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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Biotic and abiotic stresss »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 1 mars 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Biotic and abiotic stresss"

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Biniaz, Yaser, Aminallah Tahmasebi, Alireza Afsharifar, Ahmad Tahmasebi et Péter Poczai. « Meta-Analysis of Common and Differential Transcriptomic Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana ». Plants 11, no 4 (12 février 2022) : 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11040502.

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Environmental stresses adversely affect crop growth and yield, resulting in major losses to plants. These stresses occur simultaneously in nature, and we therefore conducted a meta-analysis in this study to identify differential and shared genes, pathways, and transcriptomic mechanisms involved in Arabidopsis response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The results showed a total of 436/21 significant up-/downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to biotic stresses, while 476 and 71 significant DEGs were respectively up- and downregulated in response to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, 21 DEGs (2.09%) were commonly regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Except for WRKY45 and ATXTH22, which were respectively up-/down- and down-/upregulated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, other common DEGs were upregulated in response to all biotic and abiotic treatments. Moreover, the transcription factors (TFs) bHLH, MYB, and WRKY were the common TFs in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, ath-miR414 and ath-miR5658 were identified to be commonly expressed in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. The identified common genes and pathways during biotic and abiotic stresses may provide potential candidate targets for the development of stress resistance breeding programs and for the genetic manipulation of crop plants.
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Berens, Matthias L., Katarzyna W. Wolinska, Stijn Spaepen, Jörg Ziegler, Tatsuya Nobori, Aswin Nair, Verena Krüler et al. « Balancing trade-offs between biotic and abiotic stress responses through leaf age-dependent variation in stress hormone cross-talk ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no 6 (23 janvier 2019) : 2364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817233116.

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In nature, plants must respond to multiple stresses simultaneously, which likely demands cross-talk between stress-response pathways to minimize fitness costs. Here we provide genetic evidence that biotic and abiotic stress responses are differentially prioritized inArabidopsis thalianaleaves of different ages to maintain growth and reproduction under combined biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stresses, such as high salinity and drought, blunted immune responses in older rosette leaves through the phytohormone abscisic acid signaling, whereas this antagonistic effect was blocked in younger rosette leaves byPBS3, a signaling component of the defense phytohormone salicylic acid. Plants lackingPBS3exhibited enhanced abiotic stress tolerance at the cost of decreased fitness under combined biotic and abiotic stresses. Together with this role,PBS3is also indispensable for the establishment of salt stress- and leaf age-dependent phyllosphere bacterial communities. Collectively, our work reveals a mechanism that balances trade-offs upon conflicting stresses at the organism level and identifies a genetic intersection among plant immunity, leaf microbiota, and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Manghwar, Hakim, et Wajid Zaman. « Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses ». Life 14, no 3 (12 mars 2024) : 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14030372.

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In the complex field of plant science, knowledge of the many difficulties that plants encounter from both living and non-living stresses is essential for maintaining biodiversity and managing natural resources in a sustainable manner, in addition to guaranteeing global food security [...]
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Suzuki, Nobuhiro, Rosa M. Rivero, Vladimir Shulaev, Eduardo Blumwald et Ron Mittler. « Abiotic and biotic stress combinations ». New Phytologist 203, no 1 (11 avril 2014) : 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12797.

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Jain, Ritika, et Meenu Saraf. « EXPLORING THE ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE POTENTIAL OF RHIZOBACTERA ISOLATED FROM CYAMOPSIS ». Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 12, no 03 (31 août 2021) : 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202112327.

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Agriculture plays a vital role for any economy primarily for developing and under developed economies. Increasing abiotic as well as biotic stresses adversely affects crop productivity across the world. Microorganisms inhabiting the Rhizospheric region of plant soil are known to play an important role in alleviating these stresses, thus enhancing crop productivity and yield. The present study was carried out to isolate the Rhizospheric bacteria from Cyamopsis showing potential to tolerate abiotic and biotic stresses. To carry out this, bacteria were isolated from Rhizospheric soil of Cyamopsis which were collected from different regions of Gujarat. These isolates were screened for tolerance to different abiotic stresses such as temperature, pH, salt and drought. Highly abiotic stress tolerant isolates were further tested for biotic stress against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Among the 80 bacterial isolates, best grown 30 cultures were tested for different abiotic stress. Four cultures i.e. MN40, KM1, KM6 and AK17 showing high tolerance to abiotic stresses were further investigated for biotic stress tolerance. Selected cultures were tested for their antagonistic activity against pathogenic fungi viz., Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporium, Sclerotinum rolfissii and Trichoderma spp. Furthermore, antimicrobial activities of all 4 selected bacterial strains were tested against different test organisms viz., Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi) and Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus). Amongst the 4 selected bacterial strains, KM6 shows highest antagonistic activity.
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Romero-Puertas, María C., Laura C. Terrón-Camero, M. Ángeles Peláez-Vico, Eliana Molina-Moya et Luisa M. Sandalio. « An update on redox signals in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress crosstalk : insights from cadmium and fungal pathogen interactions ». Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no 16 (10 juin 2021) : 5857–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab271.

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Abstract Complex signalling pathways are involved in plant protection against single and combined stresses. Plants are able to coordinate genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming and display a unique programme of transcriptional responses to a combination of stresses that differs from the response to single stresses. However, a significant overlap between pathways and some defence genes in the form of shared and general stress-responsive genes appears to be commonly involved in responses to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as redox signals, are key molecules involved at the crossroads of the perception of different stress factors and the regulation of both specific and general plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we focus on crosstalk between plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, in addition to possible plant protection against pathogens caused by previous abiotic stress. Bioinformatic analyses of transcriptome data from cadmium- and fungal pathogen-treated plants focusing on redox gene ontology categories were carried out to gain a better understanding of common plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. The role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the complex network involved in plant responses to changes in their environment is also discussed.
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Jatana, Bhupinder Singh, Sajjan Grover, Hari Ram et Gurjinder Singh Baath. « Seed Priming : Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance ». Agronomy 14, no 12 (5 décembre 2024) : 2901. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122901.

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Seed priming is a state-of-the-art, low-cost, and environment-friendly strategy to improve seed germination, seed vigor, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, and the yield of field and horticultural crops. Seed priming involves imbibing the seeds in a priming solution under a desired set of environmental conditions for a period followed by drying before the radicle protrusion. Several seed priming approaches including hydropriming, osmopriming, bio-priming, hormonal priming, nutrient priming, nanoparticle priming, and electropriming can be effectively employed under different environmental conditions to improve crop growth and stress resilience. Seed priming is known to trigger enzymatic, hormonal, physiological, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomic regulations in seed embryos during seed germination and plant growth, which leads to faster and synchronized seed germination and higher abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Furthermore, seed priming can induce cross-tolerance between abiotic and biotic stressors and induce stress memory for higher resilience of the next generation to environmental stresses. The present review paper discusses the applications of seed priming in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and the underlying abiotic and biotic stress tolerance physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of seed priming. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges/bottlenecks in the widespread application of seed priming in crop production.
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Masmoudi, Fatma, Mohammed Alsafran, Hareb AL Jabri, Hoda Hosseini, Mohammed Trigui, Sami Sayadi, Slim Tounsi et Imen Saadaoui. « Halobacteria-Based Biofertilizers : A Promising Alternative for Enhancing Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses—A Review ». Microorganisms 11, no 5 (9 mai 2023) : 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051248.

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Abiotic and biotic stresses such as salt stress and fungal infections significantly affect plant growth and productivity, leading to reduced crop yield. Traditional methods of managing stress factors, such as developing resistant varieties, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, have shown limited success in the presence of combined biotic and abiotic stress factors. Halotolerant bacteria found in saline environments have potential as plant promoters under stressful conditions. These microorganisms produce bioactive molecules and plant growth regulators, making them a promising agent for enhancing soil fertility, improving plant resistance to adversities, and increasing crop production. This review highlights the capability of plant-growth-promoting halobacteria (PGPH) to stimulate plant growth in non-saline conditions, strengthen plant tolerance and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, and sustain soil fertility. The major attempted points are: (i) the various abiotic and biotic challenges that limit agriculture sustainability and food safety, (ii) the mechanisms employed by PGPH to promote plant tolerance and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stressors, (iii) the important role played by PGPH in the recovery and remediation of agricultural affected soils, and (iv) the concerns and limitations of using PGHB as an innovative approach to boost crop production and food security.
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Zhuang, Wei-Bing, Yu-Hang Li, Xiao-Chun Shu, Yu-Ting Pu, Xiao-Jing Wang, Tao Wang et Zhong Wang. « The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses ». Molecules 28, no 8 (20 avril 2023) : 3599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083599.

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With the climate constantly changing, plants suffer more frequently from various abiotic and biotic stresses. However, they have evolved biosynthetic machinery to survive in stressful environmental conditions. Flavonoids are involved in a variety of biological activities in plants, which can protect plants from different biotic (plant-parasitic nematodes, fungi and bacteria) and abiotic stresses (salt stress, drought stress, UV, higher and lower temperatures). Flavonoids contain several subgroups, including anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, chalcones, dihydrochalcones and dihydroflavonols, which are widely distributed in various plants. As the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis has been well studied, many researchers have applied transgenic technologies in order to explore the molecular mechanism of genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis; as such, many transgenic plants have shown a higher stress tolerance through the regulation of flavonoid content. In the present review, the classification, molecular structure and biological biosynthesis of flavonoids were summarized, and the roles of flavonoids under various forms of biotic and abiotic stress in plants were also included. In addition, the effect of applying genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis on the enhancement of plant tolerance under various biotic and abiotic stresses was also discussed.
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Dresselhaus, Thomas, et Ralph Hückelhoven. « Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses in Crop Plants ». Agronomy 8, no 11 (19 novembre 2018) : 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110267.

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Agricultural productivity depends on increasingly extreme weather phenomena, and the use of germplasm that has to be continuously improved by plant breeders to become tolerant to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Molecular plant biologists try to understand the mechanisms associated with stress responses and provide knowledge that could be used in breeding programs. To provide a partial overview about our current understanding about molecular and physiological stress responses, and how this knowledge can be used in agriculture, we have edited a special issue on “Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses in Crop Plants”. Contributions are from different fields including heat stress responses, stress responses during drought and salinity, as well as during flooding, and resistance and susceptibility to pathogenetic stresses and about the role of plant functional metabolites in biotic stress responses. Future research demand in particular areas of crop stress physiology is discussed, as well as the importance of translational research and investigations directly in elite crop plants and in the genetic resources available for breeding.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Biotic and abiotic stresss"

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RICCI, SARA. « Study of biotic and abiotic stresses in Solanaceae by metabolic and proteomic approaches ». Doctoral thesis, Università di Foggia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11369/363315.

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Escalante, Pérez María. « Poplar responses to biotic and abiotic stress ». kostenfrei, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46893.

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Karim, Sazzad. « Exploring plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses / ». Uppsala : Dept. of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200758.pdf.

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Jain, Ritu Shree. « Rice response to simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses ». Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6415/.

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With the predicted climate change and an ever-growing population there is increasing pressure to develop crop plants with improved stress responses, increased yield and high nutritive value. We have explored transcriptomic changes in the leaves and roots of rice plants (Oryza sativa japonica cv Nipponbare) in response to drought and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. A glasshouse model was developed to mimic conditions experienced by rice plants in the field. The plant responses under simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress were dominated by the drought element accompanied by a unique set of genes that were only responsive to the simultaneous stress. Highlighted within this group were novel members of stress-responsive gene families for example cytochrome P450, wall-associated kinases, lipid transfer proteinlike proteins and new candidate genes that may play important roles in the response of rice to multiple stresses. The genes that were differentially regulated between the multiple and the drought stress treatment were explored using loss-of-function mutants. The loss-of-function mutant for peroxidase precursor gene (per) showed improved growth and yield compared to the wildtype Nipponbare plants. The experiments conducted in growth rooms were validated in a field study. Both Nipponbare rice plants, and the popular lowland indica rice cv IR64 were grown under prolonged vegetative drought stress accompanied by cyst nematode or root-knot nematode infection. Reduction of phytate, an anti-nutrient, has been adopted as a major strategy to improve the nutritional value of crop plants. Nematode susceptibility of low phytate Arabidopsis plants was studied to determine the effect of reduced phytate content on the plant’s defence response. The study has provided insight into the genome-wide transcriptional changes in rice under a combined biotic and abiotic stress. It has led to better understanding of the stress responses in plants that will be advantageous in developing crop varieties with improved yield and nutritive value.
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Madeo, M. « MEDICINAL PLANT RESPONSE TO ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESS ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/150114.

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Medicinal plants have always been considered a rich source of secondary metabolites that promote human health. Quality and property of medicinal plants strictly depend on secondary metabolites profile. They also play important roles in plant physiological processes and in ecological systems. The environment exerts a selective pressure on plants and these molecules actively participate to the plant response and adaptation. Amongst secondary metabolite, the phenolic compounds possess properties able to prevent oxidative stress. Therefore, an enhancement of the amount of phenolic compounds can be observed under different environmental factors. With this project we aimed to study the phenolic compounds of the medicinal plant Achillea collina Becker ex Rchb. cv “SPAK”, and their implication in physiological and biochemical response to abiotic and biotic stresses. We seek the possibility to increase the synthesis of phenolics with health properties or useful as potential control agents of insect pests. Abiotic stress. Hydroponic culture was used to evaluate the effect of long-term mineral, nitrogen starvation (abiotic stress) in A. collina. By means of HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and NMR techniques, the content and the qualitative profile of A. collina methanol soluble phenolics, were evaluated. We concluded that the methanol extracts of A. collina leaves and roots are rich in hydroxycinnamic acids such as chlorogenic acid (2.33 ± 0.3 mg g-1 Dw), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (10.7 ± 4.2 mg g-1 Dw) and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (0.88 ± 0.24 mg g-1 Dw). The content of hydroxycinnamic acids significantly increased in plants growth under mineral nitrogen starvation, respect to the control plants. Chlorogenic acid increased by 2.5 and 3-fold and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid increased by 8.5 and 35-fold in leaves and root, respectively. Biotic stress. A. collina plants cultivated in soil were infested with the phloem feeders aphids. We set up the system (e.g., age of plant, type of the cage, number of insects per plant, duration of infestation) to co-cultivated the plants with specialist (Macrosiphoniella millefolii) and generalist (Myzus persicae Sulzer) aphids. Plant growth, water and total protein content were evaluated. Based on a preliminary assessment of phenolic fingerprint, further extractions and separations were performed on A. collina leaves, to obtained soluble and cell wall-bound fractions and their sub-classes. Our results showed that A. collina plants were strongly affected by aphid infestation. Twenty days after infestation, the fresh weight was twenty-fold and seven-fold increased, in control and infested plants. Water and protein content, condensed tannins and methanol soluble phenolics content, were not affected by the aphid infestation. Cell wall-bound phenolics content increased in infested plants. The main phenolics were found to be chlorogenic acid and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic in methanol soluble fraction, and caffeic acid in cell wall fraction. The chromatographic profiles showed that the main hydroxycinnamic acids were present in control and in both M. persicae and M. millefolli infested plants. The quantitative analysis indicated that the levels of chlorogenic acid and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, were 44% and 37% higher in M. persicae infested plants, respectively. The levels of chlorogenic acid and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, were 27% and 39% higher in M. millefolli infested plants, respectively. Twenty days after infestation the content of caffeic acid was resulted 43% and 34% higher in M. persicae and M. millefolli infested plants, respectively. These differences should indicate the different evolutionary interaction between plant and generalist/specialist aphid. We hypotheses that the increase of these molecules may represent a plant resistance mechanism against aphid attack. Finally, a chemometric approach, by means multivariate statistical analysis, was applied on chromatogram profiles to verify whether there is difference between methanol soluble fraction of infested and non infested A. collina plants. The discriminant analysis showed a significant effect of phloem feeders aphids on soluble phenolic compounds and indicated two peaks, not yet identified, that separate control from infested plants. In conclusion the model system developed to cultivate A. collina was useful to understand the metabolic basis of the environment interactions. The main hydroxycinnamic acids identified, were resulted increased in both abiotic and biotic stress, suggesting their implication in A. collina protection to environmental controversies.
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South, Kaylee. « Improving abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in floriculture crops ». The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595499762154056.

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Chemayek, Bosco. « Studies on Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Wheat ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15362.

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This investigation was focused on the assessment of genetic diversity for resistance to stem rust and stripe rust in an international wheat nursery, genetic characterisation of adult plant stripe rust resistance in Australian wheat cultivar Sentinel, understanding of genetic relationship between two stem rust resistance genes (Sr36 and Sr39) located on chromosome 2B and assessment of genetic diversity for physiological traits among a set of wheat landraces. Ten seedling stem rust resistance genes (Sr8a, Sr8b, Sr9b, Sr12, Sr17, Sr23, Sr24, Sr30, Sr31 and Sr38) and seven stripe rust resistance genes (Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr9, Yr17, Yr27 and Yr34) were postulated either singly or in combinations in an international wheat nursery. Genotypes carrying uncharacterised resistance for stem rust and stripe rust against the Australian rust flora were identified for genetic analysis. Three consistent QTL (QYr.sun-1BL, QYr.sun-2AS and QYr.sun-3BS) were demonstrated to condition high level of adult plant stripe rust resistance in Sentinel. QYr.sun-1BL, QYr.sun-2AS and QYr.sun-3BS explained on an average 18.0%, 15.6% and 10.6% variation in stripe rust response, respectively. Additive nature of three QTL to condition high level of stripe rust resistance was demonstrated through comparison of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) carrying these QTL in all different combinations. Detailed characterisation of these loci will be performed. Stem rust tests on F3 populations involving Sr39 on a large and a shortened Aegilops speltoides translocation with Sr36 on a Triticum timopheevi segment showed complete repulsion linkage. The molecular cytogenetic analysis however indicated that these can be recombined using large F2 population. Significant variation for water-use efficiency related physiological traits was observed among wheat landraces. Genotypes with low and high mesophyll conductance, stomatal conductance and other physiological attributes will be useful in designing crosses to achieve high water-use efficiency in future wheat cultivars.
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Alzwiy, Ibrahim A. Mohamed. « The interaction between abiotic and biotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13946.

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Plants are continuously exposed to different abiotic and biotic stresses in their natural environment. Their capacity to survive depends on the capacity to perceive external signal and quality amount a defence response for protection from the stress perceived. The purpose of this project was to study the impact of combined abiotic stress and biotic stress on the outcome of the disease inducing Arabidopsis thaliana – Pseudomonas syringae interaction. This study included a focus on the role of ABA in these interactions and also whether 3´-O-β D- ribofuranosyl adenosine (hereafter it called ‘400’ compound), a novel adenosine derived compound induced during compatible interactions, was involved. The later involved the targetted disruption of a putative 400 biosynthetic pathway involving analysis of knockout mutants of enzymes; APD-ribose diphosphatase NAD binding / hydrolases of the NUDIX class, glucosyl transferases, ribosyltransferases, a ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase3 and galactosyltransferases. Unfortunately, none of these targeted interventions modified the host response to Pseudomonas infection, nor altered levels of 400 in challenged leaves. The primary research investigated the interaction between abiotic and biotic stresses in Arabidopsis plants focussing on the modulation of plant defence against multiple, and possibly antagonistic, stress responses and the role plant hormones play in this process. We showed that high light caused enhanced susceptibility to the already virulent Pseudomonas syringae DC3000pvsp61. The pathways contributing to this enhanced susceptibility were largely ABA independent. Subsequent characterization of transgenic lines expressing the soluble Arabidopsis abscisic acid receptors, PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1-LIKE4-6 provided compelling evidence for a role for these receptors in DC3000 virulence strategies, but they contribute to a lesser extent to the enhanced susceptibility under high light. This was corroborated genetically by using mutants of the immediately downstream targets of PYLs, the type two protein phosphatase, specifically the triple mutant hab1-1/abi2-1/abi1-2. A number of epitope and fluorescent constructs were generated to facilitate future studies of the role of ABA signaling. Targetted profiling suggested that SA dynamics were altered under DC3000 challenged Arabidopsis grown under high light. Furthermore, differential accumulation of flavonoids suggested these may also play a role in attenuating host defences under high light. Finally we provide evidence based on comparative analysis of that the photoreceptors phytochrome double mutant phyA-211/phyB-9 and cry1/cry2 behave antagonistically in Arabidopsis response to DC3000. Overall our studies support the conclusion that plants abiotic stress (HL) response takes precedence over biotic stress (DC3000) responses and that abiotic stress is detrimental to plant immunity. The luciferase transgenic PYL lines showed high level of expression of ClucP::PYL5 plant tissues challenged 2hpi of DC3000 (OD600: 0.15) in comparison with C1lucP::PYL6. This result opposes to what RT-PCR reported; which was that three PYLs genes display similar expression level at 6hpi of hrpA or 18hpi of DC3000. The epitope tags of CaMV::HA transgenic plants showed HA-tagged signal with stunted phenotype in a range of PYL4, 5 and 6 plants but none of the plants displayed any differences in susceptibility to DC3000. Although, RT-PCR assay showed high levels of expression in the three PYLs, 6hpi of hrpA but no signal was detected in B8eGFP::PYL5 transgenic line either followed the DC3000 and hrpA infection or by examined plant seedlings at early stages under confocal microscopy.
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Pham, Jasmine. « The role of AHK5 in abiotic and biotic stress signalling ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8959.

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In Arabidopsis thaliana, eight histidine kinases (HKs) have been identified which function in hormone signalling, stimuli perception, and plant development. To better elucidate HK roles in signalling, the function of the least characterised HK, AHK5, in stress tolerance was investigated using a T-DNA insertion knockout line (ahk5-1). Reduced inhibition of seedling root growth was seen in ahk5-1 in response to salinity when compared to wild-type Col-0 in tissue culture assays. In mature plants, ahk5-1 showed greater fresh weight gain under either salinity or drought stress. Loss of AHK5 function did not alter cold stress tolerance, nor basal and acquired heat stress tolerance in terms of seedling root elongation. Infection with the biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 revealed ahk5-1 is compromised in disease resistance, exhibiting increased chlorosis and in planta bacterial growth. Levels of the plant hormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid, alongside the bacterial phytotoxin coronatine, were lower in pathogen challenged ahk5-1 mutants compared to wild-type plants. The ahk5-1 mutant was also more susceptible to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea, supporting more fungal growth and displaying accelerated symptom development. Hydrogen peroxide production has been linked with both resistance and susceptibility towards B. cinerea; in ahk5-1, 3,3-diaminobenzidene (DAB) staining suggested reduced hydrogen peroxide production in response to infection. Complementation and expression of AHK5 with either full-length genomic AHK5 under the 35S CaMV promoter or full-length AHK5 cDNA under the native promoter rescued the ahk5-1 mutant stress response phenotypes. In summary, AHK5 was found to negatively regulate abiotic stress tolerance whilst positively contributing towards resistance against pathogens employing different lifestyles. To begin to establish an AHK5 signalling network, tandem affinity purification coupled with LC-MS/MS was employed for identification of possible AHK5 interacting proteins. Suggestions for further optimisation of the purification method are presented. The role of AHK5 in regulation of plant stress responses through modulation of reactive oxygen species and hormone signalling and through protein-protein interactions are reviewed. Suggestions for further investigation are also discussed.
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Endeshaw, Solomon Tadesse. « Grape and olive : physiological responses to biotic and abiotic stress ». Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242716.

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Le piante crescono in ambiente aperto in continuo cambiamento e sono sottoposte a stress. Gli stress possono essere classificati come interni e esterni. Lo stress interno porta a mutazioni o a abnormi divisioni cellulari e infine a una ripartizione anomala della crescita, dell’allocazione e della ripartizione del carbonio. Stress esterni possono essere abiotici o biotici. Siccità, freddo, caldo, alta salinità, fitotossine rilasciate da lettiere indecomposte o altri residui organici sono fra i fattori che più drasticamente riducono la crescita, lo sviluppo e la produzione delle piante. Fra gli stress biotici quelli da patogeni (batteri, funghi, fitoplasmi, virus) sono i più pericolosi per la produzione. Nei prossimi anni per consentire livelli elevati di produzione capaci di rispondere alla crescente domanda di olio e vino, ogni regione produttiva dovrà rispondere con un incremento delle superfici coltivate nelle zone agroecologiche in cui sono attualmente coltivate oppure dovrà espandersi in nuove zone. Questo richiederà in ogni caso un cambiamento di tecniche di coltivazione e di gestione degli impianti che dovranno di conseguenza fronteggiare maggiori stress biotici (nelle zone meno vocate) o stress dovuti al reimpianto (se impiantati negli stessi appezzamenti). Questo progetto ha lo scopo di valutare la risposta fisiologica della vite e dell’olivo a stress biotici e abiotici. In particolare sono oggetto stati di studio gli effetti del legno nero (fitoplasma) e del accartocciamento virale (GLRaV-3 virus) sugli scambi gassosi e sulla produzione di vite Chardonnay and Cabernet Franc, rispettivamente. Sono stati inoltre approfonditi gli effetti di residui colturali di olivo indecomposti e di sansa proveniente da un frantoio a due fasi su olivo cv. Arbequina and Frantoio. L’infezione con fitoplasmi e virus ha indotto una riduzione significativa della fotosintesi, della traspirazione e della conduttanza stomatica in entrambi i vitigni durante l’estate dopo l’allegagione. La riduzione degli scambi gassosi e del metabolismo ha indotto una riduzione della produzione, della crescita dei tralci e della loro lignificazione. In definitiva la riduzione della produzione è stata pari al 70 e 40% rispettivamente. L’applicazione di residui colturali di olivo e di sanse di olivo su piante in vaso ha ridotto la crescita radicale e dei germogli in funzione della dose applicata, mentre ha portato in proporzione ad un aumento del contenuto di sostanza organica nel substrato. In conclusione, nel caso di fitoplasmi e virus è necessaria un’attenta profilassi per evitare la diffusione attraverso il materiale di vivaio e una volta presenti in campo deve essere prevista una campagna di eradicazione delle piante infette che possono sopravvivere all’infezione e funzionare da inoculo. Nel caso dell’olivo si deve invece tenere conto che applicazioni localizzate di residui indecomposti e di sanse hanno un’azione temporanea fortemente tossica per le radici e quindi per poter sfruttare al meglio il miglioramento indotto del contenuto di sostanza organica e non avere ripercussioni negative sulle produzioni serve un’attenta programmazione delle dosi e del momento dell’intervento.
Plants grow and develop in an open field, with continuously changing weather condition that induces stress. Stress are broadly classified as external and internal. Internal stress is that drive from mutation or abnormal cell divisions and to unbalanced growth and carbon allocation and partitioning. External stress can have abiotic and biotic origin. Drought, cold, high-salinity, heat and phytotoxin released from undecomposed litter and manure are major abiotic stresses that severely reduce the plant growth, development and yield. Whereas, pathogen (bacteria, fungi, phytoplasma, virus) are the major biotic stress that severely reduce yield. To meet the current increase in global demand of agricultural good in general and olive oil and wine in particular, each growing region has to respond either by incorporating new olive and grape orchard in the existing agroecological zone and/or expanding to new agroecological zones or by changing mode of cultivation and orchard management, facing different biotic stress and external stress in replanting condition. This project aimed at evaluating the physiological responses of grape and olive to biotic and abiotic stress respectively. In particular, effect of Bios noir (BN, a phytoplama disease) and grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3, viral disease) on gas exchange and yield of Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay and Cabernet Franc respectively; and effect of undecomposed olive shoot residue (OSR, originated from pruning and leaf shedding) and fresh two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW, coming from two-phase decanter) were studied on shoot growth, root proliferation and biomass partition of Olea eropaea L. cv. Arbequina and Frantoio. Biotic stress originated from BN and GLRAV-3 infection showed that Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration were significantly reduced in the symptomatic Chardonnay and Cabernet Franc vines through the summer after the fruit set. The reduction in metabolism due to BN and GLRaV-3 infection in cv. Chardonnay and Cabernet Franc had a direct influence on the decrease in total berry production, vine size and cane lignifications of symptomativ vines. Indeed, they suffered a drastic decrease of about 70 and 40% in yield respectively. Whereas, application of OSR and TPOMW in the pot altered shoot and root growth, biomass partition and relative growth rate of fine root and shoot; while increasing soil total organic matter and carbon, total N and polyphenol content of the growing substrate. Hence there is no chemical spray develop to control the infection of BN and GLRaV-3 pathogens, planting phytoplasma and virus free root stocks during the vineyard establishment and uprooting the infected vine and replanting new to avoid spread during pruning and by insect vectors is the best way to minimize the adverse effect of BN and GLRaV-3 on quality and quantity yield. To avoid antagonistic effect of OSR and TPOMW on root and shoot growth and improve soil fertility knowing the exact quantity, for each types olive orchards, and when to apply in play major role.
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Livres sur le sujet "Biotic and abiotic stresss"

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Sinha, Bhav Kumar, et Reena. Abiotic & ; Biotic Stress Management in Plants. London : CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003281986.

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Sinha, Bhav Kumar, Reena et Surendra Prasad. Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management in Plants. London : CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003286134.

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Vats, Sharad, dir. Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9029-5.

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Mohamed, Heba I., Hossam El-Din Saad El-Beltagi et Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam, dir. Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Sustainable Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66587-6.

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Al-Khayri, Jameel M., Shri Mohan Jain et Dennis V. Johnson, dir. Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies : Agronomic, Abiotic and Biotic Stress Traits. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22518-0.

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Abd-Elsalam, Kamel A., et Heba I. Mohamed. Plant Growth Regulators to Manage Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Agroecosystems. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003389507.

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Brannon, James M. Abiotic and biotic TNT transformations. Vicksburg, Miss : U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1997.

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Tóth, Gábor. Geomorphological environments : Research methods on biotic and abiotic environments. Stuttgart : Gebrüder Borntraeger, 2012.

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FRaser, Brian Gordon. Boundary flux of the hyporheic zone as determined by biotic and abiotic indicators. Ottawa : National Library of Canada, 1995.

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M, Huang P., dir. Soil abiotic and biotic interactions and impact on the ecosystem and human welfare. Enfield, (NH) : Science Publishers, 2004.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Biotic and abiotic stresss"

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Robert-Seilaniantz, Alexandre, Rajendra Bari et Jonathan D. G. Jones. « A Biotic or Abiotic Stress ? » Dans Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plants, 103–22. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3112-9_6.

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Kuppusamy, Pandiyan, Samadhan Yuvraj Bagul, Sudipta Das et Hillol Chakdar. « Microbe-Mediated Abiotic Stress Alleviation : Molecular and Biochemical Basis ». Dans Plant Biotic Interactions, 263–81. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26657-8_16.

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Hill, J., H. C. Becker et P. M. A. Tigerstedt. « Breeding for biotic and abiotic stress ». Dans Quantitative and Ecological Aspects of Plant Breeding, 212–34. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5830-5_8.

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Redondo-Gómez, Susana. « Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance in Plants ». Dans Molecular Stress Physiology of Plants, 1–20. India : Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0807-5_1.

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Singh, Jitender, et Jitendra K. Thakur. « Photosynthesis and Abiotic Stress in Plants ». Dans Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 27–46. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9029-5_2.

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Gupta, Madhuri, Pankaj Kumar, Jitender Singh, Shivani Khanna et Mini Sharma. « Abiotic Stress Management in Pulse Crops ». Dans Abiotic & ; Biotic Stress Management in Plants, 229–59. London : CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003281986-9.

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Garg, Neera, Kiran Saroy, Amandeep Cheema et Aditi Bisht. « Microbial Diversity in Soil : Biological Tools for Abiotic Stress Management in Plants ». Dans Plant Biotic Interactions, 283–321. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26657-8_17.

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Khanum, Samia, Abdel Rahman Mohammad Al-Tawaha, Abdel Razzaq Al-Tawaha, Hiba Alatrash, Abdur Rauf, Arun Karnwal, Abhijit Dey et al. « Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses ». Dans Mycorrhizal Technology, 105–29. New York : Apple Academic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003429708-10.

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Barón, M., J. Rahoutei, J. J. Lázaro et I. García-Luque. « PSII Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stress ». Dans Photosynthesis : from Light to Biosphere, 3861–64. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_910.

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Verma, Sandhya, Shadab Nizam et Praveen K. Verma. « Biotic and Abiotic Stress Signaling in Plants ». Dans Stress Signaling in Plants : Genomics and Proteomics Perspective, Volume 1, 25–49. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6372-6_2.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Biotic and abiotic stresss"

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Distante, Cosimo, Pierluigi Carcagni, Andouglas Gonçalves da Silva Júnior et Luiz Marcos Garcia Gonçalves. « EREMITE : A marinE infRastructurE to MonItor the sTate of the sEas ». Dans Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging, Tu5B.2. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/dh.2024.tu5b.2.

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EREMITE is a low-cost and open multi-sensory system that monitors and digitises our coastal marine ecosystems to understand their state, ecological health and functioning, with the concept of any sensor, anytime, anywhere. It is made of an optical multi-sensing system onboard an autonomous sailboat that perceives and reasons about underwater abiotic and biotic conditions of our critical natural resources. Besides standard water quality parameters acquired with COTS optical sensors, the drone implements a digital holographic microscope, able to detect in real-time micro-plastics and diatoms. The task of diatom classification and microplastics detection of particles flowing in the micro-channel occurs with deep learning methodologies, which have proven to perform reliably, as shown by the computed metrics.
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Parsaev, Evgeniy, Nadezhda Filippova, Tat'yana Kobernickaya et Viktor Ostrovskiy. « New variety of Karlybas volzhski melilot for fodder production in northern Kazakhstan ». Dans Multifunctional adaptive fodder production23 (71). ru : Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-73-77.

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Garipova, S. R., O. V. Markova, R. Sh Irgalina, D. V. Garifullina, R. M. Khairullin, O. V. Lastochkina et L. I. Pusenkova. « The formation of productivity and stress resistance of leguminous plants in association with endophytic bacteria, which complemented the deficient properties of plant-host genotype ». Dans 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes : the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.083.

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The strong and weak properties of peas and beans cultivars were identified in field experiments. The best productivity of inoculated plants was due to the resistance to biotic and abiotic stress induced by endophytic bacteria.
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Engelberth, Jurgen. « Green Leaf Volatiles : Airborne Signals that Protect against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses ». Dans The 1st International Electronic Conference on Plant Science. Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2020-08634.

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« Complex resistance of spring bread wheat lines to biotic and abiotic stress ». Dans Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-119.

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Nazzi, Francesco. « Impact of biotic and abiotic stressors on honey bee health (Apis mellifera) ». Dans 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93415.

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Saltanovici, Tatiana, Larisa Andronic, Liudmila Antoci et Ana Doncila. « Analysis of the pollen under the conditions of abiotic and biotic stress factors ». Dans XIth International Congress of Geneticists and Breeders from the Republic of Moldova. Scientific Association of Geneticists and Breeders of the Republic of Moldova, Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Moldova State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/cga11.2021.093.

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Lin, Meng-Chun. « Rice Intrinsically disordered proteins integrate both abiotic and biotic stress responses in roots ». Dans ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA : ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1369170.

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« A versatile genome editing platform for grapevine : improving biotic and abiotic stress resilience ». Dans Open-GPB. International Viticulture and Enology Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58233/kgoqyusw.

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Koroleva, E. S., P. V. Kuzmitskaya et O. Yu Urbanovich. « IMPACT OF DROUGHT STRESS ON STRESS-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS APPLE GENES EXPRESSION LEVEL ». Dans SAKHAROV READINGS 2021 : ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-268-271.

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Stress-associated proteins (SAP) in many plants are involved in the response to adverse factors of biotic and abiotic nature. In order to study changes in the expression level of SAP genes in apple trees, MM-106 rootstocks were exposed to drought for 24 h. Expression profiles of 14 studied genes encoding SAP were established during the quantitative PCR reaction (qPCR), among which wererevealed of actively expressed under specified conditions. The majority of SAP genes have maximum transcript accumulation by 4 hours of exposure to drought.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Biotic and abiotic stresss"

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Freeman, Stanley, Russell Rodriguez, Adel Al-Abed, Roni Cohen, David Ezra et Regina Redman. Use of fungal endophytes to increase cucurbit plant performance by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7613893.bard.

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Major threats to agricultural sustainability in the 21st century are drought, increasing temperatures, soil salinity and soilborne pathogens, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and pesticide abolition and are burning issues related to agriculture in the Middle East. We have found that Class 2 fungal endophytes adapt native plants to environmental stresses (drought, heat and salt) in a habitat-specific manner, and that these endophytes can confer stress tolerance to genetically distant monocot and eudicot hosts. In the past, we generated a uv non-pathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) that colonized cucurbits, induced drought tolerance and enhanced growth, and protected 85% - 100% against disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi. We propose: 1) utilizing path-1 and additional endophtyic microorganisms to be isolated from stress-tolerant local, wild cucurbit watermelon, Citrulluscolocynthis, growing in the Dead Sea and Arava desert areas, 2) generate abiotic and biotic tolerant melon crop plants, colonized by the isolated endophytes, to increase crop yields under extreme environmental conditions such as salinity, heat and drought stress, 3) manage soilborne fungal pathogens affecting curubit crop species growing in the desert areas. This is a unique and novel "systems" approach that has the potential to utilize natural plant adaptation for agricultural development. We envisage that endophyte-colonized melons will eventually be used to overcome damages caused by soilborne diseases and also for cultivation of this crop, under stress conditions, utilizing treated waste water, thus dealing with the limited resource of fresh water.
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Bechar, Avital, Shimon Nof et Yang Tao. Development of a robotic inspection system for early identification and locating of biotic and abiotic stresses in greenhouse crops. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600042.bard.

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Valverde, Rodrigo A., Aviv Dombrovsky et Noa Sela. Interactions between Bell pepper endornavirus and acute viruses in bell pepper and effect to the host. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598166.bard.

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Based on the type of relationship with the host, plant viruses can be grouped as acute or persistent. Acute viruses are well studied and cause disease. In contrast, persistent viruses do not appear to affect the phenotype of the host. The genus Endornavirus contains persistent viruses that infect plants without causing visible symptoms. Infections by endornaviruses have been reported in many economically important crops, such as avocado, barley, common bean, melon, pepper, and rice. However, little is known about the effect they have on their plant hosts. The long term objective of the proposed project is to elucidate the nature of the symbiotic interaction between Bell pepper endornavirus (BPEV) and its host. The specific objectives include: a) to evaluate the phenotype and fruit yield of endornavirus-free and endornavirus-infected bell pepper near-isogenic lines under greenhouse conditions; b) to conduct gene expression studies using endornavirus-free and endornavirus-infected bell pepper near-isogenic lines; and c) to study the interactions between acute viruses, Cucumber mosaic virus Potato virus Y, Pepper yellow leaf curl virus, and Tobacco etch virus and Bell pepper endornavirus. It is likely that BPEV in bell pepper is in a mutualistic relationship with the plant and provide protection to unknown biotic or abiotic agents. Nevertheless, it is also possible that the endornavirus could interact synergistically with acute viruses and indirectly or directly cause harmful effects. In any case, the information that will be obtained with this investigation is relevant to BARD’s mission since it is related to the protection of plants against biotic stresses.
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Whitecloud, Simone, Holly VerMeulen, Franz Lichtner, Nadia Podpora, Timothy Cooke, Christopher Williams, Michael Musty, Irene MacAllister et Jason Dorvee. Understanding plant volatiles for environmental awareness : chemical composition in response to natural light cycles and wounding. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45961.

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Plants emit a bouquet of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses and, simultaneously, eavesdrop on emit-ted signals to activate direct and indirect defenses. By gaining even a slight insight into the semantics of interplant communications, a unique aware-ness of the operational environment may be obtainable (e.g., knowledge of a disturbance within). In this effort, we used five species of plants, Arabidopsis thaliana, Panicum virgatum, Festuca rubra, Tradescantia zebrina, and Achillea millefolium, to produce and query VOCs emitted in response to mechanical wounding and light cycles. These plants provide a basis for further investigation in this communication system as they span model organisms, common house plants, and Arctic plants. The VOC com-position was complex; our parameter filtering often enabled us to reduce the noise to fewer than 50 compounds emitted over minutes to hours in a day. We were able to detect and measure the plant response through two analytical methods. This report documents the methods used, the data collected, and the analyses performed on the VOCs to determine if they can be used to increase environmental awareness of the battlespace.
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Frost, J. W. Biotic and abiotic carbon to sulfur bond cleavage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janvier 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5474561.

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Frost, J. W. Biotic and abiotic carbon to sulfur bond cleavage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janvier 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5215659.

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Tsukruk, Vladimir V. Nanostructured Interfaces for Organized Mesoscopic Biotic-Abiotic Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada563947.

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El-Naggar, Mohamed Y. Biotic-Abiotic Nanoscale Interactions in Biological Fuel Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mars 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602346.

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Frost, J. W. Biotic and abiotic carbon to sulfur bond cleavage. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mai 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10150691.

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Szecsody, James E., Jim P. McKinley, Andrew T. Breshears, Brooks J. Devary, Fiona Crocker, Herbert L. Fredrickson et Karen Thompson. Abiotic and Biotic Mechanisms Controlling In Situ Remediation of NDMA. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mai 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada606789.

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