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Vagasky, Chris. "One Strike, You’re Out: Lightning during Professional Baseball Games." Weather, Climate, and Society 14, no. 2 (2022): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-21-0099.1.
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Abstract Millions of people attend Major League Baseball games every year, during a season that is played primarily outdoors at the peak of the U.S. lightning season. In recent years, social media photographs and baseball game television broadcasts have revealed lightning within proximity of several baseball games without the game being delayed. Lightning data from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network within 12.8 km of 9717 Major League Baseball games between 2016 and 2019 were examined to find the extent to which lightning is a threat to games, players, staff, and fans: 717 games were found to have lightning within 12.8 km, with more than 175 000 in-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges detected during those games. The distribution of games with lightning was not uniform and is related to the annual average lightning density of each ballpark. Despite the significant risk of a lightning-related incident at Major League Baseball games, existing work from other organizations like the National Collegiate Athletics Association and the National Athletics Trainers Association can be leveraged to improve lightning safety at professional baseball games. Significance Statement Nearly one of every 14 Major League Baseball games has lightning within what lightning safety experts would consider an unsafe distance. The potential for a lightning casualty incident is high because most games are played outdoors and millions of people are at baseball games every year. Although frameworks that can improve lightning safety at the thousands of professional baseball games that are played every year exist, it is unclear how frequently they are implemented.
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Kaigh, W. D. "Forecasting Baseball Games." CHANCE 8, no. 2 (1995): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09332480.1995.10542458.
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Koch, Brandon Lee D., and Anna K. Panorska. "The Impact of Temperature on Major League Baseball." Weather, Climate, and Society 5, no. 4 (2013): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00002.1.
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Abstract Major League Baseball is played from the beginning of April through the end of October each year, encompassing three of the four meteorological seasons: spring, summer, and fall. The 30 teams play in cities across the United States and Canada in many types of weather. This work studies the impact of temperature on a Major League Baseball game by examining the association between temperature and several Major League Baseball game statistics, including runs scored, batting average, slugging percentage, on-base percentage, home runs, walks, strikeouts, hit-batsmen, stolen bases, and errors. Data from 22 215 games, spanning the 2000–11 regular seasons, were studied. Temperature was categorized as “cold,” “average,” and “warm.” Analyses were performed on the following populations: all Major League Baseball games, games played in the National League, games played in the American League, and games played in 23 different stadiums that are currently being used by Major League Baseball teams. Home and away teams' performances were analyzed separately for each population of games. The results of this study show that runs scored, batting average, slugging percentage, on-base percentage, and home runs significantly increase while walks significantly decrease in warm weather compared to cold weather.
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Long, Sam. "Weather Names and Baseball Games." Weatherwise 43, no. 4 (1990): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1990.9927138.
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Confino, Jamie, James N. Irvine, Michaela O’Connor, Christopher S. Ahmad, and T. Sean Lynch. "Early Sports Specialization Is Associated With Upper Extremity Injuries in Throwers and Fewer Games Played in Major League Baseball." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7 (2019): 232596711986110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119861101.
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Background: Single-sport athletes who specialize in baseball at a young age may have a greater predisposition to overuse injury, burnout, and decreased career longevity when compared with multiple-sport athletes. The effect of sport specialization has not been studied in professional baseball players. Hypothesis: Major League Baseball (MLB) players who played multiple sports in high school would experience fewer injuries, spend less time on the disabled list, play more games, and have a longer career than athletes who played only baseball in high school. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: First- and second-round MLB draft picks from 2008 to 2016 who played in at least 1 professional game were included in this study. Athletes who participated in 1 or more sports in addition to baseball during high school were considered multisport athletes, and athletes who participated in only baseball were considered single-sport athletes. For each athlete, participation in high school sports, injuries sustained in MLB and Minor League Baseball, number of days on the disabled list for each injury, number of games played in both leagues, and whether the athlete was still active were collected from publicly available records. Results: A total of 746 athletes were included in this study: 240 (32%) multisport and 506 (68%) single sport. Multisport athletes played in significantly more mean total games (362.8 vs 300.8; P < .01) as well as more mean MLB games (95.9 vs 71.6; P = .04) than single-sport athletes. There was no difference in the mean number of seasons played in the major leagues (1.8 vs 1.6; P = .15) or minor league (5.25 vs 5.20; P = .23) between multisport and single-sport athletes. Single-sport athletes had a significantly higher prevalence of upper extremity injuries compared with multisport athletes (136 [63%] vs 55 [50%]; P = .009). Single-sport pitchers also had a higher prevalence of shoulder and elbow injuries (86 vs 27; P = .008) and were more likely to have recurrent elbow injuries (33% vs 17% recurrence; P = .002) compared with multisport pitchers. Conclusion: Professional baseball players who participated in multiple sports in high school played in more major league games and experienced lower rates of upper and lower extremity injuries than players who played only baseball in high school.
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Hoshino, Richard, and Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi. "Balancing the Traveling Tournament Problem for Weekday and Weekend Games." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 2 (2013): 1525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v27i2.18994.
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The Traveling Tournament Problem (TTP) is a well-known NP-complete problem in sports scheduling that was inspired by the application of optimizing schedules for Major League Baseball to reduce total team travel. The techniques and heuristics from the n-team TTP can be extended to optimize the scheduling of other sports leagues, such as the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) league in Japan. In this paper, we describe the additional scheduling constraints required by the NPB league, such as the requirement that each team play the same number of weekend home games, weekday home games, weekend road games, and weekday road games. We fully solve this TTP-variant for the case n = 6, and conclude the paper by presenting the official 2013 NPB Central League Schedule, where we helped this Japanese baseball league reduce total team travel by over six thousand kilometres.
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Kent, Wes P., and Scott C. Sheridan. "The Impact of Cloud Cover on Major League Baseball." Weather, Climate, and Society 3, no. 1 (2011): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011wcas1093.1.
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Abstract Although it is often suggested that direct sunlight may affect a player’s vision, no published studies have analyzed this interaction. In this research, a variety of statistical tests were utilized to study how baseball variables respond to different cloud cover conditions. Data from more than 35 000 Major League Baseball games, spanning the seasons from 1987 through 2002, were studied. Eleven baseball variables covering batting, pitching, and fielding performance were included. Overall responses were analyzed, as well as individual responses at 21 different stadiums. Home and away team performances were evaluated separately. This study then synthesized the synergistic differences in offensive production, pitching performance, and fielding performance into changes in the “home field advantage.” Offensive production generally declines during clearer-sky daytime games compared to cloudy-sky daytime games, while pitching performance increases as conditions become clearer. Strikeouts show the strongest response in the study, increasing from 5.95 per game during cloudy-sky conditions to 6.40 per game during clear-sky conditions. The number of errors per game increases during clear-sky daytime games compared to cloudy-sky daytime games, while fly outs increase and ground outs decrease between daytime and nighttime games, regardless of the amount of cloud cover. Results at individual stadiums vary, with some stadiums displaying a very strong association between baseball performance and changes in cloud cover, while others display a weak association. All of these impacts affect the home field advantage, with the home team winning 56% of the games played under clear skies compared to 52.3% of the games played under cloudy skies.
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Alaways, LeRoy W., Sean P. Mish, and Mont Hubbard. "Identification of Release Conditions and Aerodynamic Forces in Pitched-Baseball Trajectories." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 17, no. 1 (2001): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.17.1.63.
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Pitched-baseball trajectories were measured in three dimensions during competitions at the 1996 Summer Olympic games using two high-speed video cameras and standard DLT techniques. A dynamic model of baseball flight including aerodynamic drag and Magnus lift forces was used to simulate trajectories. This simulation together with the measured trajectory position data constituted the components of an estimation scheme to determine 8 of the 9 release conditions (3 components each of velocity, position, and angular velocity) as well as the mean drag coefficient CD and terminal conditions at home plate. The average pitch loses 5% of its initial velocity during flight. The dependence of estimated drag coefficient on Reynolds number hints at the possibility of the drag crisis occurring in pitched baseballs. Such data may be used to quantify a pitcher’s performance (including fastball speed and amount of curve-ball break) and its improvement or degradation over time. It may also be used to understand the effects of release parameters on baseball trajectories.
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Yeh, Shao-Wei, Mei-Jung Chen, Cheng-Tien Chuang, and Wen-Bin Lin. "Performance Evaluation of Teams in Chinese Professional Baseball League." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 9, no. 1 (2018): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabim.2018010104.
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In this article, a performance evaluation of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) was conducted from a human resources (HR) perspective. Two important aspects were included: (1) a comprehensive evaluation of the competition performance of the professional baseball teams in international games and regular season games; and (2) the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and “two-stage” methodologies, which were employed to process truncated data to resolve the factors that affect the efficiency of the decision-making unit (DMU). By applying DEA and truncated regression analysis with bootstrapping, the performances of CPBL teams in games of different intensities were investigated. The number of foreign coaches and native players both were the key factors to affect the competitive efficiency of CPBL teams, and the Uni President 7-ELEVEN Lions had the best performance efficiency team. This interdisciplinary investigation provided the most appropriate references and recommendations for professional baseball teams on HR management so that baseball fans' expectations are met.
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Cho, Moongi. "The Significance of Baseball Games Between South Korean Teams and US Army Teams Shortly After World War II." Sport History Review 49, no. 2 (2018): 176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2017-0006.
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Baseball was introduced to Korea in 1905 by Philip Gillette, a YMCA-affiliated American missionary. The sport spread to schools through games played against the YMCA team. However, baseball games were banned until the end of World War II due to the Baseball Control Proposal, enacted in 1932, and the war mobilization effort due to the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937. Immediately following the end of World War II, baseball was restored in Korea along with the desire of the Korean people to establish an independent country. The US Military Government tried to propagate the idea that their governing system was based on “liberty,” unlike the empire of Japan, by hosting cultural projects such as the “Jomi Baseball Game”. From this perspective, cultural forms, such as a baseball, were inseparably linked to the political strategy of the US Military Government during the outset of the Cold War, which led to the establishment of a liberal democratic independent country.
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DeHass, Medeia Csoba, and Andreas Droulias. "Aleut baseball: Cultural creation and innovation through a sporting event." Études/Inuit/Studies 34, no. 2 (2011): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1003845ar.
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Aleut baseball is a popular game played by the Sugpiat of Nanwalek and Port Graham on the lower Kenai Peninsula of Alaska. Despite its resemblance to American baseball and Russian lapta, Aleut baseball should be considered a Sugpiaq cultural novelty. Ranging from recreational to competitive, the game is a communal occasion, which often brings together Sugpiaq villages and communities. This article presents some of the profound elements that make Aleut baseball expressive of Sugpiaq culture, and a channel for renegotiating and re-energising established norms and values. Furthermore, looking at Aleut baseball through Victor Turner’s concept of play, the authors argue that sports and games provide immense opportunities for cultural innovation and experimentation, as well as for strengthening of group identity. Finally, the article explores the capacity of sports and games to link global perceptions with local realities.
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Knowles, Glenn, Keith Sherony, and Mike Haupert. "The Demand for Major League Baseball: A Test of the Uncertainty of Outcome Hypothesis." American Economist 36, no. 2 (1992): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459203600210.
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The relationship between attendance at major league baseball games and the uncertainty of the outcome of each game is examined. We use an a priori measure of uncertainty in estimating the attendance equation. The variable is developed from the betting lines for individual games and measures the probability of a home team victory during the 1988 major league baseball season. The results indicate that uncertainty of outcome is a significant determinant of attendance for major league baseball. In addition, the results are used to determine the probability of a home team victory at which attendance will be maximized.
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Alfarizi, Ahmad Salman. "Penerapan Lead Up Games Kasti di Sekolah Dasar." TEGAR: Journal of Teaching Physical Education in Elementary School 3, no. 1 (2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/tegar.v3i1.20422.
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The aim of this study is to explore about the practice of lead up baseball games in increasing playing skill of baseball This research used action research in class (PTK). This research was conducted in 2 cycles, each cycle was held twice. The subjects of this research were 30 students grade V in one of school in Bandung (male: 15; female: 15). The playing skills were measured through GPAI (Game Performance Analysis Instruments). The data were analyzed by using descriptive quantitative techniques. The lead up games is the exercises that are made to resemble games so that it can improve students' playing skills in the elementary school. Moreover, the result showed that the student gained an increasing skill in every learning baseball process, starting from the percentage of pre-test, which was ranging from 32,43% to 89,19%. With this research, the lead up baseball games can improve students' playing skills in the elementary school. AbstakStudi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan Lead up Games kasti dapat meningkatkan keterampilan bermain kasti. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua siklus, setiap siklus dilaksanakan sebanyak dua kali tindakan penelitian. Subjek penelitian adalah kelas V disalah satu sekolah dasar di Kota Bandung sebanyak 30 siswa (Putra: 15; Putri: 15). Keterampilan bermain kasti diukur melalui GPAI (Game Performance Analisis Instrumen). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis data kuantitatif deskriptif. Permainan lead up games dilakukan melalui latihan yang di buat menyerupai permainan sehingga sehingga meningkatkan keterampilan bermain siswa. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan adanya peningkatan setiap pembelajaran, mulai dari Pre-test presentase yang diperoleh 32,43% sampai siklus 2 sebesar 89,19%. Dengan penelitian ini bahwa permainan lead up games dapat meningkatkan keterampilan bermain kasti siswa di SD tersebut.
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Nesbit, Todd M., and Kerry A. King-Adzima. "Major League Baseball Attendance and the Role of Fantasy Baseball." Journal of Sports Economics 13, no. 5 (2011): 494–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002511409120.
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Many explanations exist for the resurgence of the Major League Baseball (MLB) fan base following the 1994-1995 strike. The most prevalent explanations include the 1998 McGuire-Sosa homerun race and Cal Ripken Jr.’s consecutive games record. While such explanations certainly impacted fan interest in the sport, it is remiss to ignore the impact of online fantasy baseball leagues, which surfaced in 1997. This article examines the extent to which participating in a fantasy baseball league influences the MLB game attendance. The results strongly suggest that fantasy baseball participation positively influences MLB game attendance.
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Okoroha, Kelechi R., Stan Conte, Eric C. Makhni, et al. "Hamstring Injury Trends in Major and Minor League Baseball: Epidemiological Findings From the Major League Baseball Health and Injury Tracking System." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7 (2019): 232596711986106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119861064.
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Background: Hamstring strains are the most common injury for professional baseball players and can result in significant time on the disabled list. To date, no study has reported the current trends in hamstring strains in professional baseball. Hypothesis: Professional baseball players would have an increased incidence of hamstring strains from 2011 through 2016. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury data were prospectively collected from 2011 through 2016 for every Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) team and was recorded in the MLB Health and Injury Tracking System. Data collected for this study included date of injury, activity during injury, time lost, primary injury or reinjury status, and imaging findings as well as player demographic information related to level of play, age, and position for all hamstring injury events. Injury rates were reported as hamstring injuries per number of games. Results: From 2011 to 2016, there were 2633 hamstring strains in professional baseball players. The rate of hamstring strains increased in MLB from a low of 1 injury every 39 games in 2011 to a high of 1 injury every 30 games in 2016. In MiLB, there were 2192 hamstring strains, with 1 injury every 35 games in 2011 compared with 1 injury every 30 games in 2016. The majority of injuries occurred in the infielder positions (37.5%) and resulted from base running (>50%), most commonly from home to first base. The most common hamstring injury was a grade 2 injury to the distal biceps femoris. The mean time missed after a hamstring injury was 14.5 days. Grade 3 and grade 2 hamstring strains resulted in significantly more days missed compared with grade 1 injuries ( P = .005 and P = .002, respectively). The rate of recurrent hamstring injuries was 16.3% for MLB and 14.2% for MiLB. Recurrent hamstring injuries resulted in more time lost than primary injuries (mean, 16.4 vs 14.5 days, respectively; P = .02). A total of 42 injuries were treated with platelet-rich plasma, and 19 were treated with surgery. The number of injuries treated with platelet-rich plasma increased in successive years. Conclusion: The rate of hamstring strains in professional baseball players has increased over the past 6 years and has resulted in a significant loss of playing time. Study results indicated that these injuries are affected by injury characteristics, position played, running to first base, seasonal timing, and history of hamstring injuries.
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Confino, Jamie Erica, James N. Irvine, Christopher S. Ahmad, and Thomas Sean Lynch. "Early Sports Specialization is Associated with Increased Upper Extremity Injuries and Fewer Games Played in Major League Baseball Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7_suppl5 (2019): 2325967119S0039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00399.
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Objectives: Early sport-specialization has been shown to place athletes at risk for increased injuries and decreased sporting performance in various sporting populations. However, the effect of sport-specialization has not been studied in professional baseball. The purpose of this investigation is to determine if single-sport athletes that specialize in baseball at a young age have a greater predisposition to overuse injury, burnout, and decreased performance compared to multiple-sport athletes. We hypothesized that MLB players who played multiple sports in high school would experience fewer injuries necessitating time on the Disabled List (DL), play more games, and have a longer career compared to athletes that played only baseball in high school. Methods: First and second-round MLB draft picks from 2008 to 2016 that played in at least one professional (minor or major league) game were included in this study. Athletes who participated in one or more sports in high school in addition to baseball were considered multi-sport athletes, and athletes who participated in only baseball were considered single-sport athletes. For each athlete, participation in high school sports, injuries sustained in MLB and MiLB, number of days on the Disabled List (DL) for each injury, number of games played in MLB and MiLB, and whether the athlete was still active were collected from publically available records. Results: Seven hundred forty-seven athletes were included in this study, of which 240 (32%) were multi-sport and 506 (68%) were single-sport athletes. Multi-sport athletes played in significantly more total professional baseball games on average (362.8 vs. 300.8, p < 0.01) as well as more major league games (95.9 vs. 71.6, p = 0.04) than single-sport athletes. Meanwhile, single-sport athletes had a significantly higher number of upper extremity injuries than multi-sport athletes (136 vs. 55, p < 0.01, Table I). Single-sport pitchers also had a higher number of shoulder and elbow injuries than multi-sport pitchers and, once injured, were more likely to have recurrent elbow injuries (86 vs. 27, p < 0.01; 33% vs. 17% recurrence). Conclusion: Professional baseball players who participated in multiple sports during high school played in more MLB games and sustained fewer upper extremity injuries than players who specialized in baseball before high school. Professional pitchers who specialized by the time they were in high school had a significantly higher chance of sustaining recurrent elbow injuries compared to those who were multi-sport athletes in high school. MLB players with a history of multi-sport participation were more likely to avoid overuse injuries and had greater longevity and level of performance compared to those that limited their sport participation to baseball during high school. [Table: see text]
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Greiner, Justin J., Geoffrey S. Baer, and Timothy A. McGuine. "PITCH COUNTS IN YOUTH BASEBALL PLAYERS: A COMPARISON TO PITCH SMART GUIDELINES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (2020): 2325967120S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00234.
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Background: Overthrowing injuries in youth baseball players have been linked with pitching behaviors such as as high pitch counts, inadequate rest, and participating in throwing activities throughout the year. Pitch Smart guidelines were developed as an initiative between Major League Baseball and USA Baseball to provide recommendations for youth baseball athletes to help decrease the risk of injuries from overthrowing. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to perform a quantitative analysis of pitch counts in youth baseball players and evaluate compliance with Pitch Smart guidelines. Methods: Local youth baseball teams competing in nine and under (9U) to fourteen and under (14U) age brackets were recruited to track pitches during the summer baseball season. A tablet with a pitch counting application was used to record pitches for each pitcher of the study team and their opponents. Days of rest between games was calculated for the study teams only and not opponents. Pitch counts and days of rest for each pitcher were compared to the recommended Pitch Smart guidelines. Continued prospective collection of data is ongoing through the 2019 summer. Results: Interim review of 23 youth baseball teams using a tablet allowed analysis of 181 pitchers of the 23 study teams using tablets and 285 pitchers of 98 opponent teams. Violation of Pitch Smart guidelines occurred in 14 (60.9%) study teams and 29 (16.0%) pitchers. Of these violations, 27 (93%) pitchers had insufficient rest between games while 2 (7%) pitchers exceeded daily maximum pitches. Further, 8 (35%) teams had more than one player violate guidelines. Pitch smart daily maximum pitch counts were violated in 2 of 98 (2.0%) opponent teams and 2 of 285 (0.7%) of opponent pitchers Conclusion: A total of 61% of youth baseball teams and 16% of pitchers in this study violated Pitch Smart guidelines at interim analysis. The vast majority of guideline violations were due to inadequate rest between games. The high rate of Pitch Smart violations suggests that further education of coaches, parents, and athletes regarding these guidelines, with emphasis on rest recommendations, is necessary to prevent overthrowing injuries in youth baseball players. [Table: see text]
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Breckenridge, R. Saylor, and Pat Rubio Goldsmith. "Spectacle, Distance, and Threat: Attendance and Integration of Major League Baseball, 1930–1961." Sociology of Sport Journal 26, no. 2 (2009): 296–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.26.2.296.
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We examine the effect of the visibility of African American, Latino, and Jewish baseball players on attendance at Major League Baseball games between 1930 and 1961. We invoke the sociological concepts of “social distance,” “spectacle,” and “group threat” and incorporate data focusing on the era of integration to expand on previous research in this arena. Notably, African American and Latino player visibility—but not that of other groups—is revealed to increase attendance at games. This effect weakens for losing teams and in cities with relatively larger minority populations. The findings suggest a synthesis of theories is possible.
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George, Thomas R. "Self-Confidence and Baseball Performance: A Causal Examination of Self-Efficacy Theory." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16, no. 4 (1994): 381–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.16.4.381.
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Using path analytic techniques, the causal relationships in Bandura's model of self-efficacy were examined in a field setting. Male intercollegiate and interscholastic baseball players (N = 53) completed self-report measures over a nine-game period during the baseball season. Perceptions of self-efficacy, competitive state anxiety, effort expenditure, and objective hitting performance were measured. Moderate support for Bandura's model was found in that higher performances predicted stronger percepts of efficacy in six games, and lower levels of somatic and cognitive anxiety were associated with stronger self-efficacy beliefs in seven games. In turn, stronger self-efficacy predicted greater effort in six games and higher hitting performance in five games. Results are discussed in relation to the ecological validity of previous causal examinations of self-efficacy theory, as well as the utility of self-efficacy theory as a framework for investigating the self-confidence-performance relationship.
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Jung, Hoyoon, Choon-Geol Moon, and Yoon Tae Sung. "Outcome Uncertainty and Demand for Baseball: A Single-Game Approach in the Korean Professional Baseball League." International Journal of Sport Finance 15, no. 1 (2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32731/jsf.2020.a927077.
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Abstract: This study tests the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis for single games and playoff appearances in the Korean Professional Baseball League from 2007 to 2015. Our panel data analysis shows that the difference in winning percentages between two teams and playoff uncertainty based on games behind are important factors for increasing game attendance. This study supports the potential importance of analyzing daily game attendance of the literature on diverse sport leagues. It also presents implications for policymakers and league owners—which typically leverage teams as promotional instruments—on improving the self-sustainability of sport teams.
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Glass, Darren, and Philip J. Lowry. "Quasigeometric Distributions and Extra Inning Baseball Games." Mathematics Magazine 81, no. 2 (2008): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0025570x.2008.11953539.
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Brennan, Matthew. "Home Games: Essays on Baseball Fiction (review)." NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 9, no. 1 (2000): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nin.2001.0003.
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Seifried, Chad, and Donna Pastore. "The Temporary Homes: Analyzing Baseball Facilities in the United States Pre-1903." Journal of Sport History 37, no. 2 (2010): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.37.2.257.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the physical layout of professional baseball facilities in America from 1850 to 1903 and to identify those instances and conditions of modernization that changed those structures. The information provided demonstrates baseball facilities started out as simple open fields with little or no standardized territories hosting unsophisticated and spontaneous ball games. Next, standardized rules of play prompted baseball facilities to form into small, hastily constructed but temporarily open competition areas that separated participants from spectators. Baseball facilities further evolved into complex temporary enclosed structures to improve spectator experiences and maximize revenues for sport entrepreneurs. However, semi-permanent professional baseball superstructures emerging toward the end of the nineteenth century failed to match the ever-increasing maturity of baseball, its growing stakeholder groups and their concerns, or utilize the improvements offered by available technology.
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Curry, Alexander L., and Tiara Good. "Talking Baseball When There Is No Baseball: Reporters and Fans During the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 3 (2020): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0246.
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The 2020 coronavirus outbreak led Major League Baseball to cancel spring training and postpone the start of the regular season. Although baseball stopped, reporters continued to write about baseball, and fans continued to talk about baseball. But with no games being played, what were they writing and talking about? More than a simple examination of what these two groups are saying, the authors also examined why their focus has turned to particular topics and themes. Through a textual analysis of Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) baseball headlines and Reddit posts, the authors found writers jolted out of their routines, yet still framing many of their 2020 stories to focus on the actions of players. For fans, they uncovered conversations that, in many ways, read like friends mourning the loss of a loved one.
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Boronico, Jess S. "Professional Baseball Management and Playoffs: The Impact of the Wild Card Round." Journal of Sport Management 11, no. 4 (1997): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.11.4.297.
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Professional baseball has witnessed radical reform over the past few years, partially due to management's increasing concern with a diminished public image. One such reform involves the format of baseball playoffs, which is expected to impact on the level of interest in the game through an extended playoff format and closer pennant races. The new playoff structure includes a wild card entrant and one additional tier of playoff games in each league. The analysis here suggests that this format increases the likelihood that upsets will occur. It is also shown that given a fixed number of games within which to conduct multitiered playoffs, allocation rules may be determined so that the distribution of games to each tier may be set in order to maximize the probability that the team with the highest winning percentage advances through all tiers successfully.
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Juditya, Silvy, and Dhani Agusni. "Keterampilan Lempar Tangkap dalam Olahraga Softball Berbasis Audio Visual." Jurnal Olahraga 4, no. 1 (2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37742/jo.v4i1.79.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of audio visual on the results of throwing in softball games at Altras Baseball Softball Club. This study uses an experimental method, with a One Shot Case Study research design. The population in this study were adolescent athletes at the Altras Baseball Softball Club, the sample taken was 15 newbie athletes at the Altras Baseball Softball Club in South Tangerang. This study was conducted 12 meetings for 4 weeks with a number of exercises 3 times a week. The instrument used is the results of the top throw test in softball games. Based on the results of data processing and analysis of the results of the discussion of the study and analysis of data from the results of the research collected, it can be concluded as follows: Finding the average throwing test results are 32.2 with a maximum average of 2.6 and the minimum is 1.2 and the standard deviation: 6, 94 while the results of the catching throw test at the altras baseball softball club in south Tangerang are the most dominant category with the highest percentage of 40%. The results of the catching throw test at the Altras baseball softball club which are categorized as Excellent are 40%, Good category 20%, Sufficient by 26%, Less with a percentage of 7%, while Less Once is 7%.
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Febrianto, Faizal Adin, Dwi Cahyo Kartiko, and Endang Sriwahyuni. "The Effect of Animal Hunting and Rounders Games on Locomotor and Manipulative Motion Capabilities." International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies 1, no. 8 (2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v2i1.2037.
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Elementary school-age children are very active so they prefer to play. Before starting the learning activities, the teacher designs a learning model that is interspersed with games so that the child can receive the material well and is not easily bored during the learning process. In other words, the activities carried out by children are more directed to the activities of playing and moving. One game that is loved and often played by children is hunting animals and baseball. The purpose of this study is to analyze: (1) studying and analyzing the effect of the application of animal hunting game learning models on locomotor and manipulative motion abilities. (2) to study and analyze the effect of the application of baseball game learning models to increase locomotor and manipulative motion skills. (3) to find out, study and analyze the effect of learning based on game hunting animals and baseball to increase locomotor and manipulative mobility. This type of research used in this study is quantitative with a research design using a two-group pre-test post-test design, with data analysis using paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. The results showed: (1) there was an effect of the application of animal hunting games to locomotor and manipulative mobility. (2) there is an effect of the application of baseball games on locomotor and manipulative motion abilities. (3) in an animal hunting game, the locomotor base motion has an increase of 2.17 and manipulative motion has an increase of 5.1. In a baseball game, the locomotor base motion has an increase of 1.5 and manipulative base motion has an increase of 3.77. Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that there is an increase in locomotor and manipulative movement abilities for each group after being given a game. Also, there are differences in influence between the animal hunting group and the baseball group as seen from the increase in locomotor motion through independent sample t-test where the game of animal hunting gives a better effect than the game of baseball.
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Chalmers, Peter, Kathryn Mcelheny, John Dangelo, Kevin Ma, Dana Rowe, and Brandon Erickson. "Is Workload Associated with Internal Impingement in Professional Baseball Players? An Analysis of Days of Rest, Innings Pitched and Batters Faced (221)." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 10_suppl5 (2021): 2325967121S0032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00329.
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Objectives: Determine if workload; as measured by number of days rest between outings, innings pitched, batters faced, and being a starting pitcher; associates with risk for internal impingement in professional baseball pitchers. Methods: All professional baseball pitchers who were diagnosed with internal impingement between 2011-2017 were identified using the major league baseball (MLB) Health and Injury Tracking System (HITS). A separate player usage dataset was used to determine workload. We then compared workload variables between pitcher-games 2, 6, 12, and >12 weeks prior to documented internal impingement and pitcher games from a control group who were never diagnosed with internal impingement. In a paired analysis, we compared the acute workload (2, 6, 12 weeks) prior to injury and the injured pitcher’s workload >12 weeks prior to injury. Results: There were 624 pitchers who suffered from internal impingement in professional baseball. Across all time points, players with more innings pitched per game, more batters faced per game, and fewer days rest in between games were associated with a subsequent internal impingement compared to controls. Pitchers who threw four or more innings per game had a 1.3-fold increase in percent of players with subsequent internal impingement compared to pitchers who threw only one inning per game. Significantly more starting pitchers were diagnosed with internal impingement over multiple time points compared to controls. Conclusions: Greater pitcher workload was associated with increased risk for internal impingement in professional baseball players. Throwing four or more innings per game increase a pitcher’s risk for internal impingement 1.3-fold compared to pitchers who threw one inning per game. Starting pitchers are more likely to sustain a LD/TM tear than control pitchers.
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Milsten, Andrew M., Kevin G. Seaman, Peter Liu, Rick A. Bissell, and Brian J. Maguire. "Variables Influencing Medical Usage Rates, Injury Patterns, and Levels of Care for Mass Gatherings." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (2003): 334–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001291.
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AbstractObjectives:Mass gatherings create difficult environments for which to plan emergency medical responses. The purpose of this study was to identify those variables that are associated with increased medical usage rates (MURs) and certain injury patterns that can be used to facilitate the planning process.Methods:Patient information collected at three types of mass gatherings (professional American football and baseball games and rock concerts) over a three-year period was reviewed retrospectively. Specific variables were abstracted: (1) event type; (2) gender; (3) age; (4) weather; and (5) attendance. All 216 events (total attendance9,708,567) studied were held in the same metropolitan region. All MURs are reported as patients per 10,000 (PPTT).Results:The 5,899 patient encounters yielded a MUR of 6.1 PPTT. Patient encounters totaled 3,659 for baseball games (4.85 PPTT), 1,204 for football games (6.75 PPTT), and 1,036 for rock concerts (30 PPTT). The MUR for Location A concerts (no mosh pits) was 7.49 PPTT, whereas the MUR for the one Location B concert (with mosh pits) was110 PPTT. The MUR for Location A concerts was higher than for baseball, but not football games (p= 0.005). Gender distribution was equal among patrons seeking medical care. The mean values for patient ages were 29 years at baseball games, 33 years at football games, and 20 years at concerts. The MUR at events held when the apparent temperature was £80°F significantly lower statistically than that at events conducted at temperatures <80°F were (18°C) (4.90 vs. 8.10 PPTT (p= 0.005)). The occurrence of precipitation and increased attendance did not predict an increased MUR. Medical care was sought mostly for minor/basic-level care (84%) and less so for advanced-level care (16%). Medical cases occurred more often atsporting events (69%), and were more common than were cases with traumatic injuries (31%). Concerts with precipitation and rock concerts had a positive association withthe incidence of trauma and the incidence of injuries; whereas age and gender were not associated with medical or traumatic diagnoses.Conclusions:Event type and apparent temperature were the variables that best predicted MUR as well as specific injury patterns and levels of care.
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Eisner, Milton P. "An Application of Quadratic Equations to Baseball." Mathematics Teacher 79, no. 5 (1986): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.79.5.0327.
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In baseball, the primary objective of each team is to have the greatest winning percentage in its division at the end of the season. During the season, daily standings list the teams in order of decreasing winning percentages. Beside each team's percentage is the number of games it is behind, a measure of how many games that a team trails the team with the greatest winning percentage. For example, consider the standings of National League teams on the morning of 8 August 1984, as shown in table 1.
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Park, Tae Won, and Jung-sup Bae. "Deriving a plan to strengthen the competitiveness of the Korean national baseball team through the Delphi Methods." Korean Society for Leisure Sciences 14, no. 2 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37408/kjls.2023.14.2.1.
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The purpose of this study was to present factors that can strengthen the competitiveness of the Korean national baseball team through the Delphi technique. In this study, Delphi survey was conducted on players with experience in the Korean national baseball team, leaders(coaches, staffs, trainers) and players with experience in Korean professional baseball league, professional baseball field experts and physical education professors. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 people in the first Delphi survey and 15 people in the second Delphi survey. As a result of the analysis, a total of four top factors were derived, including “operation in international competitions”, “support for international games”, “selection and composition of the national team squad”, and “national team player management”. In addition, 21 sub-categories were finally selected to improve competitiveness for the Korean national baseball team, and their validity was verified. This study is meaningful in that the findings suggest practical strategies to improve the competitiveness of international competitions in Korean baseball.
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Crossman, Jane E. "Age of Spectators as a Factor Influencing Behavior at Minor League Hockey and Baseball Games." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 2 (1986): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.2.639.
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To assess the behavior of 10 age groups of spectators while viewing children's minor league hockey and baseball games the behavior of 272 (males = 142, females = 130) randomly selected hockey spectators and 90 (male = 46, female = 44) randomly selected baseball spectators was assessed on the Spectator Observation Code. The predominant behavior emitted during each 10-sec. observation interval was recorded. During each session, three subjects were observed in serial order for the duration of the hockey or baseball game. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Newman-Keuls comparison tests. Significant differences existed for some spectator behaviors when the age of spectator varied.
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Patell, Cyrus R. K. "Baseball and the Cultural Logic of American Individualism." Prospects 18 (October 1993): 401–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004968.
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The 1980s were tumultuous years for the sport that many Americans still call the “national game” or the “national pastime.” For major league baseball, it was a decade marked by increasingly hostile relations between labor and management, resulting in three strikes, including one that interrupted the 1981 season and lasted for fifty days, causing the season to be shortened and many of the year's records to be marked with an asterisk. In 1984, Peter Ueberroth, the man who miraculously made the Los Angeles Olympics turn a profit, was hired as Commissioner of Baseball, and he soon led the owners in a conspiracy to restrict the free-agent market in order to keep players' salaries down. There were a variety of lawsuits brought against major league baseball, not only because of the owners' collusive actions but also because of ostensible racial and gender-based discrimination. And there were scandals over the drug use, sexual misadventures, and gambling habits of prominent players and managers. Nevertheless, by the end of the decade, owners' profits were up, players' salaries were up, and attendance at ball games was up. Baseball's prominence in the national imagination was further bolstered by the success of the film version of The Natural (1984), which put an end to the conventional Hollywood wisdom that baseball films are box-office poison and paved the way for a spate of baseball films toward the end of the 1980s, including Bull Durham (1988), Eight Men Out (1988), Stealing Home (1988), Major League (1989), and Field of Dreams (1989). The 1980s gave new meaning to Jacques Barzun's oft-quoted declaration that “whoever wants to know the heart and mind of America had better learn baseball, the rules and realities of the game.” In his book Take Time for Paradise, A. Bartlett Giamatti, who succeeded Ueberroth as Commissioner of Baseball, rephrased Barzun's insight with double-edged puns that captured the ambivalences of the decade. “I believe that thinking about baseball will tell us a lot about ourselves as a people,” he wrote: “Baseball is part of America's plot, part of America's mysterious, underlying design — the plot in which we all conspire and collude, the plot of the story of our national life.”
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Hennessy, Dwight A., and Stephen Schwartz. "Personal Predictors of Spectator Aggression at Little League Baseball Games." Violence and Victims 22, no. 2 (2007): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088667007780477384.
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Parents from two baseball leagues completed questionnaires regarding their likelihood of engaging in various aggressive behaviors (yelling, swearing, shoving, fighting, humiliating) toward targets at youth baseball games (other spectators, umpires, coaches, other players, their child). Overall, the likelihood of all forms of aggression was very low, particularly physical aggression and swearing. Hierarchical entry stepwise regressions were calculated to determine predictors of yelling and humiliating using demographics, trait aggression, anger, hostility, and vengeance as predictors. Parents with greater hostility reported a greater likelihood of humiliating a child’s teammate, while those with elevated trait anger reported a greater likelihood of yelling at other spectators. Finally, parents with a more vengeful attitude reported a greater likelihood of humiliating umpires.
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Mead, Tim P., Carmen D. Broussard, Gary T. Rosenthal, Dwight L. Boudreaux, Amanda M. Cooley, and Walt W. Hammerli. "On-Task Distractors Associated with Totball Baseball Games: A Preliminary Study." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 1 (2007): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.204-206.
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Two totball baseball leagues in southern Louisiana were monitored to judge what type of parental involvement yielded the highest on-task behaviors among participants. 39 children ages 3 to 5 years participated in 3- or 4-inning baseball games with parents on the field. In the Parent on Bases League, a parent stood on first, second, and third base only. In the Parent with Every Child League, a parent stood next to every child on the field. Children were observed on the field at three different dates at 1-min. intervals during the first two innings of one game in both leagues. On-task behaviors were defined as standing in the correct field position and watching the ball. Off-task behaviors consisted of sitting, rolling on the field, talking to a coach or parent, and not watching the ball. A statistically significant difference in the percent of time children spent on-task favored the Parents on Bases League (75.7) versus the other league (50.3). Having fewer parents on the field in these baseball games kept players on-task more effectively than having a parent with each child.
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Frick, Erin, and Marc P. Hilgers. "Little Leaguer’s Shoulder." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 20, no. 1 (2015): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2013-0076.
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A 14-year-old right-handed male baseball pitcher comes to you complaining of right shoulder pain for several weeks. He recalls no injury to his shoulder but instead complains of slowly worsening pain with throwing. Between travel and now high school baseball, which just recently resumed, he often finds himself pitching in multiple games per week. As you examine the athlete, you discover tenderness to palpation over the lateral aspect of his right shoulder.
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Grasmuck, Sherri. "Something about Baseball: Gentrification, “Race Sponsorship,” and Neighborhood Boys’ Baseball." Sociology of Sport Journal 20, no. 4 (2003): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.20.4.307.
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This article examines the factors behind a story of racial accommodation in an unlikely space, one formerly renowned for racial violence and exclusion. The space of boys’ baseball provides an opportunity to understand how class and racial changes in a formerly White, working-class neighborhood of Philadelphia, unfolded over a 30-year period. With gentrification, came new class and racial encounters on the local baseball field. The author’s research included participation as a “bench Mom” over a decade, 2 years of ethnographic fieldwork involving observations of more than 100 games in two boys’ age divisions, and 40 in-depth interviews with coaches and parents of players. Factors identified as central to the smooth racial integration of the space are the centrality of baseball to neighborhood “character,” a demographic shortage of White neighborhood children, the “racial sponsorship” of the first Black middle-class children, a growing external accountability toward new Black politicians, and the unique character of baseball itself.
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Lee, Yang-Seung. "Equilibrium Outcome Path and Predictability in Baseball Games." Korea International Trade Research Institute 12, no. 2 (2016): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.12.2.201604.73.
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Brown, Bill. "Waging Baseball, Playing War: Games of American Imperialism." Cultural Critique, no. 17 (1990): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1354139.
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Choi, Young-Gun, and Hyoung-Moon Kim. "A Statistical Study on Korean Baseball League Games." Korean Journal of Applied Statistics 24, no. 5 (2011): 915–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2011.24.5.915.
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Rigel, Ashlee S., and Mark G. Lebwohl. "Hat-wearing patterns in persons attending baseball games." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 54, no. 5 (2006): 918–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1028.
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Chalmers, Peter, Kathryn Mcelheny, John Dangelo, Kevin Ma, Dana Rowe, and Brandon Erickson. "Is Workload Associated with Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tears in Professional Baseball Players? An Analysis of Days of Rest, Innings Pitched and Batters Faced (126)." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 10_suppl5 (2021): 2325967121S0026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00269.
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Objectives: To determine if workload; as measured by number of days rest between outings, innings pitched, batters faced, and being a starting pitcher; associates with risk for sustaining a subsequent UCL tear in professional baseball players. Methods: All professional baseball pitchers who sustained a UCL tear between 2011-2017 were identified using the major league baseball (MLB) Health and Injury Tracking System (HITS). A separate player usage was used to determine workload . We then compared these variables between player-games 2, 6, 12, and >12 weeks prior to a documented UCL tear and player games from a non-UCL tear control group. In a paired analysis, we compared the acute workload (2, 6, 12 weeks) prior to injury and the injured player’s workload >12 weeks prior to injury. Results: There were 2,204 elbow injuries within MLB, 369 of which were unique UCL tears in pitchers. In all time periods, player-games with more days rest, more innings pitched, and more batters faced associated with a subsequent UCL tear. Players who pitched 4 of more innings per outing had a 1.78-fold increase in percent of players with a subsequent UCL tear as compared to players with one inning pitched. Being a starting pitcher carried a relative risk of 1.51 (p<0.001) of subsequent UCL injury. In a paired analysis there were significantly more innings pitched and batters faced in the player-games 2 weeks prior to UCL injury than in the player-games >12 weeks prior to UCL injury (p=0.028 and p=0.017). Conclusions: Being a starting pitcher, pitching more innings per game, and facing more batters per game increased the risk of a UCL tear. An increase in workload in the 2 weeks prior to injury over that player’s baseline also significantly increased the risk for injury.
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Green, Gary, John D’Angelo, Jon Coyles, Ian Penny, John G. Golfinos, and Alex Valadka. "Association Between a Rule Change to Reduce Home Plate Collisions and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Other Injuries in Professional Baseball Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 11 (2019): 2704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519861525.
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Background: Improved player safety is an important goal of professional baseball. Prevention of mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) is an area of emphasis because of the potential for long-term as well as short-term sequelae. Hypothesis: A rule change can lower the incidence of concussions and other injuries in professional baseball. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study included a retrospective review of data entered concurrently into professional baseball’s electronic medical record system. All minor and major league teams are required to use this system. All injuries are captured by creation of a new record in the system at the time of the injury. All active minor and major league players from 2011 to 2017 were included. The 30 major league clubs have 1200 roster players and play 162 games per season. The approximately 200 minor league clubs have about 7500 active players and play 56 to 144 games annually that combine for approximately 330,000 athlete-exposures per season. Before the 2014 season, Major League Baseball, in conjunction with its players association, instituted a rule limiting home plate collisions between base runners and catchers that applied to both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball. All concussions and other injuries at home plate from 2011 to 2017 were analyzed by mechanism and player position. Results: From 2011 to 2013, an annual mean of 100 injuries occurred from home plate collisions in the minor and major leagues, resulting in a mean loss of 2148 days annually. After the rule change, there was a mean 55 home plate collision injuries with 936 days lost per season ( P < .0001 for injuries and days lost). A mean 11 concussions attributed to these collisions occurred annually in the minor and major leagues before the rule change, as compared with 2.3 per year after ( P = .0029). There were no major league concussions from these collisions after the rule change. The mean annual number of days missed because of concussions at home plate dropped from 276 before 2014 to 36 per year after 2014 ( P = .0001). Conclusion: This rule change was associated with significant reductions in the numbers of concussions and other injuries caused by collisions at home plate as well as significant decreases in time lost from play.
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Bouzarth, Elizabeth L., Benjamin C. Grannan, John M. Harris, and Kevin R. Hutson. "Scheduling the Valley Baseball League." INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 52, no. 2 (2022): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2021.1076.
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The Valley Baseball League is a collegiate summer baseball league with 11 teams playing 42 games between June and August. Producing a schedule has proved challenging for league management, because of the odd number of teams as well as a large number of league mandates and team-specific requests. As an amateur league with limited financial resources, there is pressure to best leverage the league schedule to maximize revenue for each team. A schedule generated by mathematical programming was enthusiastically adopted for the 2020 season and significantly outperformed previous manually produced schedules.
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Chalmers, Peter Nissen, Brandon J. Erickson, Nikhil N. Verma, and Anthony A. Romeo. "Incidence and Return to Play after Biceps Tenodesis in Major League Baseball Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 3_suppl3 (2017): 2325967117S0011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00115.
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Objectives: Superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) tears are a common source of inability to play among baseball players of all levels. SLAP repair is unpredictable and thus biceps tenodesis (BT) has been proposed as an alternative. Furthermore, tenodesis may be indicated for pain isolated to the biceps tendon. The incidence of BT among professional baseball players is unknown, as are the rates of return to play (RTP). The purpose of this study was to determine RTP rates after BT among professional baseball players. Methods: Major League Baseball (MLB) has maintained a prospective database containing all major and minor league baseball players who have undergone shoulder surgery since 2010. Using this database we determined the incidence, demographics, position, prior surgical history, concomitant procedures, RTP rates, time to RTP, and performance upon RTP for professional baseball players following BT. Minimum follow-up was 2 years. Results: Between 2010 and 2013, 17 professional baseball players underwent BT, of which 71% were pitchers, and 29% were in the major league. Forty-seven percent had a history of prior shoulder surgery and 47% underwent concomitant labral repair. Overall RTP after BT was 35%. RTP for isolated BT was 44% in 0.8±0.5 years while RTP for those who underwent both BT and labral repair was 25% (p=0.620). All players who RTP were able to return to at least ten games at their pre-operative level of play. Return to professional play was significantly more common among position players than pitchers (80% vs. 17%, p=0.028). RTP was less common among players with prior shoulder surgery, but this was not statistically significant (56% vs. 13%, p=0.131). For those players who did RTP, pre-operative and post-operative performance was unchanged. Conclusion: Professional baseball players who undergo biceps tenodesis have a 35% rate of return to their prior level of play. While pitchers have only a 16% rate of return to play, position players have an 80% rate of return to play. Furthermore, 100% of those who returned to baseball played at least 10 games at their pre-operative level with no significant change in performance statistics. Professional baseball players who choose to undergo biceps tenodesis should be counseled regarding the low rates or return to play. Pitchers in particular may have a poor prognosis following tenodesis. However, given the small sample size and concomitant procedures, further study is needed before definitive conclusions can be made.
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Chang, Shun-Chuan. "Can pitcher performance reveal game fixing in baseball? Developing a forensic analysis detection procedure." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 46, no. 2 (2018): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6549.
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Gambling and game-fixing scandals have loomed over the international baseball world and a lack of sports ethics in baseball may lead to many problems. In this study I conducted a textual analysis of reports by prosecutors regarding a pitcher who was investigated but not indicted in 2009 after allegations of game fixing. Drawing upon the statistical records of the season's games for the pitcher that were contained in the prosecutor's reports and game-by-game records for each Chinese Professional Baseball League pitcher in the 2009 regular season, I used the change-point test and difference-in-differences techniques to identify anomalies in the pitcher's play. The results I obtained support information contained in the prosecutors' reports regarding the pitcher's actions. My model is confirmed as an appropriate method of applied behavior analysis for detecting corruption in baseball pitching performance.
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Triady, Mochamad Sandy, and Ami Fitri Utami. "Analysis of Decision Making Process in Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game." Winners 16, no. 1 (2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/tw.v16i1.1555.
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Billy Beanes’s success in using data-driven decision making in baseball industry is wonderfully written by Michael Lewis in Moneyball. As a general manager in baseball team that were in the bottom position of the league from the financial side to acquire the players, Beane, along with his partner, explored the use of data in choosing the team’s player. They figured out how to determine the worth of every player.The process was not smooth, due to the condition of baseball industry that was not common with using advanced statistic in acquiring players. Many teams still use the old paradigm that rely on experts’ judgments, intuition, or experience in decision making process. Moneyball approached that using data-driven decision making gave excellent result for Beane’s team. The team won 20 gamessequently in the 2002 season and also spent the lowest cost per win than other teams.This paper attempts to review the principles of Moneyball – The Art of Winning an Unfair Game as a process of decision making and gives what we can learn from the story in order to win the games, the unfair games.
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Nutaro, James. "Prospect Theory and the Favorite Long-Shot Bias in Baseball." Risks 11, no. 5 (2023): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks11050095.
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We provide new evidence of a favorite long-shot bias for bets placed on baseball games. Our analysis uses the difference of mean run differentials as an observable proxy for the probability of a team to win. When baseball is viewed through this proxy, we see that bettors believe favorites are less likely to win than they actually are and long-shots more likely. This result is consistent with prospect theory, which suggests that large and small probabilities are poorly estimated when making decisions with risk.
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Gau, Li-Shiue, Jui-Chuan Huang, Meng-I. Chen, and Michael Naylor. "Team Social Responsibility Embedded in Correlates of Universalism Values, Sport Involvement, and Team Identification for Sustainable Management in Sporting Settings." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (2019): 5416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195416.
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This study investigated the fans’ knowledge of team social responsibility (TSR) as well as the motivation and intentions associated with TSR. Other correlates included in the conceptual model are the fans’ value orientation of universalism, sport involvement, and team identification. A questionnaire was administered at three Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) games in Taiwan (n = 520). It was found that perceptions of team social responsibility were linked to TSR-induced motivation to watch baseball. Universalism values, spectator sport involvement with CPBL, and team identification were found to be positively related to TSR knowledge, TSR-linked motivation, and TSR-linked intentions. The results provide useful insights that professional baseball teams can use to pursue a goal of sustainability and to ensure a uniquely engaged fan base.
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Kawakami, Ryoko, Susumu S. Sawada, Tomoko Ito, et al. "Influence of Watching Professional Baseball on Japanese Elders’ Affect and Subjective Happiness." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 3 (January 1, 2017): 233372141772140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333721417721401.
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Objective: To determine the effects of watching a professional baseball game on the affect and subjective happiness of elders without a specific team to support. Method: Elderly Japanese ( n = 16) were instructed to watch baseball games at a ballpark. They answered a questionnaire several weeks before (baseline) and, on the day of the game, before and after watching the game. Participants’ affect and happiness were assessed using the General Affect Scale and Subjective Happiness Scale, respectively. Results: Calmness had a tendency to increase from baseline to before watching the game ( p = .052). Furthermore, subjective happiness significantly increased after watching the game, compared with baseline ( p = .017). Discussion: Visiting a ballpark to watch a professional baseball game increased elders’ subjective happiness after they had finished watching it.