Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Beni Lubero »

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major food and fodder crop cultivated on 1.54 million ha in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In December 2013, unusually severe chlorotic mottle symptoms and pale green streaks were observed in local varieties (Mudishi 1 and 2, Bambou, Kasayi, H614, H613, and Mugamba) and exotic varieties (H520, H624, H403, HDK8031, and ZM607) in Beni, Lubero, and Rutshuru territories at 1,015 to 1,748 m elevation in North Kivu Province. Symptoms were prominent on newly emerging leaves that later developed marginal necrosis resembling the symptoms of maize lethal necrosis (MLN), caused by a dual infection of Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV, genus Machlomovirus) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV, genus Potyvirus). Each of these viruses, but particularly MCMV, is also known to cause severe mosaic and mottling symptoms in maize (4). In January 2014, symptomatic and asymptomatic samples (n = 20) from disease-affected fields in Beni and Lubero provinces were collected for virus testing using Whatman FTA Classic Cards (1) and analyzed for MCMV (2681F: 5′-ATGAGAGCAGTTGGGGAATGCG and 3226R: 5′-CGAATCTACACACACACACTCCAGC) and SCMV (8679F: 5′-GCAATGTCGAAGAAAATGCG and 9595R: 5′-GTCTCTCACCAAGAGACTCGCAGC) by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (4). Samples were also analyzed for Maize streak virus (MSV, genus Mastrevirus), an endemic virus in DRC, by PCR using MSV specific primers (MSV215-234: CCAAAKDTCAGCTCCTCCG and MSV1770-1792: TTGGVCCGMVGATGTASAG) (3). A DNA product of expected size (~520 bp) resulted only for MCMV in all the symptomatic plant samples. None of the samples tested positive for SCMV or MSV. RT-PCR analyses were performed to ascertain the absence of potyviruses using the degenerate potyvirus primers (CIFor: 5′GGIVVIGTIGGIWSIGGIAARTCIAC and CIRev: 5′ACICCRTTYTCDATDATRTTIGTIGC3′) (2) were also negative. Occurrence of MCMV in symptomatic samples was further confirmed by antigen-coated plate (ACP)-ELISA using anti-MCMV rabbit polyclonal antibodies produced at the Virology Unit, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. The RT-PCR product of MCMV was purified and sequenced in both directions (GenBank Accession No. KJ699379). Pairwise comparison of 518 bp nucleotide sequence corresponding to p32 and p37 open reading frames of MCMV by BLASTn search revealed 99.8% nucleotide sequence identity with an MCMV isolate from Kenya (JX286709), 98 to 99% identity with the isolates from China (JQ982468 and KF010583), and 96% identity with the isolates from the United States (X14736 and EU358605). MCMV is a newly emerging virus in Africa, first detected during a severe MLND outbreak in 2011 in Kenya (4). This disease has since become a serious threat to maize production in East Africa. MCMV has been reported in maize from Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. To our knowledge, this is the first report of MCMV occurrence in DRC. This finding confirms the further geographic expansion of MCMV and illustrates the need for further studies to identify vectors and also create awareness about the disease and to strengthen surveillance to prevent its further spread in the continent. References: (1) O. J. Alabi et al. J. Virol. Met. 154:111, 2008. (2) C. Ha et al. Arch. Virol. 153:25, 2008. (3) K. E. Palmer and E. P. Rybicki. Arch. Virol. 146:1089, 2001. (4) A. Wangai et al. Plant Dis. 96:1582, 2012.

Les recherches récentes sur le pluralisme socioéconomique et développemental dans le monde réhabilitent les intuitions de Polanyi : la révision fondamentale du sophisme économiste et l’encastrement de l’économique. Dans cette optique, la présente thèse a pour objet de penser l’articulation de trois phénomènes : le tiers secteur, le développement et la participation, à partir de l’observation des pratiques des acteurs du mouvement de solidarité associative à Beni Lubero, en RD Congo. Son approche pluridisciplinaire effectue, par une analyse beaucoup plus qualitative que quantitative, des allers et retours entre théories et faits empiriques in situ. Les deux premières parties tentent d’y identifier l’existence d’une gamme d’institutions susceptibles de compter parmi le tiers secteur compris, à l’interstice des secteurs public et privé et au creux d’autres concepts de l’économie plurielle, comme la stratégie d’auto-organisation collective, pour entreprendre ensemble et autrement ; en fonction d’un centre d’intérêts commun. La troisième partie, repensant le changement du paradigme du développement, assume celui-ci comme participatif par essence et, partant, stigmatise la pesanteur des interférences sur la conquête du concept ; et surtout en RD Congo. Elle vérifie combien, au sein de la société civile locale, le tiers-secteur de Beni Lubero est l'un des véritables leviers du processus d’auto-développement, grâce à sa multi-combativité participative. La dernière partie précise le contenu de la participation : son caractère trifacial (réfléchir, décider et agir), la nature triadique de son acte (s’associer, contribuer et bénéficier), les modes, techniques et méthodes de sa promotion ; ainsi que la transversalité de sa notion en sciences sociales et humaines. Puis, au filtre du design participatif d’Archon Fung, elle corrobore l’effectivité de la participation au sein du tiers secteur étudié. A moins de décrocher sa vigilance sur le balancier entre excellence et obstacle, la participation y paraît un tremplin à la plus-value incontestable ; notamment, en termes de membership, de leadership, d’entrepreneurship, de relationship et partnership, d’empowerment, d’ownership
The recent research on the socioeconomic and developmental pluralism worldwide rehabilitate the insights of Polany i: fundamental review of sophistry economist (economist fallacy) and promoting the embedding of the economy. This thesis is in their view. Its purpose is to consider the linkages between three phenomena: the third sector, development and participation. To assess their articulation, it’s based on the observation of practices of the actors of various associations and solidarity movement in Beni Lubero, DR Congo. Its approach is multidisciplinary and its analysis is more qualitative than quantitative. It makes back and forth between theories and empirical facts in situ. The first two parts attempt to verify the existence of a range of institutions likely to be among third sector. The latter is then designed to the interstices of private and public socio- economic sectors; and in the hollow of the other concepts of the plural economy, such as collective self-organization strategy to undertake all together and otherwise; according to common interests. The third part rethinks the change in the development paradigm. It assumes that it’s essentially participatory. Therefore, it stigmatizes gravity of interference against the conquest of this concept, especially in DR Congo. Then, it checks how the Beni Lubero third sector, as part of the local civil society, is emerging as one of the real levers of self-development process, through its participatory multi-fighting. The final part specifies the content of participation: its triple facet (think, decide and act) and the triadic nature of its act (associate or join, contribute and benefit); methods, techniques and methods for its promotion; and the transversality of its concept through social sciences. Then, checking its practices through the participatory design of Archon Fung confirms the effectiveness of the participation in the Beni Lubero third sector. Unless failing in vigilance on the balance between excellence and obstacle, participation there seems a springboard whit a gain undeniable ; in particular, in development of membership, leadership, entrepreneurship, relationship, partnership, empowerment, ownership

Le maimaisme est un phénomène récurrent dans l’est de la République Démocratique du Congo. Sa récente apparition dans les territoires de BeniLubero lui donne un autre relief. Dans ces territoires, l’idéologie et l’utopie dont se servent les actuels mouvements Mai Mai semblent déborder les seuls groupes armés. Elles se développent sous forme de croyances et de pratiques qui suscitent une adhésion croissante au sein d’une partie de la population civile. L’étude des dire et des faire des combattants et de leurs sympathisants montre que les mobiles qui président à cette adhésion s’inscrivent dans une perspective globale de quête de sens. À comportements, actions, croyances, pratiques, combattants Mai Mai, ce travail entend montrer que, au delà des motivations nationaliste, ethnique, tribaliste, économique ou politique, le maimaisme actuel se présente comme un croire où s’articulent quêtes politiques et aspirations religieuses. Il s’agit d’un imaginaire politico-religieux qui occupe désormais une place dans le « marché des croyances » des territoires de BeniLubero.
“Maimaisme” is a recurring phenomenon in the eastern part of Democratic Republic of Congo. Its recent appearance in the territories of BeniLubero gives it another view. In these territories, the ideology and utopia used by the current “Mai Mai” movements beyond only seem to extend armed groups. They develop in the form of beliefs and practices that generate increasing adherence among the civilian population. A study of the sayings and doings of combatants and their sympathizers shows that the motives behin of a global perspective of quest for meaning. T his research, b d this membership are part ased on the analysis of certain behaviors, actions, beliefs, practices, rites of Mai Mai combatants, intends to show that, beyond nationalist, ethnic, tribalist, econo mic or political motivations, current presents itself as a believe wh ich articulates “maimaisme” political quests and religious aspirations. politiconiIt is a religious imaginary which now occupies a place in the "market of beliefs" of the territories of Be Lubero.