: two phases for bibliographical research, one phase for study the technologies, another two phases for the development of architecture and prototype, and finally one phase for build an application and test its workability. The prototype was developed using Adobe Flex technologies, PHP and project management software (PMS) dotProject to test the technical feasibility of the proposal. The results show that the proposed architecture is feasible and can bring a number of advantages over the use of traditional software and software aimed at the APM.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Building structures have a major impact on the quality of the macro-climates of the world, in particular in terms of pollution and environmental costs associated with their creation, operation and maintenance. Emerging global trends to make buildings more efficient, effective and sustainable, led to the question can one establish how sustainable existing buildings are? Building rating tools like LEED, BREEAM and Green Star, can already be used to rate and certify buildings in terms of their environmental performance and sustainability, but seem to fall short of establishing true overall building performance sustainability. As an architect, the researcher was involved in a project to develop a process for the Provincial Government Western Cape to comply with the Government Immovable Asset Management Act, Act no.19 of 2007 (GIAMA). The problem statement of this study links to the objective to comply with GIAMA, which requires that all government buildings be assessed in terms of their sustainability. This led to a number of research questions being asked. The first of these questions are what can be learnt from currently available rating systems and would it be possible to track and monitor the sustainability performance of a building over time. This triggered a series of related questions: What role can benchmarking play in establishing and tracking a building’s sustainability over time? How can benchmarking help to identify which part of a building’s overall sustainability is most in need of resourcing, to bring it closer to overall sustainability? How can capital and maintenance expense budgets associated with the building life-cycle be effectively utilised to bring buildings closer to overall sustainability? How can the availability of detailed information pertaining to the costs and benefits of green investments in existing buildings help building owners to identify the best initiatives to invest in? The methodology used in this study to answer the above questions is based on two research approaches. The first part made use of a literature review to establish and define the knowledge framework to be used in the second case study portion of the study. The methodology used for the case study was based on applied research, where the real life problems associated with the development of a suitability benchmarking process for the PGWC was documented and assessed. The results of the study found that there exist a missing link between theoretical knowledge of sustainability benchmarking and the legislative requirement of GIAMA and that this missing link is the standardised accurate and verifiable data required for the benchmarking process. In addition to this it was also found that the social aspects of buildings are generally neglected. A universal standard for collection of the required data is also needed. The study also highlighted that a general misperception exist that Environmental Sustainability is synonymous with the Sustainability paradigm.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bou strukture het 'n groot impak op die gehalte van die makro-streke van die wêreld. Veral in terme van besoedeling en die ekologiese koste wat verband hou met die ontwikkeling, werking en onderhoud daarvan. Globale opkomende tendense om geboue meer doeltreffend en volhoubaar te maak, het gelei tot die vraag: Hoe kan 'n mens die volhoubaarheid van 'n bestaande gebou vasstel? 'n Aantal bou-graderings-stelsels, soos LEED, BREEAM en Green Star, kan reeds gebruik word om geboue te gradeer en sertifiseer in terme van hul omgewingsvolhoubaarheid, maar skiet te kort ten opsigte van algehele volhoubaarheid van ʼn gebou. As ʼn argitek was die navorser betrokke by ʼn projek om ʼn proses te ontwikkel vir die Provinsiale Regering van die Wes-Kaap (PGWK) om te voldoen aan die Wet op die Bestuur van Onroerende Regeringsbates, Wet no. 19 van 2007. Die probleemstelling van hierdie studie koppel aan die vereiste om te voldoen aan Wet 19 van 2007, wat vereis dat alle regeringsgeboue geassesseer word ingevolge hul volboubaarheid . Dit het gelei tot 'n aantal navorsingsvrae: Eerstens, watter lesse kan geleer word uit die bestaande bou-graderings-stelsels en tweedens, is dit moontlik om op die volhoubaarheid van 'n gebou te monitor en gradeer oor tyd? Dit het tot verwante vrae gelei, naamlik: Watter rol die stel van maatstawe kan speel om die volhoubaarheid van ʼn gebou te monitor? Hoe kan die stel van maatstawe bepaal watter aspekte van 'n gebou die meeste hulpbronne benodig, ten einde dit nader aan algehele volhoubaarheid te bring? Kan die kapitaal- en instandhoudingsbegrotings, wat verband hou met die lewens-siklus van die gebou, effektief gebruik word om ʼn gebou nader aan volhoubaarheid te bring? Hoe kan die beskikbaarheid van inligting met betrekking tot die koste en voordele van groen beleggings van bestaande geboue, gebou-eienaars help om die beste inisiatiewe te identifiseer om in te belê? Die metode wat in hierdie studie gebruik is om bogenoemde vrae te antwoord, is gebaseer op twee navorsings benaderings. Die eerste deel van hierdie studie het gebruik gemaak van 'n literatuuroorsig om ʼn kennisraamwerk te definieer en te vestig, wat dan in die tweede deel van die studie, ʼn gevallestudie, gebruik word. Die metode wat gebruik is vir die gevalle studie is gebaseer op toegepaste navorsing, waar die werklike probleme wat verband hou met die ontwikkeling van 'n geskikte volhoubaarheid maatstawings proses vir die PRWK gedokumenteer en geassesseer is. Die resultate van die studie was die bevinding dat daar 'n vermiste skakel bestaan tussen die teoretiese kennis ten opsigte van ‘n maatstawings stelsel vir volhoubaarheid en die wetlike vereiste van Wet 19 van 2007. Die vermiste skakel is dat gestandariseerde, accurate en verifieerbare data bemodig word vir die maatstawings proses. Daar is ook gevind dat die sosiale impakte van geboue verwaarloos word. Die studie stel voor dat ʼn universele standaard benodig word vir die versameling van die vereiste data. Die studie het ook n belangrike observasie gemaak dat daar 'n algemene wanopvatting in die industrie bestaan dat Omgewingsvolhoubaarheid sinoniem is met die Volhoubaarheid paradigma.

The building information model (BIM) is assumed to encompass all the required parameters, rules and attributes about a design product and process for Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) practitioners in a way that is comprehendible by all participants sharing the model and that communicates their needs and intentions. The socio-cognitive day-to-day interactions that occur in the workplace imply however that there are discrepancies between what is exchanged as design information when sharing a model and what is exchanged as goals, needs and possibly conflicting intentions and interests when sharing a common ill-structured problem. The findings of an ethnographic study are presented. The study investigates affordances and limitations in BIM-enabled practice regarding the communication of design intent among design teams in the context of an architectural project. Grounded theory coding was used as a basis for analytic induction through constant comparison and examination of data from field observation, interviews and design meetings, to identify emergent conceptual categories central to the research inquiry. A "thick description" was provided that took into account the dynamic interactions among teams, including interdisciplinary, intradisciplinary and non-disciplinary interaction. By dissecting hypothetical models of shared project information offered by BIM, the dissertation identified interfaces of information exchange, states of the BIM model as a boundary object, and emergent and overlapping communities of practice that delineate the degree of completeness and correctness of a BIM model and describe its effectiveness in capturing and conveying the intent of participants upon interaction. To draw parallels to other contexts, the assumptions central to the study were discussed in relation to a spectrum of possible scenarios within the larger population of AEC firms. In light of the findings and "persona" descriptions identified in the study, the dissertation examined and proposed amendments and richer descriptions to existing surveys and market reports that address the use and benefits of BIM in the AEC industry, including topics such as the internal business value of BIM, top ways to improve value of BIM, and impact of project factors on BIM value.

La crise pétrolière de 1974 frappe de plein fouet la consommation énergétique. Cette crise bouleverse d’abord la consommation quotidienne, les entreprises qui consomment beaucoup d’énergie (acier, automobile, … etc.), puis l’État qui voit se réduire les taxes pétrolières pour régulariser le marché public. Ainsi les citadins, surtout les parisiens, qui ont peu de ressources énergétiques doivent changer leurs habitudes de consommation. Réduire la consommation énergétique dans la construction devient une nécessité et l’État doit montrer l’exemple. Les bâtiments publics, neufs, rénovés ou restaurés servent d’exemple et illustrent les prises de position de l’État. S’occuper des économies d’énergie dans des bâtiments publics, c’est montrer l’intérêt que l’État manifeste vis-à-vis du domaine public. Le but de ce projet est de reconstituer les manières de repartir les traditions et les décisions dans la gestion énergétique et les nouveaux moyens techniques appliqués à la construction des édifices. Les résultats mettent en évidence cette problématique à travers l’étude de quelques bâtiments publics réalisés/édifiés en Île-de-France rapidement après la crise pétrolière de 1974
The oil crisis of 1974 strikes quite hard the energy consumption. First of all, this crisis has disturbed the daily consumption, the companies which consume a lot of energy (steel, automobile, etc.) Then the State which reduced the oil taxes to settle the public market. The citizens, especially the Parisians who have a little reserve of energy resources may need to change their consumption habits. Reducing the energy consumption in the buildings becomes a necessity and the government has to show the example. The public, new, renewed or restored buildings, display the examples that the government wants to give of its new position. Dealing with the question of energy savings in public buildings, is also showing the governmental interest towards its public sector. See how the traditions and the decisions in the energy management and the new technical means applied to the construction of buildings are the purposes of this research, which highlights this problem and applies it to some of the public buildings realized recently after the oil crisis of 1974 in Ile-de-France

Visando lidar com as crescentes complexidades dos sistemas de software e aumentar a maturidade do processo de desenvolvimento através da minimização dos riscos e incertezas, a disciplina de Gestão de Riscos tem se apresentado como tema crescente na indústria e na academia de software. Um gerenciamento de riscos adequado pode implicar em melhoria do produto e no aumento da produtividade do processo de desenvolvimento de software. O presente trabalho apresenta uma especialização do processo de Gestão de Riscos para projetos de software. Esta especialização consiste em uma estratégia preventiva da Gestão de Riscos que permite transformar riscos e incertezas de projetos de software em requisitos de Arquitetura de software, de forma que a Arquitetura final obtida não seja impactada pelas eventuais ocorrências desses riscos, garantindo assim qualidade do produto e produtividade do processo. Após a conceituação teórica sobre riscos, incertezas e Arquitetura de software e a descrição da estratégia para mapeamento das categorias de riscos e incertezas em requisitos de Arquitetura, o trabalho apresenta a aplicação da estratégia proposta a alguns projetos de software reais, destacando os pontos positivos da abordagem. Conclusivamente, são discutidas as vantagens e os pontos críticos para a aplicação da estratégia proposta em projetos do dia-a-dia das organizações.
In order to handle the growing complexities of software systems and increase the maturity of the development process through the minimization of risks and uncertainties, the Risk Management has been presented as an important subject in the software industry and academy. An adequate risk management can result in product quality improvement as well as increase the productivity of the software development process. This dissertation presents a specialization of Risk Management process for software projects. This specialization consists of a preventive strategy of Risk Management, which makes possible turning risks and uncertainties of software projects into requirements of software Architecture in a way that the final obtained Architecture is not impacted by eventual occurrences of these risks, therefore assuring the product quality and the process productivity. After the theoretical conceptualization of risks, uncertainties and software Architecture, and the description of the strategy for mapping risk and uncertainties categories in Architecture requirements, the dissertation presents the application of the proposed strategy to some software projects, emphasizing the positive points of the approach. Conclusively, the advantages and critical points for the application of the proposed strategy in regular projects are discussed.

The aim of the final thesis Methods for IT investment evaluation and decision making is to verify relationship between strategy of the company its Enterprise Architecture and IT investments evaluation. To achieve the aim of the thesis is necessary to define the term of Enterprise Architecture and its relationship with IT Project Portfolio Management. The literature retrieval which follows after is focused on calculation of IT investment profitability and return. The calculation is very difficult due to intangible benefits which are one of the common goals of IT investments. The customer satisfaction, improve of the current business process or employees satisfaction are one of the examples of the intangible benefits. Cost/Benefit analysis is one of the methods depicted for calculation of the intangible benefits. Methods for decision support as Analytic Hierarchy Process are highlighted as the significant instrument. The risk analysis and simulation of the risk in IT investments decision making are also mentioned but according to the scope of thesis just very briefly. Major methods are used on the model example of the evaluation and decision making process to demonstrate the whole theoretical part of the thesis. The biggest added value of the final thesis is the deep analysis of the relationship between strategy of the company its Enterprise Architecture and IT investment evaluation. Entire final thesis should be used as the fundament for IT investment evaluation and decision making framework.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 112-115).
Japanese construction industry is currently struggling with technology development due to the resisting forces against introducing and developing new technologies into the construction sites. In order to analyze the current situation and develop the potential preferred architecture, ARIES, a system architecting framework is applied to the construction project team as the targeted enterprise in this research. First, the current architecture of the enterprise is analyzed from ten elements including landscape and stakeholder. While many ecosystem factors are driving technology development, it was made clear that the weak relationship of the construction project team with the leading-edge technology suppliers led to the team's lack of knowledge and information about new technologies, resulting in generating the resisting forces against introducing new technologies.
After analyzing the current situation, the envisioned future was created based on the capability of both the company and the construction project team. Second, in order to generate novel ideas about the alternative architectures, case studies of different industries were performed, where the importance of taking into account the supplier's needs and communicating continually with the workers on site was identified. After several alternative architectures were generated and evaluated by an unweighted decision matrix, the combined architecture consisting of the connecting platform and the on-site events was selected as the future architecture. Finally, based on the risk assessment, the detailed architecture and the implementation plan were developed, which have an emphasis on interaction between the connecting platform and the on-site events.
ARIES framework was applied to this research effectively in that both the current and future architecture of the enterprise were analyzed, evaluated, and validated from a holistic point of view. In addition, this research gave a valuable insight that interaction among multiple sub-systems is important for the entire system to work successfully. Considering that the research was performed by a single person, the author, the future work would be discussing the proposed architecture with other multiple members to improve it.
by Hiroyuki Ikukawa.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
S.M.inEngineeringandManagement Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program

The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate how architects and project managers can improve their work process within an architecture firm, in order to become more competitive and cost efficient. To fulfil the purpose of the thesis, the research has been based on an interview study that draws upon the challenges the construction industry is currently facing, especially within architecture and project management, which means that firms working in the early phases of a project must do some changes in their work processes to meet those challenges. Hence, the research question has been based on the firm’s ability to improve their work processes in different and new types of projects. The investigation has been based on semi-structured interviews and a literature study of scientific articles and academic literature. The interviews have been made with group managers, a design manager, internal project managers and external project managers from the Swedish architecture firm White AB in Stockholm, which has collaborated with the researcher when writing the master thesis. The interviews has shown difficulties in managing projects for both architects and project managers, and in defining roles and dividing of tasks, which has resulted in the lack of collaboration and communication, design problems, time and budget constraints, client dissatisfaction and cultural barriers within the firm. To handle and prevent these difficulties from occurring the researcher has provided the firm’s steering committee with guidance on how to improve the difficulties with two overall objectives. The objectives were based on the current situation analysis, which in turn was based on interviews and literature study that entailed architects’ increased collaboration with project managers and the definition of the project manager’s role. Hence the following guidelines can be achieved: internal and external marketing, education, experience feedback, common objectives and shared leadership.
Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur arkitekter och projektledare kan förbättra sina arbetsprocesser, i en arkitektfirma, för att bli mer konkurrenskraftiga och kostnadseffektiva. För att uppfylla syftet av examensarbetet, har forskningen varit baserad på en intervjustudie som bygger på de utmaningar som byggbranschen för närvarande står inför, särskilt inom arkitektur och projektledning, vilket innebär att företag som arbetar i de tidiga faserna av ett projekt måste göra vissa förändringar i sina arbetsprocesser för att möta dessa utmaningar. Därför har forskningsfrågan varit baserad på företagets förmåga att förbättra sina arbetsprocesser i olika och nya typer av projekt. Undersökningen har baserats på semistrukturerade intervjuer och en litteraturstudie av vetenskapliga artiklar och akademisk litteratur. Intervjuerna har gjorts med gruppchefer, en projekteringsledare, interna och externa projektledare från den svenska arkitektfirman White AB i Stockholm, som har samarbetat med forskaren vid skrivning av examensarbetet. Intervjuerna har visat på svårigheter i att hantera projekt för både arkitekter och projektledare och I att definiera roller och uppdelning av arbetsuppgifter, vilket har resulterat i samarbets- och kommunikationsbrister, utformningsproblem, tid- och budgetbegränsningar, klientmissnöje och kulturella barriärer inom företaget. Att hantera och förebygga dessa svårigheter från att uppstå så har forskaren tillhandahållit företagets styrgrupp med vägledning om hur svårigheterna kan förbättras utifrån två övergripande mål. Målen baserades på nulägesanalysen, vilket i sin tur grundade sig på intervjuer och litteraturstudier som innebar ett ökat samarbete mellan arkitekter och projektledare och att definiera projektledarens roll. Därmed kan följande riktlinjer uppnås: intern och extern marknadsföring, utbildning, erfarenhetsåterföring, gemensamma mål och delat ledarskap.

A realização de projetos dentro do prazo estabelecido é um fator comum em diversas áreas de produção como a engenharia civil, de aviação, química, transportes, indústria em geral, entre outras. No entanto, na engenharia de software, a questão do tempo na construção de um produto é um desafio de processo a ser superado em cada novo projeto. O cumprimento de prazos no desenvolvimento de software é tão crítico que o próprio controle de atrasos no ciclo de produção é um fator a ser considerado na análise de redução do tempo de desenvolvimento. A complexidade do ambiente de software, a competitividade de mercado, as mudanças de requisitos constantes durante o projeto e o tempo disponível cada vez mais restrito, aumentam as chances de insucesso quando analisado o indicador de tempo na produção de software. O objetivo deste trabalho é reunir e organizar as práticas e técnicas de engenharia de software em um roteiro que permita a redução do tempo no desenvolvimento do software. Neste roteiro, é descrita a utilização organizada e planejada das práticas de engenharia de software que auxiliam no planejamento, na criação da arquitetura de solução, na definição da infra-estrutura técnica para reutilização e a utilização da engenharia simultânea, visando proporcionar ganhos reais no tempo de produção do software e no aumento da produtividade.
The completion of software project within schedule is a common goal in several industries like building engineering, aviation, chemical, transport, wares and so on. However, in software engineering, the schedule is a process challenge from the beginning of each new project. The time is so critical that the delay control is an analysis point for cycle time reduction in software development. The complex environment, the pressure to reduce time-to-market, frequent requirements changes during the project life-cycle, increase the failure chance of software projects when we analyze the time indicator in the software development process. The dissertation goal is to meet and to organize of software engineering practices and techniques in an organized roadmap aiming cycle time reduction in software development. In this roadmap, the practices are organized to help software planning, solution architecture, component based development definition, to promote reuse and concurrent engineering with purpose to reduce cycle time software development and improve productivity.

Face à une crise de la planification avérée depuis plusieurs décennies, l'aménagement peine à renouveler ses méthodes et outils, ainsi qu'à relever le défi de l'action dans un monde incertain. Toutefois, impulsés par des formes de gouvernance inédites, des objets territoriaux non identifiés apparaissent, théâtres de modalités d'action et de territorialités qui échappent au cadre de la planification et à l'institutionnalisation. Le Pôle d'Orly, projet interdépartemental, en est un exemple. C'est en le suivant au quotidien pendant quatre ans, au Conseil général de l'Essonne, que cette thèse s'est construite autour de l'idée que l'improvisation peut éclairer la nature de l'action et du territoire en jeu et permettre de comprendre leur pertinence et leur efficacité propres. En élargissant l'enquête à l'ensemble des projets d'aménagement du CG, une trajectoire commune est apparue, dessinant les contours d'un modèle d'action improvisée. Ambiguïté, équivoque, indétermination et éphémère en sont des propriétés centrales. Caractérisée par une intentionnalité et une créativité partagées qui ne distinguent plus entre composition et exécution, l'improvisation s'appuie sur la construction du sens et des finalités dans le cours de l'action et rétrospectivement, issue de l'interaction entre leader et partenaires, joue avec un horizon d'attente et multiplie les effets latéraux. L'analyse des compétences déployées par les chefs de projet a par ailleurs permis d'identifier les bases d'une discipline de l'action improvisée. Celle-ci porte l'attention sur des qualités et des valeurs associées à l'écoute, la prévoyance, la confiance, l'engagement, dans une logique de don et de croyance, au cœur des échanges avec les partenaires et de l'engagement réciproque au service du projet.

En systemarkitekts praktik består till stor del av att tolka, beskriva och strukturera verksamhetsprocesser och -information som underlag för förändrings- och utvecklingsarbete, oftast med stöd av it-system. Professionen betraktas traditionellt som en teknisk ingenjörskonst. Men de problem jag ställs inför som arkitekt handlar inte enbart om att designa tekniska system och kommunikation mellan maskiner, utan minst lika ofta om att hantera utmaningar relaterade till mellanmänsklig kommunikation i komplexa situationer. Vad händer om vi fokuserar på denna andra del av arkitektens praktiska kunskap? Denna magister- uppsats handlar om språkets och kommunikationens roll i kontexten av ett systemutvecklingsprojekt. Författaren använder sig av metaforer i en gestaltande skönlitterär kontext som kreativ metod för att visualisera och förmedla olika aspekter på systemarkitektens yrkesroll och praktik. På så vis utnyttjar uppsatsen den mer experimentella form som essän erbjuder för att även utforska sina egna uttrycksmöjligheter. Essäns teoretiska material baserar sig på den språkfilosofiska tradition som utvecklats av Ludwig Wittgenstein och Gilbert Ryle. Utifrån dessa båda tänkares verk förs ett resonemang runt språkets och den kontextuella förståelsens betydelse för systemarkitektens praktiska kunskap. Essän väver även in tankegångar från Thomas Kuhn, Peter Naur och Donald Schön i syfte att utforska just metaforens, improvisationens och den kreativa kommunikationens roll som verktyg i systemarkitektens praktik.
The system architect ́s practice is mainly about interpreting, describing and structuring the processes and information of an enterprise in order to create a foundation for change and development, often supported by IT systems. The profession is traditionally regarded as an art of technical engineering. But the problems I face as architect is not exclusively about designing technical systems and communication between machines, but just as much about handling challenges related to inter-subjective communi- cation between human beings in situations of complex interaction. What happens if we focus on this second aspect of the practical knowledge of the architect? This essay is about the role of language and communication in the context of a system development project. The author uses metaphors in fictional context as a creative method to visualize and mediate different aspects on the architect ́s professional role and practice. In that sense the text utilizes the more experimental form offered by the essay in order to explore its own expressive possibilities. The theoretical material of this essay is based on the language philosophical tradition developed by Ludwig Wittgenstein and Gilbert Ryle. Starting out from these two thinkers, the author reasons around the importance language and contextual understanding has for the practical knowledge of the system architect. Further on the essay weaves in thoughts from Thomas Kuhn, Peter Naur and Donald Schön with the purpose of exploring the role of the metaphor, improvisation and creative communication as tools in the practice of the system architect.

Examensarbetet behandlar trä som byggnadsmaterial. I arbetet ingår en rapport med förklarande illustrationer samt framtagning av programhandlingar för ett bostadsprojekt. Byggbranschen står idag för en hög miljöbelastning där den största bidragande faktorn är materialproduktionen. Trots att trä är det enda koldioxidneutrala konstruktionsmaterialet byggs få flerbostadshus med trä som bärande stomme. Det råder brist på kunskap och erfarenhet inom träbyggnadsteknik av anledningen att en tidigare lagstiftning förbjöd byggnader över två våningar med trästomme. Studien har fördjupat sig i möjligheterna när det gäller lång spännvidd, konstruktionshöjd och arkitektonisk karaktär men även kraven för ljud och brand har styrt utformningen. Till en början förväntades trä ge upphov till en del begränsningar, främst gällande brand och akustik, men dessa kan till stor del lösas genom kompletteringar och noggrann projektering. Trä har många positiva egenskaper som hög hållfasthet, bra bärförmåga vid brand, bra värmeisoleringsförmåga samt att det ger ett bra inomhusklimat, vilket kan nyttjas i en byggnad. Fastigheten som valdes för projektet ligger i Rosenlundsparken på Södermalm i Stockholm. På platsen var det gynnsamt att bygga i trä på grund av bland annat dåliga markförhållanden. Studien har resulterat i en byggnad på 9 våningar, där den bärande stommen är helt utförd i trä. Stommen är uppbyggd av pelarbalksystem i entréplan och KL-trä på de resterande våningarna. Ett ribb-bjälklag har använts, som är en kombination av KL-trä och limträ. Resultatet visade att om tjocka bjälklag implementeras kan flerbostadshus med långa spännvidder uppföras, med en högre byggnadshöjd som följd. Långa spännvidder ger en frihet när det gäller att utforma planlösningar. Trä är ett flexibelt material vilket ger möjlighet till frihet i form. Träets naturliga karaktär ger en positiv effekt på människor och är estetiskt tilltalande. Byggnaden har böjda former vilket bidrar med kontrast till det befintliga stadsrummet. Fasaden är utförd i trä och även interiört är det synligt trä i stor utsträckning.
The thesis is about wood as a building material. The work contains a report with explanatory illustrations and a project planning document for a residential. The building sector has a big impact on the climate, where the biggest contribution is the manufacturing of materials. Wood is the only material that is carbon oxide neutral, but still a small amount of the high apartment buildings is constructed with a wooden frame. The reason behind this is that a former law prevented wooden buildings higher than two floors and therefore there is a lack of knowledge and experience regarding wooden building technique. Wood has many positive qualities, which can be of advantage in a building. Such as a good load bearing capacity during a fire, good strength, good thermal conductivity, and it provides a healthy internal climate. There are also limitations with wooden constructions regarding fire and sound, but this can often be solved with supplements and thorough planning. This study examined the possibilities regarding span, height, and architecture. Additionally, sound- and fire conditions had an impact on the design. The project resulted in a long free span in consequent of a thick slab and therefore the building height increases. The property that was chosen for the project is located to Rosenlundsparken at Södermalm in Stockholm. The condition of the ground was not optimal to build on, because it consists of clay. But an advantage with a wooden construction it that it is light, which reduces the land work. This study resulted in a 9-floor high building where the frame is completely in wood. The frame is constructed with a column and beam system in the entrance floor and CLT walls on the other floors. A ribbed slab was chosen, which is a combination of CLT and glulam. The result showed that if thick slabs are implemented, residential buildings with long free span can be built and with a higher building height as a consequence. A long free span gives freedom when making floor plans. Furthermore, the wood offers flexibility, which makes different shapes possible. The building has round shapes which makes a contrast to the existing cityscape. Moreover, the woods natural character has a positive effect on humans and is aesthetically appealing. Wood is used as a cladding to the extent possible both interior and exterior.

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The Public Institutions of Higher Education (PIHE) have a management system that would typically meet functional demands. Inserted at this juncture, there is the area of Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC). However, in most cases the units responsible for the activities in this area have not been able to perform / function / structure adequately to meet time requirements, scope and pre-defined costs. This shows the necessity of work and that there are opportunities to improve the management system of the PIHE, specifically the AEC sector. From this perspective, the aim of this study was to develop a plan for Structuring an Office of AEC processes, suitable for the PIHE, having as guiding elements the systemic action and the reach of higher levels of maturity. For this, the used methodology consisted of studies and analyzes of situations identified in different bases, among which access to journals and databases of institutional works of academic origin, such as these, dissertations and reports. The assimilation of this body of knowledge and understanding of how to act practiced by the AEC in some PIHE allowed to perform new interpretations for possible realignments of AEC area in terms of process management. Through these studies, the outcome of this work was the assembly of a plan for structuring an office of process management AEC, here called Alfa Project. The Alpha Project provides the necessary steps for the purposes of planning, implementation, monitoring and control of the Y Office - Office of Business Process Management - AEC in one PIHE. Moreover, an exemplification was performed of how a Y Office could work at an educational institution, showing up their products and tools. From the development of the the present study, it was concluded that deploy an office of Office Y's nature is a task that must be planned from the first meeting of its deploying decisions to its first steps as an active office. Although that in the PIHE today it may not be a simple and quick task, the positive and promisingxvi facts is that all PIHE owns structural conditions and favorable environments for the deployment of a Y Office, which depend on firm decision of senior management and determined action (institutional competence, planning and commitment) in setting and driving of the Alfa Project.
As Instituições Públicas de Ensino Superior (IPES) apresentam um sistema de gestão que deve atender tipicamente a demandas funcionais. Inserida nessa conjuntura, tem-se a área de Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção (AEC). A essa área cabe desenvolver ou lidar com processos e projetos que se referem a assuntos de arquitetura e engenharia. Entretanto, na maioria dos casos as unidades responsáveis pelas atividades dessa área não têm conseguido operacionalizar/funcionar/estruturar adequadamente para atender requisitos de tempo, escopo e custos pré-definidos. Isso mostra a necessidade de esforços e que há oportunidades para melhorar o sistema de gestão das IPES, especificamente do setor de AEC.Sob essa perspectiva, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um Plano para Estruturação de um Escritório de Processos de AEC, adequado a IPES, tendo como elementos norteadores a ação sistêmica e o alcance de melhores níveis de maturidade. Para isso, a metodologia utilizada consistiu em estudos e análises de situações existentes, identificados em diferentes bases, dentre as quais periódicos e acesso a bancos institucionais de trabalhos de origem acadêmica, como teses, dissertações e relatórios. A assimilação desse conjunto de conhecimentos e a compreensão da forma de atuar praticada pela área de AEC em algumas IPES permitiram realizar novas leituras para possíveis realinhamentos da área de AEC em termos de gestão de processos. Através desses estudos, o resultado deste trabalho foi amontagem deum plano para estruturação de escritórios de gestão por processos de AEC, aqui denominado Projeto Alfa. O Projeto Alfa fornece os passos necessários para fins de planejamento, implantação, monitoração e controle do Escritório Y Escritório de Gestão por Processos de AEC numa IPES. Além disso, foi realizada uma exemplificação de como um Escritório Y poderia funcionarnuma instituição de ensino, mostrando-se seus produtos e ferramentas. Do desenvolvido noxiv presente trabalho, concluiu-se que implantar um escritório da natureza do Escritório Y é uma tarefa que deve ser planejada desde a primeira reunião de decisão de sua implantação até os seus primeiros passos como escritório em atividade. Ainda que nas IPES hoje possa não ser uma tarefa simples e rápida, o fato positivo e promissor é que toda IPES é detentora de condições estruturais e ambientes favoráveis para a implantação de um Escritório Y, o qual dependerá de firme decisão da Alta Administração e ação determinada (competência institucional, planejamento e empenho) na configuração e condução do Projeto Alfa.

The main purpose of this research project was to bridge the existing knowledge gap inthe empirical identification and understanding of how conflict occurs between keyproject parties within Saudi Arabia’s public sector building projects. Such conflict hasbecome an increasingly endemic feature within the last 20 years, and this researchproject provides a contribution in knowledge terms which will help to overcome theobstacles and challenges impeding growth and development in the field. This wasachieved by conducting an investigation to provide the theoretical background aboutthe antecedents of conflict, and presenting a number of project management suggestions to avoid or minimise.Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were utilised in this study. Thequalitative research data was obtained from 30 in-depth semi-structured interviewswith four types of key project party, namely, project owners, consultants, contractors,and sub-contractors. This was followed by two separate questionnaire surveys. The firstwas a means of validating conflict data obtained from the interviews, and the secondwas used to test Project Management - PM data, . In this part of the study, 672questionnaires were sent to various people engaged in the Saudi Arabian constructionindustry. The response rate was 46.1% (n = 310 ).In terms of the interview data, a total of 349 data items were derived and from these data items, 30 general themes emerged concerning various causes of conflict and the latent conditions of conflict, providing descriptions of what and how conflicts arise within Saudi Arabian public building projects. From these general themes, 31 recommendations for strategic project management processes are made, with the intention of preventing or at least minimising conflict. The quantitative survey conducted to test these project management strategies (recommendations) revealed that all of them were supported. The study subsequently produced a cyclical framework of conflict avoidance, derived from the research methodology used in the study, and this is outlined to enable project building participants, whether individuals, groups, or organisations, to improve their project management strategy from project to project.The research recommends that: generally, certain project management strategiesshould be implemented in the earlier phases of a project in order to promote conflictavoidance behaviours or at least to effect a reduction in these. Furthermore, strategicactions are required to deal with the latent condition-related issues in respect of building projects in the Saudi Arabian context. In this case, reforms to current practices are required to improve the performance within the building industry. It is also recommended that further research be undertaken to explore other latent conditions of conflict and conflicts themselves in order to develop additional project management strategies aimed at managing the causes of conflict.

In general, server rooms have restricted access requiring that staff possess access codes, keys, etc. Normally, only administrators are provided access to protect the physical hardware and the data stored in the servers. Servers also have firewalls to restrict outsiders from accessing them via the Internet. Servers also cost a lot of money. For this reason, server rooms also need to be protected against overheating. This will prolong the lifecycle of the units and can prevent data loss from hardware failure. The California State University San Bernardino (CSUSB), Specifically the College of Arts and Letters server room has faced power failures that affected the Air Conditioning Unit (AC) and as a result the room became overheated for a long time, causing hardware failure to server units. This is why this project is important for the College and needs to be implemented as soon as possible. The administrator’s old method of controlling server room temperature was by manually adjusting the temperature box inside of the server room. Now it can be controlled and monitored using remote access. The purpose of A Web-Based Temperature Monitoring System for the College of Arts and Letters proposed in this project is to allow users to monitor the server room temperature through a website by using any computer or mobile device that has Internet access. Also, this system notifies users when the room attains a critical temperature by sending an email/text to the server room administrator. A Web-Based Temperature Monitoring System for the College of Arts and Letters project is for the exclusive use of the College of Arts & Letters (CAL) server room. The administrator is the only person that can grant access to others by creating a proper account. For this project three prototypes will be implemented, first to measure the current server room temperature, the second to show the temperature history of the room, and third to use the built-in search system to locate times that given temperatures were attained.

Includes bibliographical references
Purpose: Architectural firms are characterized by their professional identity and knowledge-driven nature; knowledge is crucial to their success in the competitive and dynamic business environment. As knowledge management is still in its infancy in the construction industry and structured knowledge management processes have not yet been adequately deployed in the architecture discipline, this research seeks to focus on the implicit knowledge management processes and more specifically give insight into the effective communication of lessons learned from an individual project to the wider organisation through the use of graphical methods such as the Function Analysis Systems Technique (FAST diagram) that can be undertaken in professional architectural firms. Design/methodology/approach: To establish if a FAST model can be used as a tool to capture and then communicate lessons learned. This would address the difficulty experienced in the project management of transmitting knowledge from one project to future projects of similar nature. To achieve this objective, a FAST diagram was developed from a Project Learning Roadmap developed by Carrillo et al. (2013) and other lessons learned process models which are based on detailed literature review in an attempt to enhance the lessons learned dissemination in South African professional architectural firms. The applicability and validity of the FAST diagram (Appendices B.13 and B.14) was verified by quantitative research methods. Based on the proposed process model, a combination of a brainstorming session and a pilot study with reflective learning approach was utilised on a selected sample population to study the opinions of professional architects on the details of these processes and the diagram. Data presentation was in text and graphic format. Findings - Once all the data were collected and analysed, the findings were that the research has confidently proven that graphical methods and especially FAST diagrams can effectively be used to communicate lessons learned from one project to the wider organisation. Practical implications: A clear policy/strategy governing the ways in which lessons learned should be disseminated is not prevalent among South African architectural firms. Originality/value: Although the study applies uniquely to architectural professional services firms and may not yield an evaluation that is comparable with previous similar studies, it is hoped that the FAST Diagram developed can be applied to other types of project-based professional service organizations in order to find out whether this tool can be used in their context in terms of how they manage their organizational learning. In addition, these future studies can offer a benchmarking effect to firms striving to establish matured project management offices (PMOs) through continuous improvement processes by using lessons learned. Limitations: Given the exploratory nature of this research, the amount of data obtained is restricted to a single architectural firm in South Africa.

La question de la transition numérique est primordiale en conception architecturale. L’objectif de notre recherche est de proposer des pratiques collaboratives afin de faciliter cette transition numérique. Nous nous concentrons sur des pratiques dites « agiles » permettant d’améliorer la communication et la coordination entre architectes, ingénieurs ou encore le maître d’ouvrage. Ces pratiques doivent permettre à ces acteurs d’échanger leurs intentions architecturales et de les évaluer tout en s’assurant que leurs propositions sont satisfaisantes vis-à-vis des besoins du client. Ces pratiques consistent à remplir collaborativement un cahier d’intentions, nécessitant alors confrontations d’opinions, à jouer à un jeu de cartes obligeant tous les concepteurs à prendre la parole, à réaliser des réunions courtes et quotidiennes afin d’expliquer son avancement ou encore à être un coach dont l’objectif est de faciliter la vie de ses collaborateurs
The question of digital transition is a key issue in architectural design. The objective of our research is to propose collaborative practices to facilitate this digital transition. We focus on so-called "agile" practices to improve communication and coordination between architects, engineers or project owner. These practices must allow these actors to exchange their architectural intentions and evaluate them while ensuring that their proposals are satisfactory concerning the client's needs. These practices consist in collaboratively filling out a book of intentions, requiring confrontations of opinions, playing a card game obliging all designers to speak out, holding short, daily meetings to explain their progress or being a coach, whose objective is to make life easier for their employees

Sustainable transport involves more choices and possibilities than ever before, and the topic is widely discussed within the maritime industry. To a large extent the innovations and technology exists, but even though there is a drive and consciousness to change, sustainability is still not a cornerstone in the decision-making process when new ships and transport solutions are developed. The gap between sustainability ambitions and actual actions is far from closed. This thesis introduces a new framework called Systems Engineering for Sustainable Ship design (SE4SS), which is based on the Systems Engineering methodology for conducting concept developments and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) for operationalizing sustainability. The new framework makes sustainability aspects an essential part of ship design concept development and the following decision-making process. The SE4SS framework includes an application of the SDGs on a product level (ship) and suggests appropriate tools & methods for sustainability assessment, considering different levels of ambitions and amount of available resources that projects may have. The framework has been validated against three cases of ship design concept development within the commissioner organization SSPA. The result shows that the suggested approach is useful in terms of ; (1) raising a holistic awareness of sustainability aspects in ship design, highlighting the existing opportunities and responsibilities, (2) creating a more transparent trade-off analysis where priorities need to be stated, preventing greenwashing, (3) structuring the process which facilitates the integration of sustainability aspects from the start and the communication between the project manager/naval architect and different stakeholders. Full-scale application of the SE4SS is needed in order to fully validate its usability and generalizability, however this thesis argues that the introduced framework may be a valuable tool in both illuminating and reducing the ambition-action gap within the maritime sector.
Hållbara transporter involverar fler val och möjligheter än någonsin tidigare och ämnet är mycket omdiskuterat inom den maritima industrin. Till stor del så finns redan innovationerna och teknologin som krävs för en hållbar omställning, men trots ett driv och en medvetenhet kring förändring så är hållbarhet fortfarande inte en grundsten i beslutsfattandeprocessennär nya fartyg och transportlösningar utvecklas. Gapet mellan hållbarhetsambitioner och faktiska handlingar är fortfarande stort.Den här masteruppsatsen introducerar ett nytt ramverk kallat systemteknik för hållbar skeppsdesign (SE4SS) som baseras på en systemteknisk metodik för konceptutveckling där FNs globala mål (SDGna) för hållbar utveckling har använts för att operationalisera hållbarhet. Detta nya ramverk gör hållbarhets aspekter till en grundläggande del i konceptutvecklingen av fartyg och den efter följande beslutsprocessen.SE4SS-ramverket inkluderar en applicering av SDGna på produktnivå (fartyg) och föreslår lämpliga verktyg & metoder för hållbarhetsanalyser, där hänsyn tas till att olika ambitionsnivåer samt tillgängliga resurser projekt kan ha.Ramverket har validerats gentemot tre fallstudier av konceptstudier inom fartygsdesign som genomförts av det uppdragsbeställande företaget SSPA. Resultatet visar att det föreslagna ramverket är användbart med avseende på; (1) skapar en holistisk medvetenhet när det gäller hållbarhetsaspekter inom fartygsprojektering där möjligheter och ansvar betonas,(2) skapar en mer transparent avvägningsanalys där prioriteringar måste fastställas, vilket försvårar grönmålning, (3) strukturerar utvecklingsprocessen vilket underlättar både integreringen av hållbarhetsfrågor från början och kommunikationen mellan projektledaren/skeppsdesignern och olika intressenter. Fullskalig applicering av SE4SS behövs för att stärka valideringen kring användarbarhet och generaliserbarhet, emellertid så argumenterar denna uppsats för att det introducerade ramverket kan vara ett värdefullt verktyg när det gäller att både belysa och minska ambition-handlingsgapet inom den maritima branschen.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 99-101).
Engineers and managers of software projects have the daunting task of successfully delivering the right product at the right time for the right price. The path to achieving these lofty goals is commonly not a straightforward endeavor. Due to the dynamic nature of software development, varying organizational circumstances, and situational idiosyncrasies of each project this can be a very difficult and sensitive process. Ideally, software development methodologies bring order to the chaos of software development. An ill-fitting development strategy, however, can create unnecessary friction and further complicate the prospect of a successful product delivery. Researchers and private organizations alike spend substantial resources to understand the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used development practices - the validation of which is highly problematic due to conflicting variables. This research ventures to bring clarity to the question: "Which development methodology is right for a particular situation?" Treating the software development project life-cycle as a socio-technical system, it can be decomposed to the most fundamental elements. Using these elements as the architectural building blocks of a project, Agile, Waterfall, Set-Based, and Spiral are each compared at the molecular level. This thesis evaluates these comparisons and how subsequent research applies to today's software projects.
by Christian J West.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

The theoretical aspects of Architectural Management (AM) have been widely researched from a variety of international perspectives through the published research work of the CIB W096 Working Group. There is much less research, however, covering the transfer of these theoretical aspects into professional practice. There is a lack of a holistic approach towards defining AM, explaining what it constitutes, its deliverables to its users, whether there is a need for architectural managers, and if so, what are their qualifications. Similarly, there is a lack of research concerning the opinions of those outside the CIB W096 community with regard to Architectural Management. This research has contributed to the theory and practice of AM by conducting a combination of inductive/deductive, exploratory/explanatory, and qualitative/quantitative approaches in order to understand the exact meaning of AM; capture and detail its components; and to validate all these issues by examining the professional opinions of two groups: researchers and practitioners. The primary focus of this research was answering the question as to how AM can be transferred successfully from theory into practice. In order to answer this question, the research was divided into five consecutive phases. Firstly, reviewing the literature helped establish a solid theoretical background for the research, and it helped in highlighting the major gaps in knowledge associated with AM. Subsequently, and in response to the shortage of information within the AM literature, a preliminary study was found to be a useful source for gathering information about the meaning, components, benefits, strategies and requirements of AM, and the need for architectural managers. Then, both the data extracted from the literature and the data obtained through the preliminary study were analysed and combined, generating a framework for transferring AM from theory to practice using the grounded theory methodology. Then the AM framework testing process was conducted in three stages through a workshop, interviews, and questionnaire survey examining the professional perspectives of architectural researchers (within and outside the CIB W096) and the leaders of UK architectural firms. The final stage involved discussing and synthesising the data obtained through the entire course of this research and generating conclusions. During its testing and after refinement, the newly proposed AM framework proved its practicality and usefulness for transferring Architectural Management from theory to practice. The findings indicated that the decision to adopt AM should be taken at the firm's strategic management level; and there is a need for a facilitator expert in design, management and construction to lead the successful adoption and application of AM. Similarly, the findings revealed that adopting AM in practice has the capability to increase a firm's competitiveness. However, this requires effective communication, collaboration, and knowledge sharing within the firm's internal and external environments. Similarly, the findings indicated the crucial role of basic and vocational architecture education in spreading the concept of AM and assuring its successful application.