Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Buckling (Mechanics) Lateral loads »

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Buckling (Mechanics) Lateral loads"

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Huang, Wenjun, Deli Gao, and Yinghua Liu. "Buckling Analysis of Tubular Strings With Connectors Constrained in Vertical and Inclined Wellbores." SPE Journal 23, no. 02 (2017): 301–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180613-pa.

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Summary A new concept is proposed in the local tubular mechanical model, which provides a more-sophisticated description of tubular mechanical behaviors from a local perspective. The principles and assumptions for the local mechanical model are presented. Under these assumptions, the mechanical behaviors of tubular strings with connectors under nonbuckling/lateral-buckling, interhelical-buckling, and intrahelical-buckling modes in vertical and inclined wellbores are studied. The critical interhelical-buckling and intrahelical-buckling loads are deduced with the assumed load-displacement curve
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PI, Y. L., M. A. BRADFORD, N. S. TRAHAIR, and Y. Y. CHEN. "A FURTHER STUDY OF FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF ELASTIC ARCHES." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 05, no. 02 (2005): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455405001568.

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This paper uses both a virtual work approach and a static equilibrium approach to study the elastic flexural-torsional buckling of circular arches under uniform bending, or under uniform compression. In most studies of the elastic flexural-torsional buckling of arches under uniform compression produced by uniformly-distributed radial loads, the directions of the radial loads are conventionally assumed not to change but to remain parallel to their initial directions during buckling. In practice, the uniform compression may be produced by hydrostatic loads or by uniformly-distributed radial load
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Bank, L. C., M. Nadipelli, and T. R. Gentry. "Local Buckling and Failure of Pultruded Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Beams." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 116, no. 2 (1994): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904278.

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An experimental investigation of the local compression flange buckling and failure of commercially produced pultruded fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) I-shaped beams is described in this paper. Results of tests on pultruded E-glass/polyester and E-glass/vinylester composite material beams are described. The test configuration was designed to cause local buckling and ultimate failure of the compression flange of the beams and to prevent global lateral-torsional buckling. The beams were stiffened to prevent crippling and warping at the supports, and local tensile failure at the load points. All be
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Seifi, Rahman, and Ali Reza Kabiri. "Effects of lateral loads and constraints on buckling of cracked thin plates under compressive edge loads." Meccanica 48, no. 10 (2013): 2525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11012-013-9766-z.

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Peek, R., and M. El-Bkaily. "Postbuckling Behavior of Unanchored Steel Tanks Under Lateral Loads." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 113, no. 3 (1991): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928777.

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A simplified approach is described for determining the extent of plastic buckling of the tank wall near the base (elephant’s foot bulging) for ground-supported unanchored liquid storage tanks subjected to seismic overturning moments. The method is applied to a 100-ft diameter and 40-ft high tank with a roof. Results show that the ultimate seismic overturning moment that can be withstood by the tank is 31 percent higher than the overturning moment at which elephant’s foot bulging begins. The reason for this is redistribution of vertical compressive stresses in the tank wall: initially these ver
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Hieu, Pham Thanh, and Hoang Van Tung. "Postbuckling behavior of CNT-reinforced composite cylindrical shell surrounded by an elastic medium and subjected to combined mechanical loads in thermal environments." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 32, no. 10 (2018): 1319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718796551.

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Cylindrical shells are usually buckled under complex and combined loading conditions. This article presents an analytical approach to investigate the buckling and postbuckling behaviors of cylindrical shells reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes, surrounded by an elastic medium, exposed to thermal environments, and subjected to combined axial compression and lateral pressure loads. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are imbedded into matrix phase by uniform distribution or functionally graded distribution along the thickness direction. The properties of constituents are assumed to be temperature d
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TAKAGI, J., and M. OHSAKI. "DESIGN OF LATERAL BRACES FOR COLUMNS CONSIDERING CRITICAL IMPERFECTION OF BUCKLING." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 04, no. 01 (2004): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455404001136.

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The present paper discusses the design of column-type structures, which are composed of columns and lateral braces attached perpendicular to the columns. Buckling of the braces of this kind of structures directly leads to global buckling of the columns. The brace-buckling modes are successfully detected by considering higher-order geometrically nonlinear relations and by introducing Green's strain into the total potential energy of the structure. Sensitivity analysis of the eigenvalues of the tangent stiffness matrix under fixed load condition is carried out with respect to imperfections of th
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Wang, Chun Sheng, Xiao Liang Zhai, and Jing Wei Zhu. "Bending Experimental Investigation for Concrete-Filled Rectangular Tubular Flange Composite Girders." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1307.

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A new steel-concrete composite girder which is an I-shaped girder with concrete-filled rectangular tubular flange was proposed in this paper. The web depth of the new composite girder is reduced, and lateral torsion buckling stiffness is improved, which can increase the buckling capacity of the girder. In order to study the bending capacity of concrete-filled rectangular tubular flange composite girders (CFRTFCG), the static tests of CFRTFCG with flat and corrugated webs under concentrate lateral loads had been performed. Based on the test results, the bending limit load capacity and mechanica
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de Faria, A. R., and J. S. Hansen. "Buckling Optimization of Composite Axisymmetric Cylindrical Shells Under Uncertain Loading Combinations." Journal of Applied Mechanics 68, no. 4 (2000): 632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1311962.

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Optimal elastic buckling loads of composite axisymmetric circular cylinders under uncertain loading conditions are investigated. The mechanical loads applied to the cylinder are a combination of axial compression, lateral pressure, and torsion. Additionally, these loads are allowed to vary within a certain class of admissible loads during the optimization search, as opposed to the restriction of fixed loads in the traditional optimization. The consideration of a degree of uncertainty in the mechanical loads leads to optimal designs which are inherently insensitive to perturbations and/or rando
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Ghorbanpour Arani, A., M. Mohammadimehr, A. R. Saidi, A. Arefmanesh, and Q. Han. "Pasternak effect on the buckling of embedded single-walled carbon nanotubes using non-local cylindrical shell theory." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 12 (2011): 3045–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211409511.

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In this article, the buckling analysis of a single-walled carbon nanotube using the non-local cylindrical shell theory under general loading embedded on the Winkler- and Pasternak-type foundations is presented. The effect of the surrounding elastic medium such as the Winkler-type spring constant and the Pasternak-type shear constant is taken into account in the present formulations. The non-local and local critical buckling loads are obtained under general loading such as the axial compression, lateral pressure, and torsional loading, and it is concluded from the results that the non-local cri
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Thèses sur le sujet "Buckling (Mechanics) Lateral loads"

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Chase, Robert P. "Large 3-D deflection and force analysis of lateral torsional buckled beams /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1644.pdf.

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Bamberg, Christopher Ryan. "Lateral Movement of Unbraced Wood Composite I-Joists Exposed to Dynamic Walking Loads." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31977.

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The research summarized in this thesis is comprised of an experimental analysis of the mechanical behavior of a wood composite I-joist with different bracing configurations exposed dynamic walking loads. Three 16 in. deep GPI® 65 I-joists were simply supported and laid parallel to each other, while the bracing was attached to the top flange. Five different brace stiffnesses were used: zero stiffness (control), 1.2 lb/in., 8.5 lb/in., 14.0 lb/in. and infinitely stiff. Two different brace configurations were used: one-quarter of the span length (60 in.) and one third the span length (80 in.
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Kalkan, Ilker. "Lateral torsional buckling of rectangular reinforced concrete beams." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31788.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.<br>Committee Chair: Zureick Abdul-Hamid; Committee Member: Ellingwood, Bruce R.; Committee Member: Kahn, Lawrence F.; Committee Member: Kardomateas, George A.; Committee Member: Will, Kenneth M. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Wilmer, Archie. "Analytic expression of the buckling loads for stiffened plates with bulb-flat flanges." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FWilmer%5FPhD.pdf.

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Wang, Xiaobo Elgaaly Mohamed. "Behavior of steel members with trapezoidally corrugated webs and tubular flanges under static loading /." Philadelphia : Drexel University, 2003. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1721.1/98.

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Stoddard, William Patrick. "Lateral-torsional buckling behavior of polymer composite I-shaped members." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19275.

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Zhang, Shu. "Lateral-torsional buckling of simply supported and cantilevered fiber reinforced polymeric I-beams." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20305.

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Timko, Paul Daniel. "Finite Element Analysis of Unbraced Structural Wood I-Joists Under Construction Loads." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42527.

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The research summarized the experimental analysis and finite element modeling of the lateral and rotational response of unbraced wood composite I-joists to worker loads. All experimentation and modeling was conducted on simply supported I-joists varying from 11-7/8 inches to 14 inches in depth and 20 feet to 24 feet in length. I-joists were subjected to static and dynamic loads. The deflections of the top and bottom flanges, as well as the rotation, were measured or calculated at both one-half and one-quarter the span length. The overall goal of this project is to accurately model the later
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Yang, Yu-Wen. "Behavior of three-span braced columns with equal and unequal spans." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07292009-090428/.

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Broderick, Rick D. "Statnamic lateral loading testing of full-scale 15 and 9 group piles in clay /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1800.pdf.

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Livres sur le sujet "Buckling (Mechanics) Lateral loads"

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Dickel, Timm. Ideale Biegedrillknickmomente: Kurventafeln für Durchlaufträger mit doppelt-symmetrischem I-Querschnitt = Lateral-torsional buckling coefficients : diagrams for continuous beams with doubly symmetric I-sections. Vieweg, 1991.

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Reese, Lymon C. Behavior of piles and pile groups under lateral load. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research, Development, and Technology, 1986.

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F, Van Impe W., ed. Single piles and pile groups under lateral loading. Balkema, 2001.

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Stein, Manuel. Postbuckling response of long thick plates loaded in compression including higher order transverse shearing effects. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.

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ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. (1988 Pittsburgh, Pa.). Application of modal analysis to extreme loads: Presented at 1988 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 19-23, 1988 : sponsored by the Pressure Vessels and Piping Division, ASME. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988.

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Hyer, M. W. Innovative design of composite structures: The use of curvilinear fiber format to improve buckling resistance of composite plates with central circular holes. College of Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990.

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Hyer, M. W. Innovative design of composite structures: The use of curvilinear fiber format to improve buckling resistance of composite plates with central circular holes. College of Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990.

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Hyer, M. W. Innovative design of composite structures: Further studies in the use of a curvilinear fiber format to improve structural efficiency. College of Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988.

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Hyer, M. W. Innovative design of composite structures: Design, manufacturing, and testing of plates utilitzing [sic] curvilinear fiber trajectories : final report for NASA. College of Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ; Hampton, VA, 1994.

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Hyer, M. W. Innovative design of composite structures: Axisymmetric deformations of unsymmetrically laminated cylinders loaded in axial compression : semiannual status report. College of Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Buckling (Mechanics) Lateral loads"

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Schaeffner, Maximilian, Christopher M. Gehb, Robert Feldmann, and Tobias Melz. "Forward vs. Bayesian Inference Parameter Calibration: Two Approaches for Non-deterministic Parameter Calibration of a Beam-Column Model." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77256-7_15.

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AbstractMathematical models are commonly used to predict the dynamic behavior of mechanical structures or to synthesize controllers for active systems. Calibrating the model parameters to experimental data is crucial to achieve reliable and adequate model predictions. However, the experimental dynamic behavior is uncertain due to variations in component properties, assembly and mounting. Therefore, uncertainty in the model parameters can be considered in a non-deterministic calibration. In this paper, we compare two approaches for a non-deterministic parameter calibration, which both consider uncertainty in the parameters of a beam-column model. The goal is to improve the model prediction of the axial load-dependent lateral dynamic behavior. The investigation is based on a beam-column system subjected to compressive axial loads used for active buckling control. A representative sample of 30 nominally identical beam-column systems characterizes the variations in the experimental lateral axial load-dependent dynamic behavior. First, in a forward parameter calibration approach, the parameters of the beam-column model are calibrated separately for all 30 investigated beam-column systems using a least squares optimization. The uncertainty in the parameters is obtained by assuming normal distributions of the separately calibrated parameters. Second, in a Bayesian inference parameter calibration approach, the parameters are calibrated using the complete sample of experimental data. Posterior distributions of the parameters characterize the uncertain dynamic behavior of the beam-column model. For both non-deterministic parameter calibration approaches, the predicted uncertainty ranges of the axial load-dependent lateral dynamic behavior are compared to the uncertain experimental behavior and the most accurate results are identified.
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Nobile, Lucio. "Buckling Analysis of Cracked Columns Subjected to Lateral Loads." In Particle and Continuum Aspects of Mesomechanics. ISTE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470610794.ch21.

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Antman, Stuart S. "Large Lateral Buckling of Nonlinearly Elastic Beams." In The Breadth and Depth of Continuum Mechanics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61634-1_10.

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Bradford, M., and X. Liu. "Lateral buckling of high-strength steel beams." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-186.

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Van Rensburg, B., and S. Skorpen. "Effective length factors for the lateral torsional buckling of cantilever beams." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-119.

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Fortan, M., O. Zhao, and B. Rossi. "Lateral torsional buckling of welded duplex stainless steel I section beams." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-183.

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Cho, Young Sang, Lin Xia, Seong Uk Hong, Seong B. Kim, and Jun S. Bae. "Study of Optimized Steel Truss Design Using Neural Network to Resist Lateral Loads." In Advances in Fracture and Damage Mechanics VI. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-448-0.405.

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Stroetmann, R. "Local torsional restraints of I-beams and its effect on lateral torsional buckling." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-115.

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Tran, Anh Tuan. "Lateral-torsional buckling resistance of cold-formed high strength steel rectangular hollow beams." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-173.

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Vila Real, P. M. M., N. Lopes, Silva L. da Simões, and C. Rebelo. "Numerical Validation of the Eurocode 3 Design Rules for Lateral-Torsional Buckling of I-Beams." In III European Conference on Computational Mechanics. Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5370-3_699.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Buckling (Mechanics) Lateral loads"

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Rathbone, Andrew, Mahmoud Abdel-Hakim, Gary Cumming, and Knut To̸rnes. "Reliability of Lateral Buckling Formation From Planned and Unplanned Buckle Sites." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57300.

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Global buckling for exposed HPHT (High Pressure / High Temperature) subsea pipelines is an important feature that needs to be assessed during detailed design. By safely triggering controlled buckles at predetermined locations and considering the potential for rogue buckles to be triggered by seabed or pipelay out-of-straightness features, a robust design solution can be obtained. This paper presents a methodology whereby quantitative risk assessment may be carried out on the reliability of lateral buckling initiation systems, considering the pipeline in its entirety, rather than considering ea
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Peek, Ralf, Ian Matheson, Malcolm Carr, Paul Saunders, and Nigel George. "Thermal Expansion by Lateral Buckling: Structural Reliability Analysis for the Penguins Flowline." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51199.

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The Penguins pipeline is a 60 km PIP system designed to buckle laterally on the seabed. This is an effective way to accommodate thermal expansion. However excessive bending could lead to local buckling or wrinkling of the pipe wall. Existing design criteria based on load-controlled or displacement-controlled conditions are not directly applicable here, because the actual conditions fall somewhere in between. For this reason a structural reliability analysis has been performed for the Penguins flowline, to demonstrate that it is safe to allow the flowline to buckle laterally. Thereby the uncert
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Carr, Malcolm, Ian Matheson, Ralf Peek, Paul Saunders, and Nigel George. "Load and Resistance Modelling of the Penguins Pipe-in-Pipe Flowline Under Lateral Buckling." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51192.

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The Penguins pipeline is a 60 km PIP system design to buckle laterally on the seabed. For a PIP system, a key failure mode is wrinkling of the outer pipe at the field joint due to excessive bending. For the Penguins PIP it was decided to use a moment-based approach to this failure mode, but to reduce the uncertainties on the load and capacity so that higher design factors could be justified. A structural reliability assessment (SRA) was employed in order to confirm suitable safety factors. This paper describes the development of the capacity and response functions required to undertake the SRA
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de Oliveira Cardoso, Carlos, Alvaro Maia da Costa, and Rafael Familiar Solano. "HP-HT Pipeline Cyclic Behavior Considering Soil Berms Effect." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92375.

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This article presents a numerical study for the Petrobras HP-HT pipeline P-53/PRA-1 that will be installed at Marlim Leste field in Campos Basin offshore Brazil. This pipeline will connect P-53 platform in deep-water (1031m) to an Autonomous Platform for Intermediate Pumping (PRA-1) in shallow water (100m). HP-HT pipelines resting on seabed can develop thermal buckling, which is an important concern for the pipeline structural integrity. The aim of this study is to verify the P-53/PRA-1 pipeline behavior during lateral buckling due to thermal cycles and pressure variations, using a new approac
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Pignataro, Marcello, Giuseppe Ruta, Nicola Rizzi, and Valerio Varano. "Effects of Warping Constraints and Lateral Restraint on the Buckling of Thin-Walled Frames." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12254.

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We present the effect of warping constraints on the buckling of a thin-walled two-bar (‘Roorda’) plane frame subjected to a ‘dead’ load at the joint. The hinges with the ‘ground’ allow rotation with axis perpendicular to the frame plane; the joint is constrained in the same direction to simulate a 3D-frame. Warping constraints are considered; the restraint at the joint is first supposed rigid and fixed, then is supposed linear elastic to account for different lateral restraint. Critical loads are evaluated numerically; an analysis of the post-buckling behaviour will be part of future investiga
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Mehrbod, Mehrdad, and Mohammad R. K. Mofrad. "On the Mechanics of Microtubule Filaments." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53896.

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Quantitative understanding of cell mechanics has challenged biological scientists during the past couple of decades. one of the promising attempts towards mechanical modeling of the cytoskeleton has been the “tensegrity” cytoskeletal model, which simplifies the complex network of cytoskeletal filaments as a structure merely composed of compression-bearing elements (hinge-ended struts) and tensile members (cables). This discrete model can interestingly explain many experimental observations in cell mechanics. However, evidence suggests that the simplicity of this model may undermine the accurac
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Harutyunyan, S., D. J. Hasanyan, and R. B. Davis. "Buckling of Stiffened Curved Panels and Cylindrical Shells: A Study of Comparison Among Various Theories." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88380.

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Formulation is derived for buckling of the circular cylindrical shell with multiple orthotropic layers and eccentric stiffeners acting under axial compression, lateral pressure, and/or combinations thereof, based on Sanders-Koiter theory. Buckling loads of circular cylindrical laminated composite shells are obtained using Sanders-Koiter, Love, and Donnell shell theories. These theories are compared for the variations in the stiffened cylindrical shells. To further demonstrate the shell theories for buckling load, the following particular case has been discussed: Cross-Ply with N odd (symmetric
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Srinivasan, Malur N., and Vanchak Chayakul. "Buckling Behavior of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyester Pultruded Columns." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62216.

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Fiber-reinforced plastic materials are used for lightweight structural applications in engineering. This paper is intended to contribute to knowledge of the buckling behavior of glass-fiber reinforced polyester (GFRP) composite I-section pultruded columns. Columns of two different lengths: 5.5 ft and 8.33 ft were axisymmetrically or eccentrically loaded in compression, until failure and the mid-point lateral deflections were measured during loading. Euler’s theory was used to determine theoretical deflection for comparison with the experimentally determined ultimate loads in the axisymmetrical
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Zhu, Linfa, Zhimin Tan, Victor Pinheiro Pupo Nogueira, Jian Liu, and Judimar Clevelario. "Prediction and Qualification of Radial Birdcage and Lateral Buckling of Flexible Pipes in Deepwater Applications." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41229.

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Increasing oil exploitation in deepwater regions is driving the R&amp;D of flexible pipes which are subjected to high external pressure loads from the hydrostatic head during their installation and operation. One of the challenges of flexible pipe design for such applications is to overcome the local buckling failure modes of tensile armor layers due to the combination of high external pressure, compressive loads and pipe curvature. This paper presents the latest progress in local buckling behavior prediction theory and the qualification process of flexible pipes. First, the mechanisms of two
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Narimani, Ramin, Mehdi Karami Khorramabadi, and Payam Khazaeinejad. "Mechanical Buckling of Functionally Graded Cylindrical Shells Based on the First Order Shear Deformation Theory." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26158.

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Buckling analysis of simply supported functionally graded cylindrical shells under mechanical loads is presented in this paper. The Young’s modulus of the shell is assumed to vary as a power form of the thickness coordinate variable. The shell is assumed to be under three types of mechanical loadings, namely, axial compression, uniform external lateral pressure, and hydrostatic pressure loading. The equilibrium and stability equations are derived based on the first order shear deformation theory. Resulting equations are employed to obtain the closed-form solution for the critical buckling load
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