Articles de revues : « Brillouin scattering »

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GUERRA, R., J. T. MENDONÇA, and P. K. SHUKLA. "Stimulated Raman, Brillouin and dust–Brillouin scattering in dusty plasmas." Journal of Plasma Physics 59, no. 2 (February 1998): 343–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237789700620x.

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Stimulated scatterings of large-amplitude electromagnetic waves by Langmuir, dust–ion-acoustic and dust-acoustic waves in unmagnetized dusty plasmas are investigated by employing the standard methods of nonlinear three-wave interactions and by incorporating the effects of grain-charge fluctuations, collisions of electrons and ions with dust grains, the plasma drag on a dust grain (for the case of the dust-acoustic wave) and the dependence of the average dust charge on the dusty plasma parameters. Distinction is made between the charging collisions, when electrons and ions are accumulated onto the grain surface; and Coulomb collisions, when electrons and ions are simply deflected from the grain surface. We investigate the regimes for which Coulomb collisions can be treated under the small-angle-deflection approximation. If the intergrain average spacing is equal to or smaller than the Debye length, the collision frequencies of plasma species with dust grains can be much larger than any collision frequency of the plasma species amongst themselves. In the case of Brillouin stimulated scattering, other important contributions to damping come from Landau and dust-charge fluctuation damping. In the case of dust–Brillouin stimulated scattering, the most important contribution to damping comes from dust-charge fluctuation (if the intergrain average spacing is equal to or smaller than the Debye length) and plasma drag on the dust particles (if the intergrain average spacing is larger than the Debye length). We derive the instability thresholds as a function of the density of the dust grains. Because of the inclusion of the new effects, in both Raman and Brillouin scatterings it is found that the instability threshold powers are drastically increased relative to the dust-free case. In the case of dust–Brillouin scattering, a minimum for the threshold power is found in the transition region between ‘dusty’ and ‘dust-in’ plasma. Growth rates near thresholds are also discussed.

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Ahmad Hambali, N. A. M., M. Ajiya, M. M. Shahimin, M. H. A. Wahid, and M. A. Mahdi. "Single-wavelength ring-cavity fiber laser employed pre-amplification technique to reduce threshold by circulating spontaneous brillouin scattering." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i1.pp276-283.

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<span>In this paper, two types of ring-cavity fiber laser structures that operate as a single wavelength laser were investigated on the threshold performance. The two structures are namely Brillouin fiber laser and Brillouin erbium fiber laser. In the first structure, the Brillouin pump signal was amplified before being injected into the laser cavity which namely as Brillouin fiber laser. Meanwhile, for second structure respectively, the Brillouin pump signal was pre-amplified in the laser cavity which namely as Brillouin Erbium fiber laser. We found that the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold power was lowered significantly by circulating the spontaneous Brillouin scattering in the gain medium utilizing the pre-amplification technique. The optimum stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold power was about 1.4 mW, and this was achieved at optimum output coupling ratio of 95%. By comparing to the first structure in which the Brillouin pump signal was amplified before entering the laser cavity, stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold power was only achieved at 2.62 mW at a similar wavelength. The pre-amplification technique proposed in this paper has been shown to improve the performance of single-wavelength ring-cavity fiber lasers via significant reduction of the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold power which was around 1.22 mW.</span>

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Feng, Liuyan, Yi Liu, Wenjun He, Yajun You, Linyi Wang, Xin Xu, and Xiujian Chou. "Intramode Brillouin Scattering Properties of Single-Crystal Lithium Niobate Optical Fiber." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 26, 2022): 6476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136476.

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Ordinary step-type fiber usually has only one obvious Brillouin scattering gain peak with a low gain coefficient, resulting in a poor sensing performance. As a promising material for nonlinear photonics, lithium niobate can significantly improve the Brillouin gain due to its higher refractive index when replaced with the core material. Furthermore, the higher-order acoustic modes make the Brillouin gain spectrum exhibit multiple scattering peaks, which could improve the performance of sensors. In this study, we simulated the Brillouin scattering properties of different modes of intramode in step-index lithium niobate core fibers. We analyzed the intramode-stimulated Brillouin scattering properties of different pump–Stokes pairs for nine LP modes (LP01, LP11, LP21, LP02, LP31, LP12, LP41, LP22, and LP03) guided in fiber. The results show that both the effective refractive index and Brillouin scattering frequency shift are decreased with the increase in the nine mode orders, and the values of which are 2.2413 to 2.1963, and 21.17 to 20.73 GHz, respectively. The typical back-stimulated Brillouin scattering gain is obtained at 1.7525 m−1·W−1. These simulation results prove that the Brillouin gain of the LiNbO3 optical fiber structure can be significantly improved, which will pave the way for better distributed Brillouin sensing and for improving the transmission capacity of communication systems.

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Qiu, Jie, Liang Hao, Lihua Cao, and Shiyang Zou. "Investigation of Langdon effect on the stimulated backward Raman and Brillouin scattering." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63, no. 12 (November 10, 2021): 125021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac2e5b.

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Abstract In a laser-irradiated plasma, the Langdon effect makes the electron energy distribution function tend to a super-Gaussian distribution, which has important influence on laser plasma instabilities. In this work, the influence of a super-Gaussian electron energy distribution function on the convective stimulated backward Raman scattering and stimulated backward Brillouin scattering is studied systematically for a wide range of typical plasma parameters in the inertial confinement fusion. Distinct behaviors are found for stimulated Raman scattering and stimulated Brillouin scattering in the variation trend of the peak spatial growth rate and the corresponding wavelength of the scattered light. Especially, the Langdon effect on the stimulated Brillouin scattering in plasmas with different ion species and isotopes is analyzed in detail, and the parameter boundary for judging the variation trend of the peak spatial growth rate of stimulated Brillouin scattering with the super-Gaussian exponent is presented for the first time. In certain plasma parameter region, it is found that the Langdon effect could enhance stimulated Brillouin scattering in mixed plasma, which may attenuate the improvement in suppressing stimulated Brillouin scattering by mixing low-Z ions into the high-Z plasma. The comprehension of Langdon effect on stimulated Raman scattering and stimulated Brillouin scattering would contribute to a better understanding of laser plasma instabilities in experiments.

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Yu, Linfeng, Chukun Huang, Ming Cheng, Kang Wang, Haotian Shi, Qiang Huang, and Junqiang Sun. "On-chip stimulated Brillouin scattering [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 22, no. 2 (2024): 020031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202422.020031.

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Gerakis, A., M. N. Shneider, and P. F. Barker. "Coherent Brillouin scattering." Optics Express 19, no. 24 (November 21, 2011): 24046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.024046.

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Verkerk, Peter. "Neutron brillouin scattering." Neutron News 1, no. 1 (January 1990): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10448639008210194.

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Yanukovich, T. P., and A. V. Polyakov. "Simulation of Distributed Current Sensor Based on Optical Fiber Deformation." Devices and Methods of Measurements 10, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2019-10-3-243-252.

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Due to the development of automation and control systems, methods and devices for measuring of electric current large values are of great interest. The aim of the work was to develop a schematic diagram of a distributed current strength sensor based on the Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis; to create a mathematical model of the sensor to demonstrate its work and to calculate the basic parameters of the sensor. To provide the measurement optical fiber with conductive coating is used. Between the current bus, where current is measured, and conductive coating the Ampere force arises. Strain occurs in optical fiber due to this force. Stimulated Brillouin scattering has the strain dependent characteristic frequency. Shift of the characteristic frequency allows to measure current in the bus. To measure the characteristic frequency and the location of its shift Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis is used.The mathematical model of sensor operation based on tree-wave model of stimulated Brillouin scattering is demonstrated. This model allows calculating intensity of optical signal in the fiber in dependence of characteristic frequency shift. Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis uses inverse Fourier transform to obtain pulse response.A schematic diagram of a distributed current sensor based on the method of Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis is presented. An a priori estimate of parameters of the measuring system was carried out on the basis of the mathematical model of stimulated Brillouing scattering in an optical fiber. The spatial resolution of the sensor when determining the length and location of fiber sections was 0.06 m. The resolution of the sensor was 0.22 kA, the maximum value of the current strength was 25 kA. Dependence of the sensor operation at different powers of the laser used was investigated. The refractive index change influence on the result of measurements was estimated.

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Bogachkov, I. V., and N. I. Gorlov. "Determination of the Mandelstam – Brillouin Scatter Frequency Characteristic in Optical Fibers of Various Types." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2182, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2182/1/012089.

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Abstract The results of researches of the Mandelstam – Brillouin scattering frequency characteristics in single-mode optical fibers of various types are presented in this paper. A technique for obtaining the spectral characteristics of Mandelstam – Brillouin scattering for predefined acoustic mode distributions in single-mode optical fibers is considered. The procedure for determining the frequency characteristics of the Mandelstam – Brillouin scattering for a given structure of the radial distribution of the optical fiber refractive index is discussed. The Mandelstam – Brillouin scattering frequency characteristics of single-mode optical fibers obtained by mathematical modeling and experimental studies are presented. A comparative analyze of obtained results is carried out.

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Gao, Jing, Linbo Zhang, Dongdong Jiao, Guanjun Xu, Jiayu Bu, Mengfan Wu, Qi Zang, et al. "Analysis and Reduction of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fiber Frequency Transfer." Applied Sciences 13, no. 23 (November 28, 2023): 12762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132312762.

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Nonlinear effects in optical fiber frequency transfer have a significant impact on the precision of frequency transfer. We investigate the main nonlinear effects, including the Brillouin scattering and the Raman scattering, in optical fiber frequency transfer through theoretical and simulation calculations in detail. The calculation results show that the threshold powers of the Brillouin scattering and the Raman scattering decrease with the increase in the fiber length; however, the fiber length has little to no impact on the threshold powers when the fiber length is greater than 10 km. The threshold powers, including the Brillouin scattering and the Raman scattering, increase as the attenuation coefficient increases. Conversely, when it comes to the gain coefficients, the outcomes exhibit a reverse trend. When the linewidth Δvlaser of the laser source is from 1 Hz to 1 MHz, the linewidth Δvlaser does not affect the threshold powers of the Brillouin scattering. This study seeks to offer design guidance aimed at mitigating nonlinear effects in optical fiber frequency transfer. The calculated results hold considerable potential in guiding various applications reliant on Brillouin and Raman scattering properties, such as laser technology and optical fiber sensing.

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Kojima, Seiji. "100th Anniversary of Brillouin Scattering: Impact on Materials Science." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 13, 2022): 3518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103518.

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L. Brillouin predicted inelastic light scattering by thermally excited sound waves in 1922. Brillouin scattering is a non-contact and non-destructive method to measure sound velocity and attenuation. It is possible to investigate the elastic properties of gases, liquids, glasses, and crystals. Various kinds of phase transitions, i.e., liquid–glass transitions, crystallization, polymorphism, and denaturation have been studied by changing the temperature, pressure, time, and external fields such as the electric, magnetic, and stress fields. Nowadays, Brillouin scattering is extensively used to measure various elementary excitations and quasi-elastic scattering in the gigahertz range between 0.1 and 1000 GHz. A brief history, spectroscopic methods, and Brillouin scattering studies in materials science on ferroelectric materials, glasses, and proteins are reviewed.

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Rodriguez, Anne, Elham Mehdi, Priya Priya, Edson R. Cardozo de Oliveira, Martin Esmann, and Norberto Daniel Lanzillotti-Kimura. "Polarization-controlled Brillouin scattering in elliptical optophononic resonators." Optics Express 32, no. 23 (October 28, 2024): 41102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.534680.

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The fast-growing development of optomechanical applications has motivated advancements in Brillouin scattering research. In particular, the study of high-frequency acoustic phonons at the nanoscale is interesting due to the large range of interactions with other excitations in matter. However, standard Brillouin spectroscopy schemes rely on fixed wavelength filtering, which limits their usefulness for the study of tunable optophononic resonators. It has been recently demonstrated that elliptical optophononic micropillar resonators induce different energy-dependent polarization states for the Brillouin and the elastic Rayleigh scattering and that a polarization filtering setup could be implemented to increase the contrast between the inelastic and elastic scattering of the light. An optimal filtering configuration can be reached when the polarization states of the laser and the Brillouin signal are orthogonal to each other. In this work, we theoretically investigate the parameters of such polarization-based filtering techniques to enhance the efficiency of Brillouin scattering detection. For the filtering optimization, we explore the initial wavelength and polarization state of the incident laser, as well as the ellipticity of the micropillars, and reach an almost optimal configuration for nearly background-free Brillouin detection. Our findings are one step forward in the efficient detection of Brillouin scattering in nanostructures for potential applications in fields such as optomechanics and quantum communication.

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Kim, Yong Hyun, and Kwang Yong Song. "Recent Progress in Distributed Brillouin Sensors Based on Few-Mode Optical Fibers." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062168.

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Brillouin scattering is a dominant inelastic scattering observed in optical fibers, where the energy and momentum transfer between photons and acoustic phonons takes place. Narrowband reflection (or gain and loss) spectra appear in the spontaneous (or stimulated) Brillouin scattering, and their linear dependence of the spectral shift on ambient temperature and strain variations is the operation principle of distributed Brillouin sensors, which have been developed for several decades. In few-mode optical fibers (FMF’s) where higher-order spatial modes are guided in addition to the fundamental mode, two different optical modes can be coupled by the process of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), as observed in the phenomena called intermodal SBS (two photons + one acoustic phonon) and intermodal Brillouin dynamic grating (four photons + one acoustic phonon; BDG). These intermodal scattering processes show unique reflection (or gain and loss) spectra depending on the spatial mode structure of FMF, which are useful not only for the direct measurement of polarization and modal birefringence in the fiber, but also for the measurement of environmental variables like strain, temperature, and pressure affecting the birefringence. In this paper, we present a technical review on recent development of distributed Brillouin sensors on the platform of FMF’s.

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Liu, Zhiqiang, Jie Sun, Xianda Zhang, Zhi Zeng, Yupeng Xu, Ningning Luo, Xingdao He, and Jiulin Shi. "High-Accuracy Spectral Measurement of Stimulated-Brillouin-Scattering Lidar Based on Hessian Matrix and Steger Algorithm." Remote Sensing 15, no. 6 (March 9, 2023): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061511.

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The measurement accuracy of Brillouin scattering spectra is crucial for ocean remote sensing by Brillouin scattering lidar. Due to the limited resolution of ICCD cameras, the traditional processing methods remain at the pixel or partial sub-pixel level, which cannot meet the requirements of high-performance lidar. In this paper, to extract the frequency shift with high precision from stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) lidar, a novel spectral processing method with sub-pixel recognition accuracy is proposed based on the Hessian matrix and Steger algorithm combined with the least square fitting method. Firstly, the Hessian matrix and Frangi filter are used for signal denoising. Then, the center points of SBS spectra at the sub-pixel level are extracted using the Steger algorithm and are connected and classified according to the signal type. On that basis, the frequency shifts of Brillouin scattering are calculated by using the center and radii of interference spectra after through fitting by the least squares method. Finally, the water temperatures are inverted by using the frequency shifts of Brillouin scattering. The results show that the processing method proposed in this paper can accurately calculate the frequency shift of Brillouin scattering. The measured errors of frequency shift are generally at an order of MHz, and the inversion accuracy of water temperature can be as low as 0.14 °C. This work is essential to the application for remote sensing the seawater parameters by using the Brillouin lidar technique.

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Tanaka, Yosuke, Hironobu Yoshida, and Takashi Kurokawa. "Guided-acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering observed backward by stimulated Brillouin scattering." Measurement Science and Technology 15, no. 8 (July 20, 2004): 1458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/15/8/004.

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Chaban, Ievgeniia, Hyun D. Shin, Christoph Klieber, Rémi Busselez, Vitaly Gusev, Keith Nelson, and Thomas Pezeril. "Time-domain Brillouin Scattering as a Local Temperature Probe in Liquids." MRS Advances 4, no. 1 (2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.650.

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ABSTRACTWe present results of time-domain Brillouin scattering (TDBS) to determine the local temperature of liquids. TDBS is based on an ultrafast pump-probe technique to determine the light scattering frequency shift caused by the propagation of coherent acoustic waves in a sample. Since the temperature influences the Brillouin scattering frequency shift, the TDBS signal probes the local temperature of the liquid. Results for the extracted Brillouin scattering frequencies recorded at different liquid temperatures and at different laser powers are shown to demonstrate the usefulness of TDBS as a temperature probe.

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Palaniswamy NKumaran Kunthala, Rajeswari. "Brillouin Scattering based Distributed Sensing of Temperature." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 1, no. 3 (March 5, 2012): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/ijsr12120343.

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Dong, Yongkang. "High-Performance Distributed Brillouin Optical Fiber Sensing." Photonic Sensors 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-021-0616-7.

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AbstractThis paper reviews the recent advances on the high-performance distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing, which include the conventional distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing based on backward stimulated Brillouin scattering and two other novel distributed sensing mechanisms based on Brillouin dynamic grating and forward stimulated Brillouin scattering, respectively. As for the conventional distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing, the spatial resolution has been improved from meter to centimeter in the time-domain scheme and to millimeter in the correlation-domain scheme, respectively; the measurement time has been reduced from minute to millisecond and even to microsecond; the sensing range has reached more than 100 km. Brillouin dynamic grating can be used to measure the birefringence of a polarization-maintaining fiber, which has been explored to realize distributed measurement of temperature, strain, salinity, static pressure, and transverse pressure. More recently, forward stimulated Brillouin scattering has gained considerable interest because of its capacity to detect mechanical features of materials surrounding the optical fiber, and remarkable works using ingenious schemes have managed to realize distributed measurement, which opens a brand-new way to achieve position-resolved substance identification.

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Omatsu, T., H. J. Kong, S. Park, S. Cha, H. Yoshida, K. Tsubakimoto, H. Fujita, et al. "The Current Trends in SBS and phase conjugation." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 1 (March 2012): 117–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034611000644.

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AbstractThe current trends in stimulated Brillouin scattering and optical phase conjugation are overviewed. This report is formed by the selected papers presented in the “Fifth International Workshop on stimulated Brillouin scattering and phase conjugation 2010” in Japan. The nonlinear properties of phase conjugation based on stimulated Brillouin scattering and photo-refraction can compensate phase distortions in the high power laser systems, and they will also open up potentially novel laser technologies, e.g., phase stabilization, beam combination, pulse compression, ultrafast pulse shaping, and arbitrary waveform generation.

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Hotate, Kazuo. "Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Technologies Based on Synthesis of Optical Coherence Function as Fiber Optic Nerve Systems for Structural Health Monitoring." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010187.

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Brillouin optical correlation-domain technologies are reviewed as “fiber optic nerve systems” for the health monitoring of large structures such as buildings, bridges, and aircraft bodies. The Brillouin scattering property is used as a sensing mechanism for strain and/or temperature. Continuous lightwaves are used in the technologies, and their optical coherence properties are synthesized to realize position-selective measurement. This coherence manipulation technology is called the “synthesis of optical coherence function (SOCF)”. By utilizing SOCF technologies, stimulated Brillouin scattering is generated position-selectively along the fiber, which is named “Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (BOCDA)”. Spontaneous Brillouin scattering, which takes place at any portion along the fiber, can also be measured position-selectively by the SOCF technology. This is called “Brillouin optical correlation domain reflectometry (BOCDR)”. When we use pulsed lightwaves that have the position information, sensing performances, such as the spatial resolution, are inherently restricted due to the Brillouin scattering nature. However, in the correlation-domain technologies, such difficulties can be reduced. Superior performances have been demonstrated as distribution-sensing mechanisms, such as a 1.6-mm high spatial resolution, a fast measurement speed of 5000 points/s, and a 7000-με strain dynamic range, individually. The total performance of the technologies is also discussed in this paper. A significant feature of the technologies is their random accessibility to discrete multiple points that are selected arbitrarily along the fiber, which is not realized by the time domain pulsed-lightwave technologies. Discriminative and distributed strain/temperature measurements have also been realized using both the BOCDA technology and Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) phenomenon, which are associated with the stimulated Brillouin scattering process. In this paper, the principles, functions, and applications of the SOCF, BOCDA, BOCDR, and BDG-BOCDA systems are reviewed, and their historical aspects are also discussed.

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Chen, Hui, Zhenxu Bai, Xuezong Yang, Jie Ding, Yaoyao Qi, Bingzheng Yan, Yulei Wang, Zhiwei Lu, and Richard P. Mildren. "Enhanced stimulated Brillouin scattering utilizing Raman conversion in diamond." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 18 (May 2, 2022): 181103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087092.

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Cascaded Brillouin lasers based on guided-wave structures are applied across a range of important fields such as optical communications, microwave photonics, and sensing. However, restricted by the volume and available transmission range of the gain medium, the power output and wavelength diversity of guided-wave Brillouin devices are somewhat limited. In this work, we report the design and development of a cascaded Brillouin laser based utilizing a free-space optical layout with a diamond crystal as the Brillouin gain medium. A quasi-continuous-wave, 1 μm laser was used as the pump laser, and Raman wavelength conversion is used as an intermediate process to facilitate stimulated Brillouin scattering with a low threshold. When the output transmission of the diamond cavity is 0.37% and the incident pump power is 220 W, cascading of the Brillouin–Stokes field to the eighth Stokes and the seventh anti-Stokes orders was observed. By adjusting the cavity length, the order of the cascaded Brillouin laser output is controlled. A comprehensive analysis of the Brillouin generation process and the cascade of Stokes orders is undertaken for different incident pump powers and cavity lengths. This work is expected to enable practical applications of high-power Brillouin lasers and Brillouin frequency combs.

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Ostermeyer, M., H. J. Kong, V. I. Kovalev, R. G. Harrison, A. A. Fotiadi, P. Mégret, M. Kalal, et al. "Trends in stimulated Brillouin scattering and optical phase conjugation." Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 3 (June 9, 2008): 297–362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034608000335.

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AbstractAn overview on current trends in stimulated Brillouin scattering and optical phase conjugation is given. This report is based on the results of the “Second International Workshop on stimulated Brillouin scattering and phase conjugation” held in Potsdam/Germany in September 2007. The properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering are presented for the compensation of phase distortions in combination with novel laser technology like ceramics materials but also for e.g., phase stabilization, beam combination, and slow light. Photorefractive nonlinear mirrors and resonant refractive index gratings are addressed as phase conjugating mirrors in addition.

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O’Key, M. A., and M. R. Osborne. "Multikilohertz stimulated Brillouin scattering." Optics Letters 19, no. 7 (April 1, 1994): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.19.000442.

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Horikx, J. J. L., A. F. M. Arts, J. I. Dijkhuis, and H. W. de Wijn. "Brillouin scattering in incommensurateRb2ZnBr4andRb2ZnCl4." Physical Review B 39, no. 9 (March 15, 1989): 5726–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.39.5726.

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Ma̧czka, Mirosław, Jae-Hyeon Ko, Seiji Kojima, Jerzy Hanuza, and Andrzej Majchrowski. "Brillouin scattering in RbNbWO6." Journal of Applied Physics 94, no. 6 (September 15, 2003): 3781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1601683.

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O'Key, M. A., and M. R. Osborne. "Broadband stimulated Brillouin scattering." Optics Communications 89, no. 2-4 (May 1992): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(92)90172-n.

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Pättikangas, T. J. H., and R. R. E. Salomaa. "Double stimulated Brillouin scattering." Physica Scripta 40, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/40/1/013.

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Minami, Yasuo, Takeshi Yogi, and Keiji Sakai. "Millisecond Brillouin scattering spectroscopy." Applied Physics Letters 93, no. 16 (October 20, 2008): 161107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3002301.

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Corvo, Antonio, and Athanasios Gavrielides. "Forward stimulated Brillouin scattering." Journal of Applied Physics 63, no. 11 (June 1988): 5220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340383.

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Mroz, B., and S. Mielcarek. "Double Brillouin scattering geometry." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 34, no. 3 (January 26, 2001): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/3/324.

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Merklein, Moritz, Irina V. Kabakova, Atiyeh Zarifi, and Benjamin J. Eggleton. "100 years of Brillouin scattering: Historical and future perspectives." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 4 (December 2022): 041306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0095488.

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The Year 2022 marks 100 years since Leon Brillouin predicted and theoretically described the interaction of optical waves with acoustic waves in a medium. Accordingly, this resonant multi-wave interaction is referred to as Brillouin scattering. Today, Brillouin scattering has found a multitude of applications, ranging from microscopy of biological tissue, remote sensing over many kilometers, and signal processing in compact photonic integrated circuits smaller than the size of a thumbnail. What allows Brillouin scattering to be harnessed over such different length scales and research domains are its unique underlying properties, namely, its narrow linewidth in the MHz range, a frequency shift in the GHz range, large frequency selective gain or loss, frequency tunability, and optical reconfigurability. Brillouin scattering is also a ubiquitous effect that can be observed in many different media, such as freely propagating in gases and liquids, as well as over long lengths of low-loss optical glass fibers or short semiconductor waveguides. A recent trend of Brillouin research focuses on micro-structured waveguides and integrated photonic platforms. The reduction in the size of waveguides allows tailoring the overlap between the optical and acoustic waves and promises many novel applications in a compact footprint. In this review article, we give an overview of the evolution and development of the field of Brillouin scattering over the last one hundred years toward current lines of active research. We provide the reader with a perspective of recent trends and challenges that demand further research efforts and give an outlook toward the future of this exciting and diverse research field.

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Zhan, Yage, Ziyang Shen, Zeyu Sun, Qiao Yu, Hong Liu, and Yong Kong. "A two-parameter distributed sensing system for temperature and strain monitoring based on highly nonlinear fiber." Sensor Review 39, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-10-2017-0230.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to theoretically analyze and experimentally demonstrate the investigation of and present a kind of sensing system for monitoring simultaneous temperature and strain measurements based on highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) and single mode fiber (SMF). Design/methodology/approach First, the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) characteristics of the HNLF have been studied, including the Brillouin gain bandwidth, Brillouin gain center frequency and SBS threshold. Second, based on the Brillouin gain center frequency, the Brillouin frequency shift coefficients of strain and temperature in HNLF have been studied. Third, the sensing and signal interrogation scheme for simultaneous monitoring of temperature and strain with high resolution has been presented. Findings It is found that the HNLF has a wider Brillouin gain bandwidth. The SBS threshold of HNLF is 78 mW, which is much larger than 7.9 mW of SMF. Also, the Brillouin frequency shift coefficients of strain and temperature in HNLF are 0.0308 and 0.413 MHz/°C, respectively. Originality/value The larger threshold of SBS is useful to avoid SBS under certain situations that Spontaneous Brillouin Scattering is necessary and should be applied. The technique is based on the fact that the Brillouin frequency shift coefficients of strain and temperature in HNLF are different from those in SMF. Therefore, the two-parameter monitoring can be achieved by producing SBS and obtaining the back-scattering Brillouin signal light simultaneously in HNLF and SMF.

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Bogachkov, I. V., and N. I. Gorlov. "AN IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF SINGLE-MODE OPTICAL FIBERS AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR LONGITUDINAL TENSION CHARACTERISTICS." DYNAMICS OF SYSTEMS, MECHANISMS AND MACHINES 11, no. 4 (2023): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2310-9793-2023-11-4-57-64.

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This paper presents the results of studies on the automation of the processing of measurements of Brillouin reflectograms containing various types of single-mode optical fibers. By analyzing the Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering parameters, it is possible to distinguish the varieties of optical fibers in the studied optical cables, as well as to estimate the change in Brillouin frequency shift and determine the degree of longitudinal tension. The initial values of the Brillouin frequency shift and the Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering spectrum for each type of optical fiber differ. Developed programs for processing Blilluen reflectograms are presented. Conclusions were made about the accuracy of estimates obtained according to various algorithms, based on the accumulated experience in working with the presented programs.

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Sharma, R. P., and Ram Kishor Singh. "Stimulated Brillouin backscattering of filamented hollow Gaussian beams." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 4 (September 19, 2013): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034613000670.

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AbstractThis paper presents an investigation for excitation of ion acoustic wave and resulting stimulated Brillouin scattering in a collisionless plasma due to presence of a laser beam carrying null intensity at center (hollow Gaussian beam). In presence of ponderomotive nonlinearity, the pump beam get focused and affects the back stimulated Brillouin scattering process. To understand the nature of laser plasma coupling, a paraxial-ray approximation has been invoked for the propagation of the hollow Gaussian beam, ion acoustic wave, and stimulated Brillouin scattering. It is observed from the result that self-focusing and back reflectivity reduces for higher order of hollow Gaussian beam.

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Gao, Qilin, Zhiwei Lu, Chengyu Zhu, and Jianhui Zhang. "High efficient beam cleanup based on stimulated Brillouin scattering with a large core fiber." Laser and Particle Beams 32, no. 4 (September 15, 2014): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034614000445.

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AbstractA novel approach of beam cleanup based on stimulated Brillouin scattering with a large core fiber is proposed to improve the laser beam quality. The fusion splice scheme from a single-mode fiber to a very large core fiber (105 µm) is first employed in stimulated Brillouin scattering to steadily excite the fundamental mode of the Stokes beam. As a result, the output beam achieves a measured M2 value of around 1.3 meanwhile the pump conversion efficiency is up to 90%, which is the best in the reports of stimulated Brillouin scattering cleanup to our knowledge.

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Shanavas, Thariq, Michael Grayson, Bo Xu, Mo Zohrabi, Wounjhang Park, and Juliet T. Gopinath. "Cascaded forward Brillouin lasing in a chalcogenide whispering gallery mode microresonator." APL Photonics 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 116108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0112847.

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We report the first observation of cascaded forward stimulated Brillouin scattering in a microresonator platform. We have demonstrated 25 orders of intramodal Stokes beams separated by a Brillouin shift of 34.5 MHz at a sub-milliwatt threshold at 1550 nm. An As2S3 microsphere of diameter 125 µm with a quality factor of 1 × 106 was used for this demonstration. Theoretical modeling is used to support our experimental observations of Brillouin shift and threshold power. We expect our work will advance the field of forward stimulated Brillouin scattering in integrated photonics, with applications in gas sensing and photonic radio frequency sources.

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Gao, W., Z. W. Lu, S. Y. Wang, W. M. He, and W. L. J. Hasi. "Measurement of stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold by the optical limiting of pump output energy." Laser and Particle Beams 28, no. 1 (March 2010): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034610000054.

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AbstractA new approach to measure stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold based on the output energy characteristic of stimulated Brillouin scattering optical limiting is proposed. The stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold or its exponential gain, Gth, can be accurately and conveniently determined by the intersection point of linear-fitting lines of the output energy below and above the threshold. The values of Gth in CS2 and FC-72 for different wavelengths and interaction lengths are measured in Continuum's Nd:YAG Q-switched laser and its frequency-doubled system. We show that Gth for transient regime is larger than that for steady state, and increases with the pump wavelength and the interaction length.

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Hanlon, Dillon F., Bradley D. McNiven, Stephen J. Spencer, and G. T. Andrews. "Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy as a versatile probe of hypersound in diverse materials systems." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016202.

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An overview of the inelastic laser light scattering technique of Brillouin spectroscopy and its application to the study of hypersound in a diverse set of materials systems will be presented. In particular, results obtained from recent Brillouin scattering experiments on natural gastropod mucus, layered high temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ, biotite micas, and satellite tobacco mosaic virus crystals will be highlighted. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy as a sensitive non-destructive probe of hypersound velocity and attenuation in the vicinity of structural phase transitions, the influence of chemical composition and incommensurate structure on material elasticity, and of phonon dynamics in challenging materials classes.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Mathematical model of optical amplifier using nonlinear stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fiber." Baghdad Science Journal 4, no. 1 (March 4, 2007): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.4.1.142-146.

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We demonstrate the results of a mathematical model for investigation the nonlinear Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), which can be employed to achieve high optical amplifier. The SBS is created by interaction between the incident We demonstrate the results of a mathematical model for investigation the nonlinear Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), which can be employed to achieve high optical amplifier. The SBS is created by interaction between the incident light and the acoustic vibration fiber. The design criteria and the amplification characteristic of the Brillouin amplifier is demonstrated and discussed for fiber Brillouin amplifier using different pump power with different fiber length. The results show, high Brillouin gain can be achieved with high pump power and long effective fiber length.and the acoustic vibration fiber. The design criteria and the amplification characteristic of the Brillouin amplifier is demonstrated and discussed for fiber Brillouin amplifier using different pump power with different fiber length. The results show, high Brillouin gain can be achieved with high pump power and long effective fiber length.

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Wang, Yahui, Jing Chen, Jinglian Ma, Lintao Niu, and Mingjiang Zhang. "High-Spatial-Resolution Dynamic Strain Measurement Based on Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Sensors." Photonics 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2023): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10111255.

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Brillouin-scattering-based sensors have been widely applied in distributed temperature or strain measurement in recent 20 years. Brillouin optical correlation-domain technology has extensive development and application prospects because of its millimeter-level spatial resolution, distribution measurement, and high accuracy. Traditional Brillouin-scattering-based sensors, requiring a time-consuming frequency-sweep process, struggle to achieve dynamic strain measurement. In this article, Brillouin optical correlation-domain analysis and reflectometry based on fast-sweep frequency and slope-assisted methods will be reviewed. The main merits, drawbacks, and performances of these schemes are compared, and the avenues for future research and development of these two technologies are also explored.

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Yeap, Soon Heng, Siamak Dawazdah Emami, and Hairul Azhar Abdul-Rashid. "Numerical model for enhancing stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical microfibers." F1000Research 10 (June 30, 2021): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51029.1.

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Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is useful, among others for generating slow light, sensing and amplification. SBS was previously viewed as a poor method due to the limitation on optical power in high-powered photonic applications. However, considering the many possible applications using SBS, it is now of interest to enhance SBS in areas of Brillouin frequency shift together with Brillouin Gain. A numerical model, using a fully vectorial approach, by employing the finite element method, was developed to investigate methods for enhancing SBS in optical fiber. This paper describes the method related to the numerical model and discusses the analysis between the interactions of horizontal, shear and hybrid acoustic modes; and optical modes in optical fiber. Two case studies were used to demonstrate this. Based on this numerical model, we report the influence of core radius, clad radius and effective refractive index on the Brillouin frequency shift and gain. We observe the difference of Brillouin shift frequency between a normal silica optical fiber and that of a tapered fiber where nonlinearities are higher. Also observed, the different core radii used and their respective Brillouin shift. For future work, the COMSOL model can also be used for the following areas of research, including simulating “surface Brillouin shift” and also to provide in-sights to the Brillouin shift frequency vB of various structures of waveguides, e.g circular, and triangular, and also to examine specialty fibers, e.g. Thulium and Chalcogenide doped fibers, and their effects on Brillouin shift frequency.

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Feng, Cheng, and Thomas Schneider. "Benefits of Spectral Property Engineering in Distributed Brillouin Fiber Sensing." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051881.

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As one of the most consolidated distributed fiber sensors based on stimulated Brillouin scattering, the Brillouin optical time-domain analyzer (BOTDA) has been developed for decades. Despite the commercial availability and outstanding progresses which has been achieved, the intrinsic Lorentzian gain spectrum restricts the sensing performance from possible further enhancements and hence limits the field of validity of the technique. In this paper, the novel method of engineering the gain spectral properties of the Brillouin scattering and its application on static and dynamic BOTDA sensors will be reviewed. Such a spectral property engineering has not only provided improvements to BOTDA, but also might open a new way to enhance the performance of all kinds of distributed Brillouin fiber sensors.

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Yeap, Soon Heng, Siamak Dawazdah Emami, and Hairul Azhar Abdul-Rashid. "Numerical model for enhancing stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical microfibers." F1000Research 10 (February 17, 2022): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51029.2.

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Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is useful, among others for generating slow light, sensing and amplification. SBS was previously viewed as a poor method due to the limitation on optical power in high-powered photonic applications. However, considering the many possible applications using SBS, it is now of interest to enhance SBS in areas of Brillouin frequency shift together with Brillouin Gain. A numerical model, using a fully vectorial approach, by employing the finite element method, was developed to investigate methods for enhancing SBS in optical fiber. This paper describes the method related to the numerical model and discusses the analysis between the interactions of longitudinal, shear and hybrid acoustic modes; and optical modes in optical fiber. Two case studies were used to demonstrate this. Based on this numerical model, we report the influence of core radius, clad radius and effective refractive index on the Brillouin frequency shift and gain. We observe the difference of Brillouin shift frequency between a normal silica optical fiber and that of a microfiber - a uniformed silica fiber of a much smaller core and cladding dimensions where nonlinearities are higher. Also observed, the different core radii used and their respective Brillouin shift. For future work, the COMSOL model can also be used for the following areas of research, including simulating “surface Brillouin shift” and also to provide in-sights to the Brillouin shift frequency vB of various structures of waveguides, e.g circular, and triangular, and also to examine specialty fibers, e.g. Thulium and Chalcogenide doped fibers, and their effects on Brillouin shift frequency.

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Shaashoua, Roni, and Alberto Bilenca. "Aperture-induced spectral effects in stimulated Brillouin scattering microscopy." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 14 (April 3, 2023): 143702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0146627.

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Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) microscopy is emerging as a promising approach for mechanical imaging in biological settings. It is based on a spectroscopic backscattering SBS setup, but with scanning of the sample and using higher apertures of the excitation and collection optics for adequate spatial sampling. Here, we provide direct experimental measurements and theoretical predictions of the aperture-induced spectral effects of SBS microscopy in water—a key constituent of biological systems. It is shown that with increasing numerical aperture (NA), the Brillouin frequency shift and peak gain decrease, while the Brillouin linewidth broadens asymmetrically with the commencing of an extended tail in the low frequency region for NA > ∼0.5. Further, significant distortions of the Brillouin spectral line shape are predicted for NAs close to 1, affecting the ability to retrieve spectral parameters of the Brillouin medium precisely and accurately.

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Malek, A. Zakiah, N. A. M. Ahmad Hambali, M. H. A. Wahid, M. A. M. Azidin, Siti Salwa Mat Isa, and M. M. Shahimin. "Fiber Length Optimization of Ring Cavity Multi-Wavelength Brillouin Fiber Laser Utilizing Fiber Bragg Grating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 815 (November 2015): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.343.

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In this paper, we experimentally investigated the performance of ring cavity multi-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser utilizing fiber Bragg grating which operated in the C-band wavelength region. The combination of stimulated Brillouin scattering and selective wavelengths gave a new invention in the optical fiber communication. Five different lengths of single mode fiber are used in order to get the best gain medium for stimulated Brillouin scattering effect. Up to 33 of Brillouin Stokes signals and 31 of anti-Stokes signals were obtained when 10 km fiber length was used in the laser system. The average value optical signal to noise ratio of 15 dB has been achieved. The broadening bandwidth of Brillouin Stokes signals also occurred at the center wavelength of 1550 nm based on the 3 dB bandwidth of 5 nm fiber Bragg grating.

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Bogachkov, I. V., N. I. Gorlov, E. T. Kitova, and T. I. Monastyrskaya. "Application of Brillouin scattering in optic-fiber sensors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2091, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2091/1/012070.

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Abstract The article analyses possible applications for Brillouin scattering in optic-fiber sensors. They make it possible to do temperature and physical strain measurements with high accuracy for long line sections. The functional dependences of the output signals characteristics on parameters measured by the sensors are studied. Of particular interest are the results of the analysis of the spectral component shifts in the Brillouin light scattering depending on the fiber elongation and temperature. After a brief review of the basic theoretical principles the results of some researches aimed to expand the dynamic range and to increase spatial resolution. The results of simulation in professional design software environment OptiSystem 17.1. are described. The results are obtained by experimental research based on Brillouin reflectometer AQ8603 manufactured by “ANDO” (Japan). They show that it is possible to implement optic-fiber sensors based on Brillouin scattering in telecommunication systems, oil and gas industry, in electric-power industry, construction, aviation and space industry. The objectives for further research are to perform metrological analysis at all stages of the method implementation, to complete the base of Brillouin spectrograms for optical fiber of various types and to improve algorithms for automated processing spectra in order to expand functionality of the systems.

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Xu, Hua, Wensuo Yi, Ruiyang Ding, and Qiongjia Pang. "Research on Strain Extraction Method Based on BOTDR Scattering Spectrum." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2988, no. 1 (March 1, 2025): 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2988/1/012011.

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Abstract This study explores a novel signal detection method for a stress-strain sensing system based on the principle of Brillouin backscattering. Currently, signal detection methods in this field face challenges such as high computational load, low accuracy, and poor consistency. This paper proposes the use of the Adaptive Gradient Descent Algorithm (Adam) for fitting calculations on Brillouin scattering signals, and it establishes a Brillouin strain measurement system for heterodyne coherent detection. Experimental results indicate that the strain error after applying the Adam method to fit the scattering spectrum curve is 27.60, representing only 59% of the strain error obtained using the Gauss-Newton method, while the error from the Levenberg-Marquardt method is even higher. Additionally, the signal processing time of the Adam algorithm is 18.5 ms, outperforming the other two methods. This approach holds significant practical value for enhancing the precision of data feature extraction in Brillouin scattering sensing technology.

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Rioboó, Rafael J. Jiménez, Nuria Gontán, Daniel Sanderson, Manuel Desco, and Maria Victoria Gómez-Gaviro. "Brillouin Spectroscopy: From Biomedical Research to New Generation Pathology Diagnosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 8055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158055.

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Brillouin spectroscopy has recently gained considerable interest within the biomedical field as an innovative tool to study mechanical properties in biology. The Brillouin effect is based on the inelastic scattering of photons caused by their interaction with thermodynamically driven acoustic modes or phonons and it is highly dependent on the material’s elasticity. Therefore, Brillouin is a contactless, label-free optic approach to elastic and viscoelastic analysis that has enabled unprecedented analysis of ex vivo and in vivo mechanical behavior of several tissues with a micrometric resolution, paving the way to a promising future in clinical diagnosis. Here, we comprehensively review the different studies of this fast-moving field that have been performed up to date to provide a quick guide of the current literature. In addition, we offer a general view of Brillouin’s biomedical potential to encourage its further development to reach its implementation as a feasible, cost-effective pathology diagnostic tool.

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Kasumova R. J., Kerimli N. V., and Safarova G. A. "Phase effects at stimulated Brillouin scattering." Optics and Spectroscopy 131, no. 1 (2023): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2023.01.55515.3165-22.

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In the study of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the constant intensity approximation, the spatial behavior of the intensity of the Stokes scattering wave in a medium was investigated. It was found that as a result of nonlinear interaction of waves, the period of spatial beats changes. The intensity of the Stokes scattering component is considered as a function of the phase mismatch, pump and acoustic wave intensities. It is found that the efficiency of the scattering of the backward Stokes wave is affected by the total length of the nonlinear medium. According to the analytical expressions obtained in this work, the choice of the optimal parameters of the problem makes it possible to implement the regime of efficient generation of the Stokes scattering component in SBS. The process of generation and amplification of the Stokes scattering component is compared with experiment. By varying the pump intensity, one can control and manipulate the intensity of the output radiation of the Stokes component. Keywords: SBS, backward Stokes scattering wave, constant intensity approximation.

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Li, Jianzhi, Desheng Zhao, Yuemin Hou, and Baochen Sun. "Power coupling characteristics between FBG and back-scattering signals." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 07 (March 19, 2017): 1741014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217410144.

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The property and compatibility between fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and back-scattering signals are investigated by employing optical time domain reflectometry. We compare the power spectrums of spontaneous Brillouin scattering (SpBS), simultaneous Brillouin scattering (SBS) and Rayleigh scattering (RS), and coupling mechanism between FBG and back-scattering signal is explored. Experimental results show that the region of FBG contributes to the backscatter power and causes the desired reflection, and the power peak of FBG in SBS power spectrum is the sharpest among back-scattering light power spectrums and broadens with the decrease of spatial resolution. Moreover, the FBG-based method is used to find the location of temperature or stain event for scatter-based distributed sensors.

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