Thèses sur le sujet « Beach Safety »

This dissertation combines seemingly different studies, which work together to describe the physical characteristics of rip current development and associated social implications at several locations. These fast-moving, concentrated flows of water travel offshore and can be found on any beach with sufficient wave action. Any event of increased wave steepness will erode a large quantity of sediment from the beach. The material deposited offshore eventually makes its way back; during this process, ocean water becomes trapped behind a shore-attached bar resulting in a ridge-and-runnel. These formations are seen at East Hampton, where rip-like currents form as concentrated water drains from the runnel through a breach in the ridge. Camera images from 2010-2016 captured ridge-and-runnel formations and the ensuing currents. These newly described rips behave similarly to bar-gaps; however, they are not directly related to wave action. Coastal scientists consider rip currents to be the number one hazard at most beaches. In Palm Beach County, two traditional rip types were studied: bar-gap and structurally-controlled. Lifeguard incident reports from 2011-2016 were used to correlate wind speeds and wave heights to rip related rescues at three beaches. This research was undertaken in an effort to determine under what conditions most beachgoers become caught in this hazard. Rip currents were seen to be the most dangerous to bathers on days with moderate wind and wave activity. The same beach states that lead to the strongest rips also tend to keep beachgoers from entering the ocean. A social survey at Miami Beach, from 2011 to 2012, quantified beachgoer’s rip knowledge and their recognition of hazards. A significant portion of the respondents showed insufficient knowledge, which indicated they are at-risk of being caught or drowning in a rip current. Frequent exposure to the beach, maturation, and residency were identified as the main contributors to one’s literacy whereas education was the only variable that influenced a beachgoer’s visual recognition of hazard. The information gathered by these surveys can aid in creating better rip current awareness campaigns targeted to demographics that were determined as the most at-risk. An understanding of the physical and social science of rip currents can mitigate the impact of these beach hazards.

Rip currents are the most dangerous hazard at surf beaches. Rip currents in South Florida have previously not been studied. Beach profiles for three Florida beaches (Miami Beach, Lido Beach, Sarasota, and Pensacola Beach) and one Georgia beach (South Cumberland Island) were chosen for surveying because of their variable sand bar heights. Rip current hazard at each beach was assessed by lifeguard rip rescue and drowning statistics. A relationship was found between sand bar height, beach slope and rip current hazard. Rip current measurements in South Florida, which involved utilizing GPS drifters, laser rangefinder and drone-imaged fluorescent tracer dye, showed that the speed ranged from 0.1-0.5 m/s, which is fairly slow compared to such measurements undertaken in California and Australia. The effect of rip currents on swimmers was analyzed based on the drag force acting on swimmers and the power they generate to overcome the currents when swimming against them. The drag force and power increase quadratically and cubically, respectively, with the increase of rip current and swimming speeds. Hence, even rip currents of low velocity can be dangerous and swimming against the current should be avoided if possible. Strong rips in California have been shown to exhibit a circulatory pattern, which could bring a floater back to the safety of a shallow sand bar. Field measurements of rip currents in South Florida clearly defined the flow characteristics of a nearly straight-line current, sometimes deflected to the east-southeast. Therefore, the traditional approach of swimming left or right, parallel to the shore is the best escape strategy, but not against the longshore current if present. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict the occurrence of rip currents based on beach conditions. The logistic model showed that wave height, wave period and wind speed were statistically significant factors in rip generation. Rips were found to be most commonly generated by relatively small, non-threatening waves (e.g., 0.6 to 0.9m in height). These physical factors, along with social and safety considerations, pose a significant problem for coastal management.

Rip currents present a severe hazard to water users worldwide, resulting in over 100 drownings and thousands of lifeguard rescues annually. This thesis examines the demographics of who is effected by rip currents in the UK, what activity they are undertaking, when and where incidents occur, how much the public know, what people have experienced, and how best to educate them. Analysis of 7909 rip current lifeguard rescues (16777 people) across the UK between 2006-2013 highlighted the most at risk group, and subsequent target audience for education, to be male teenagers aged between 13-17 years old (n=2906, 17%). Geographically, the highest incidents occurred on the beaches in the Southwest of England (n=6911, 87%). Incidents mostly occurred outside of lifeguard flagged areas (n=4302, 54%) and mainly involved those using bodyboards (n=5290, 52%). Through the analysis of 407 public beach-based rip current and beach safety questionnaires, it was established that beach users have a poor understanding of rip currents (n=263, 65%) but a good perception of the beach safety flags (n=389, 96%). People with greater knowledge were typically educated by a lifeguard, enter the sea more frequently or have been caught in rip currents themselves. The experiences of 553 people caught in rip currents were analysed using an online questionnaire. The gender split was 69% male (n= 382) to 31% female (n= 171), indicating that males are caught in rip currents more than females. Swimming directly to shore against the rip followed an initial panic (n=108, 34%) for most people caught in a rip. Swimming parallel to the beach was the most remembered, advised, utilised, and promoted safety message. Respondents advocated the use of lifeguards to disseminate rip current safety messages. A new and unique rip current education programme was developed from the synthesis of these results. A lifeguard delivered a pilot programme to 185 teenagers in three schools and two community groups in the Southwest of England. This interactive pilot consisted of exercises using videos, photographs, news reports, and a swimming machine. Levels of rip current knowledge were evaluated before and after, and at regular intervals, to assess knowledge retention. The short-term effects after 3 months were positive, showing statistically significant (p < 0.0005) improvements in mean knowledge levels. This thesis provides a new contribution to the expanding field of social and behavioural rip current research. The development of a unique rip current education programme presents an alternative method for increasing public awareness, and supports the worldwide prevention of rip current incidents and fatalities.

Object detection in complex scenes plays an important role in many real world applications, such as scene analysis, security, traffic violation detection, and medical research. The Object Detection and Behaviour Classification (ODBC) system created from this PhD research, is ground-breaking and concentrates solely on the domain of people and behaviour detection in low resolution beach scene imagery. The video source for this research was obtained from Coastalwatch beach webcams, which are located throughout Australia. Current object detection systems, overall, utilise a similar methodology, following four main image processing procedures; 1) remove unwanted noise, 2) background extraction from an image scene, 3) segmentation of the objects from the scene, and 4) object classification into different class types. To my knowledge, there is no other past or current research studying behaviour detection in low resolution beach imagery, and therefore, my research leads the way in this domain. Information from beach imagery can provide important data for tourism promotions and beach safety. Analysis of people behaviour could assist in making decisions about promotions and beach amenities. Automated beach systems may provide constant monitoring of a beach, by detecting people entering the ocean in a flagged or non-flagged area of a beach. This may also provide an early warning system to assist lifeguards in protecting swimmers in a beach area.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Information and Communication Technology
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

The purpose of this research is to provide a better understanding of the physical and social aspects of rip currents in ocean areas that will lead to better forecasts, better governmental policies in beach areas, and ultimately to save lives. A rip current is a nearshore circulation in which breaking waves run up onto the beach then retreat rapidly in deeper channels back toward the sea. Rip currents pose a significant threat to beachgoers and can pull even the strongest swimmers out to sea. The primary factors associated with rip current formation on unarmored beaches are variations in the local beach bathymetry, wind-generated longshore waves of varying height, and lower tidal stages. The rationale for this study is highlighted when rip current deaths are put in context with deaths from other weather related deaths. The average number of rip current deaths per year in the United States is 46 and in the year 2010 rip currents were responsible for 64 deaths which was higher than the deaths associated with lightning, tornadoes, hurricanes and the cold winter during the year. The methodology followed for this study includes a review of demographics from over 500 rip current drowning reports along the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States from 1994-2012. This research indicates that tourists are often victims, and rescuers can become the victims. For each state or sub-state area where rip current drownings are prevalent, an analysis of social aspects, beach areas, and associated ocean and weather patterns was conducted using averaged wind and pressure fields over wave generation areas, buoy data, and tide data. It is important to understand the evolution of these drowning events and seek solutions to mitigate the problem.

Every year hundreds of cetaceans strand on New Zealand beaches. Options for dealing with disposal of their carcasses are few, creating significant problems for the Department of Conservation (DOC). More often than not their carcasses are buried in beaches at or just above high water mark, near where the animals have stranded. The primary objective of this thesis is to determine the effects of cetacean burial on beach sediments, and evaluate potential health and safety risks associated with this practice. A secondary objective of this thesis is to appraise the appropriateness of one location DOC has repeatedly transported cetacean carcasses to and buried within beach sediments, Motutapu Island in Waitemata Harbour. The chemical effects of cetacean burial over a six-month period are reported for two sites at which animals were buried in 2008, Muriwai and Pakiri beaches; the biological effects of this burial are reported for one of these sites, Muriwai Beach, 12 months post burial. Intertidal faunal and floral inventories are provided for six sites around Motutapu Island, and these then compared and contrasted with inventories compiled from an additional 290 intertidal sites between Whangarei Heads and Tauranga Harbour, North Island East Coast, to appraise the relative uniqueness of intertidal species diversity around Motutapu Island. At both Muriwai and Pakiri beaches, nitrogen and phosphate concentrations in surface sands changed considerably following cetacean burial, although over six months the effect was localized and elevated concentrations of these two chemicals that could be attributed to a buried carcass did not extend more than 40 m from the site of whale burial. Deep-core profiles revealed nitrogen and phosphate concentrations at and in the immediate vicinity of cetacean burial approximately six months after burial to be markedly elevated to the level of the water table, but elevated concentrations attributable to the buried carcass were not observed greater than 25 m from the site of burial. Elevated concentrations of nitrogen and phosphates in beaches persist in surface sediments for at least six months post burial. Twelve months post cetacean burial no significant difference in species richness or abundance were apparent in intertidal communities extending along transects proximal to and some distance from the Muriwai Beach carcass; there is no evidence for any significant short-term (to 12 months) biological effects of cetacean burial in beaches. Of those shores on Motutapu Island accessible by earth-moving equipment and large vessels capable of dealing with and transporting large cetacean carcasses, Station Bay appeared to be the most appropriate site for whale burial. However its small size and relatively high biological value (fairly high species richness for comparable shores between Whangarei Heads and Tauranga) renders it an inappropriate long-term option for whale burial. Other shores on Motutapu Island host some of the highest species richness of all shores surveyed between Whangarei Heads and Tauranga Harbour, rendering them entirely inappropriate locations for burying cetaceans, over and above other variables that may influence disposal location identification (such as archaeological sites, dwellings and accessibility). Motutapu Island is not considered an appropriate location for cetacean burial within beaches. Alternative disposal strategies need to be explored for dealing with cetaceans that strand on Auckland east coast beaches. Although burial is the most convenient and most economical strategy to dispose of cetacean carcass, especially in mass stranding events or when cetaceans are of large size, and the biological effects of this practice are not considered significant (for the one whale that could be studied), persistent enrichment of beach sediments with organic matter could result in prolonged persistence of pathogens in beaches, causing unforeseen risks to human health and safety. Recommendations are made to minimize possible threats to public following burial of cetaceans in beaches, until the potential health risks of burial are more fully understood.

The research presented in this thesis results from efforts to evaluate current design methodologies for safety benches in surface aggregate quarries. Proper bench design is important for preventing rockfall related accidents and injuries without wasting the reserves held in the benches. An in depth analysis has been performed using the results from 230 rockfall tests conducted at two surface quarries. The goal of this project is to give practitioners the tools they need for improved bench design. Principal Components and Cluster Analysis, techniques not previously applied to rockfall investigations, have been performed on the test data. The results indicate that both are valid analytical methods which show that the factors affecting the rollout distance of a rock are wall configuration, rock dimensions, and rock energy. The test results were then compared to the Ritchie Criteria, Modified Ritchie Criterion, Ryan and Pryor Criterion, Oregon Department of Transportation design charts, and RocFall computer simulations. Analysis shows that the lognormal distribution curves fitted to the test data provide an excellent yet quick design reference. The recommended design method is computer simulation using RocFall because of the ease of simulation and the site specific nature of the program. For the two quarries studied, RocFall analysis showed that 20 ft benches with a 4 ft berm will hold over 95% of rockfalls, a design supported by the field testing. Conducting site-specific rockfall testing is also recommended to obtain realistic input parameters for the simulations and to provide design justification to regulatory agencies.
Master of Science

The main focus of this thesis is to design the expansion and modernization of a sport complex "U Jezu" for a sport club TJ Roztoky. This thesis is consisted of a study for a territorial agreement. In this study, there are indicated a formation of two playing fields with the artificial surfaces, beach volleyball court proposing two building objects as a base for the entire complex, which consists of garages, storages and a main building. A more detailed design was created for the main building. As the supporting structure of the object, the transverse wall system completed with outdoor columns supporting the cantilevered portion of the ceiling tiles, which are mainly unidirectionally reinforced concrete floor slabs. The supporting structure is based on the strip foundations. The designed building object has two-above ground floors and a ground floor, which will be created by embedding the building object into the hill side. The ground floor is designed for the relaxation and the leisure purposes. Moreover, there is also a technological equipment necessary for the operation of the facility. On the first above ground floor, there are designed locker rooms for athletes, a club room with a kitchen and an accommodation unit for a manager of the complex. The second floor is for the accommodation. There are designed rooms with lounge and office of the president of the sport club. Part of the second floor consists of a terrace. For the roofing, a flat roof with a single-classic sequence of layers is designed. In this thesis, the static is partially solved. Furthermore, the object is evaluated in the terms of lighting, acoustic and thermal requirements as well as requirements for the fire safety of buildings.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O Anuário Estatístico da Previdência Social (2013) publicou o registro de acidentes típicos de trabalho, apontando que as partes do corpo mais atingidas foram os ferimentos e fraturas do punho e da mão, totalizando juntos 16,5 % dos acidentes registrados no Brasil, fato recorrente desde o ano de 2007. Nesse sentido o objetivo da pesquisa é propor um sistema de segurança afim de proteger as mãos dos operadores da serra circular de bancada. Para isto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o uso da madeira na construção, aspectos legais e culturais da segurança no trabalho e desenvolvimento de produto. Na pesquisa utilizou-se a metodologia estruturada de desenvolvimento do produto dos autores Ulrich e Eppinger, com algumas adaptações, seguindo os passos do planejamento e do desenvolvimento do produto. No planejamento realizou-se um check-list das condições de segurança na operação da serra circular para identificar as oportunidades do mercado e planejar o produto. No desenvolvimento do produto levantou-se as necessidades dos clientes (carpinteiros) que operam as serras em obras na cidade de Juiz de Fora (MG). Com as respostas obtidas, foram definidas as especificações alvo do produto, possibilitando a criação de conceitos, o rankeamento e a escolha do melhor conceito a ser desenvolvido. Um protótipo do sistema de segurança foi idealizado, instalando um sensor de presença infravermelho na coifa protetora e um freio que provoca a parada do motor da serra que foram interligados por meio de contatores. No teste do sistema foram utilizados um tacômetro e um osciloscópio digital para a aquisição de dados. O teste simulou a aproximação da mão do operador de encontro à zona de detecção do sensor de presença. Os resultados obtidos indicam como menor tempo de parada total do sistema de 100 milésimos de segundo e com este tempo calculou-se a distância de segurança para fixar o sensor de presença. Conclui-se que é necessário inovar a serra circular de bancada com um sistema de segurança eficiente e eficaz para aumentar a segurança dos operadores, e que a metodologia adotada, por ser um modelo genérico, permitiu a sua adaptação ao desenvolvimento do produto dessa pesquisa acadêmica e também proporcionou um ponto de partida para melhorias contínuas.
The Statistical Yearbook of Social Safety Insurance (2013) published the registry of typical labor accidents presenting that the most affected parts of the body were injuries and fractures on wrists and hands, together totaling 16.5% of the accidents recorded in Brazil, a recurring fact since 2007. In this sense, the aim of this research is to propose a safety system in order to protect the hands of circular bench saw operators. For this, a literature review on wood use on civil construction was carried out, legal and cultural aspects of labor safety and product development were also studied. In this research we used the structured methodology of product development idealized by the authors Ulrich and Eppinger with some adjustments, following the steps of planning and developing product. In the planning phase we developed a checklist of safety conditions in the circular saw operation in order to identify market opportunities and also to plan the product. In the product development phase we identified the consumer’s (carpenters) requirements of those who operates circular saws on civil construction in the city of Juiz de Fora (MG). With the responses obtained, we defined the specifications of the product, enabling concepts creation, as well as ranking and choosing the best concept to be developed. A safety system prototype was designed, in which was installed an infrared presence sensor in the protective hood along with a break that stop the saw motor, which were interconnected by contactors. In the system test we used a tachometer and a digital oscilloscope for data acquisition. The test simulated the operator’s hand approach in the presence sensor detection zone. The results showed that the shorter time for stopping the whole system was 100 milliseconds. We use this time to calculate the safety distance for placing the presence sensor. We concluded that it is necessary to innovate the circular bench saw with an efficient and effective safety system to increase the operators safety. It was also concluded that the methodology adopted, for configuring a generic model, allowed its own adaptation to the product development proposed by this academic research, providing a starting point for continuous improvements.

碩士
國立臺灣體育學院
休閒運動管理研究所
93
Abstract 　　The purposes of this study were to recognize the differences between the beach safety management in Taiwan from that in other countries, and to explore the present condition and defects in Taiwan. The method was to observe the beach safety operation and interview with the beach patrol captain in three beaches: Paishawan, Fulong, and Greenbay. After analysis the data with the references assembled. The finding reveals that: current facilities and equipments are not fitted in with the international standard; the pattern of management influenced the beach safety maintains system operates, and the working property also affected the lifeguards attendance will. Besides, the insufficiency of laws and professionals, and the lack of public cognition in aquatic activities were also obstructions of beach safety maintenance. This study recommended that： 1.Beach safety management standards adapted for Taiwan should be organized as soon as possible. 2.Set up a year round beach safety maintains system. 3.Improve water safety education, research and professional training.

Rip currents pose a threat to the safety of bathers at most beaches around the world. Risk perception and swimming preference are critical factors for safety at beaches. In general, the inability to detect a rip current and a false sense of security may lead to situations where people are confronted with unforeseen dangers. The presented research intends to contribute to improving beach safety with situational-awareness data to keep bathers informed about undergoing dangers on a selected beach. As such, the need to create a beach-safety culture and a provocative social conscience in adopting safety behaviors at the beach, during leisure time, is a ground-breaking goal. The research presents a study regarding people understanding about rip currents and other (potential) beach dangerous situations and analyze their willingness to integrate a community of users and to collaboratively contribute to improving safety at the beach, in particular for social groups with children, older adults and citizens who would like to improve their beach-safety literacy. The proposed approach includes the specification of a platform to empower the user in becoming an active beach-safety agent. For this strategic objective, a service design approach was implemented to conceptualize a solution for collecting data about potential hazards, including information on the status of active rip currents. The innovation is settled over the combination of immersive technologies (e.g., Augmented Reality) with visual data analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular Deep Learning algorithms for image processing. Mobile Augmented Reality mixed with a gamification strategy are two other technologies considered in the architectural design of an interactive and gamified environment in promoting a beach-safety behavior. Such a mobile tool also addresses a strategy to create a social movement challenging citizens to integrate and benefit from the services and informational artifacts provided by the Beach Safety Community (BSC).

碩士
國立交通大學
工學院碩士在職專班產業安全與防災組
99
As manufacturing technology advances, investment in the construction of wafer FAB is large. In the past, to build an 8” FAB requires NTD 30 billion yuan, and now to build a 12” FAB requires at least NTD 100 billion yuan. Among the investment in the semiconductor industry, the expenditure for the purchase of machine equipment is the highest, accounting for about 60% to 70%. As purchasing second-hand equipment can reduce costs for factory Construction and depreciating machines, competitive advantage can be enhanced. However, it is difficult for the buyers to control the durability and safety of second-hand equipment, particularly the material of the wet bench in the past is mostly polypropylene (PP) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). They are all flammable, and when burnt, high heat and large amount of smoke will be produced. Moreover, there are heating devices and flammable chemicals inside the machine, so it’s very easy to catch fire in the past, and the loss is also very serious. Therefore the wet bench areas are regarded as the focus of fire protection by all factories. This study takes a model of wet bench equipment in the 8” FAB as the object for assessment, discussing risks in safety and fire of running many-year-old machines through the risks in the machines’ internal tank, electrical units, chemical supply, as well as the material hardware, safety protection and interlocking devices.

碩士
嘉南藥理大學
職業安全衛生系
106
Most people think bench grinder is easy to operate. However, there is no understanding of the safe use of bench grinding wheels, and did not do pre-job inspection and wear the correct personal protective equipment, the worker will make himself in unsafe condition. Heinrich discovered through the statistical analysis of 75,000 factory accidents. The accidental disasters come from 88% of personal unsafe behavior and 10% of unsafe condition. The human factors is accounted for 98%. Although the government standard seven types of machinery and equipment, such as grinder, grinding wheel, explosion-proof electrical equipment etc. must meet the type inspection, product inspection, and security standards. That is required from the upstream manufacturer for the source of management, can effectively reduce occupational hazards. However, users often suffer from accidental injuries without safe operation or with reference to the incomplete operating instructions. In this study, a university student in southern China as the research object, to study two versions of textbook training. The first version includes the structure of the grinder, pre-job inspection, operation and personal protective equipment, etc., with the corresponding picture and text description, supplemented by voice narration, defined as A textbook. The second version is based on the first version of the commentary, to join the actual operation of the film, defined as B teaching material. Then make a questionnaire on the topics of Occupational Safety and Health Law, safety management of grinder and operation and safety precautions. SPSS statistical analysis of 30 valid samples. According to the statistical analysis of the results of empirical evidence, the use of film B teaching materials to enhance the effectiveness of education is better than the A textbook tutorial. Subjects undergoing training in different teaching materials showed no significant differences in overall perception of grinders, such as structure scores, operating scores of grinders, and personal protective equipment, while there was a significant difference in pre-operative examination. A textbook average score of 17.07 points lower than the B textbook average score of 19.47 points. From the data, we know that B teaching material has obviously improved the cognition, behavior and safety of the grinder after joining the video. The comparison between receiving and not receiving education and training is when the subjects having received safety education and training can greatly enhance the grinder awareness, safety and operation. In addition, subjects underwent one month after receiving education and training, and did not have any significant differences in pre-operation inspection, operation of engines and personal protective equipment protective. Obviously, education and training must be combined with practical education to achieve better results.