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1
Interpreting consumer choice : The behavioral perspective model. New York : Routledge, 2009.
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Foxall, Gordon. Interpreting Consumer Choice : The Behavioural Perspective Model. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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Brass, Daniel J. A Social Network Perspective on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Sous la direction de Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie et Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.25.
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This chapter provides a brief general primer on social network theory and how it might be applied to organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as an alternative perspective to the undersocialized (isolated individual) and oversocialized (norm and culture) views of behavior in organizations. I identify social network relationships that are likely to affect the performance and receipt of OCBs and propose a model of the diffusion of OCBs through an organization, noting differences between organizational networks such as cliques and core-periphery structures. In the process, I attempt to identify research questions that may be of interest to both academics and managers. The overarching goal is to provide readers with enough information to apply a social network perspective to OCB.
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Jarnecke, Amber M., et Susan C. South. Behavior and Molecular Genetics of the Five Factor Model. Sous la direction de Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.25.
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Behavior and molecular genetics informs knowledge of the etiology, structure, and development of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. Behavior genetics uses quantitative modeling to parse the relative influence of nature and nurture on phenotypes that vary within the population. Behavior genetics research on the FFM has demonstrated that each domain has a heritability (proportion of variation due to genetic influences) of 40–50%. Molecular genetic methods attempt to identify specific genetic mechanisms associated with personality variation. To date, findings from molecular genetics are tentative, with significant results failing to replicate and accounting for only a small percentage of the variance. However, newer techniques hold promise for finding the “missing heritability” of FFM and related personality domains. This chapter presents an overview of commonly used behavior and molecular genetic techniques, reviews the work that has been done on the FFM domains and facets, and offers a perspective for future directions.
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McCracken, Lance M., et Whitney Scott. Motivation from the Perspective of Contextual Cognitive Behavioral Approaches and the Psychological Flexibility Model. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0014.
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In everyday uses, the term motivation may imply a kind of mechanistic, “inside” the person, type of process. Contextual approaches, on the other hand, adopt an evolutionary perspective on motivation that emphasizes the selection of behavior patterns through the joint actions of historical consequences and verbal or cognitive processes, themselves considered the product of the same contextual processes of selection by consequences. The contextual focus on building, maintaining, and elaborating behavior patterns from directly manipulable contextual features enables a focus on variables that are able to serve the purpose of prediction and influence over behavior. Current studies of these processes apply the psychological flexibility model, including its processes of values-based and committed action. Laboratory studies of these processes demonstrate their potential importance in healthy functioning in relation to chronic pain. Treatment studies, including studies of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), also demonstrate that enhancing these motivation-related processes has clinical utility.
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Robbins, Trevor. Impulsivity and Drug Addiction : A Neurobiological Perspective. Sous la direction de Jon E. Grant et Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0078.
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A conceptual analysis of the impulsivity construct in behavioral and neurobiological terms is followed by an analysis of its causal role in certain forms of drug addiction in both human and animal studies. The main focus of this chapter is on a rat model of impulsivity based on premature responding in the five-choice serial reaction time task and a more detailed characterization of this phenotype in neurobehavioral, neurochemical, and genetic terms. Evidence is surveyed that high impulsivity on this task is associated with the escalation subsequently of cocaine self-administration behavior and also with a tendency toward compulsive cocaine seeking. Novelty reactivity, by contrast, is associated with the enhanced acquisition of self-administration, but not with the escalation of intravenous self-administration of cocaine or the development of compulsive behavior associated with cocaine seeking. These results indicate that the vulnerability to stimulant addiction may depend on different factors, as expressed through distinct presumed endophenotypes. These observations help us further to dissociate various aspects of the impulsivity construct in neural as well as behavioral terms.
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Sheeran, Paschal, Thomas L. Webb, Peter M. Gollwitzer et Gabriele Oettingen. Self-Regulation of Affect–Health Behavior Relations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0005.
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The present chapter analyzes relations between affect and health behaviors from the perspective of the action control model of affect regulation. It presents evidence that forming if-then plans or implementation intentions can emancipate health actions from unwanted influence by three kinds of affect—experienced affect, anticipated affect, and implicit affect. For each of these kinds of affect, it demonstrates that emancipation can be achieved in two ways—either by directly targeting the affect itself so as to undermine the strength of the affective response, or by targeting the relationship between affect and health behavior so that the translation of affect into action is reduced or blocked. It concludes that the impact of affect on health decisions and actions is not inevitable: affective influence can be modulated effectively using if-then plans.
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Hans, Steiner, Daniels Whitney, Kelly Michael et Stadler Christina. Comprehensive and Integrated Treatment of Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265458.003.0005.
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This chapter maps evidence-based interventions on the biopsychosocial model of causation suggested by the current evidence. Medications and biological treatments are still second-line interventions, which should be considered only if there is insufficient progress with psychological and social-familial treatments. There is very little progress in the past decade in testing medication interventions. New findings from neuroscience suggest another subtype of disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs), which holds considerable promise to improve outcomes in this treatment category. Psychological treatments are best supported by the evidence, especially when delivered in manualized form with a high degree of treatment fidelity. Familial and community-based interventions are also well supported, especially in complex, severe and chronic cases. There is a dearth of intervention studies targeting the different phenotypes of antisocial and aggressive behavior and studies of integrated treatment However, many studies are now available that approach treatment from a medical evidence–based rather than criminological perspective.
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Costa, Raquel, Miguel A. Serrano et Alicia Salvador. Psychobiological Responses to Competition in Women. Sous la direction de Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.21.
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From an evolutionary perspective, questions have been raised about whether women have a psychobiological pattern similar to that of men. In humans, hormonal effects of competition and its outcome have been investigated under the biosocial status hypothesis, which proposes that, after a competition, winners would show increases in testosterone whereas losers would show reductions, and the challenge hypothesis, which emphasizes the functional role of testosterone increases in the spring to promote agonistic behavior related to territoriality and access to females. Subsequently, the coping competition model has defended the study of competition within a more general stress model, considering the psychobiological responses as part of the coping response. This chapter shows that women investigations are increasing in number in recent years and that, in competitive situations, they present coping strategies with a psychobiological response pattern that can be enlightened by the coping competition model.
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Cavender, Gray, et Nancy C. Jurik. Prime Suspect and Progressive Moral Fiction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037191.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses the strengths and limitations of Prime Suspect as a work of progressive moral fiction. It identifies ways that the conventions of the crime genre and the strictures of television work against the transformative potential of the series. It elaborates apparent flaws in the character of Jane Tennison: incidents of personality issues and unethical behavior that appear in the series. It suggests that Tennison's flaws can actually enhance debates about gender and justice. The chapter draws on the work of feminist critical race scholar Patricia Hill Collins (2000) in her work Black Feminist Thought to describe a “both/and” perspective for understanding Tennison's character. It compares Prime Suspect with other contemporary police procedural dramas. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and pedagogical implications of Prime Suspect and the model of progressive moral fiction. It focuses on how the model can be used in the classroom to address the justice implications in Prime Suspect and media productions more generally.
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Pratt, Michael W., et M. Kyle Matsuba. Moral Personality in Emerging Adulthood. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199934263.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 begins with a brief overview of the field of moral development in recent years, touching on moral cognition, moral affect, and moral behavior. Patterns in the development of moral personality are then explained and reviewed, following the McAdams and Pals model. The authors then turn to research on morality from a narrative perspective (still quite limited) and describe their own work on stories of prosocial moral episodes and of empathy in emerging adulthood from the Futures Study data. The chapter ends with a case study of the emerging and young adulthood of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., as a way of illustrating these issues of moral personality development.
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van Gelder, Jean-Louis. Dual-Process Models of Criminal Decision Making. Sous la direction de Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder et Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.8.
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This chapter discusses the application of dual-process and dual-system models to offender decision making. It is argued that these models offer a more accurate account of the decision process than the traditional choice models in criminology, such as rational choice and deterrence models, and can overcome their various limitations. Specific attention is devoted to the hot/cool perspective of criminal decision making, which takes the dual-process hypothesis as a point of departure. This model is rooted in the idea that both “cool” cognition and “hot” affect, or thinking and feeling, guide behavior and that understanding their interaction is fundamental for understanding how people make criminal choices.
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Walsh, Anthony, et Cody Jorgensen. Evolutionary Theory and Criminology. Sous la direction de Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.35.
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Evolutionary criminology is part of a broader biosocial approach to criminology. The evolutionary perspective can help organize the hodgepodge of extant, and often contradictory, criminological theories in a coherent way, thus providing a more robust explanation of criminality. This chapter demonstrates the relevance of evolutionary theory to criminology, discusses the evolutionary origins of both prosocial and antisocial traits, and shows that evolutionary theory is invaluable to understanding two key issues that have been impervious to solution using the standard social science model—the sex ratio in criminal offending and the age–crime curve. The chapter also provides a discussion on the distal causes of traits conducive to criminal behavior as well as a Darwinian explanation of why humans can be altruistic toward some humans yet victimize others.
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Barzilay, Shira, et Abbie Cohen. Psychological Models of Suicide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0002.
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A comprehensive model of suicidal processes and behavior is essential for the assessment of imminent risk for suicide and for the design of informed interventions. This chapter provides descriptions of the three generations of the most influential theories of suicidal behavior as well as an assessment of their strengths and limitations. First-generation models were based on clinicians’ individual experiences and, more recently, on consensus opinion and clinical judgment. Second-generation prognostic models hypothesized that suicide risk was determined by measurable long-term biological, clinical, or demographic risk factors. Third-generation models of suicidal behavior focused on dynamic risk elements, which appear later in life, change over time, and are operational immediately proximal to suicide. This chapter provides a historical perspective on the evolution of the theoretical approaches to the understanding of psychological processes that make suicide possible.
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Wiers, Reinout W., Matt Field et Alan W. Stacy. Passion’s Slave ? Sous la direction de Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.009.
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This chapter reviews the literature on cognitive processes in substance use disorders from a dual-process perspective. In dual-process models, behavior is viewed as the joint outcome of “impulsive” and “reflective” processes. Reflective processes rely on a single limited capacity mechanism and can be depleted, resulting in a stronger influence of impulsive processes. Recent studies confirmed this, both for state variables (e.g., reduced moderation of impulses after acute alcohol) and for trait variables (stronger prediction of addictive and related behaviors by impulsive processes in individuals with relatively weak executive control processes). In addiction, the balance between impulsive and reflective processes can become (further) disturbed as a result of the effects of the psychoactive substances on the cognitive processes involved. This is related to the notion of reduced “willpower,” traditionally at the heart of definitions of addiction. A model on the cognitive processes involved in addiction is presented, along with implications for interventions.
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Rudavsky, T. M. Happiness, Virtue, and Political Society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199580903.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 is concerned with social and political behavior. Even in the context of moral philosophy, Jewish philosophers discuss issues within the wider context of a rational scientific perspective. This chapter begins with specific moral codes developed by Jewish thinkers, focusing in particular upon the works of Ibn Gabirol, Baḥya ibn Paquda, Maimonides, and Crescas. Can there be ethical dictates independent of the commandments? The rabbis already worried whether there existed a domain of “right behavior” that pre-dates, or exists independently of, divine commandment. Does Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean apply to divine law? Furthermore, can all humans achieve intellectual perfection? Is the road the same, and open, to all? And is there only one road to ultimate felicity, or are there many routes? The chapter ends with a discussion of whether human felicity can be achieved in this life, and whether the prophet best represents the ideal model for such achievement.
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Sappok, Tanja, Sabine Zepperitz et Mark Hudson. Meeting Emotional Needs in Intellectual Disability : The Developmental Approach. Hogrefe Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/00589-000.
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Using a developmental perspective, the authors offer a new, integrated model for supporting people with intellectual disability (ID). This concept builds upon recent advances in attachment-informed approaches, by drawing upon a broader understanding of the social, emotional, and cognitive competencies of people with ID, which is grounded in developmental neuroscience and psychology. The book explores in detail how challenging behaviour and mental health difficulties in people with ID arise when their basic emotional needs are not being met by those in the environment. Using individually tailored interventions, which complement existing models of care, practitioners can help to facilitate maturational processes and reduce behavior that is challenging to others. As a result, the ‘fit’ of a person within his or her individual environment can be improved. Case examples throughout the book illuminate how this approach works by targeting interventions towards the person’s stage of emotional development. This book will be of interest to a wide range of professionals working with people with ID, including: clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, occupational therapists, learning disability nurses, speech and language therapists, and teachers in special education settings, as well as parents and caregivers.
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Sullivan MD, PhD, Mark. From Patient to Agent. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.001.0001.
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In the 21st century, the primary challenge for health care is chronic illness. To meet this challenge, we need to think anew about the role of the patient in health and health care. There have been widespread calls for patient-centered care, but this model of care does not question deeply enough the goals of health care, the nature of the clinical problem, and the definition of health itself. We must instead pursue patient-centered health, which is a health perceived and produced by patients. We should not only respect, but promote patient autonomy as an essential component of this health. Objective health measures cannot capture the burden of chronic illness, so we need to draw on the patient's perspective to help define the clinical problem. We require a new definition of health as the capacity for meaningful action. It is recognized that patients play a central role in chronic illness care, but the concept of health behavior retards innovation. We seek not just an activated patient, but an autonomous patient who sets and pursues her own vital goals. To fully enlist patients, we must bridge the gap between impersonal disease processes and personal processes. This requires understanding how the roots of patient autonomy lie in the biological autonomy that allows organisms to carve their biological niche. It is time for us to recognize the patient as the primary customer for health care and the primary producer of health. Patient agency is both the primary means and primary end of health care.
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Liberzon, Israel, et Kerry Ressler, dir. Neurobiology of PTSD : From Brain to Mind. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.001.0001.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive and debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by an extreme sense of fear at the time of trauma occurrence, with characteristic re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms in the months and years following the trauma. PTSD can occur in up to 25% of subjects who have experienced severe psychological trauma, such as combat veterans, refugees, and assault victims. Why are some people resilient, whereas others develop debilitating PTSD? Notably, PTSD is among the most likely of psychiatric disorders to be understood from the perspective of environmental influences interacting with genetic vulnerability, since diagnosis requires a specific, highly traumatizing, fear-evoking experience. In addition, a large amount of evidence now supports a model in which PTSD can be viewed, in part, as a disorder of fear dysregulation. This is particularly exciting because the neural circuitry underlying fear behavior in mammals is among the most well-understood behavioral circuits in neuroscience. Further, the study of fear behavior and its underlying circuitry has led to rapid progress in understanding learning and memory processes. By combining molecular-genetic approaches with a mechanistic understanding of fear circuitry, great progress is possible in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of PTSD. This book examines the basic neural mechanisms that mediate complex responses and adaptations to psychological trauma; it describes what is currently known about how these biological processes are impaired in individuals with PTSD, and how environmental exposure to trauma interacts with the brain to create the syndrome of PTSD.