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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Arms length »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 4 juin 2021
Mis à jour le 10 février 2022

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Arms length"

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Amirkhanyan, Anna A., Hyun Joon Kim et Kristina T. Lambright. « Closer Than “Arms Length” ». American Review of Public Administration 42, no 3 (2 mai 2011) : 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074011402319.

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Godage, Isuru S., Gustavo A. Medrano-Cerda, David T. Branson, Emanuele Guglielmino et Darwin G. Caldwell. « Dynamics for variable length multisection continuum arms ». International Journal of Robotics Research 35, no 6 (3 septembre 2015) : 695–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364915596450.

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Predebon, John. « Illusion of Length in Acute- and Obtuse-Angle Figures ». Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no 1 (février 1994) : 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.259.

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The apparent expansion and contraction of the length of the arms of an obtuse (160°) and an acute (20°) angle were measured as a function of the relative lengths of the arms. 20 subjects reproduced the apparent length of the fixed-length (50-mm) horizontal lower arm of the angle. The length of the oblique arm was varied from 10 to 90 mm in 20-mm steps. The expansion of the obtuse-angle horizontal arm and the contraction of the acute-angle horizontal arm decreased as a function of the length of the oblique arm. The acute-angle illusion did not reverse from apparent contraction to apparent expansion for the longer oblique arms. These results are relevant to assimilation theories of visual-length distortions; they suggest that the assimilatory processes mediating the angle-length illusion are confined mainly to spatial regions near the vertex of the angle.
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Shulman, Seth. « Harvard starts own marketing venture at "arms length" ». Nature 335, no 6188 (septembre 1988) : 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335291b0.

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Batstone, Eric. « Arms’-Length Bargaining : Industrial Relations in a French Company ». Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, no 36 (septembre 2015) : 73–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2015.36.4.

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Curtis, C. A., A. J. Lukaszewski et M. Chrzastek. « Metaphase I pairing of deficient chromosomes and genetic mapping of deficiency breakpoints in common wheat ». Genome 34, no 4 (1 août 1991) : 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-085.

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Metaphase I pairing of deficient chromosomes was analyzed in a set of 'Chinese Spring' (CS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) plants with varying lengths of deficiencies in the long arm of chromosome 4A (6, 8, 11, 17, 23, 34, 36, 39, and 50% missing), the long arm of chromosome 5B (49% missing), and the long arm of chromosome 2B (33% missing). Pairing in homologous chromosomes between deficient and complete arms was greatly reduced even by small differences in arm length. In deficiency homozygotes and in an isochromosome derived from a deficient 4AL arm, pairing of the two deficient arms was high and approached that of two complete arms. In plants where deficient and complete arms competed for pairing partners, pairing was exclusively between arms of the same length. These results suggest that in wheat, pairing initiation sites are distributed throughout at least the distal halves of the arms and that the alignment of telomeres may be critical for pairing success. Genetic mapping of the deficiency breakpoints was confounded by misdivision of unpaired chromosomes and abnormal transmission rates. Genetic distances between centromeres and breakpoints appeared to be proportional to metaphase I pairing frequencies.Key words: bread wheat, deficiency, chromosome pairing competition, mapping, telomere, pairing initiation.
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Shinozaki, Shinya, Hiroshi Moriyasu et Konari Uchida. « Shareholder Composition and Managerial Compensation ». Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 51, no 5 (octobre 2016) : 1719–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109016000636.

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Stock options are used only sparingly in Japan. Japanese firms are more likely to adopt new stock option plans when they are more (less) owned by arms-length investors (stable and controlling shareholders). Those firms have significantly more independent boards and pay higher dividends surrounding the adoption year than their industry peers. These results suggest that firms adopting stock options endeavor to meet demands for good governance practice from arms-length shareholders and to follow good governance practices in other dimensions. The coexistence of arms-length, stable, and controlling shareholders generates a situation in which stock options are not widely used in Japan.
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Heuser, Richard. « At arms' length revisited : Why radial makes even more sense ». Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 77, no 5 (23 mars 2011) : 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.23070.

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Hoyt, James, et Faizul Huq. « From arms‐length to collaborative relationships in the supply chain ». International Journal of Physical Distribution & ; Logistics Management 30, no 9 (novembre 2000) : 750–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030010351453.

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de Haan, Victor. « Mach–Zehnder fiber interferometer test of the anisotropy of the speed of light ». Canadian Journal of Physics 87, no 9 (septembre 2009) : 999–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p09-062.

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Two optical fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometers were constructed in an environment with a temperature stabilization of better than 1 mK per day. One interferometer consisted of a length of 12 m optical fiber in each arm, with the main direction of the arms perpendicular to each other while the other consisted of a length of 2 m optical fiber in each arm, where the main direction of the arms are parallel, and served as a control. In each arm, 1 m of fiber was wound around a ring made of piezo material, enabling the control of the length of the arms by means of an applied voltage. The influence of the temperature on the optical phase difference between the interferometer arms was measured. The temperature change induced a variation of the interaction region of the optical fiber couplers. Further, the influence of rotation of the interferometers at the Earth surface on the observed phase differences was determined. For one interferometer (with the long and perpendicular arms), it was found that the phase difference depends on the azimuth of the interferometer. For the other one (with the short and parallel arms), no relevant dependence on the azimuth has been measured.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Arms length"

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Gregório, Ricardo Marozzi. « Arm\'s length e praticabilidade nos preços de transferência ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-26092011-133745/.

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O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o regime brasileiro de controle dos preços de transferência a partir do confronto dos princípios arms length e da praticabilidade. Inicialmente, são relatadas as principais características históricas e metodológicas do desenvolvimento da disciplina nos âmbitos internacional e brasileiro. Em seguida, é apresentada uma teoria dos conflitos normativos, amparada nas doutrinas de Dworkin e Alexy, para sustentar que a colisão de princípios deflagrada pela variedade de mecanismos que mitigam a realização do arms length em favor da praticabilidade na legislação brasileira deve ser avaliada pelo exame da proporcionalidade conduzido por uma correta fundamentação argumentativa. Defende-se, depois, que o arms length e a praticabilidade estão inseridos no ordenamento constitucional-tributário brasileiro com a natureza de princípios jurídicos respectivamente justificados pelas ideias de igualdade particular e igualdade geral. Configurado o cenário da colisão, é analisada a proporcionalidade dos seguintes mecanismos: definição do aspecto subjetivo, exclusão dos royalties e da transferência de tecnologia, restrições da comparabilidade, margens de lucro predeterminadas, liberdade de escolha de métodos, vedação de outros métodos e utilização de safe harbours. A partir dos resultados da análise, conclui-se que o regime brasileiro não é eficaz no controle dos preços de transferência. Sugere-se, então, um conjunto de medidas alternativas que constitua um meio termo entre a desproporcional praticabilidade obtida com os mecanismos do atual regime e a diminuta praticabilidade da disciplina internacional.
This study examines the Brazilian transfer pricing regime by facing arms length and practicability principles. Initially, historical and methodological characteristics of the discipline development are reported both from international and Brazilian perspectives. Then, based on Dworkin and Alexy doctrines, a normative conflicts theory supports that the collision between principles produced by a variety of mechanisms, which mitigate arms length results by promoting practicability, should be evaluated through a proportionality exam conducted under a correct argumentative discourse. Thereafter it advocates that arms length and practicability are inserted in the Brazilian constitutional tax system as legal principles justified by particular and general equality ideas respectively. Once the collision scenario is configured, proportionality of the following mechanisms is analysed: subjective aspect definition, royalties and technology transfers exclusion, comparability restrictions, predetermined gross margins, choice of methods freedom, other methods prohibition and safe harbours usage. The analysis concludes that there is no efficacy in Brazilian transfer pricing regime. Therefore it suggests a number of alternative measures which constitutes a midterm between the disproportional practicability of the current regime mechanisms and the diminished practicability of the international discipline.
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Celestin, Lindsay Marie France Clement. « Formulary approach to the taxation of transnational corporations A realistic alternative ? » University of Sydney. Law, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/846.

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The Formulary Approach to the Taxation of Transnational Corporations: A Realistic Alternative? Synopsis The central hypotheses of this thesis are: that global formulary apportionment is the most appropriate method for the taxation of transnational corporations (TNCs) in lieu of the present system commonly referred to as the separate accounting/arm's length method; and that it is essential, in order to implement the proposed global formulary model, to create an international organisation which would fulfil, in the taxation field, a role equivalent to that of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in international trade. The world economy is fast integrating and is increasingly dominated by the activities of transnational enterprises. These activities create a dual tax problem for various revenue authorities seeking to tax gains derived thereon: Firstly, when two or more countries entertain conflicting tax claims on the same base, there arises what is commonly referred to as a double taxation problem. Secondly, an allocation problem arises when different jurisdictions seek to determine the quantum of the gains to be allocated to each jurisdiction for taxation purposes. The traditional regime for solving both the double taxation and the allocation problem is enshrined in a series of bilateral treaties signed between various nations. These are, in general, based on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Model Treaty.1 It is submitted, in this thesis, that while highly successful in an environment characterised by the coexistence of various national taxation systems, the traditional regime lacks the essential attributes suitable to the emerging 'borderless world'. The central theme of this thesis is the allocation problem. The OECD Model attempts to deal with this issue on a bilateral basis. Currently, the allocation problem is resolved through the application of Articles 7 and 9 of the OECD Model. In both instances the solution is based on the 'separate enterprise' standard, also known as the separate entity theory. This separate accounts/arm's length system was articulated in the 1930s when international trade consisted of flows of raw materials and other natural products as well as flows of finished manufactured goods. Such trade is highly visible and may be adequately valued both at the port of departure or at the port of entry in a country. It follows that within this particular system of international trade the application of the arm's length principle was relatively easy and proved to be extremely important in resolving both the double taxation and apportionment problems. Today, however, the conditions under which international trade is conducted are substantially different from those that prevailed until the 1960s. * Firstly, apart from the significant increase in the volume of traditionally traded goods, trade in services now forms the bulk of international exchanges. In addition, the advent of the information age has dramatically increased the importance of specialised information whose value is notoriously difficult to ascertain for taxation purposes. * Secondly, the globalisation phenomenon which gathered momentum over the last two decades has enabled existing TNCs to extend their global operations and has favoured the emergence of new transnational firms. Thus, intra-firm trade conducted outside market conditions accounts for a substantial part of international trade. * Thirdly, further economic integration has been achieved following the end of the Cold War and the acceleration of the globalisation phenomenon. In this new world economic order only TNCs have the necessary resources to take advantage of emerging opportunities. The very essence of a TNC is 'its ability to achieve higher revenues (or lower costs) from its different subsidiaries as a whole compared to the results that would be achieved under separate management on an arm's length basis.'2 Yet, the prevailing system for the taxation of TNCs overlooks this critical characteristic and is therefore incapable of fully capturing, for taxation purposes, the aggregate gains of TNCs. The potential revenue loss arising from the inability of the present system to account for and to allocate synergy gains is substantial. It follows that the perennial questions of international taxation can no longer be addressed within the constraints of the separate entity theory and a narrow definition of national sovereignty. Indeed, in order to mirror the developments occurring in the economic field, taxation needs to move from a national to an international level. Moreover, a profound reform of the system is imperative in order to avoid harmful tax competition between nations and enhance compliance from TNCs. Such a new international tax system needs to satisfy the test of simplicity, equity, efficiency, and administrative ease. To achieve these objectives international cooperation is essential. The hallmark of international cooperation has been the emergence, after World War II, of a range of international organisations designed to facilitate the achievement of certain goals deemed essential by various nations. The need for an organisation to deal specifically with taxation matters is now overwhelming. Consequently, this thesis recommends the creation of an international organisation to administer the proposed system. The main objective of this international organisation would be to initiate and coordinate the multilateral application of a formulary apportionment system which, it is suggested, would deal in a more realistic way with 'the difficult problems of determining the tax base and allocating it appropriately between jurisdictions'.3 The global formulary apportionment methodology is derived from the unitary entity theory. The unitary theory considers a TNC as a single business which, for convenience, is divided into 'purely formal, separately-incorporated subsidiaries'.4 Under the unitary theory the global income of TNCs needs to be computed, then such income is apportioned between the various component parts of the enterprise by way of a formula which reflects the economic contribution of each part to the derivation of profits. The question that arises is whether the world of international taxation is ready for such a paradigm shift. It is arguable that this shift has already occurred albeit cautiously and in very subtle ways. Thus, the latest of the OECD Guidelines on the transfer pricing question provides that 'MNE [Multinational Enterprise] groups retain the freedom to apply methods not described in this Report to establish prices provided those prices satisfy the arm's length principle in accordance with these Guidelines.'5 Arguably, the globalisation process has created 'the specific situation' allowed for by the OECD. This thesis, therefore, explores the relative obsolescence of the bilateral approach to the taxation of TNCs and then suggests that a multilateral system is better adapted to the emerging globalised economy. The fundamental building blocks of the model proposed in this thesis are the following: * First, the administration and coordination of the proposed system is to be achieved by the creation of a specialised tax organisation, called Intertax, to which member countries would devolve a limited part of their fiscal sovereignty. * Second, in order to enable the centralised calculation of TNC's profits, the proposed system requires the formulation of harmonised methods for the measurement of the global profits of TNCs. Therefore, the efforts of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) to produce international accounting standards and harmonised consolidation rules must be recognised and, if needs be, refined and ultimately implemented. * Third, the major function of Intertax would be to determine the commercial profits of TNCs on a standardised basis and to apportion the latter to relevant countries by way of an appropriate formula/formulas. Once this is achieved, each country would be free, starting from its share of commercial profits, to determine the taxable income in accordance with the particular tax base that it adopts and, ultimately, the tax payable within its jurisdiction. In the proposed system, therefore, a particular country would be able to independently set whatever depreciation schedules or investment tax credits it chooses, and adopt whatever tax accounting rules it deems fit relative to its policy objectives. Moreover, this thesis argues that the global formulary apportionment model it proposes is not dramatically opposed to the arm's length principle. Indeed, it suggests that the constant assumption to the contrary, even with regard to the usual formulary apportionment methodology, is extravagant because both methodologies are based on a common endeavour, that is, to give a substantially correct reflex of a TNC's true profits. It has often been objected that global formulary apportionment is arbitrary and ignores market conditions. This thesis addresses such concerns by rejecting the application of a single all-purpose formula. Rather, it recognises that TNCs operating in different industries require different treatment and, therefore, suggests the adoption of different formulas to satisfy specific industry requirements. For example, the formula applicable to a financial institution would be different to that applicable to the pharmaceutical industry. Each formula needs to be based on the fundamental necessity to capture the functions, taking into consideration assets used, and risks assumed within that industry. In addition, if the need arises, each formula should be able to be fine-tuned to fit specific situations. Moreover, it is also pertinent to note that the OECD already accepts 'the selected application of a formula developed by both tax administrations in cooperation with a specific taxpayer or MNE group...such as it might be used in a mutual agreement procedure, advance transfer pricing agreement, or other bilateral or multilateral determination.'6 The system proposed in this thesis can thus be easily reconciled with the separate accounting/arm's length which the OECD so vehemently advocates. Both models have the same preoccupations so that what is herein proposed may simply be characterised as an institutionalised version of the system advocated by the OECD. Multilateral formulary apportionment addresses both the double taxation and the allocation problems in international taxation. It resolves the apportionment question 'without depending on an extraordinary degree of goodwill or compliance from taxpayers.'7 It is therefore submitted that, if applied on a multilateral basis with a minimum of central coordination, it also seriously addresses the double taxation problem. Indeed, it is a flexible method given that different formulas may be devised to suit the needs of TNCs operating in different sectors. Consequently, formulary apportionment understood in this sense, is a realistic alternative to the limitations of the present system.
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Mirshawka, Valéria Zimpeck. « Preços de transferência : diferentes visões ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-22042013-093407/.

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O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o regime brasileiro de controle dos preços de transferência sob o enfoque das diferentes visões que o tema pode apresentar. Inicialmente são relatadas suas principais características como a questão do arms length principle, seu histórico e aplicação, para em seguida falar-se acerca da disciplina no âmbito da OCDE e no direito comparado. Na sequência é abordada a legislação brasileira sobre o tema, a posição da jurisprudência, seu confronto com a valoração aduaneira, bem como sua relação com os acordos para se evitar a dupla tributação. Após configurado este cenário de introdução do estudo e seus principais contornos, são efetivamente analisadas as diferentes visões que o tema pode apresentar, notadamente em relação à recepção do arms length, a adoção de margens fixas e a questão da superioridade hierarquica dos tratados para se evitar a dupla tributação e a lei interna, no caso a lei dos preços de transferência
This study examines the Brazilian Transfer Pricing Regime from the standpoint of the different views that the issue may have. Initially the main characteristics are reported, for example, the arm\'s length principle, its history and application, thereafter it advocates the discipline within the OECD and comparative law. Following is addressed the Brazilian Transfer Pricing legislation, the position of jurisprudence facing with the customs valuation, and their relation with the double tax treaty. Once set up this introduction study scenario and its main outlines, are effectively analyzed the different views that the subject may have, especially with respect to the receipt of the arm\'s length principle, the adoption of fixed margins and the issue of hierarchical superiority of double tax treaties and domestic law, in case, transfer pricings law.
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Kanee, Emmanuel Lah. « Strategies to Manage Transfer Pricing Risks ». ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7812.

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Transfer pricing compliance related issues continue to pose challenges to leaders of multinational entities (MNEs) and tax regulators. MNE leaders strive to mitigate the risks of non-compliance violations and double taxation, while tax regulators seek to minimize profit shifting and revenue losses. This multiple case study explored strategies for managing transfer pricing risks against the backdrop of various risks MNE leaders face for non-compliance violations. The cost contribution agreement theory served as the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected from organizational documents and semistructured interviews conducted with 6 finance executives representing 2 multinational entities in the midwest and southwest regions of the United States who have implemented successful strategies to manage transfer pricing risks. Data were analyzed using Yin's multiple-step thematic analysis process. Following the thematic data analysis 5 themes emerged, including commitment to tax compliance, tax minimization, advance pricing agreement (APA), comparable uncontrolled price method (CUP), and cost plus method (CPM). MNE leaders favor commitment to tax compliance as an effective strategy as penalties for non-compliance increases risks to business functionality. The findings of this study may help business leaders to follow compliance procedures and adopt risk mitigation strategies, while also informing regulators to update tax regulations to reflect current economic realities. The findings of this study could result in positive social change through an enhanced governmental revenue that stimulates economic growth, improves productivity, and promotes technological innovations.
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Guimaraes, de Freitas Magali. « Les prix de transfert pratiqués par les entreprises transnationales françaises et brésiliennes de 1994 à 2010 : ‘Cas des droits de la propriété incorporelle’ ». Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST2004/document.

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Les prix de transfert sont les prix auxquels les services, les biens corporels et les biens incorporels sont échangés entre parties ayant un lien de dépendance dans le cadre d'opérations transfrontalières. Les prix de transfert des transactions avec les droits de la propriété incorporelle adoptés par un groupe de parties ayant un lien de dépendance ont une incidence directe sur les bénéfices déclarés par chacune de ces parties dans leur pays respectif. Les dispositions législatives françaises et brésiliennes incorporent le principe de pleine concurrence, néanmoins de façon implicite. La question de savoir si un contribuable a respecté le principe de pleine concurrence est une question de fait devant être examinée dans chaque cas
Transfer pricing are the prices to which services, the tangible property and intangibles are exchanged between parties with a link dependency in cross-border operations. The transfer pricing of the transactions with the intangible property rights adopted by a group of parties having a bond of dependence have a direct incidence on the benefit declared by each one as of these parts in their respective country. The French and Brazilian legislative measures incorporate the principle Řarms, however implicitly. The question of whether a taxpayer has respected the principle Řarms, however implicitly is a matter of fact to be examined in each case
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Wilson, Prentice D. (Prentice Douglas) 1971. « Managing a global supply chain with durable arm's-length supplier relationships ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9151.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-66).
Rapidly changing technology and increased competition have made supply chain management and purchasing more and more critical in determining a companies competitiveness. Many industrial firms spend more than one half of every sales dollar on purchased products, and this percentage has been increasing with recent moves towards downsizing and outsourcing. Consequently, more and more pressure is being placed on materials organizations to cut costs and manage supply chains more efficiently. By developing tools that address two of the biggest issues, this project seeks to aid in the cost cutting and supply chain management efforts. The first tool optimizes product demand allocation among suppliers. The second tool controls inventory levels through more accurate inventory targets. Without proper tools to enable optimal demand allocation among suppliers, companies incur excess procurement costs. Most allocation systems do not take supplier capacity and shipping costs into account when allocating demand. Consequently, overall costs are excessive, because individual supplier capacities and demand is not matched to reduce costs for the supply chain as a whole. Many companies set inventory targets that are unattainable without significant risk, because the targets do not accurately represent requirements. Current targets are derived from models that do not include forecasted demand fluctuations, lead-times to individual plants, or variations in lead · times to plants. Therefore, there is an imbalance in true inventory requirements and estimated inventory requirements.
by Prentis D. Wilson, Jr.
S.M.
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Irizarry, Justin Lee. « Hand Amputees have an Altered Perception of Images at Arm's Length ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28435/.

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The preface to this collection "Dust Clouding: Ambiguity and the Poetic Image," highlights the ways in which poets such as W.S Merwin and Donald Revell use ambiguity and the poetic image to strengthen their poems and encourage equality between reader and writer. Hand Amputees have an Altered Perception of Images at Arm's Length is a collection of poems and poem like adventures.
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Raymond, Bonita. « Seeking arm’s length : An evaluation of formulary apportionment and predetermined margins as alternative or supplementary methods to establish proxy arm’s length transfer prices for multinational intercompany transactions in South Africa ». Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30808.

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Since the inception of democracy in South Africa and the subsequent lifting of sanctions and trade embargos placed upon South Africa, the country’s economy has evolved from a much protected, inward looking economy into an internationally robust and competitive environment. Multinational enterprises (MNE’s) which seek to invest in a geographical region often choose certain countries as a base from which they can expand their investments to the other countries in the region. With its sizable economy, political stability relative to the rest of Africa and overall strength in financial services, South Africa should be the ideal location from which foreign investors can extend their investments into the rest of Africa (Ogutta, 2011). However, in South Africa foreign investment has reduced to an extent where local companies are now more invested in international markets than international investment in South Africa (Development, 2018). In monetary terms, at the end of 2017, South Africa had invested R3.3 trillion in foreign markets while foreign markets had only invested R 1.8 trillion in South Africa (Development, 2018). With the current global economic challenges, developing countries like South Africa have become increasingly aware of the importance of tax revenue and the effects of base erosion and profit shifting on the financial well-being of the state (OECD:G20 Working group, 2014); (Economic Commissions for Africa, 2018). Section 31 of the South African Income Tax Act, is the main section in the Act relating to transfer pricing in South Africa. Transfer pricing is one of the most important issues in international tax. It is estimated that more than 60% of international trade happens across borders but within the same corporate groups (Cobnam & Mcnair, n.d.). The transfer pricing rules of South Africa are closely aligned with the wording of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations (UN) Model Tax conventions and are in line with tax treaties and other international tax principals (SARS, 2010). The cornerstone of the transfer pricing model is the use of the arm’s length price. In terms of the arm’s length principle, in order to test the reasonability of pricing within MNE’s, tax authorities should use a similar but unrelated open market transaction as the benchmark to determine if there were any profit shifting to avoid tax by the MNE’s between their different establishments in the different tax jurisdictions. The biggest challenge in South Africa and other countries, when applying the arm’s length principle is the lack of local comparable data available to evaluate the transfer prices (intercompany transactions) within the MNE’s (OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, 2018). There is a lack of publicly available company financial data that may be used to calculate comparative benchmarks, and the information which is available, is not necessarily sufficient or adequate for comparability purposes (Tax Justice Network, 2013). Information which is accessible may be incomplete and difficult to interpret. In other cases information may be difficult to obtain for reasons of its geographical location and, in some instances, it may simply not be possible to obtain information from independent enterprises due to enterprise competitiveness and confidentiality concerns (OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, 2018). Despite all of these limiting factors, the arm’s length principle, as recommended by the OECD & UN Tax Model, remains the globally accepted guiding principle for calculating acceptable transfer prices. This is evident in the fact that almost all bilateral treaties in the world are based on these tax models (Steenkamp, 2017). For the last decade in South Africa, corporate tax has been the third largest contributor toward total revenue collection by National Treasury (National Treasury, 2017). It is therefore important that domestic tax laws should be able to protect the country’s tax base through legislation that discourages base erosion and profit shifting. The objective of this dissertation is to consider whether South Africa should continue to exclusively apply the arm’s length principle, which relies on comparable data, when determining transfer prices for goods in MNE’s. In testing this position, the following two alternative methods namely, formulary apportionment and predetermined margins, will be considered to evaluate whether or not these additional or complementary methods should be applied in the determination of arm’s length where comparable data is not available or requires significant adjustment as it relates to goods.
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Borgström, Ingrid, et Stefan Andersson. « The Concept of Commensurate with Income : Retroactive adjustments and the arm's length standard ». Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7492.

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This master’s thesis deals with the transfer pricing of intangibles and focuses on the U.S. standard commensurate with income. This standard has been accused of being incompatible with the overriding principle of transfer pricing, the arm’s length standard, and is not endorsed by the OECD. Recent developments on the topic include the introduction of a similar provision in Germany. The purpose is to evaluate the standard’s compatibility with the arm’s length standard and to establish the current position of the concept of commensurate with income.

To meet this purpose the thesis first describes the inherent problems surrounding transfer pricing of intangibles as well as provides a background to transfer pricing in the U.S. The focus then shifts towards the history, application and criticism of the commensurate with income standard. The thesis also gives an account of the OECD’s and Germany’s positions on the matter. In the final analysis the compatibility with the arm’s length standard is examined from two angles; the commensurate with income standard’s valuation approach on one hand and its use of hindsight on the other.

The commensurate with income standard uses an income approach to valuation of transfers of intangibles instead of the market approach recommended by the OECD. This may lead to overvaluation of intangibles and is not strictly in line with the arm’s length standard. The German commensurate with income provision is more in line with the market approach and is therefore more compatible with the arm’s length standard in this aspect.

The commensurate with income standard allows adjustments to transfer prices with the benefit of hindsight. The actual income from a transferred intangible is thus used as evidence as to whether or not the original transfer price was set reasonably. The OECD is of the opinion that only information known at the time of the transfer should be used, but makes an exception for the particular situation when a tax authority can prove that unrelated parties would have adjusted transfer prices retroactively. The point made here is that the commensurate with income standard places the burden of proof on the taxpayer, while the OECD places it on the tax authority. This allows the OECD to stay true to the arm’s length standard, while the U.S. and Germany deviates somewhat from it.

However, there is no exact manner in which to define the arm’s length standard, and even the OECD deviates from it more or less. The commensurate with income standard may be one step further away from the purest definition of it but not a complete deviation. The German version of commensurate with income manages to target the same problem while staying closer to the arm’s length standard. Germany has thereby found a middle way and might hold the solution to finding a consensus between the OECD and the U.S.

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McManus, Richard Michael. « NHS arm's length bodies and health regulation in England : who regulates the regulators ? » Thesis, Keele University, 2015. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/2337/.

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This research uses mixed methods to critically analyse health regulation systems in England, in a macro and micro sense. The qualitative side of the research involves interviews with key staff members from four NHS Trusts and two Clinical Commissioning Groups. These semi-structured interviews offer unique specific insights from the key actors, from varying perspectives in the process. The quantitative element of the research focuses on trends and correlations of the data sets used by particular arm’s length bodies operating in the policy area. Specific arm’s length bodies operating in the health policy arena, which are assessed in the research, include the Care Quality Commission, Monitor and Dr Foster Intelligence. The findings and conclusions centre on the deficiencies that are present in the current regulatory regime, what is occurring in this area, and why this is occurring. Following the Grounded Theory Approach, the research develops inductive theory, from the data, culminating in a “Feedback Loop Theory of Regulation”. Key words: NHS, regulation, mixed methods, arm’s length bodies, feedback loop theory, grounded theory, Care Quality Commission, Monitor, and Dr Foster Intelligence.
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Livres sur le sujet "Arms length"

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Guay, Terrence R. At arms' length : The European Union and Europe's defence industry. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1998.

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Hannah, John P. At arms length : Soviet-Syrian relations in the Gorbachev era. Washington, D.C : Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1989.

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Penner, Peter. No Longer at Arms Length : Mennonite Brethren Church Planting in Canada. Winnipeg, Manitoba, CANADA and Hillsboro, Kansas, USA : Kindred Press, 1987.

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Kotecha, Dinesh N. Asset rents in the internal market : Charging property occupiers an "arms length" rent for theuse of property. Northampton : Nene College, 1994.

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Board, Accounting Standards. Reporting the substance of transactions. London : Accounting Standards Board, 1993.

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Board, Accounting Standards. Reporting the substance of transactions. Milton Keynes : Accounting Standards Board, 1994.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on General Oversight and Investigations. NRC coziness with industry : Nuclear Regulatory Commission fails to maintain arms length relationship with the nuclear industry : an investigative report. Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Guay, Terrence R. At Arm’s Length. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26786-6.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), dir. At arm's length. Uhrichsville, Ohio : Heartsong Presents, 1999.

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Gregorio, Ricardo Marozzi. Preços de transferência : Arm's length e praticabilidade. São Paulo, SP : IBDT-Instituto Brasileiro de Direito Tributário, 2011.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Arms length"

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Söffker, D. « Dynamics of Elastic Robot Arms with Varying Length ». Dans Theory and Practice of Robots and Manipulators, 65–70. Vienna : Springer Vienna, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2698-1_7.

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Hoon, Hian Teck, et Kong Weng Ho. « Arms Length Transactions vs. Affiliates : A Study of Two Electronic Component Firms in Singapore ». Dans Global Production and Trade in East Asia, 245–48. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1625-5_12.

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Evans, Richard, Fergal Somers, David Kerr et Donie O’Sullivan. « A Multi-Agent System Architecture for Scalable Management of High Performance Networks : Applying Arms Length Autonomy ». Dans Software Agents for Future Communication Systems, 86–111. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58418-3_3.

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Guay, Terrence R. « Introduction ». Dans At Arm’s Length, 1–21. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26786-6_1.

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Guay, Terrence R. « Europe’s Defense Industry in the 1990s ». Dans At Arm’s Length, 22–42. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26786-6_2.

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Guay, Terrence R. « The European Union and Defense Industry Policy ». Dans At Arm’s Length, 43–73. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26786-6_3.

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Guay, Terrence R. « The Global Context and US Defense Industry ». Dans At Arm’s Length, 74–100. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26786-6_4.

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Guay, Terrence R. « Defense Industries and the Nation-State ». Dans At Arm’s Length, 101–33. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26786-6_5.

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Guay, Terrence R. « Defense Industry Interest Groups ». Dans At Arm’s Length, 134–66. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26786-6_6.

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Guay, Terrence R. « Conclusion and Future Considerations ». Dans At Arm’s Length, 167–91. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26786-6_7.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Arms length"

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Godage, Isuru S., David T. Branson, Emanuele Guglielmino, Gustavo A. Medrano-Cerda et Darwin G. Caldwell. « Shape function-based kinematics and dynamics for variable length continuum robotic arms ». Dans 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra.2011.5979607.

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Li, Bai, Ben Greenspan, Thomas Mascitelli, Michael Raccuglia, Kayleigh Denner, Raymond Duda et Michele A. Lobo. « Design of the Playskin Air™ : A User-Controlled, Soft Pneumatic Exoskeleton ». Dans 2019 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2019-3231.

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Many children have an upper extremity disability leaving them unable to explore the environment around them. Hard exoskeletons can provide support to lift a child’s arms up against gravity, but these devices are generally large and obtrusive leading to low adherence. Children often prefer to have limited arm function rather than wearing such a device. Our lab has previously designed a passive soft exoskeleton to lift children’s arms, but this did not allow for user control and was limited in the length and weight of arm it could support. Building off of this research, we have created the preliminary design for a user-controlled pneumatic soft exoskeleton that may allow users to independently raise and lower their arms.
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Söffker, Dirk. « Elastic Robot Arms With Variable Length : Part II — Robust Control of Elastic Vibrations ». Dans ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0263.

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Abstract In the last years modeling, simulation, and control of flexibel structures have made an essential progress, especially stimulated by the requirements of space operations. For this working field, flexible lightweight robots can enhance the work space of space robots very well, if the length of the robot arm is variable. Contributions in the corresponding literature mostly consider models of special configurations and perform simple approximations or even assume linear models to describe the elastic motions of the robot. However, especially in the case of lightweight robots undergoing large reference motion, its nonlinear dynamic behaviour should be modeled as exact as possible. The mechanical system should be controlled to improve its dynamical behaviour. Unfortunately, it is not possible to measure the position of the endeffector. The only measurements that can be done are that of the strains of the beam. The control input should be the velocity (translational and rotational) transmitted to the base of the beam. This includes a correction of the actual path planning values as a kinematical control. Here the specified task is solved in two parts: Firstly, the variable length, the geometric nonlinear beam behaviour and the large reference motion of the driven joint are taken into consideration with a systematic modeling approach in (Söffker, 1995b; Söffker, 1995c). Nonlinear control approaches can often be used only for special classes of problems assumptions have to be made, which cannot be generally fulfilled in practice. Here a new controller is developed which is realizable for on-line applications with the mentioned restrictions. Therefore, in a second part the mechanical plant will be controlled by a new observer-based dynamic compensation scheme. Based on a linear time-invariant model, nonlinear effects and unmodeled dynamics are estimated in a first step by an Proportinal-Integral (PI) observer scheme, whereby the nonlinearities and the effects of the non-considered time-varying parameters etc. are assumed as external disturbances. The used PI-observer (Söffker, 1995a) estimates the states of the system and the external disturbances under some weak assumptions. Using this informations about the external disturbances to the nominal time-invariant system, the task of an extended regulator scheme is to compensate these effects in a second step. Because of the structure of the given mechanical system, usual static disturbance compensation schemes are not useful. Therefore a new dynamic approach is developed, which uses the estimations of the extended observer. The developed method does not depend on the structure of the physical problem and can be also used more generally. This is mainly due to the robustness of the observer-based dynamic compensation scheme. Two examples of a very flexible spatial telescopic robot arm demonstrate the effects of disturbances compensation and control of the elastic vibrations induced by the initial conditions and the reference motion.
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Söffker, Dirk. « Elastic Robot Arms With Variable Length : Part I — A Systematic Nonlinear Modeling Approach ». Dans ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0252.

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Abstract In this paper modeling of a geometric nonlinear beam and the corresponding matrix representation of the model of 3rd order is considered. Especially in the case of lightweight robots for space applications undergoing large reference motion, the nonlinear dynamic behaviour of the beam should be modeled as exact as possible. Here coupling effects betweeen the elastic variables due to the geometric nonlinear beam kinematic are important. ‘Stiffning effects’ and parametrically excited effects between longitudinal and bending vibrations e.g., should also be considered. Starting with the nonlinear beam kinematics, all equations up to terms of second order are considered. Using the principal of virtual work, nonlinear equations are given, which are discretized by Hermite polynomials in the next step. Considering also terms of second order in the elastic variables, a special technique handling this equations in the usual structural dynamics matrix representation is developed to preserve the couplings of higher order in contrast to the usual linearization. Additionally, the length-variability is considered. So the clearness and effectiveness of matrix methods is combined with beam theory of 3rd. order, this means quadratic terms for the elastic variables axe considered building up state-dependend matrices. The importance of the effects of those couplings axe shown by two simulation examples of a planar and a spatial lightweight, very flexible telescopic robot arm for space operations. It can be shown clearly, that beside the known stiffning effects due to nominal axial loads, effects of higher order may weaken the structure up to failure of the structure.
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Shen, He, Salvador Rojas, Eduardo Molina, Francisco Moxo Galicia et Ni Li. « Development and Analysis of Robotic Arms for Humanoid Melo ». Dans ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87987.

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A robotic arm is one of the most sophisticated components of a humanoid, due to its complexity in multi-degree-of-freedom actuation and sensing, size and weight constraints, and requirement for object manipulation. This paper talks about the design, development, and verification of a low-cost, light-weight robotic manipulator that can achieve anthropomorphic movements. The 5 degree-of-freedom robotic arm has a fully extended length of 31 – inches and weight of 7 - pounds. The joints of the arm were fabricated using mainly 3D printed parts using Polylactic Acid and Nylon and linked with carbon fiber tubing. The arm is actuated by 2 servo motors at the distal joint and 3 brushless DC motors at the proximal joints. All joints of the arm perform at zero backlash through harmonic gear boxes, which are also assembled mainly from 3D printed parts. The robotic arm has demonstrated a comparable performance to similar robotic arms on the market with significantly reduced cost.
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Scott, William L., et Derek A. Paley. « Geometric Gait Design for a Starfish-Inspired Robot With Curvature-Controlled Soft Actuators ». Dans ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5391.

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This paper presents a geometric gait design and optimization framework for an idealized model of a planar starfish-inspired robot with curvature-controlled soft actuator arms. We describe the range of motion for each arm under the assumption of constant curvature along the length. Two modes of attachment of the ends of the arms to the ground are considered: fixed in position and orientation, and fixed in position but free to rotate. For each mode, we derive mathematical expressions for the local connection relating controlled shape changes to the displacement of the robot’s center. For the rotating case, we additionally model the individual arms as ideal elastica beams and design gaits based on expected buckling behavior for a special case of symmetric (mirrored) curvature inputs via numerical simulations.
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Hong, Zehua, Xinwan Li, Shuguang Li, Jianguo Shen, Haimei Luo, Tairan Zhang, Fang Li et Jianping Chen. « On polarization characteristic in fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer with short different length of two arms ». Dans 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apcc.2009.5375550.

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Wu, Cho-Chun, Meng-Ju Lin et Jin H. Huang. « Design and Optimization of Piezoelectric-Actuated Torsion Mirror With Lever Mechanisms ». Dans ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58256.

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Considering with high frequency response and self-detection function, a torsion mirror is designed by using piezoelectric material. For large rotating angle requirement, the torsion mirror contains a mechanism with four levers. The torsion mirror is rotating due to actuated by reflection of a piezoelectric beam deposing on the structure layer. The structure layer connects to the lever mechanism. The lever mechanism has four levers. Three levers enlarge the rotating angles by the different ratio of apply and resist moment arms lengths. The fourth lever has the same apply and resist moment arms lengths to adjust the rotating direction the same as deflection of piezoelectric-actuated beam. For self-detecting rotating angle, another additional beam with piezoelectric material depositing is attached to the mirror plate. Finite element method is used to analyze. To investigate the effect of piezoelectric actuated beam on rotating angle, the results show when the actuated beam has length and width of 300 and 24 μm, the thickness structure and piezoelectric actuation layers are both 1 μm, and the applied voltage is 10 volts, the maximum rotating angles could be 50.4 degree. In this rotating angle, the sensing voltage is 170 volts by the piezoelectric material beam attached to mirror plate. Therefore, the torsion mirror can rotate to large angle and have high resolution of angle sensing. To investigate the effect of ratio of apply and resist moment arms lengths on rotating angle. A maximum value is obtained. To optimize the ratio of apply and resist moment arms lengths, the structure of the torsion mirror with piezoelectric actuated beam being 100 and 8 μm long and wide is investigated. The thickness of structure and piezoelectric actuation layers are both 1 μm. And the applied voltage is 10 volts. It shows that the rotating angle increases nonlinearly as the ratio of apply and resist moment arms lengths increasing. And when the rotating angle reaches the maximum values, the rotating angle decreases fast as the ratio of apply and resist moment arms lengths increasing to 1. The maximum rotating angle is 22.71 degrees and the corresponding ratio of apply and resist moment arms lengths is 46/54. Theoretical analysis is derived and has similar tendency.
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Zamora, Tony. « Risk At Arms Length : How Exploration And Production Companies Are Managing Risks In Non-Operated Joint Ventures ». Dans SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/179479-ms.

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Kim, Dongwook, No-Cheol Park, Kyung Min Jeong et Seungho Kim. « The Design and Kinematic Analysis of a Moving Bed for a Radiation Therapy System ». Dans ASME 2016 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2016-9604.

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In this study, we designed a moving bed for a radiation therapy system in conjunction with multi robot arms. Kinematic analysis is conducted for workspace which does not interfere with multi robot arms. A tensile force distribution method and optimal z-axis length is considered for minimizing the tensile force in rods.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Arms length"

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Scobell, Andrew. China and North Korea : From Comrades-in-Arms to Allies at Arm's Length. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mars 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada421554.

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Segelke, B. 19-LW-045 Full Length Final Report. Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenesis : Waging the Arms Race with Superbugs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janvier 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1756727.

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Tsui, Flora, Paul Hogan, Jeff Chandler, Javier Espinosa, Patrick Mackin et Peter Greenston. Army SRB Program : Estimates of Effects on Retention (Revised and Length of Reenlistment. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, novembre 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada460060.

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Goforth, William T. Analysis of Variables Affecting the Length of Time Service Members Spend in the United States Army Physical Disability Evaluation System at Irwin Army Community Hospital. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, avril 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada372044.

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Benedict, Michael E. A Comparison of Survey Length with Reading Difficulty and Selected Recruit Characteristics for the 1987 USAREC Survey of Active Army Recruits. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mai 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada195620.

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Costley, D., Luis De Jesús Díaz,, Sarah McComas, Christopher Simpson, James Johnson et Mihan McKenna. Multi-objective source scaling experiment. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), juin 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40824.

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The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) performed an experiment at a site near Vicksburg, MS, during May 2014. Explosive charges were detonated, and the shock and acoustic waves were detected with pressure and infrasound sensors stationed at various distances from the source, i.e., from 3 m to 14.5 km. One objective of the experiment was to investigate the evolution of the shock wave produced by the explosion to the acoustic wavefront detected several kilometers from the detonation site. Another objective was to compare the effectiveness of different wind filter strategies. Toward this end, several sensors were deployed near each other, approximately 8 km from the site of the explosion. These sensors used different types of wind filters, including the different lengths of porous hoses, a bag of rocks, a foam pillow, and no filter. In addition, seismic and acoustic waves produced by the explosions were recorded with seismometers located at various distances from the source. The suitability of these sensors for measuring low-frequency acoustic waves was investigated.
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