Thèses sur le sujet « Bogata »

This thesis project was instigated by the interest to remodel a historic building in downtown Bogota, Colombia, South America. The Bavaria Brewery, the first and oldest beer producer in the country, will be transformed into a retail/recreational facility composed of small-stores, restaurants and a museum.The red-brick structure was designed in 1891 by Alejandro Manrique, to resemble a German brewery. As this brewery grew in popularity, the buildings underwent many alterations and additions. Sufficient changes were made to obscure the building's original design. As it's machinery was updated and more space was needed, the brewery was forced to move to a more industrial area of Bogota city.In 1988 a renewal plan was made for Bavaria Brewery site. New use was proposed for the area including residential and central activities. An urban central park intended to be the focal point of the project.Because the interior was in good shape, the original floor plan remained unaltered with only one new level being built using two-story spaces. The interior was designed for its new function as a shopping center, which has resulted in a place where there is a great variety of activities connected by a system of walkways, corridors, tunnels and two outside elevators.On the exterior all historic elements have been preserved, though all new elements are clearly distinguished from the old but in a manner sympathetic to the industrial character of the Bavaria Brewery.These buildings have been evolutionary in their structure, never static, they have been marked with the imprint of different periods. As a result the design will reflect the present, recall the past, and insinuate the future.
Department of Architecture

Ci troviamo a Bogotá, città dell'America Latina. La città è stata sottoposta a crescita incontrollata e non pianificata, tanto da creare delle vere e proprie differenze sia nel tessuto sociale che urbano, tra nord e sud. La città è tagliata longitudinalmente da un'autostrada, creando notevoli disagi. La tesi si propone sulla base del progetto della ALO, di rioccupare il sedime di questa autostrada con un sistema verde su cui predisporre servizi per la collettività.

A partir de l’évolution des écarts spatiaux des prix du logement et des prix fonciers entre sept secteurs de Bogota, entre 1970 et 2012, cette thèse analyse l’ampleur des recompositions socio-spatiales de la ville. En croisant l’analyse urbaine et l’étude de marchés immobiliers, cette recherche aborde l’évolution des secteurs déjà construits de la ville et les variations des prix des logements anciens. Contrairement aux recherches qui insistent sur la profondeur et la rapidité des transformations des villes latino-américaines sous l’effet de la globalisation, nos résultats montrent que les différences spatiales des prix du logement restent stables. Seuls les écarts spatiaux des prix fonciers augmentent pendant notre période d’étude. L’analyse statistique des facteurs explicatifs de l’inertie des écarts spatiaux des prix montre que la stabilité globale résulte de la conjonction de deux tendances ayant des effets opposés. La diffusion des commerces réduit les écarts spatiaux des prix, alors que la valeur symbolique du secteur de résidence explique le maintien des différences spatiales des prix. Quant aux prix fonciers, la densification des constructions explique une portion des écarts croissants entre secteurs de la ville, mais reste insuffisante pour comprendre l’ampleur des évolutions constatées
Following the evolution of the gaps in housing and land values between seven sectors of Bogotá between 1970 and 2012, this thesis analyzes the scale of urban socio-spatial transformations. By overlapping urban analysis with the study of real estate markets, this analysis deals with the evolution of already-built areas and their housing prices. In contrast with research that emphasizes the depth and rapidity of transformations in Latin American cities during globalization, our findings show that gaps in housing prices from one area to another remain stable. During the period studied, only in the realm of land value gaps in prices between one area and another did actually widen. The statistical analysis of factors explaining the stability of gaps between housing prices from one area to another reveals that overall stability results from the conjunction of two trends with opposite effects. The spatial diffusion of shopping outlets reduces the gaps in housing prices from one area to another, to the same extent as the symbolic or perceived value of each of these residential areas keeps these gaps in prices entrenched. As for land prices, the densification of buildings explains to some extent the widening gaps in prices between some sectors of the city, but this one factor is not enough to explain the extent of the observed evolutions

Orientador: Heloisa Andre Pontes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T23:06:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sobral_LuisFelipeBueno_M.pdf: 2583169 bytes, checksum: b202082b75528544c470fe263c30c39d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: As páginas seguintes consistem em uma etnografia histórica do olhar hollywoodiano. Em particular, descreve a sedimentação da persona cinematográfica de Humphrey Bogart (1899-1957) na primeira metade da década de 1940. O foco analítico é duplo: por um lado, está atento às relações de gênero inscritas em suas performances; por outro, procura relacionar sua trajetória social e a estrutura de produção industrial de Hollywood. Uma descontinuidade interpõe-se entre a interpretação do artista diante da câmera e sua imagem projetada na tela: o trabalho de vários outros profissionais (roteirista, técnico de som, editor etc.) completa o processo até o lançamento do filme, quando é avaliado por público e crítica. No cinema, a performance artística submete-se à câmera, que executa a mediação de todo o processo; ao aparato técnico corresponde a persona cinematográfica, que não se resume nem ao intérprete nem aos seus personagens: ao mesmo tempo em que une estes - delineando um modelo de gênero -, também proporciona àquele o estabelecimento social na estrutura de produção. O caso de Bogart oferece um recorte circunscrito porque sua persona emergiu de forma linear em meia década (após anos de investimento), quando Hollywood se organizava em um modo de produção denominado sistema de estúdios, no qual cada estúdio desenvolvia um estilo próprio e controlava toda a produção industrial de um filme, do roteiro à exibição - e, portanto, a autonomia relativa do artista era estreitíssima. Através de uma série de pistas oriundas de fontes diversas (filmes, literatura, biografias, historiografia), esta dissertação argumenta que experiência social e cultura visual são inseparáveis, defende que a persona de Bogart (símbolo canônico de masculinidade) alimentava-se da tensão dramática entre a indiferença aparente e a vulnerabilidade súbita, e, finalmente, demonstra que a relação entre Bogart e sua persona caracterizava-se pela alteridade
Abstract: The following pages consist in a historical ethnography of the Hollywood eye. In particular, it describes the sedimentation of the screen persona of Humphrey Bogart (1899- 1957) in the first half of the 1940s. The analytical focus is twofold: on the one hand, pays attention to the gender relations inscribed in his performances; on the other, seeks to relate his social trajectory and Hollywood's industrial structure of production. A discontinuity goes between an artist's interpretation in front of the camera and his/her correspondent projected image on the screen: the work of numerous other professionals (screenwriter, sound technician, editor etc.) completes the process until the film release, when it is evaluated by public and critic. In cinema, the artistic performance is submited to the camera, that executes the mediation of the entire process; to the technical apparatus corresponds the screen persona, that does not resume itself to the interpreter nor his/her characters: at the same time that unites these - outlining a model of gender - it also supplies to the former the social setting in the structure of production. The Bogart case offers a circumscribed picture because his persona emerged in a linear form in half a decade (after years of investment), when Hollywood organized itself through a mode of production called studio system, where each studio developed its own style and controlled the entire industrial production of a film, from screenplay to exhibition - and therefore the relative autonomy of the artist was very narrow. Through a series of clues collected from various sources (films, literature, biographies, historiography), this dissertation argues that social experience and visual culture are inseparable, defends that Bogart's persona (a canonical symbol of masculinity) was nourished by the dramatic tension between the apparent indifference and the sudden vulnerability, and finally demonstrates that the relation between Bogart and his persona was characterized by otherness
Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestre em Antropologia Social

Heavy civil riots occurred in Bogota on April 9th, 1948, the day when the popularleader Jorge Eliecer Gaitan was killed. This popular insurrection had deep consequences which reflect to the present-day construction of the city. Crowds of people from the popular districts of the city took part in demonstrations that resulted in the death of about 3,000 people and destroyed parts of the historic center and some symbolic places. Subsequently, the rebellion spread throughout the whole country. After this historic event, which is known as the ‘Bogotazo’, the modernization, which had started beforehand, sped up in a radical way. At the same time, the ingression of new inhabi- tants from the surrounding region increased significantly, resulting in Bogota developing into the metropolis it is today. The poor and working class population started with the invasion and the construction of ‘pirate quarters’ in the southern suburban area and in the eastern hills, while the rich population started moving toward the north of the city. In this way, the suburbs seem to be a projection of the city but in a rather unplanned way, which have mainly been generated by the population itself. In this way we describe the process in which working class people took possession of a large city, and the way in which a city was informally developed, resulting in the creation of suburban quarters.
El 9 de abril de 1948, día del asesinato del líder popular Jorge Eliecer Gaitan, se produjo enBogotá una revuelta popular de profundas consecuencias. Este evento definió en parte la manera en la que se construyó la ciudad desde entonces. Gente de toda Bogotá, incluidos los barrios populares, descendió al centro histórico (lugar del asesinato) para unirse a las manifestaciones que provocaron la muerte de aproximadamente 3000 personas y la semi-destrución de algunos lugares simbólicos. Dicha revuelta se extendió a todas las regiones del país.Después de dicho acontecimiento, conocido como El Bogotazo, la modernización de la ciudad que ya había comenzado se acentuó de manera radical. Paralelamente, la entrada masiva de habitantes de todo el país le dio a Bogotá la connotación de metrópoli. Las clases populares comenzaron la invasión de las periferias con la construcción de ‘barrios piratas’ hacia el sur de laciudad, mientras que los ricos se dirigieron al norte. De esta manera, la periferia surgió como una proyección de la ciudad, pero de una manera no planificada y autogestionada por la población. Describiremos en este articulo la manera en que los sectores populares se apropian de la gran ciudad y la dotan de identidad, en la medida en que la informalidad y la distancia con el sistema oficial se convierten en la forma efectiva de definir un territorio en la ciudad.

El paisaje urbano de Bogotá, entendido desde su condición cultural, constituye el centro de atención de la presente investigación. Bajo este supuesto la imagen de ciudad, que surge como consecuencia de la acción de los agentes dominantes en ella, se posiciona como el objeto de caracterización y análisis. La investigación aborda el proceso evolutivo que ha tenido la imagen del sector central de Bogotá de manera que a través de él se puedan escudriñar los modelos e ideologías que guiaron el proceso de construcción de la ciudad. Se contempló, como períodos de estudio, desde el momento de su fundación hasta los años sesenta del siglo XX. La investigación asume, como punto de partida, la idea de que la imagen de Bogotá es el resultado de la imposición de ideologías que están al servicio e intereses de los entes de poder de cada momento, provocando como consecuencia una imagen que es difícilmente apropiable para la mayoría de ciudadanos. Esta condición se ve particularmente agudizada en el siglo XX, en el que la ciudad crece de manera exagerada y en la que el poder de los emporios económicos se hace más evidente, tanto por la capacidad de intervenir los lugares más estratégicos que produce la ciudad, en términos de su visibilidad y de oportunidad de renta, como por el efecto de consumo que sus imágenes induce. Bajo este panorama la investigación hace evidente la pertinencia de asumir la construcción de la imagen de la ciudad como un hecho fundamental que debe atendérsele en relación a la configuración de identidades para la mayoría de bogotanos y no como un hecho marginal que es patrimonio de unos pocos. Además del capítulo inicial, en que se formula el marco referencial de la investigación, la tesis presenta tres capítulos que hacen alusión a las condiciones sociales y culturales que determinaron el paisaje urbano del sector de estudio. Estos capítulos se correlacionan con tres momentos específicos a saber: el primero se refiere al soporte material del e
Campos Reyes, O. (2013). BOGOTA, SIGLO XX: PAISAJE URBANO Y MODERNIDAD [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/19117
Palancia

Abstract Background: The Ciclovia program (60.3 miles of streets temporarily closed to motorized vehicles and open to pedestrians) and the Ciclorutas (186.4 miles bicycle paths network) represent two policy and built environment approaches that have been implemented in Bogota, Colombia to increase access to recreational and physical activity (PA) opportunities and promote active transportation. Both programs have other potential public health outcomes such as quality of life and social capital. Both physical activity and social capital have been demonstrated to be strongly related with health. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the participants from Ciclovia and Cicloruta and to explore how program usage relates to public health outcomes including, physical activity, social capital and equity. Methods: Analysis based on secondary data obtained from two surveys, one conducted in the Ciclovia and the other in the Ciclorutas in Bogota, Colombia. First, the general characteristics of the users of both programs were described and compared using the Pearson chi-square test. Second, a principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to reduce the number of SC variables from the Ciclovia survey, by using a varimax (orthogonal) rotation method. A binary logistic regression adjusted model was developed to examine the relationship between frequency of participation on the Ciclovia and perceived SC levels. In addition, two adjusted multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to examine associations between meeting the PA recommendations with the characteristics of program use/participation. Results: The majority of the Ciclovia participants reported meeting the PA recommendation in leisure time (59.5%), whereas near all Cicloruta participants reported to meet the recommendations by cycling for transportation (70.5%). The safety perception was higher among Ciclovia users with 51.2% of those surveyed having reported feeling safe at the Ciclovia with respect to traffic and accidents and 42.4% with regard to crime. Results from the logistic regressions showed that participants who reported more frequent participation in the Ciclovia program were more likely to have a higher SC perception (OR=2.0, 95%CI=1.4-2.8), those who reported regular participation in the program had increased odds of meeting the PA recommendation in leisure time (OR=1.7, 95%CI=1.1-2.4), as well as those who reported to perform vigorous (OR=4.9, 95%CI=2.5-9.2) and moderate (OR=1.9, 95%CI=1.2-3.0) physical activity during the Ciclovia. For the Ciclorutas males (OR=1.94, 95%CI=1.2-3.2), regular Cicloruta users (OR=10.18, 95%CI=6.1-16.8), and Cicloruta users who reported participation in the Ciclovia over the last 12 months (OR=1.6, 95%CI=1.1-2.2), were more likely to meet the PA recommendation by cycling for transportation. Conclusions: The Ciclovia program and Cicloruta system represent two policy and environmental approaches that have the potential to equitably promote physical activity and provide a mobility alternative in complex urban settings such as the city of Bogota. Specifically the Ciclovia program also provides enhanced social environments in which the program users also feel safer.

This thesis explores the "Closed Housing Project" (CHP), a building type found in the Colombian capital of Bogota. Responding to Bogota's problem of insecurity, CHPs are groups of dwellings that are organised around, or within, outdoor communal grounds closed to the public and surveyed by an armed guard.
The CHP, however, is much more than gates and guns. Due to its enclosure, it is isolated from Bogota's troubled urban setting. As a result, the CHP has become a marketing phenomena packaged and promoted by developers as an escape from many of the social problems of living in Bogota. The consuming public has accepted this option and popular culture now perceives the CHP as a necessary and appealing way of life.
Mostly drawing from the Bogota architectural press, this study argues that the insular nature of the CHP makes a return to earlier housing types typically found in Bogota, and thus is evidence of architectural continuity in the city. The thesis also analyses the role of the CHP type in contemporary consumer culture.

Las ciudades son sistemas físicos, económicos y sociales caracterizados fundamentalmente por una elevada concentración espacial de población y empleo. Aunque la configuración de los sistemas urbanos presenta importantes particularidades alrededor del mundo, la economía ha logrado, con relativo éxito, organizar una estructura conceptual que permite identificar y explicar algunas fuerzas que conllevan a la concentración espacial de la población. Los trabajos de William Alonso, Richard Muth y Edwin Mills constituyen una de las más importantes contribuciones para sistematizar las ideas generales a partir de las cuales se pueda explicar las generalidades de la estructura urbana. Entre estas, las más importantes se refieren a la relación inversa entre densidades, precios del suelo y ratio capital/suelo, con respecto a la distancia al centro de la ciudad. El proceso de sistematización ha dado lugar a lo que se ha denominado Nueva Economía Urbana. Aunque los estudios sobre la estructura urbana de las ciudades tiene un fuerte arraigo en el contexto norteamericano, durante los últimos 20 años y ante la creciente disponibilidad de información, otras ciudades en países en Europa y también en países en vías de desarrollo han despertado el interés de los investigadores, no sólo como un ejercicio intelectual que busca probar la generalidad de las predicciones del modelo matemático que surge de los trabajo de los autores mencionados, sino también como ejercicio práctico a partir del cual se refuercen los instrumentos de política del planeamiento urbano. El trabajo de investigación que presento para optar al título de Doctor en Economía Aplicada de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona busca contribuir en la generación de nuevo conocimiento sobre la estructura urbana de las ciudades en el contexto latinoamericano. En el caso de este trabajo de investigación, el contexto urbano objeto de análisis es Bogotá, D.C., la capital de Colombia. A su vez, la regularidad urbana involucrada en el análisis es la disminución de la densidad del empleo y de los precios del suelo a medida que aumenta la distancia, ya no sólo al centro tradicional (CBD) sino a otras concentraciones de actividad económica que definen el carácter policéntrico de la ciudad actual. Existen pocos estudios basados en la Nueva Economía Urbana (NEU) aplicados a esta ciudad. En la última década, los cambios en el sistema de transporte urbano de la ciudad, materializados en el sistema Transmilenio, han despertado el interés de los investigadores locales por explicar sus efectos sobre las densidades de población, el precio del suelo y el desarrollo urbano de la ciudad. Estos estudios han contribuido a llenar el vacío que sobre el análisis económico de la ciudad existe en la literatura especializada. No obstante, estos trabajos se enfocan en la infraestructura de transporte, que es tan sólo uno de los elementos estructuradores del espacio, dejando de lado el papel de los subcentros de empleo. La estructura urbana de una ciudad está determinada en buena medida por el patrón de localización de la actividad económica. Partiendo del modelo monocéntrico y de los modelos policéntricos exógenos de la NEU, en el primer documento de esta tesis se implementa una metodología no-paramétrica que permite un elevado grado de objetividad en la identificación de los subcentros de empleo. Los cambios generados por el proceso de descentralización de la actividad económica se manifiestan en la ciudad por medio de la generación de nuevos centros de empleo en forma de subcentros. Por lo tanto, más que un proceso caracterizado por la dispersión generalizada del empleo, el empleo sigue presentándose de forma concentrada, por lo que las economías de aglomeración deben seguir actuando. En el segundo documento se presenta un análisis de las relaciones económicas entre el CBD y los subcentros de empleo en Bogotá. Combinando los aportes teóricos de la NEU, la Nueva Geografía Económica (NGE) y del nuevo paradigma de Ciudad en Red, se genera un marco conceptual para explicar las relaciones económicas entre los elementos de la estructura urbana. Este marco permite determinar si los subcentros de empleo son sustitutos o complementarios del CBD. Lo anterior se logra a partir de tres perspectivas metodológicas. En primer lugar definiendo el carácter especializado o diversificado de los subcentros de empleo desde el proceso de identificación de los mismos. En segundo lugar, comparando el valor de los gradientes de densidad para cada subcentro teniendo en cuenta su localización relativa frente al CBD y al resto del área urbana. Por último, se busca identificar alguna regularidad en el patrón de localización geográfica de los subcentros. El resultado principal es que las relaciones de complementariedad rigen la estructura urbana de la ciudad, lo cual tiene implicaciones de política. Por ejemplo, la complementariedad implica que el sistema de transporte debe tener un fuerte componente de transversalidad que signifique mejores condiciones de accesibilidad, no sólo a un subcentro, sino a la red que conforman. En el último documento se lleva a cabo un ejercicio empírico para comprobar una de las principales predicciones teóricas de los modelos policéntricos de la NEU. Esta es, que los subcentros de empleo tienen efectos significativos sobre los precios del suelo y definen un patrón espacial caracterizado por la caída de su valor a medida que aumenta la distancia a los subcentros y al CBD, para así compensar el costo de transporte adicional en que deben incurrir los hogares. En el documento no sólo se tiene en cuenta la estructura urbana, también se considera el hecho de que la disposición geográfica de los subcentros en la ciudad implica tener en cuenta la influencia de los ejes viales sobre los precios del suelo. Por lo tanto, el análisis tiene en cuenta tanto los subcentros como la infraestructura vial de la ciudad. El resultado principal es que los precios del suelo responden a las economías de aglomeración generadas por la concentración de la actividad económica en forma de subcentros, y no sólo al simple acceso a la infraestructura. De hecho, para Bogotá se comprueba que los subcentros de empleo ejercen un papel más importante sobre los precios del suelo que aquel que logran los ejes viales principales sobre los cuales se localizan
Cities are physical, economic and social systems characterized by a high spatial concentration of population and employment. Although the configuration of urban systems offers important peculiarities around the world, the economy has achieved relative success in organizing a conceptual structure that allows for the identification and explanation of some forces that lead to a spatial population concentration. Works by William Alonso, Richard Muth and Edwin Mills constitute some of the most important contributions to the systematization of general ideas from which urban structures may be explained. Among others, the most important ones refer to the reverse relationship between densities, land price and the capital/land ratio, with regard to distance from the city center. This systematization process has given way to what is now known as New Urban Economy (NUE). Although studies on urban structure are deeply rooted in the North American context, during the last twenty years, and given the increase in information, other cities in Europe and in developing countries have sparked the interest of investigators, not only as an intellectual exercise searching for proof on the general predictions of mathematical models arising from the work of the abovementioned authors, but also as a practical exercise from which urban planning policy instruments are strengthened . The research papers I am presenting in hopes of obtaining a Doctorate Degree in Applied Economics from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, seeks to contribute to the creation of new knowledge on urban structures in cities within the Latin American context. The case study object for urban context analysis for this research paper is the city of Bogota D.C., the capital of Colombia. In addition, the urban regularity involved in the analysis is the reduction of employment density and land price as distance increases, not only to the traditional city center (CBD), but to other areas of economic activity concentration that define the polycentric nature of the city today. There are few NUE studies applied to this city. During the last decade, changes to the urban transportation system, or the Trasnmilenio system, have sparked the interest of local investigators searching to explain its effects on population density, land prices and urban development within the city. These studies have helped fill the existing gap on the city´s economic analysis in current specialized literature. However, these studies focus on transport infrastructure, which is only one of the structural spatial elements, and ignores the role of employment subcenters. The urban structure of a city is largely determined by the pattern in which economic activities are located. Starting from a monocentric model, and the exogenous polycentric models suggested by the NUE, in the first document of this thesis, a nonparametric method is implemented that allows for a high level of objectivity in the identification of employment subcenters. Changes generated from an economic activity decentralization process are manifest in a city thru the creation of new centers for employment in the shape of sub centers. Therefore, more than a process defined by general employment dispersion the example is still concentrated, and therefore agglomeration economics must still prevail. In the second document, an analysis on economic relationships between the CBD and the employment subcenters in Bogota is presented. By combining the NUE, the New Economic Geography (NEG) and the new paradigm on Networked cities, a conceptual framework is created that explains the economic relationship between the elements of an urban structure. This framework allows us to determine if the employment subcenters are substitutes of the CBD or if they complement it. The abovementioned is achieved based on three methodological perspectives. In first place, by defining the specialty or diverse nature of the employment subcenters, based on the process of identifying them as such. In second place, by comparing the value of the density gradient for each subcenter and keeping in mind its location relative to the CBD and the remaining urban area. Lastly, some sort of regularity in the geographic location of the subcenters is identified. The main result is that complementary relationships rule the city’s urban structure, and thus has political implications. For example, complementarity implies that the transportation system must have a strong mainstreaming component that represents better access conditions, not just to a subcenter, but to the network it forms. In the last document an empirical exercise is performed in order to prove one of the main theoretical predictions of the polycentric NUE models, which is that employment sub centers have significant effects on the prices of land, and define a spatial pattern characterized by a loss in value as the distance to the sub centers and the CBD increases, thus compensating for the additional cost in transportation that households must assume.

Il progetto di tesi si sviluppa a partire dalla proposta di espansione lineare della città di Bogotá, lungo un asse infrastrutturale che attraversa diversi comuni vicini alla città. Il tema principale del lavoro di tesi è relativo al confronto con uno dei limiti principali di questa espansione: il Rio Bogotà. L'obiettivo è quello di risolvere a livello urbano il rapporto di tale elemento naturale con l'edificato, in particolare il grande edificio pubblico e le abitazioni. Questo sarà reso possibile attraverso lo studio di valide soluzioni strutturali che tengano conto dei problemi derivanti da una zona fortemente sismica e soggetta ad inondazioni.

Traccia banale, tributo alla correlazione con José Paulo dos Santos, l'edificio sacro è stato progettato a misura d'uomo, dell'uomo del XXI secolo. Banale, semplice ed elementare, puro e senza fronzoli.

La tesi consiste in un progetto per un quartiere residenziale a Sud della città di Bogotà, nei pressi del Rio Tunjuelito. La proposta ha come obiettivo la riconnessione del tessuto adiacente all’Autopista, la valorizzazione del sistema del verde e il potenziamento dei servizi attraverso un modello insediativo fondato sulla reinterpretazione della griglia urbana. Il progetto interiorizza nella sua struttura insediativa, nella sua scala dimensionale e nella gradualità del passaggio dallo spazio pubblico a quello privato il tipo a corte.

Thesis (S.M. in Architecture Studies)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-93).
Los Cerros Orientales, a ridge of mountains that spans the eastern edge of Bogota are the most iconic and monumental feature of the city. They were also critical in the city's history as they provided the resources to support the original settlements, supplied the materials to build the city and dictated its urban form. Because of their symbolism and visual prominence preservation policies have been implemented to protect them from urbanization. Starting in 1977 the government instituted an urban growth boundary to prevent urbanization in Los Cerros. However, the large rural to urban migrations that began in the mid-twentieth century created an erratic urban expansion that the boundary was unable to contain. Informal and formal developments have continued to expand into protected land regardless of the different containment policies that have been institutionalized. The aim of this thesis is to reexamine Bogota's urban boundary in order to devise alternative strategies that can better address the inevitable urbanization of Los Cerros. The argument is rooted in the premise that social, political and economical conditions will prevent containment strategies to succeed. As a result, urbanization is acknowledged and used as a proxy to design strategies that will bolster and improve existing social and natural ecologies. Informality, infrastructure and architectural monuments are the lenses through which this thesis explores and articulates alternative strategies for the urban boundary.
by Juan Andres Bernal.
S.M.in Architecture Studies

Il progetto parte da un’indagine preliminare relativa alla città di Bogotà, capitale della Colombia che, a causa della rapida urbanizzazione a cui è andata incontro nel corso degli anni, presenta un tessuto urbano frammentario e disorganizzato. In seguito all'aumento spropositato della popolazione, la storia della Colombia documenta un sempre più crescente bisogno di abitazioni ed è proprio da questa situazione che si sviluppa il presente elaborato. Occorre ricucire il tessuto urbano esistente ridefinendo un nuovo sistema di aree residenziali, servizi primari, pubblici, sanitari e aree per la collettività che siano in grado di regolare i futuri insediamenti urbani. La localidad Usme si colloca a Sud di Bogotà, si tratta di una delle localidades più povere e prive di servizi, il cui suolo urbano è interamente ricoperto di abitazioni di piccole dimensioni insalubri e insicure. In questa zona periferica rurale, accanto alle tipiche viviendas informales, si stanno sviluppando le nuove costruzioni collettive edificate ad opera di “MetroVivienda” . Questa società realizza dei massicci blocchi edilizi sfruttando al massimo lo spazio a disposizione senza rispettare le preesistenze o gli spazi aperti, deturpando il contesto in cui si inseriscono e l’assetto originale della città. Il punto di partenza per la comprensione della realtà urbana di Usme è rappresentato dallo studio del rigido schema a griglia dell' assetto urbano, tipico delle fondazioni coloniali della Capitale, che sarà la base generatrice del progetto di ricucitura del tessuto. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è lo sviluppo di un progetto che si adatti al contesto, valorizzando il paesaggio e la naturalità del luogo, per mezzo della riqualificazione del tessuto esistente e che sia in grado di integrare il vecchio con il nuovo.

Il volume raccoglie al suo interno il risultato complessivo della progettazione di uno stadio per la città di Bogotà, e più specificatamente per la localidad di Usme. Il progetto rappresenta la sintesi architettonica del processo conoscitivo del luogo, rielaborato in maniera da offrire una soluzione coerente a problematiche di tipo urbano, sociale e archiettonico. L'intervento si configura come una riqualificazione ambientale e territoriale dell'area delle cave di Usme, nel tentativo di fornire alla città uno spazio sportivo e al contempo sociale, che comprenda al suo interno una struttura di servizi attualmente insufficienti nella zona, con l'obbiettivo di valorizzare il sito di progetto in maniera da sfruttarne tutte le potenzialità. La riqualificazione verrà operata ricercando il collegamento della cava alle zone adiacenti e attraverso l'inserimento dello stadio che andrà a costituire un polo attrattivo non soltanto per la localidad di Usme ma per l'intera Bogotà.

Cette recherche est consacrée à l'étude des pronoms personnels en espagnol de Bogota : usted, tu, vos et sumercé. Nous articulons les approches « macro » et « micro » à travers une étude quantitative (300 questionnaires) et une étude qualitative (corpus radio et cinéma). Nous analysons l'alternance de la forme pronominale, consistant au passage d'un pronom à un autre dans un même échange, avec le même interlocuteur. Ces changements sont interprétés à travers les analyses de J. Gumperz sur le « code - switching ». La thèse s'appuie aussi sur les études de P. Trudgill et d'autres (P. Kerswill, D. Tuten), sur le « contact de dialectes ». Les échanges entre locuteurs des différents dialectes de Colombie montrent que malgré les usages canoniques des pronoms, où Vusted et le tu recouvrent des valeurs pragmatiques similaires à celles de l'emploi du vous et du tu en France, le système allocutoire à Bogota est aussi caractérisé en grande partie par l'instabilité dans l'emploi de ces formes
This research is concerned with the study of the pronouns of address in Spanish from Bogota: usted, tu, vos and sumerce. Macro and micro sociolinguistic approaches are articulated by associating a quantitative study (300 surveys) and a qualitative study (radio and cinema conversations). We also analyze the pronominal form alternation, which consists in the switching from a pronoun to another in the same exchange, with the same interlocutor. These changes are interpreted through the analyses of J. Gumperz about the "code - switching". Our thesis is also based on studies of P. Trudgill and others (P. Kerswill, D. Tuten), about "dialect contact". Interactions between speakers from various dialects of Colombia in Bogota give evidence that in spite of the canonical uses of personal pronouns, where the usted and the tu overlay pragmatic values, similar to the French vous and tu, the allocutionary system in Bogota is moreover characterized by an instability in the use of these forms

Le but de cette étude est celui de caractériser la violence à l'école associée au phénomène de supporteurs de football. Ce type de violence a de plus en plus de manifestations en Colombie, et en particulier dans les grandes villes comme Bogota. Cela est évident dans divers événements qui se sont produits ces dernières années liées à la participation des jeunes supporters des équipes de football. La méthode utilisée, de type qualitative, a été menée dans cinq lycées - collèges publiques dans les quartiers d’Usaquén, Santa fe, Usme, Fontibon et Suba, à Bogota, avec 68 lycéen(e)s/collégien(e)s, grâce à l'application des « Núcleos de Educación Social” (noyaux d’éduction sociale –NES-) basés sur la recherche-action (-IA-). Ce type de recherche inclut les membres de la communauté concernée dans le projet de recherche et les actions de transformation, en le considérant en tant qu’agents du changement dans le traitement de la violence microsociale.Ses principaux résultats montrent que cette forme de violence ne répond pas seulement aux motivations associées au spectacle du football, tel qu’il est présenté dans les médias, mais que le phénomène se trouve liée à des situations structurelles dans la gestion politique et dans la prise en charge des jeunes et en relation étroite aux processus d'exclusion et d'inégalité des groupes involucrées ; en particulier les problèmes de l'emploi, l'accès à l'éducation, l'utilisation de substances psychoactives , les grossesses précoces, entre autres situations, qui sont devenus la source de mécontentement de la part des jeunes et, d'autre part, la réponse des autorités de la ville, qui sont strictement de nature punitive. Tous ces facteurs mentionnés ci-dessus accroissent le niveau de vulnérabilité de la population étudiée. Pour les jeunes, faire partie d’un groupe de supporteurs représente une chance d’exercer un pouvoir devant leurs pairs, leur permettant le contrôle des espaces comme l’école et le quartier, et la possibilité de préserver ce pouvoir, en établissant des alliances avec des groupes hors la loi. Cela a abouti à la destruction des bâtiments scolaires et du quartier, ainsi qu’à l’augmentation des bléssées parmi les jeunes, mais aussi des personnes de la communauté. Enfin, les médias ont produit une surexposition médiatique du phénomène, au point qu'ils ont construit une image collective, associée au danger et l'insécurité; à partir de laquelle se légitiment les attaques et les menaces qui pèsent sur les jeunes et même une pratique d'élimination systématique de certains d'entre eux, et qui ont été associés à des groupes criminels, que nuisent la vie de la communauté de quartier
No abstract
El propósito de este estudio es caracterizar una de las formas de violencia escolar asociada al fenómeno de las barras del fútbol. Este ha venido tomando fuerza en Colombia, especialmente en Bogotá y las grandes ciudades del país. Así lo evidencian diversos hechos sucedidos en los últimos años, relacionados con la participación de jóvenes hinchas de equipos de fútbol. La aplicación de tipo cualitativo, se llevó a cabo en cinco colegios oficiales de las localidades de Usaquén, Santa fe, Usme, Fontibón y Suba, en Bogotá, con 68 jóvenes escolarizados, a través del modelo de los núcleos de educación social –NES- basados en la Investigación Acción –IA- que involucra a los miembros de la comunidad en el proyecto de investigación y en las acciones de transformación, considerándolos agentes de cambio en el tratamiento de las violencias microsociales.Sus principales resultados muestran que el fenómeno no responde únicamente a motivaciones asociadas al espectáculo del fútbol, como se quiere hacer ver a la opinión pública, sino que se conecta con situaciones estructurales en el manejo de la política de atención de los jóvenes, básicamente en lo que se refiere a los procesos de exclusión y desigualdad de los grupos que las conforman. De manera puntual los problemas de desempleo, acceso a la educación, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, embarazo temprano, entre otras situaciones, que se han convertido en la fuente del inconformismo juvenil; por otra parte, la respuesta que se ha dado al conflicto que generan en la ciudad ha sido de carácter estrictamente punitivo. Los aspectos anteriormente mencionados aumentan su nivel de vulnerabilidad. Para los jóvenes, vincularse a estos grupos es una oportunidad de ostentar poder frente a sus iguales lo que les permite un empoderamiento en espacios como la escuela y el barrio mismo, que quieren mantener aliándose con grupos al margen de la ley. Esto ha producido destrucción de los edificios escolares y del vecindario, así como lesionados tanto de los jóvenes involucrados en el conflicto como de la comunidad. Finalmente, los medios de comunicación han producido una sobreexposición mediática del fenómeno, al punto que han construido una imagen colectiva que se asocia a peligrosidad e inseguridad, formas estas, desde las que se legitiman ataques y amenazas a jóvenes e incluso una práctica de eliminación sistemática de algunos de ellos que se han asociado con grupos delincuenciales, que azotan a las comunidades

In the last twenty years, there has been a decrease in the quality of social housing projects in Bogotá, in part because private developers have replaced the Colombian government as the main agent. Degradation of social housing has been associated with related sickness of residents due to cold thermal conditions, particularly in children and seniors. In this context, business profitability has played against healthy indoor environments.

A common misconception of building in Bogotá’s mild climate (tropical) is that indoor thermal comfort is not a problem. It is based on the fact that outdoor conditions are relatively constant throughout the year without strong seasons, which in theory make acceptable conditions for thermal comfort of building occupants. Moreover, since residential buildings in Bogotá are naturally ventilated and no have space conditioning, thermal adaptation is expected to be more important.

Previous investigations on thermal comfort in the city have focused on the interaction between the local climate and a particular building configuration, but most have not explored occupants’ perceptions of comfort nor have they investigated how urban form and architectural features such as communal courtyards may influence thermal comfort.

This dissertation aims to better understand occupant perceptions of thermal comfort within the context of environmental conditions, personal adaptability, and urban form in Bogotá. The hypothesis is that an urban fabric that enhances solar access will improve the potential of a building to deliver a satisfactory thermal comfort to its occupants and energy savings in electric lighting. To test this hypothesis, courtyard buildings are explored as a way to connect people with the daily rhythms on their environments and reinterpret these spaces in the scenario of a larger and a denser city.

A multidisciplinary approach is used to address these enquiries, and through a field study thermal comfort is investigated in Bogotá. This methodology integrates knowledge from architecture, psychometrics, and statistics. The field study is performed on two residential projects that represent different urban configurations: the first project is organized in lineal blocks and the second project is organized around a central courtyard.

In total, 75 apartments participate in the study: 37 in the first project and 38 in the second project. Data are collected from them through environmental logging and surveying of residents. Information about temperature, relative humidity, radiant temperature, and light intensity is obtained through monitoring, while information about: thermal sensation, thermal preference, clothing value, and physical activity is obtained through surveys.

Statistical correlations, estimations, comparative tests, and summary statistics are used to analyze the data. These comparisons allow for an investigation of the influence of environmental conditions on occupants’ thermal sensations, the margins of acceptability of residents in multifamily housing, the influence of building features on thermal comfort of real environments, and the influence of courtyards as a solution for problems of comfort and energy consumption.

Key findings include: (1) outdoor climatic conditions (in addition to indoor climatic conditions) were associated with the thermal sensation of residents, suggesting that the indoor and outdoor climates are more connected across the building envelope boundary in these types of buildings that in environmentally controlled buildings; (2) the range of thermal adaptability of residences in these buildings was larger than in environmentally controlled buildings, suggesting that personal choice factors (e.g., choosing to wear more clothing to keep warm) are used to regulate comfort sensations in the absence of more advanced environmental control; and (3) the presence of a large central courtyard increases levels of comfort and also appeared to reduce electricity consumption for lighting.

The comparison suggests that the courtyard typology in multi-family residential buildings can be used to improve thermal comfort in social housing in this climate. Overall, this study offers a key insight into the complex interactions between climate, urban form, architectural design, and human behavior in governing human thermal comfort.

A tese mostra que políticas territoriais municipais paulistas têm interferido pouco no processo de urbanização das áreas de transição rural-urbanas de forma a controlar o crescimento urbano horizontal e planejá-lo com qualidade urbana. Pretende-se superar a ideia de que expandir o urbano é sempre indesejável e admitir que é um processo recorrente e, quando necessário, deve ser planejado para que aconteça sem prejuízos urbano-ambientais e sociais, distribuindo de forma justa os ônus e benefícios da urbanização e evitando processos especulativos tão tradicionais na mudança de uso rural para urbano. A transição de uma economia agrícola para a industrial viu na expansão urbana metropolitana uma estratégia relevante para o desenvolvimento econômico industrial, através de uma política habitacional e constantes anistias aos loteamentos clandestinos. Crescer em extensão física parececia ter sido uma resposta adequada face ao crescimento populacional vivido no período pós 2ª Guerra Mundial, desde que tivesse sido planejada. Se o crescimento fosse bem planejado e estruturado, não daria conta de ter sido feito tão velozmente. Formava-se a periferia metropolitana. Em uma reação populista, o governo militar (1964-1985) aprovou a Lei Federal de Parcelamento do Solo e deixou aos munípios o controle do crescimento urbano, sem exigir seu planejamento. Os financiamentos habitacionais impulsionaram esta expansão urbana com urbanização incompleta, mantendo a produção do urbano pautada pela dependência de recursos federais; intervenções setoriais descompassadas; e por relações clientelistas em torno da urbanização progressiva. A regulação do território torna-se um instrumento flexível que se adapta às possibilidades de desenvolvimento urbano, pautadas estas pelo financiamento. O período de redemocratização nos anos 1980 foi acompanhado por processos de alteração demográfica e de reversão do processo de concentração nas grandes cidades associados à desconcentração e alterações no processo produtivo industrial e ao surgimento de novas formas condominiais de urbanização. A expansão urbana nas cidades paulistas explica-se face à (1) pouca resistência à mudança de uso rural para urbano, nos momentos de oscilação da produção e dos preços rurais associada à (2) inovação promovida por novas tipologias residenciais sobre o rural loteamento fechado, ranchos, etc., e (3) por investimentos no sistema rodoviário e o estímulo ao uso de veículos individuais. A análise das normas territoriais sobre 100 municípios paulistas mostrou que estas tipologias para se implantarem, necessitam flexibilizar não apenas normas urbanas, mas rurais, apontando para a necessidade de se planejar o rural. Já os estudos de caso analisados apresentam diferentes graus de controle do crescimento urbano e de planejamento do mesmo das áreas de expansão e debatem com a experiência colombiana que articula financiamento, gestão e planejamento de áreas de expansão. Com isso, admite a recorrência do processo de expansão urbana, e aponta para a necessidade de planejá-la de forma a evitar que aconteçam prejuízos urbanoambientais e sociais, distribuindo de forma justa os ônus e benefícios da urbanização, evitando processos especulativos tão tradicionais na mudança de uso rural para urbano, e construindo ex-ante projetos urbanos que sejam pedaços de cidade, com uma urbanização completa.
The research shows that spatial policies in São Paulo practically have not controlled or planned urban growth in order to guarantee urban quality. This thesis intends to overcome the idea that urban growth is always undesirable and view it as a recurrent situation that, when necessary, should be planned to avoid urban-environmental and social problems, by fairly distributing urbanization costs and benefits and preventing speculative processes that are usual in ruralurban changes. In the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy in Brasil, urban expansion was strategic for industrial economic development, through a federal housing policy and regularization of irregular parcels. Growing by physical extension seemed appropriate in a period of fast population growth after 2nd World War, if it had been planned. If growth were well planned and structured, it would not have been possible to do it so quickly. The result was a space known as metropolitan periphery. In a populist reaction, the military government (1964-1985) enacted the Urban Parcels Federal Land Law but left to municipalities the control of urban growth, without requiring planning. A huge housing financing program drove this expansion into incomplete urbanization; maintained municipalities dependent on federal funds to make urban developments; made sectorial interventions, most of the time disconnected from one another (ex. with water and without sewage); and maintened clientelist relationships between politicians and locals around the progressive urbanization. Land regulation becomes a flexible tool that adapts to the possibilities of urban development, guided by these fundings or private interests. The democratization period in the late 1980s was accompanied by demographic change and by a polarization reverse process associated with policy decentralization, changes in industrial production processes and the emergence of new forms of urbanization closed urban developments, shoppings, thematic parks, and others. In this context, urban sprawl in São Paulo\'s cities can be explained by (1) low resistance to change from rural to urban uses, influenced by rural production and price variations; (2) urban innovations like new types of developments closed residential developtments, little farms, etc., and (3) high investments in road systems and in encouraging the use of individual vehicles. Analysis of the 100 municipalities\'land laws not only showed that these kinds of urban development require, in order to happen, more flexible urbanization permits, but also pointed the need to plan the countryside. The three case studies herein showed different degrees of urban growth control and planning urban expansion. The Brazilian cases debate with the Colombian urban planning experience that combines financing, management and planning areas of expansion. In summary, the research admits the recurrence of urban growth, and points the need for planning (so as to avoid urban-environmental and social losses that can occur), for fair distribution of urbanization costs and benefits (so as to prevent speculative processes often present in rural-urban change processes) and for exante development, thus preventing irregular urban development process and making urban growth with a complete urbanization.

Orientador: Roberto Braga
Banca: Pompeu Figueiredo de Carvalho
Banca: Bernardo A. do Nascimento Teixeira
Resumo: Faz algumas décadas a cidade de Bogotá tem experimentado um significativo crescimento urbano. Fatores como o deslocamento forçado, as migrações e as poucas garantias de segurança e desenvolvimento econômico nas áreas rurais fazem piorar este processo de crescimento. Mais de 72% da população habita áreas urbanas de Bogotá, capital da Colômbia, conta com quase sete milhões de habitantes tornando-se cidade mais povoada do país e gerando uma grande demanda de moradia e serviços públicos que não são cobertos na totalidade. Esta investigação foi levada a cabo em cinco setores de Bogotá - em cinco estudos de caso onde a situação ambiental e social, somada ao crescimento urbano, constitui um cenário complexo. Estes estudos de caso mostram a situação dos mananciais, um setor dos morros orientais da cidade, evidenciando a progressiva invasão de moradia ilegal e seus efeitos sócios ambientais.
Abstract:For some decades Bogotá has come experiencing a significant urban growth, factors like the forced displacement, the migrations and the few guarantees of security and economy in the rural areas, make worse this growth. More than 72% of populations are living in urban areas, in the case of Bogotá the capital of Colombia, this count with almost seven millions of inhabitants, becoming the populated city in the country, generating a great housing demand and public services that don't cover in their entirety. This investigation was carried out in five sectors of Bogotá city, with the interest of case studies, where the environmental and social situation, added to the urban growth, constitutes a complex scenario. These case studies show the situation of the natural lakes and one sector of the oriental hills of the city, evidencing the progressive invasion of illegal housing and their social and environmental effects.
Mestre

L'impresa di rivitalizzare il settore nord della Città Universitaria di Bogota, consacrato all'educazione fisica, può trovare un aiuto insperato nelle fonti storiche, come i progetti originali dell'architetto Leopoldo Rother e il piano formativo del pedagogo Fritz Karsen. Analizzando il lavoro da essi compiuto negli anni Trenta, vengono alla luce tutti gli elementi che concorrono a fare di un'area da decenni non più centrale alla vita del campus un polo di attrazione per un pubblico proveniente da tutta la capitale colombiana. Un nuovo edificio, il centro sportivo polifunzionale, diventa così il fulcro per dare importanza ad un'area pensata per essere importante fin dalla sua concezione.

Thesis: M. Eng. in Logistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-56).
This research analyzes how to apply segmentation strategies in the nanostore retail market, focusing on a pilot company located in Bogota, Colombia. This study introduces two segmentation strategies: 1) a sketch segmentation strategy based on a basic ordering pattern analysis combined with an extended value matrix, sourced from a customer value matrix created by Marcus (1998); and 2) a precision segmentation strategy based on a diffusion mapping analysis in conjunction with a factor value matrix, derived from the principal component analysis. The work further illustrates how to apply the precision segmentation strategy in assortment planning, with the goal of identifying more valuable products for the pilot company. Considering that product market diffusion is the key to increase purchase intention in the nanostore market, using this strategy can allow the pilot company to utilize resources more efficiently to further improve the diffusion of those valuable products.
by Xiaodan Pan.
M. Eng. in Logistics

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-164).
This thesis aims to aid in the understanding of capital budgeting techniques for infrastructure developments. In particular, it analyzes: Net Present Value (NPV), Decision Analysis (DA) and Real Options Analysis (ROA), and compares these approaches in terms of their treatment of uncertainty, their acknowledgement of flexibility, and their usefulness for strategic decisionmaking. The comparison of these alternative methodologies is based on a literature review highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, complemented by a system study of the expansion of the water supply system for Bogota, Colombia. This study illustrates the application of each methodology and identifies the policy challenges relevant to infrastructure investment evaluation in Colombia and other emerging economies. The study confirms the hypothesis that NPV is inadequate for the evaluation of projects in uncertain environments, mainly because it does not account for the value generated by flexibility. The study also recognizes that although the ROA approach is theoretically superior in the pricing of flexibility, its implementation requires information usually not available for infrastructure assets. This rends the results of the analyses imprecise and complicates the process of identifying an optimal strategy. The study finds the Decision Analysis approach preferable for the evaluation of Bogota's water supply expansion projects, based on its practicality and ease of communication. The thesis also sets forth a framework for choosing the most appropriate capital budgeting technique for other infrastructure developments. This framework is based on data quality and availability and the objective function of the analysis to be conducted.
S.M.

D'après les recherches archéologiques sur le précéramique du haut plateau cundiboyacense (Colombie) on a constaté que les groupes de chasseurs-collecteurs se sont établis dans les abris sous roche depuis 13000 b. P. La fouille de Galindo dans une terrasse naturelle, nous a permis la découverte d'un site considéré comme la plus ancienne occupation en habitat de plein air du précéramique dans le haut plateau de Bogota. Dans le site nous avons registré une séquence d'occupations des 8745 b. P. Les deux premiers séjours sur le site ont été très temporaires. Un peu avant 7735 b. P. Il y a eu une occupation dans la terrasse qui a été plus régulière, tout en restant saisonnière. Vers 5000 b. P. Le site a été abandonne, mais il a été occupé à nouveau par des groupes plus tardifs de potiers-paysans de la période Herrera et plus récents. Les différents groupes qui y ont vécu ont exploité les ressources de faune existantes dans la région (cerfs, cobayes et canards). L'industrie lithique comprend un seul système technique de production d'éclats et d'instruments unifaciaux, sans une prédétermination des produits finaux. Cette tradition technique a été utilisé par les groupes de chasseurs-collecteurs du haut plateau dès le début du précéramique jusqu'à des périodes plus tardives. Elle est différente à une autre tradition trouvée dans des sites du territoire colombien dans laquelle l'élaboration des outils, quelques uns étant bifaciaux, était faite avec prédétermination
The archaeological investigations of the pre-ceramic period on the high plain of cundinamarca and boyaca (colombia) have demonstrated that groups of hunters gatherers settled in this area in rock-shelters from 13000 b. P. Onwards. The excavation of Galindo, located on a natural terrace, allowed us to investigate the oldest open-air settlement of the preceramic period on the sabana de bogota. At this site, four successive periods of occupation can be distinguished, starting from 8745 b. P. The oldest two were of very short duration. Around 7735 the occupation of the terrace seems to be of a more stable character, but it was still seasonal. Towards 5000 b. P. The terrace was abandoned, to be resettled later by agriculturalists of the ceramic herreraperiod and more recent groups. The different occupants exploited the faunal resources that were typical of the area (deer, cavia and ducks). The lithic industry consists of one single technological system for the production of flakes and unifacial tools, without predetermination of the end-product. This technological tradition was used by the groups of hunters gatherers of the high plain from the beginnings of the pre-ceramic period until more recent times. It differs from another tradition found at some sites in colombia, where the stone toolkit consists of bifacials manufactured with predetermination

L’UNESCO (2017) affirme que l’éducation inclusive permet de reconnaître l’éducation pour tous comme principe fondamental favorisant la réussite scolaire des élèves. Pour ce faire, les gouvernements doivent toutefois procéder à une refonte de leur système éducatif et axer sur des pratiques adaptatives d’enseignement. Dans ce contexte, le programme d’éducation inclusive à Bogotá en Colombie a été lancé en 2017 avec l’objectif de permettre aux élèves ayant des besoins particuliers d’apprendre avec les autres élèves, en tenant compte de leurs capacités. La présente étude propose une évaluation de la mise en œuvre de ce programme à partir d’une analyse des pratiques adaptatives des enseignants en fonction de leurs perceptions à l’égard du programme et de leur sentiment d’efficacité personnelle (SEP). Pour ce faire, 124 enseignants appliquant le programme d’éducation inclusive ont répondu à des questionnaires permettant de dresser le portrait des pratiques d’adaptation de l’enseignement mises en place par les enseignants, d’évaluer leur SEP en ce qui a trait à l’implantation de ces pratiques et de décrire leurs perceptions à l’égard du programme. Les résultats montrent que les participants ont des perceptions positives envers le programme, disposent d’un SEP élevé à l’égard de la mise en place de pratiques adaptatives et le font fréquemment en réponse aux besoins particuliers des élèves. Par ailleurs, la considération des variables contextuelles d’application du programme, notamment la diversité des besoins particuliers des élèves de la classe, de la perception de l’enseignant à l’égard dudit programme ainsi que de son SEP permet de prédire 57% de la variance dans la fréquence d’utilisation des pratiques adaptatives. Ces résultats laissent entrevoir les potentialités du programme et les aspects à améliorer dans sa mise en œuvre. Des études complémentaires permettant d’investiguer dans quelle mesure les élèves ayant des besoins particuliers bénéficient de l’implantation du programme devront toutefois être réalisées
UNESCO (2017) affirms that inclusive education allows recognizing education for everyone as a fundamentalprinciple that promotes students’ success in school. In order to achieve it, governments must review theireducation systems and focus on adaptive teaching practices. In this context, the inclusive education programin Bogota, Colombia was launched in 2017 aimed to enable students with special needs to learn with otherstudents, taking in consideration their abilities. This study proposes an evaluation of the implementation of thisprogram based on an analysis of teachers' adaptation practices according to their perceptions of the programand their sense of self-efficacy. For the analysis, 124 teachers applying the inclusive education programresponded to questionnaires that provided a portrait of the teaching adaptation practices put in place, theirsense of self-efficacy with respect to the implementation of these practices, and describe their perceptions ofthe program. The results show that participants have positive perceptions of the program, a high sense of selfefficacy in implementing adaptive practices, and frequently apply them in response to student specific needs.Furthermore, the consideration of the contextual variables of the program application, in particular the diversityof the specific needs of the students in the class, the teacher's perception of the program as well as theirsense of self-efficacy, make possible to predict a 57% variance in the frequency of use of adaptive practices.These results show the potential of the program and the aspects that need to be improved in itsimplementation. Additional studies to investigate the extent to which students with special needs benefit fromthe implementation of the program should however be carried out.

Cette thèse analyse les relations de la parenté des employées domestiques de Bogotá dans la période contemporaine. A partir d’une recherche de terrain dans une résidence fermée du centre ville de la capitale colombienne et de 71 entretiens ouverts et histoires de vie, elle tente de comprendre quel est l’effet du service domestique sur les relations familiales de ces femmes. Pour ce faire, nous avons, dans un premier temps considéré la vie de couple et la sexualité des bonnes bogotanas. L’assertion selon laquelle emploi domestique n’est pas compatible avec une vie conjugale et sexuelle est relativisée et réservée aux domestiques à demeure restant plus d’une dizaine d’années au service des mêmes patrons. La plupart des domestiques rencontrées avaient une vie sexuelle, même lorsqu’elles étaient internas. Cependant, leur sexualité et leur conjugalité se voient affectées tout à la fois par la migration rurale vers les villes qui caractérise souvent ce type d’emploi, mais aussi par la corésidence. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié la maternité des bonnes de Bogotá. Nous avons repéré un processus de dépossession maternelle à l’œuvre chez les employées résidentes. Plusieurs tactiques de résistances s’offrent alors à elles : la circulation des enfants et le travail comme journalière. Enfin, le dernier chapitre est consacré à l’analyse de la manière dont les enfants de domestiques perçoivent et vivent ce processus de dépossession maternelle
This doctoral thesis offers an analysis of the blood relationships and general kinship between Bogotá’s female house workers in the contemporary period. Through a field work in a closed residence in uptown Bogotá and 71 unstructured interviews and life stories, it aims at better understanding the impact of domestic service on those women’s family lives. In the first place I focused on the Bogotana maids’ marital and sexual habits. The assertion according to which a housemaid cannot afford a conjugal or sexual life has to be qualified for it seems to be trye only of the full-time employees living under the same roof as their employers for more than ten years. Most of the houseworkers I met had a sexual life, even when they were internas. And yet, their sexual habits and marital status do depend on both the migration from a rural to an urban area often necessitated by the houseworking system and the obligation to share the same place of abode with the employers. In a second place I studied Bogotá’s maids’ means to bypass material impediments and fulfill their role as mothers. I pointed out a process of maternal dispossession with the resident maids. They can adopt several strategies of resistance: either they rely on the circulation of children or they choose a daytime job. My last chapter is devoted to the issue of the children’s perception of this process leading to maternal dispossession

Barthélemy Boganda (1910-1959) est un personnage historique en Afrique Centrale anciennement appelée Afrique Equatoriale Française, A. E. F. Son action qui dépassait le cadre étroit de l'Oubangui-Chari concernait toute l'Afrique Centrale. Il avait pris conscience de la servitude et de la misère du peuple aéfien. Il ne cessait de réclamer une légitime reconnaissance de la dignité de chacun et de son droit à disposer librement de lui-même par-delà les différences culturelles et raciales. Premier prêtre oubanguien, premier député de l'Oubangui-Chari à l'Assemblée nationale française, premier maire élu de Bangui, président du Grand Conseil de l'A. E. F. , contestant les limites des territoires coloniaux qu'il jugeait artificielles, il envisageait l'union de l'A. E. F. En une seule république ou fédération d'états et rêvait d'Etats-Unis d'Afrique latine liés à l'Occident. Face au refus des pays voisins, l'Oubangui-Chari devient la République Centrafricaine qu'il destinait à l'A. E. F. Entière. Disparu peu de temps après, il laisse des principes et des lignes de conduite à poursuivre pour son pays. . .

Una megalopoli come Bogotà ha vissuto negli anni un processo di espansione che ha portato ad una scarsa pianificazione urbanistica con edilizia autocostruita, soprattutto nell'area sud della città, quella più povera e in via di espansione dell’intera Bogotà. Per sopperire alla forte mancanza di spazi pubblici, il progetto intende affrontare quattro tematiche: il rapporto con una infrastruttura pesante, la valorizzazione di un vuoto urbano e la creazione di un parco lineare e di una piazza come luoghi di incontro per la comunità. Il nuovo edificio individua i suoi fondamenti nel ripensamento di un grande nodo stradale all'incrocio con l’Autosur e assume una configurazione circolare in seguito all'applicazione del modello proposto da Luis Kahn per il piano di Philadelphia: sono infatti i flussi e il movimento a disegnare il nuovo nodo stradale e l’edificio.

Cette these a pour objet d'analyser le role, la place et la portee 1 de la fete au sein du processus de construction de la nation colom- bienne aux xviiieme et xixeme siecles. La demarche consiste a faire une typologie des differentes fetes en colombie qui ont un rapport avec le concept de nation, dans le but de degager les formes de so- ciabilite et les types d'assotiation qui les accompagnent ainsi que les imaginaires sociaux qui sont transportes dans leur scenarios
This work deals with an analysis of the role, place and scope of the festivities in the process of the construction of te nation in xviiith and xixth centuries. This study deals as well with the elaboration of a typology of the different festivities, in colombia, related to the concept of nation in order to explicit the sociabili- tis and associations related to the different types of the social imaginaries represented in these ceremonies

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Faz algumas décadas a cidade de Bogotá tem experimentado um significativo crescimento urbano. Fatores como o deslocamento forçado, as migrações e as poucas garantias de segurança e desenvolvimento econômico nas áreas rurais fazem piorar este processo de crescimento. Mais de 72% da população habita áreas urbanas de Bogotá, capital da Colômbia, conta com quase sete milhões de habitantes tornando-se cidade mais povoada do país e gerando uma grande demanda de moradia e serviços públicos que não são cobertos na totalidade. Esta investigação foi levada a cabo em cinco setores de Bogotá - em cinco estudos de caso onde a situação ambiental e social, somada ao crescimento urbano, constitui um cenário complexo. Estes estudos de caso mostram a situação dos mananciais, um setor dos morros orientais da cidade, evidenciando a progressiva invasão de moradia ilegal e seus efeitos sócios ambientais.
For some decades Bogotá has come experiencing a significant urban growth, factors like the forced displacement, the migrations and the few guarantees of security and economy in the rural areas, make worse this growth. More than 72% of populations are living in urban areas, in the case of Bogotá the capital of Colombia, this count with almost seven millions of inhabitants, becoming the populated city in the country, generating a great housing demand and public services that don't cover in their entirety. This investigation was carried out in five sectors of Bogotá city, with the interest of case studies, where the environmental and social situation, added to the urban growth, constitutes a complex scenario. These case studies show the situation of the natural lakes and one sector of the oriental hills of the city, evidencing the progressive invasion of illegal housing and their social and environmental effects.

The provision of urban services is one of the most important issues in the process of urbanization. However, more than half of the urban population in developing countries does not enjoy any of these services yet. The public sector has been unable to provide services to the ever-increasing urban population. This failure has been met by the involvement of the private sector in the provision of services: nevertheless, private services are only provided to those who can afford them. The urban poor, who are the majority of the population in urban centres, are not able to afford those services. In the absence of public and private services, the poor have managed themselves to provide services. However, the provision of services by the informal sector has been attacked by governments, which have rarely evaluated or understood this sector. This thesis investigates how the informal sector has created different networks to provide services. In order to find out how exactly this phenomenon has taken place in poor communities, an informal settlement was selected in Bogota, Colombia for a case study. Service networks were identified and classified according to their nature, the operational and technical aspects were described, and, finally, the accepted level of services by the members of the community was analyzed and inferences were drawn. In this way, the studies showed that the informal sector through the use of networks assembled by community-based organizations and/or assembled by different individuals with private initiative were successfully providing services to the poor.

La evolución del mundo moderno ha hecho que tanto para hombres como para mujeres escasee el tiempo debido a las múltiples actividades que realizan diariamente. La familia, el trabajo, la educación, el deporte, el esparcimiento son factores que priman en las familias cuando existe falta de tiempo, sin embargo, los oficios del hogar serán siempre una necesidad permanente para mantener ambientes ordenados, armónicos y satisfacer necesidades de alimentación y vestuario requeridos diariamente. Esta labor que demanda gran cantidad de tiempo no es fácilmente suplida por los hogares Colombianos que carecen del mismo o de experticia en los oficios del hogar1. Como respuesta a esta necesidad, los hogares se enfrentan a dos retos principales: 1). Buscar y seleccionar el personal adecuado que genere la seguridad y confianza2 necesarios para permitir el acceso al hogar y que tenga la experiencia suficiente para desarrollar las labores encomendadas y 2). Cumplir a cabalidad con la legislación colombiana en materia de formalidad del empleo so pena de incurrir en demandas laborales y penales por el incumplimiento de la norma (Decreto 721 de 2013). Dos tareas difíciles de cumplir, cuando se carece de tiempo y/o de conocimiento en ambos aspectos.
Tesis

OBJETIVO GENERAL Identificar, desde un enfoque fundamentado en la teoría crítica, las características espaciales que han antecedido y conllevado a la transformación (informalización?) de las primeras urbanizaciones populares modernas que construyó el Instituto de Crédito Territorial ICT, las Unidades Vecinales de Muzú y Quiroga, en Bogotá D.C., Colombia, (fundamentadas en los principios del CIAM), reconociendo en dichas transformaciones la presencia de patrones arquitectónicos, y en menor grado urbanos, que han estado presentes en la vivienda social (formal e informal) de la premodernidad hasta el presente. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS --Examinar las políticas de vivienda adoptadas para Bogotá a lo largo del siglo XX y en especial de los años '50 en adelante --Recopilar los trabajos realizados en temas afines a la vivienda social y a la caracterización de patrones habitacionales que conduzcan al reconocimiento de la bien o mal llamada vivienda informal --Revisar trabajos realizados hasta el día de hoy relacionados con las Unidades Vecinales que se proponen estudiar para el presente trabajo. --Clasificar el material producido en materia de vivienda social en Bogotá, relacionado con vivienda formal e informal. --Identificar las particularidades espaciales de los patrones habitacionales de la vivienda social y tradicional en Bogotá desde los períodos post-coloniales hasta el presente --Definir los campos analíticos, cualitativos y cuantitativos, para el estudio de las Unidades Vecinales de Muzú y Quiroga. --Inspeccionar a través de trabajos de campo y por medio de un trabajo de acción-participación los procesos de transformación, a nivel urbano y habitaiconal, de las Unidades Vecinales --Contrastar las formas de apropiación de los espacios de las viviendas de hoy en día en relación a los proyectos originalmente desarrollados, estableciendo los patrones más comunes de habitabilidad. --Identificar las formas más usuales de habitabilidad en la vivienda informal. --Generar un producto final que aporte a estudios teóricos en el Hábitat Popular y la Vivienda Social en temas relacionados con nuevas alternativas de vivienda para sectores vulnerables de nuestra población. CONCLUSIONES FINALES -La modernidad Bogotá entró de manera directa a través de las acciones que el Estado promovió desde los años '30. A partir de ese momento fueron reiterativas sus manifestaciones y el papel de Estado benefactor' ofreció generosas y acertadas soluciones de habitabilidad hasta los años '70. --En un contexto como el bogotano, no puede explicarse la modernidad arquitectónica como la simple producción mecánica de objetos en serie, de manera industrializada, pues desde inicios del siglo XX ya existían evidencias de vivienda repetitiva pero con tecnología artesanal, basadas en una normativa y regularización, donde la idea del modelo' empezaba a tomar importancia en la intención de modificar la ciudad. --La modernidad en Bogotá tiene múltiples lecturas en cuanto a sus resultados físico-espaciales, uno dado desde las dimensiones oficiales, normativas, formales y otra desde el crecimiento no-formalizado o sea desde las dinámicas culturales que se entrelazan en la ciudad y dan una respuesta espacial o fuera de lo establecido, a ello se le ha denominado informal, por estar fuera de lo legalmente estipulado, estas dos instancias hacen de la nuestra, una modernidad rica en resultados y de una complejidad que ofrece al quehacer del arquitecto nuevas alternativas para desempeñarse académica y profesionalmente. --La arquitectura moderna fue pues, un estímulo para brindar, a través de sus postulados occidentales, soluciones emergentes a una cultura diferente y ajena a aquellos principios. La escasez de alternativas de vivienda, dio paso a que el movimiento entrara con tal fuerza que conllevó a soterrar importantes formas de vida y habitabilidad y pese a este abrupto cambio, estas formas permanecieron en el tiempo y son hoy evidentes dentro de la modernidad colombiana, en los llamados barrios marginales o informales' que han originado más del 50% del crecimiento físico de las urbes latinoamericanas. --No obstante, muchos de los paradigmas europeos aplicados a los proyectos de vivienda pública en Bogotá, en los diversos estratos socio-económicos, fueron importantes aportes de diseño a las necesidades de vivienda de una población que para las décadas de los años cuarenta, cincuenta, sesenta y setenta, crecía de manera alarmante. --La modernidad que adoptó el Estado colombiano como una necesidad creada por los países más desarrollados, transformó poblados menores en pequeñas ciudades como producto, en la mayoría de las veces, de la violenta expulsión de población del campo y de las oportunidades laborales que comenzaban a ofrecer las urbes a los pobladores rurales. --La modernidad por tanto, desató una abrupta transformación de los modos de vida de la población, la cual pasó velozmente de vivir y producir en condiciones atrasadas a formar parte de una masa de población que manejaba otro ritmo de trabajo y de vida. Ante la única alternativa de marchar a la ciudad para subsistir, los pobladores rurales no encontraron los espacios adecuados para su supervivencia, esta necesidad, aunque de manera lenta y ulterior, determinó que el Estado interviniese y brindara beneficios a unos ciudadanos totalmente desamparados. --Los principios del movimiento moderno sirvieron al Estado en un momento dado como herramientas fundamentales para solucionar el problema de la vivienda social urbana desde finales de la década de los años 40. Posteriormente, la responsabilidad de la solución de vivienda entregada a la empresa privada a partir de los años '70 terminó por desviar el enfoque social del movimiento y propició su declive. --Luego de que intereses mercantilistas se apoderaran de dicha responsabilidad, los profesionales de la arquitectura perdieron su ingerencia en las formas de crecimiento y desarrollo de las ciudades y pasaron a ser simples operadores' de la maquinaria económica. --La modernización en el país ha estado ligada directamente a los procesos políticos y los fenómenos de violencia, los cuales han tenido efectos en la arquitectura y el urbanismo de las ciudades. Los hechos físicos muestran su paso y sus huellas. La modernidad sigue su camino mimetizándose y mutándose, es irreversible y a la vez seductora... El simple hecho de referirla tan insistentemente quizás sea producto del miedo y admiración por ella, es una necesidad entenderla y criticarla, para buscar los caminos más coherentes de trabajar con ella y procurar que como hecho universal no arrase de manera incólume con estas formas de vida. --Reseñar en varios puntos a la informalidad como una manera de habitar de las culturas populares, refiriendo sus problemas puntuales y reconociendo la pertinencia de abordar su hábitat para allí buscar soluciones alternativas de vivienda que se aproximen a las necesidades de una población con pocas opciones laborales --El desarrollo de estudios en economía urbana que conduzcan hacia la viabilidad de nuevas alternativas de vivienda masiva al alcance de diversos sectores populares de la ciudad y el país --Resaltar la necesidad de elaborar estudios permanentes en hábitat popular informal comprendiendo la lógica de masificación que imponen las ciudades contemporáneas en América Latina --La pertinencia de reconocer un desconocimiento de aquellos puntos importantes dentro del hábitat informal que puedan ser considerados como fundamento para futuras propuestas de vivienda en la Bogotá contemporánea. --La necesidad de elaborar una teorética profunda sobre el hábitat popular que conduzca a la creación de un software que brinde opciones reales para los habitantes de estratos populares --Los procesos de informalización en hábitats planificados obedecen a una clara ausencia del estado para solventar necesidades básicas de los habitantes, tal como sucedió en el Quiroga. --No se puede seguir destinando vivienda para un perfil de usuario ideal, sino para determinar una vivienda que nazca de realidades sociales y culturales concretas, así se podrá determinar un aporte al debate al déficit de la vivienda cuantitativa y cualitativa, que es uno de los más sentidos y desatendidos puntos de la hoy denominada Vivienda de Interés Social VIS. --La informalización puede ser vista como tal desde una perspectiva económica fundamentada en la sistematización físico-espacial que planteó el modelo capitalista para las ciudades, pero no puede ser considerada INFORMAL desde una perspectiva socio-cultural porque la idea de vivienda, desarrollo progresivo y autoconstrucción han prevalecido a través de los tiempos y son una parte significativa, y en un altísimo porcentaje (más del 54% según cifras del DANE, Departamento nacional de Estadísticas) el desarrollo físico de la ciudad, lo cual quiere decir que a pesar de no estar dentro de un sistema oficializado de crecimiento, responde a unas dinámicas económicas y directa o indirectamente hacen parte de estas.

Dopo un’approfondita analisi strutturale e morfologica della metropoli di Bogotà, si affronta il progetto per la costruzione di una nuova chiesa e complesso parrocchiale in una delle localidad più povere della città: Usme. Nella relazione si illustra il progetto nel dettaglio, descrivendo tutto il processo metodologico. Il sistema del complesso parrocchiale, situato sulla sommità di un piccolo declivio, è stato concepito come luogo collettivo e prende spunto dai sistemi abbaziali e monastici, organizzati attorno alle corti, vero fulcro della vita comunitaria. Il progetto si struttura su tre elementi principali: la chiesa, la casa del sacerdote con il patio e la corte su cui affacciano gli edifici per la vita parrocchiale. La chiesa, centro della composizione, si organizza come un edificio essenziale, povero, muto, silenzioso, con uno stretto riferimento alle architetture e al corpus teorico di Paolo Zermani e Rudolph Schwarz.

Il progetto nasce a scala urbana con la finalità di riqualificare un’area prossima al centro storico nella quale è stata interrotta la regolarità della griglia presente nella città dalla sua fondazione. La volontà, quindi, è quella di riproporre all’interno dell’area un nuovo centro di quartiere inserendo funzioni pubbliche e riaprendo al culto la chiesa esistente. Studiando la collocazione dei carceri all’interno della città dalla sua fondazione ad oggi, il carcere viene quindi inserito all’interno del nuovo centro come nella città di fondazione. Data la critica situazione di sovraffollamento dei carceri a Bogotà, il progetto si pone l’obiettivo di rispondere in parte a questo problema e, siccome è fondato sulle dimensioni originarie della città, può costituire un modello da poter riproporre in altre aree all’interno del tessuto urbano, andando quindi a costituire una sorta di “sistema carcerario”.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Nesta pesquisa investigamos aspectos ligados à arte da direção teatral, enfatizando a experiência artística de Anne Bogart na SITI Company - companhia teatral fundada nos Estados Unidos no ano de 1992. Uma das características do trabalho que Bogart desenvolve na SITI Company tem a ver com o treinamento: prática presente em diferentes manifestações artísticas ao longo da história e que se refere, no caso da arte do teatro, a um contínuo aprimoramento sobre as técnicas de ator/atriz. A abordagem aqui realizada diz respeito ao treinamento enquanto um conceito estabelecido ao longo dos séculos XX e XXI segundo prerrogativas determinadas por diretores/diretoras. Na SITI Company, o treinamento resulta da combinação entre o Método Suzuki e o Viewpoints, duas distintas técnicas teatrais que imbricam referências culturais do Oriente e Ocidente. Desenvolvemos reflexões sobre os procedimentos adotados por Bogart na SITI Company, buscando explicitar um entendimento particular das relações estabelecidas entre o conceito de treinamento e a arte da direção teatral. E de que modo isso edifica, para Bogart, uma proposição relacionada às competências de um diretor/de uma diretora.
In the current research we investigate aspects related to the art of directing, emphasizing the artistic experience of Anne Bogart in the SITI Company - theater company founded in the United States in 1992. One of the characteristics of Bogart's work developed in SITI Company is about training: a current practice in many different artistic approaches in the theatre history concerning to continuous improvement of the actor's (and the actress's) techniques. Here the training is regarded as a concept which was established throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries under prerogatives conceived by theatre directors. In the SITI Company, the training is a combination of the Suzuki Method and the Viewpoints, two different theatrical techniques that overlap cultural references of East and West. We went under reflections on the procedures adopted by Bogart in the SITI Company, in order to specify a particular understanding of the links between the concept of training and the art of directing. And how it becames a proposition for Bogart relative to a director's role.

Orientador: José Manuel Lázaro de Ortecho Ramirez
Banca: Alexandre Luiz Mate
Banca: Sandra Meyer Nunes
Resumo: Nesta pesquisa investigamos aspectos ligados à arte da direção teatral, enfatizando a experiência artística de Anne Bogart na SITI Company - companhia teatral fundada nos Estados Unidos no ano de 1992. Uma das características do trabalho que Bogart desenvolve na SITI Company tem a ver com o treinamento: prática presente em diferentes manifestações artísticas ao longo da história e que se refere, no caso da arte do teatro, a um contínuo aprimoramento sobre as técnicas de ator/atriz. A abordagem aqui realizada diz respeito ao treinamento enquanto um conceito estabelecido ao longo dos séculos XX e XXI segundo prerrogativas determinadas por diretores/diretoras. Na SITI Company, o treinamento resulta da combinação entre o Método Suzuki e o Viewpoints, duas distintas técnicas teatrais que imbricam referências culturais do Oriente e Ocidente. Desenvolvemos reflexões sobre os procedimentos adotados por Bogart na SITI Company, buscando explicitar um entendimento particular das relações estabelecidas entre o conceito de treinamento e a arte da direção teatral. E de que modo isso edifica, para Bogart, uma proposição relacionada às competências de um diretor/de uma diretora.
Abstract: In the current research we investigate aspects related to the art of directing, emphasizing the artistic experience of Anne Bogart in the SITI Company - theater company founded in the United States in 1992. One of the characteristics of Bogart's work developed in SITI Company is about training: a current practice in many different artistic approaches in the theatre history concerning to continuous improvement of the actor's (and the actress's) techniques. Here the training is regarded as a concept which was established throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries under prerogatives conceived by theatre directors. In the SITI Company, the training is a combination of the Suzuki Method and the Viewpoints, two different theatrical techniques that overlap cultural references of East and West. We went under reflections on the procedures adopted by Bogart in the SITI Company, in order to specify a particular understanding of the links between the concept of training and the art of directing. And how it becames a proposition for Bogart relative to a director's role.
Mestre

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN FINANZAS
Gonzalo Muñoz M. [Parte 1Mediante Método de Múltiplos], Julinho Carlos Salas N. [Parte II Mediante Método de Flujos De Caja Descontado (FDC)].
El presente trabajo constituye un estudio aplicado, de la teoría de Valoración de una Empresa, a través del método por “Múltiplos Comparables”. La Empresa objeto del estudio, Empresa de Energía de Bogotá S.A. (En adelante, “EEB”), es la casa matriz del Grupo Energía de Bogotá cuyas áreas de negocio son la transmisión de energía y el manejo de todo su portafolio de inversiones. Actualmente es la segunda empresa en transmisión de electricidad en Colombia, con una participación en el mercado del 11.7%. Hemos utilizado toda la información relevante en el mercado a Junio de 2014, como también, hemos obtenido información de las memorias históricas tanto de EEB como de otras empresas de la Industria incluyendo empresas de Perú y Colombia. El enfoque de múltiplo o comparables, determina un valor para la empresa, estableciendo relación entre ratios financieros de una compañía de la misma industria, y el valor de la firma, obteniendo así un valor rápido y aproximado de la empresa. Según este método, nos permitió determinar un precio accionario referencial de acuerdo al ratio precio utilidad de EEB de COP$1.698 aproximadamente, si extrapolamos este ratio promedio de empresas similares en tamaño, unidades de negocio y zona geográfica, con similares condiciones macroeconómicas y normativas/regulatorias (empresas latinoamericanas con información al cierre de 31 de junio 2014). Dado lo anterior, podemos concluir que EEB se encuentra subvalorada, ya que el precio de mercado de la acción al cierre de junio 2014 anotó alrededor de COP$1.590, por lo que aún podría aumentar en un 6,8%. Como veremos en el desarrollo de este trabajo, los múltiplos de valoración son normalmente considerados como un método sencillo, rápido y habitual para obtener valoraciones, hay también importantes desventajas que han de ser tomadas en cuenta como:  Los múltiplos son una medida relativa del valor de una compañía y, por consiguiente, pueden verse influenciados por las condiciones cambiantes del mercado con mucha facilidad.  Las valoraciones basadas en los múltiplos también pueden verse afectadas por las políticas contables, tamaños de mercado que impactan los ingresos, rentabilidades entre empresas variable, , entre otros, las cuales pueden diferir de compañía a compañía o de país en país.
El presente trabajo constituye un estudio aplicado, de la teoría de Valoración de una Empresa, a través de dos métodos, siendo estos el de “Flujos de Caja Descontados” (Modigliani y Miller - 1961). La Empresa objeto del estudio, Empresa de Energía de Bogotá S.A. (En adelante, “EEB”), es la casa matriz del Grupo Energía de Bogotá cuyas áreas de negocio son la transmisión de energía y el manejo de todo su portafolio de inversiones. Actualmente es la segunda empresa en transmisión de electricidad en Colombia, con una participación en el mercado del 11.7%. Hemos utilizado toda la información relevante en el mercado a Junio de 2014, como también, hemos obtenido información de las memorias históricas tanto de EEB como de otras empresas de la Industria incluyendo empresas de Perú y Colombia. El caso del método de Flujo de Caja Descontado, en adelante FCD, está dentro de las metodologías más científicas y teóricamente precisas para realizar una valoración, porque está relacionada con la utilidad y el crecimiento del negocio que está siendo evaluado. Según este método, el precio de la acción es de COP$1.632. Dado lo anterior, podemos concluir que EEB se encuentra ligeramente sobrevalorada, ya que el precio de mercado de la acción al cierre de junio 2014 anotó alrededor de COP$1.590. Un análisis realizado a través del Descuento de Flujos de Caja tiende a verse menos influenciado por las condiciones del mercado y pretende medir el valor de la empresa en términos absolutos. Es un método dinámico, multi-periódico, que tiene en cuenta el valor temporal del dinero en el tiempo. Sin embargo, por las mismas razones, es un método mucho más laborioso basado en supuestos habitualmente cuestionables e inciertos.

Cette recherche explore, pour la ville de Santa Fe de Bogota (Nouvelle-Grenade), différents aspects de la problématique historique des rapports de travail et des jugements de paresse adressés à la population tout au long du XVIIIe siècle. L’étude propose ainsi une approche locale et urbaine des Réformes du XVIII siecle (Reformas Borbónicas), en articulant différentes échelles qui vont de la position générale des colonies dans l’empire ibérique aux formes particulières de travail des habitants de la ville. La perspective adoptée a pour fondement une conception de l'interaction sociale centrée sur les pratiques ; sur les tensions, accords et désaccords qui definissaient -dans son deroulement- des équilibres de pouvoir caractéristiques. Il s’agit, notamment, d’une dynamique sociale métisse qui exprime autant les ambiguïtés d’une configuration sociale composite, que les conséquences d’une colonisation d’ancien régime
This research explores different aspects of the historical problematic of labour relationships and of the accusations for laziness against people, during the late eighteenth century in the city of Santa Fe of Bogota (New Grenade). In this regards, it approaches the local and urban reforms of the eighteenth century, (The Burbonic Reforms) crossing different levels of analysis from the general position of the Spanish American Colonies within the set of Spanish possessions, to the particular forms of work of the habitants of the city. The perspective adopted is based on a conception of social interactions centred on practices; tensions, agreements, disagreements that defined through their developments the balances of power. It is particularly focused on the mestizo social dynamic that expresses the contradictions of a hybrid social formation, as well as the consequences of ancient regime colonization

La thèse étudie, selon une optique de géographie historique, la ville de Bogotá, capitale de la Colombie juchée sur un haut plateau à 2600 m d’altitude. Fondée dans la foulée de l’expansion coloniale espagnole en Amérique, Bogotá est aujourd’hui une métropole de huit millions qui compte parmi les villes les plus dynamiques de l’Amérique latine. Le but de démontrer comment cette ville, isolée au sein d’un vaste pays montagneux, est devenue au fil des siècles un centre économique de premier ordre à l’échelle continentale. Au plan théorique, l’analyse mobilise trois concepts fondamentaux : la morphologie urbaine, où se combinent la division de la société en classes et l’organisation du territoire; le système urbain, qui place la ville à la fois dans un réseau d’échanges ou d’influences et dans son économie régionale; les discours urbanistiques, qui infléchissent idéologiquement l’organisation de l’espace géographique à l’échelle locale. Croisant constamment ces concepts, la thèse propose une synthèse de l’histoire urbaine de Bogotá. Pour ce qui est des premières périodes, qui se rapportent à la ville coloniale et à la ville républicaine du XIXe siècle, le regard se concentre tout particulièrement sur la dynamique du système urbain dans lequel s’inscrit Bogotá et sur la trajectoire de la ville comme capitale religieuse, administrative et économique de la Nouvelle Grenade et, après l’indépendance, de la Colombie. Concernant le XXe siècle, l’attention se tourne plus spécifiquement vers l’impact de l’industrialisation, de l’exode rural et de l’idéologie moderniste. Enfin, un dernier chapitre explore l’époque contemporaine en étudiant les conséquences à Bogotá de l’urbanisme post-moderne, fréquemment lié à la montée d’une idéologie néolibérale, et l’imposition d’une politique urbaine flexible et éloignée des contrôles gouvernementaux. De même y est scruté l’étalement urbain, en cours depuis deux décennies, et les phénomènes qui y sont associés : ségrégation, embourgeoisement, densification, métropolisation. Il apparaît que ces processus sont tous liés à une planification dérégulée et focalisée presque exclusivement sur l’espace public, la sécurité citoyenne et la narrativité environnementale. Mots clefs : Morphologie urbaine, système urbain, discours urbanistiques, historiographie urbaine, métropolisation, étalement urbain.

Attualmente Usme, caratterizzata come visto da un territorio principalmente a bassa densità, è ancora fortemente relazionata con la campagna perché costituita dall’insieme di aree agricole, o di quelli che una volta erano spazi coltivati più prossimi alla città compatta. Questo tipo di paesaggio rurale che caratterizza Usme è caratterizzato come già visto da un tessuto sfrangiato e discretizzato e rappresenta la porzione di territorio dove la città esercita l’impatto ambientale più intenso dovuto sia alla sua immediata vicinanza al contesto urbano che al carattere di scarsa identità che sembra esprimere. Qualunque intervento architettonico in un territorio di margine come quello di Usme dovrebbe confrontarsi con un sistema di relazioni a grande scala, che si rapporti con la geografia stessa del luoghi e con un orientamento e una misurazione visiva e fisica del territorio stesso. Allo stesso modo è necessario che il progetto comprenda anche il suolo stesso delle grande aree attualmente lasciate libere, ovvero che il progetto architettonico si integri con il progetto paesaggistico creando in questo modo nuove relazioni e nuove geometrie nell’assetto territoriale. In questo senso il progetto può dialogare con il territorio e mettere in relazione differenti situazioni morfologiche, sfruttandone le potenzialità. L’obiettivo è quindi quello di non costruire semplici volumi appoggiati sulla terra ma quello di modificare la terra stessa, entrando in relazione con essa in modo profondo. Il progetto così inteso è concepito, e prima ancora letto, secondo strati, i quali possono contaminarsi o possono semplicemente sovrapporsi. L’area di progetto, come già detto, è essenzialmente all’interno di un vuoto presente tra le due parti di città. Il nuovo edificio si conforma come un segno netto nel territorio, un viadotto, un tronco d’albero caduto che protegge il parco dalla città, un elemento primordiale che da una parte si incunea nel terreno e dall’altra si affaccia sulla valle. Vuole essere il segno di un naturale artificio, proponendosi al tempo stesso come simbolo e funzione. Il museo emerge dalla terra, ma sembra anche immergersi in essa. L’architettura del museo crea un nuovo paesaggio morfologicamente radicato al suolo, attraverso uno spazio parzialmente ipogeo che integra il museo all’interno della montagna attraverso la copertura continua con la topografia esistente, sottolineando il profilo della collina.

Mining sustainability implies the idea of extracting non-renewable resources from the Earth at maximum extent and minimum environmental impact. Any mine has a certain economic mining depth beyond which the production cost for ton of product will be greater than the income generated due to increasing operational costs. Considerable contribution to operational cost is generated by the energy consumption for dewatering, ventilation and man & material hoisting. Dewatering cost is often considered among the most critical and governing factors that decide the economic mining depth of an underground mine, especially if it is located in a wet climatic zone. Reduction of energy expenditure and cost for dewatering leads to increase of economic mining depth, consequently expanding the resource extraction and ensuring the growing sustainability of the mining industry.  This study focuses on the dewatering system in Bogala graphite mine, a medium-depth underground mine located in the wet region of Sri Lanka. The methodological approach proposed in this work aims to optimize the energy utilization for dewatering and can be adapted to any general underground mine dewatering system. An Energy System Analysis targeted the critical elements of the dewatering system identified during the literature survey and verified by field studies carried out onsite. The main objective of a dewatering system is to drive up the water which accumulates underground to the surface with the use of combination of pumps. Selecting a more effective combination together with the application of more efficient pumps is one potential option for optimizing the dewatering energy consumption. Another option is to control underground water accumulation by suppressing the origin of underground water in the particular mine; however, the economical viability of implementing control measures to suppress water origin and accumulation should be carefully analysed since the cost of such implementation would sometimes be unrecoverable throughout the mine’s life.     This report evaluates several possible engineering applications to control the root-causes of underground water accumulation & recirculation while improving energy efficiency of water conveyance taking into consideration the viability under technical, financial and environmental constraints in order to optimize the energy utilization of the dewatering system in Bogala mines.