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1
Meares, John. The memorial of Lt. John Mears of the Royal Navy : Dated 30th April, 1790, and presented to the House of Commons, May 13, 1790, containing every particular respecting the capture of the vessels in Nootka Sound. Fairfield, Wash : Ye Galleon Press, 1985.
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2
Pierre Marie Louis de Boisgelin de Kerdu. Ancient and modern Malta : Containing a description of the ports and cities of the islands of Malta and Goza, together with the monuments of antiquity still remaining, the different governments to which they have been subjected, their trade and finances ; as also, the history of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, from their first establishment in Malta, till the beginning of the 19th century : with a particular account of the events which preceded and attended its capture by the French and conquest by the English. Valletta, Malta : Midsea Books Ltd., 1988.
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3
Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl et Brendan Montague. Lobbying and policy capture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.003.0010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter examines how policy is captured and aims to show how the capture of the other domains examined in this book relate to the ultimate prize of policy capture. Notable, however, policy can be captured variety of ways. The chapter considers two dimensions of policy capture—upstream and downstream. ‘Downstream’ refers to attempts to influence particular policy measures that might directly affect the industry concerned. ‘Upstream’ refers to influencing the agreed procedures by which decisions on particular matters will be taken in years to come. After that we turn to a relatively recent innovation in policy making that challenges the very categories adopted in policy studies. Partnership governance breaches the seemingly clear conceptual split between interest groups and government. We examine some key UK and EU examples in the addictions field, asking about the implications for public health and corporate power.
4
Titelbaum, Michael. Self-Locating Credences. Sous la direction de Alan Hájek et Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.34.
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An agent's self-locating credences capture her opinions about who she is, where she is, and what time it is. Most authors agree that self-locating credences cannot be rationally updated simply by applying traditional Bayesian conditionalization. After explaining why this is, I catalog alternative updating schemes that have been proposed for self-locating credence. I separate those schemes into three broad approaches: ‘shifting schemes’, ‘stable base schemes’, and ‘demonstrative schemes’. Each approach solves particular problems but has its particular blindspots. I then suggest that the Sleeping Beauty Problem has generated so much controversy in the literature because it falls into the blindspots of all three types of updating schemes.
5
Auyoung, Elaine. Organizing Things in Dickens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845476.003.0004.
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This chapter demonstrates how the organization of narrative information can shape a reader’s impression of what is represented. It focuses on two ways in which concrete objects are arranged in Charles Dickens’s Bleak House: as specific members of general categories and as part of causally connected narrative structures. Dickens relies on these representational strategies to capture a scale of reality no longer suited to the individual human body. In doing so, he also reveals that the realist novel’s conventional commitment to individual experience at the scale of concrete particulars reflects constraints on the comprehension process.
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French and Indian cruelty : Exemplified in the life and various vicissitudes of fortune of Peter Williamson : containing a particular account of the manners, customs and dress of the savages ; of their scalping, burning, and other barbarities ... together with a description of the most convenient roads for the British forces to invade Canada ... Glasgow : Printed by J. Bryce and D. Paterson ..., 1985.
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7
Wallace, Helen, et Christine Reh. 4. An Institutional Anatomy and Five Policy Modes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199689675.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the European Union’s institutional design and how its institutions interact with national institutions in five different policy modes. It first considers the evolving role and internal functioning of the European Commission, Council of the EU, European Council, European Parliament, and Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). It also discusses quasi-autonomous agencies, in particular the European Central Bank (ECB), institutionalized control and scrutiny, and non-state actors. It concludes with an analysis of five EU policy modes that capture the different patterns of interaction between EU and national institutions: the classical Community method, the regulatory mode, the distributional mode, the policy coordination mode, and intensive transgovernmentalism.
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Meares, John. The Memorial of Lt. John Meares of the Royal Navy : Dated 30th April, 1790, and Presented to the House of Commons, May 18, 1790, Containing Every Particular Respecting the Capture of the Vessels in. Ye Galleon Pr, 1985.
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9
Weerman, Frank M., Evelien Hoeben, Wim Bernasco, Lieven J. R. Pauwels et Gerben J. N. Bruinsma. Studying Situational Effects of Setting Characteristics. Sous la direction de Gerben J. N. Bruinsma et Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.20.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter addresses methods to study situational influences of setting characteristics on adolescent offending. In particular, it describes data collection methods (space-time budget interviews, census data, community surveys, and systematic social observations) that enable precise measurement of what respondents do, with whom they undertake these activities, and in what kind of places (both the geographical area and the function of the location) they find themselves. Such data capture presence in and exposure to different kinds of settings during particular periods in time. This chapter illustrates the usefulness of these method for criminological research by summarizing the results of three sub-studies from the Study of Peers, Activities, and Neighborhoods (SPAN) conducted in the Netherlands. It first discusses the design of the SPAN data collection and the instruments that were used in it. It then reviews each study in turn by summarizing its theoretical motivation, data structure, and analytical strategy, and by describing the main findings it has generated.
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Stokke, Andreas. What is Said. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter provides a new theory of the notion of what is said that is central to the book’s account of assertion, and hence of lying. It argues that what is said by utterances, in context, is relative to discourse structure, in particular, to socalled questions under discussion. The chapter shows that utterances of the same declarative sentence can be used to say, and hence assert, different things relative to which question is being addressed. In turn, the same declarative utterance may be a lie relative to one question under discussion and merely misleading relative to another question under discussion. Discourse-insensitive accounts of what is said fail to capture the lying-misleading distinction. A semantics for questions is provided and is employed in a detailed definition of what is said relative to questions under
11
Barnard, Amanda S. Size-dependent phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale. Sous la direction de A. V. Narlikar et Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.5.
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This article investigates size-dependent phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale. In general, the crystallization of a nanomaterial into a particular structure is kinetically driven. However, the choice of which structure occurs in a specific size range is often a result of thermodynamics. These size-dependent phase relationships may be explored by analyzing the free energy and enthalpy of formation. This article considers the size-dependent phase stability of nanomaterials based on experimental and theoretical studies of zirconia and titania. It describes the use of bulk phase diagrams to capture important information on the stability of materials. It also highlights some of the physical parameters that influence phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale, including temperature, pressure, shape, solution chemistry, surface chemistry and surface charge.
12
Muller, Hannah Weiss. Real and Pretended Subjects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190465810.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 focuses on the geopolitically strategic Mediterranean colonies of Gibraltar and Minorca. After its capture by France seven years earlier, Minorca reverted to being a British colony in 1763. Both Minorca and Gibraltar continually raised crucial issues about which of its diverse inhabitants could be counted as British subjects. A need for labor meant that most administrators wished to extend the protections of subjecthood to numerous individuals. In turn, a range of inhabitants began to employ the language of subjecthood to assert claims to various protections. Protective passes and redemption from captivity gradually became the assumed and particular privileges of those who could prove themselves to be British subjects. As economic protections were gradually associated with British subject status in the Mediterranean territories, administrators played a crucial role in shaping the boundaries of subjecthood.
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Umbach, Gaby. Measuring (Global) Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793342.003.0003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The chapter questions how we can measure global governance. It critically examines existing approaches to the measurement of global governance. It pays particular attention to key conceptual and methodological concerns of the overall endeavour to quantify and/or qualify global governance. The chapter focuses on the measurement of global governance as a multidimensional paradigm of international political and institutional practice that, being not measurable per se, requires complex aggregations of indicators and statistical data to serve as proxies to capture its broad conceptual character. As constructed proxies they not only measure, but naturally also frame the reality they are set out to measure, partially in a rather prescriptive way. The chapter discusses the conceptual quality of governance and its related measurement tools; their relevance and use as well as key methodological issues involved in measuring governance, ‘good’ governance, and global governance.
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Parkin, Jon. Hobbes and the Future of Religion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803409.003.0012.
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Hobbes gives only ambiguous hints about the future of religion under a Hobbesian scheme. The chapter argues that consideration of that ambiguity might tell us something important about the nature of Hobbes’s intervention in debates over religion. Far from being committed (overtly or covertly) to particular ecclesiological options, Hobbes sought instead to make his basic ideas available to a range of religious readers. Those readers were thus invited to interpret their doctrines in accordance with Hobbesian principles. Evidence from Hobbes’s reception suggests that his readers did accept this invitation, leading to a range of possible Hobbesian ‘futures’. The fact that commentators have been able to identify so many different modes of Hobbesian religion may in fact capture a crucial feature of his project, but perhaps not in the way that many of them have previously thought.
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Shotter, John. Reconsidering Language Use in Our Talk of Expertise—Are We Missing Something ? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806639.003.0011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is currently a troubling disconnect between scientific and rational accounts of how experts act in specific situations, and the kind of non-deliberate thinking involved in the actual enactment of expertise. The dominant Cartesian approach provides scientific after-the-fact accounts of expertise, in the sense that it portrays expertise as made up of a set of general rules, frameworks, plans, and procedures for how to act in specific circumstances. Such after-the-fact accounts do not, however, capture how expertise is enacted and developed in the midst of particular circumstances. Specifically, such accounts overlook how experts make sense of the particularities of the unfolding situation. This chapter proposes a Wittgensteinian approach, which enables a real-time account of what expertise looks like, feels like, and sounds like from within experts’ efforts to handle the particularities of an unfolding situation.
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Epstein, Joshua M. Agent-Based Computational Model. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158884.003.0003.
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This part describes the agent-based and computational model for Agent_Zero and demonstrates its capacity for generative minimalism. It first explains the replicability of the model before offering an interpretation of the model by imagining a guerilla war like Vietnam, Afghanistan, or Iraq, where events transpire on a 2-D population of contiguous yellow patches. Each patch is occupied by a single stationary indigenous agent, which has two possible states: inactive and active. The discussion then turns to Agent_Zero's affective component and an elementary type of bounded rationality, as well as its social component, with particular emphasis on disposition, action, and pseudocode. Computational parables are then presented, including a parable relating to the slaughter of innocents through dispositional contagion. This part also shows how the model can capture three spatially explicit examples in which affect and probability change on different time scales.
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Schiller, Dan. From Geopolitics to Social and Political Struggle. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038761.003.0015.
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This chapter examines some of the larger forces that propelled digital capitalism into what was evidently a fraught future. It first considers how the historical movement of the political economy is shaped both within and beyond a top-down, state-oriented geopolitics before discussing how the onset of the digital depression brought changes to the interstate system, indicative of altering political–economic relations. It then describes attempts by numerous states to multilateralize control of U.S.-centric internet in relation to structural changes in the interstate system and to competing efforts to regenerate the political economy in ways that might capture an outsized share of overall profits for specific units of capital and particular fractions of the capitalist class. It also explains the concept of accumulation by dispossession and concludes with suggestions for resolving the digital depression on terms favorable to capital.
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Gormley, Bill. James Q. Wilson,. Sous la direction de Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page et Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.2.
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This chapter examines James Q. Wilson’sBureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why they Do it, and compares Wilson’s approach to that of neoclassical economics, paying particular attention to his denunciation of William Niskanen’s “bureaucratic imperialism” hypothesis and his rejection of “principal-agent” models which predict widespread “shirking” by bureaucrats. It discusses his argument that every bureaucracy has a distinctive culture that helps shape the behavior of individual bureaucrats. The chapter explores Wilson’s other views with regards to “capture theory,” accountability, and the ability of markets to promote efficiency and of governments to promote equity. Finally, it evaluates Wilson’s impact on other scholars, emphasizing: his bottom–up approach to studying bureaucracy, organizational culture, his typologies of policy proposals that differ in terms of benefits and costs, and of administrative agencies that differ in terms of outputs and outcomes.
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Moran, Richard. The Story of My Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190633776.003.0016.
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If narrative is thought to be a privileged form of understanding a human life, what relation does that thought bear to the idea of the “agent’s point of view?” This essay returns to an early source of this debate, the claims for the priority of narrative self-understanding in Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue and, in particular, a disagreement he registers with the early Sartre. It explores an Existentialist critique of the idea of “living one’s life as a story,” and in doing so seeks to rescue it from a certain psychological (or perhaps “phenomenological”) interpretation of the “agent’s point of view” on which both MacIntyre and Sartre rely. It argues that the exclusive focus on narratives that concern individual human lives, as capturing or failing to capture “life as it is lived,” are in various ways distorting of both the nature of narrative form and the understanding of human lives.
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Grishman, Ralph. Information Extraction. Sous la direction de Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0030.
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Information extraction (IE) is the automatic identification of selected types of entities, relations, or events in free text. This article appraises two specific strands of IE — name identification and classification, and event extraction. Conventional treatment of languages pays little attention to proper names, addresses etc. Presentations of language analysis generally look up words in a dictionary and identify them as nouns etc. The incessant presence of names in a text, makes linguistic analysis of the same difficult, in the absence of the names being identified by their types and as linguistic units. Name tagging involves creating, several finite-state patterns, each corresponding to some noun subset. Elements of the patterns would match specific/classes of tokens with particular features. Event extraction typically works by creating a series of regular expressions, customized to capture the relevant events. Enhancement of each expression is corresponded by a relevant, suitable enhancement in the event patterns.
21
Brockmeier, Jens. From Memory as Archive to Remembering as Conversation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190230814.003.0003.
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This chapter is concerned with changes in the understanding of remembering and forgetting. It pays particular attention to the emergence of alternative visions that challenge the traditional archival model of memory and offers new ways to conceive of mnemonic practices as cultural practices. Starting with a discussion of archival models in contemporary scientific memory research, it then examines new models of memory that aim to capture what archival models tend to ignore: the social, societal, and cultural dynamic of human remembering. In this way, the focus shifts to postarchival memory models that have emerged in clinical disciplines, the social sciences, and the humanities. The chapter concludes by discussing one approach to remembering and forgetting that conceives of them as inherently social practices—as practices that, it is suggested, should be understood after the model of conversation rather than the archival model of individual retrieval.
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Ruin, Hans. Historicity and the Hermeneutic Predicament. Sous la direction de Dan Zahavi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755340.013.28.
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The chapter presents the topic of “historicity” (Geschichtlichkeit) as a core concern for phenomenological thinking in the intersection with hermeneutics. It is first coined as a philosophical term by Dilthey and Yorck von Wartenburg as a way to capture the unique way in which humans exist historically and belong to history. Through their correspondence published posthumously in 1923 it enters the orbit of Heidegger’s existential phenomenology, as he quotes extensively from these letters in Being in Time. For Heidegger, historicity was the key to transforming Husserlian phenomenology into hermeneutical ontology. In his reappraisal of hermeneutic thinking, Gadamer also locates historicity at the center of his magnum opus Truth and Method. The chapter also shows how Husserl was a thinker of historicity. This is brought out in particular in Derrida’s early interpretations of Husserl, where the deconstructive approach emerges literally from the problem of the historicity of ideal objects.
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Bodroghkozy, Aniko. Selma in the “Glaring Light of Television”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036682.003.0006.
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This chapter examines television news' reporting of the Selma campaign for voting rights that led directly to the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Television cameras present on the Edmund Pettus Bridge on Sunday March 7, 1965, were able to capture the beating, gassing, and brutalizing suffered by voting rights demonstrators as they attempted to march to Montgomery. The uproar generated by that footage generated more support, volunteers, and moral clout for the civil rights movement. This chapter considers how one news program, The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, presented the Selma campaign as an ongoing nightly news story, with particular emphasis on its coverage of the campaign's three martyrs: Jimmie Lee Jackson, Rev. James Reeb, and Viola Liuzzo. It also discusses the response of white Selmians in the “glaring light of television” and the commentary in the African American press regarding the television coverage of the campaign.
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Berry, Justin, Youssef Chouhoud et Jane Junn. Reaching Beyond Low-Hanging Fruit. Sous la direction de Lonna Rae Atkeson et R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.1.
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This chapter argues for the use of creative and targeted strategies rather than a one-size-fits-all approach to capturing information on low-incidence populations. It first conceptualizes low-incidence populations and highlights the existing empirical literature on them and then frames the challenges of polling these populations with an overview of sampling, contacting, and analytical strategies. It highlights the inherent trade-offs of each approach and points to the factors to consider when determining which strategy is best suited to particular research questions. It then details polling efforts designed to capture attitudes and behaviors of American Muslims, Asian Americans, and nonelected political activists. The chapter concludes with a discussion of fruitful polling practices for conducting research on low-incidence U.S. populations, arguing that the approach to polling these populations must be equally informed by the unique characteristics of the target group and the analytical conclusions one seeks to draw.
25
Koslicki, Kathrin. Unity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0008.
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A serviceable account of unity is needed which can capture the idea that matter–form compounds are more unified than other types of composite entities (e.g., heaps, collections, or mereological sums). This chapter develops a conception of unity according to which a structured whole derives its unity from the way its parts interact with other parts to allow the whole and its parts to manifest their “team-work”-requiring capacities. With this conception of unity in place, interesting differences emerge between paradigmatic matter–form compounds belonging to natural (e.g., physical, chemical, or biological) kinds and composite entities belonging to social kinds, in particular artifacts. In the latter case, the interactional dependencies that connect the components of a system can be traced to mind-dependent factors that are extrinsic or external to the system in question, viz., the mental states of intentional agents who invent, design, produce, or use an artifact.
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger et Eric Coissac. Analysis of bulk samples. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0018.
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Chapter 18 “Analysis of bulk samples” deals with the particular case of biodiversity surveys based on bulk samples. A bulk sample is an environmental sample containing mainly organisms from the taxonomic group under study, such as insect samples obtained from a Malaise trap, or eukaryote-enriched samples obtained from filtered or size-fractionated water samples. One important characteristic of bulk samples is that they usually provide good-quality DNA in high amounts. Chapter 18 presents several seminal studies based on bulk samples that aimed at monitoring arthropod, nematode, or marine metazoan diversity. The advantages and limitations of the classical barcoding COI marker versus metabarcoding markers for bulk sample analysis are also discussed. Finally, Chapter 18 reviews two alternative strategies to limit the taxonomic biases associated with the use of the COI marker (i.e., mitochondrial enrichment via differential centrifugation or capture, followed by extraction and shotgun sequencing).
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Quart, Leonard, et Albert Auster. American Film and Society since 1945. Praeger Publishers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216194538.
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This post-World War II survey of American cinema provides an in-depth exploration of how film acts as a powerful cultural expression of the American public's dreams and desires. In this most recent update toAmerican Film and Society since 1945, the authors expand upon earlier editions by adding films previously neglected, and broaden their analysis of a number of films by discussing how these works capture the mood and values of American society in a particular decade. Interpretation of films can involve direct connections with social and political issues, but often deal with the important subtext of dreams, desires, and displacements that the American public feels. Recent films that present gay relationships and politics, such asBrokeback MountainandMilk, and that address race relations and urban life likeCrashandPreciousare examined. This fourth edition also addresses changes in the modern film industry such as convergence and the digital revolution.
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Phillips, J. R. S. The Approach to Civil War April 1316 to November 1317. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198223597.003.0005.
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This chapter examines Aymer de Valence's role in averting what could have been a civil war in the summer of 1317 caused by the deteriorating relations between Edward II and Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. It considers the three themes of growing political crisis, Aymer's return to the forefront of English politics, and the rise of the favourites during the period when the Earl of Pembroke is widely believed to have begun to build a political following dubbed ‘middle party’. In particular, it discusses the impact of Lancaster's retirement to his estates on the royal government and how Pembroke recovered his influence after Lancaster left the royal Council. It also analyses Pembroke's activities in the political arena during the period, including his role in the settlement of the Bristol dispute, his participation in making royal policy, and his diplomatic mission to Avignon. Finally, it looks at Pembroke's capture by Jean de Lamouilly and his influence on royal attempts to negotiate with Lancaster.
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Crysmann, Berthold. Inferential-realizational morphology without rule blocks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0008.
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The chapter outlines a formal theory of inferential-realizational morphology that eliminates (ordered) rule blocks. I show that rule blocks not only stand in the way of a more general treatment of variable morphotactics, but that they also artificially restrict the scope of Pāṇinian competition, effectively ruling out operation at a distance. Instead, it argues for a purely information-based model of global competition that reconciles competition with extended exponence by means of a distinction between realization and allomorphic conditioning. It shows, in particular, that arbitrary decisions with respect to this distinction can be eliminated, once Carstairs’s (1987) notion of Pure Sensitivity has been turned into a formal principle of our theory. Finally, the chapter shows how Information-based Morphology can account for symmetric cases of extended exponence by simultaneous introduction of exponents since the theory is able to capture many-to-many relations between form and function at the level of individual rules.
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Sangiovanni, Andrea. Beyond the Political–Orthodox Divide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0011.
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This chapter urges us to abandon the belief that there is a single human rights practice. Belief in what is called the Single Practice Assumption gives rise to the misguided idea—common to both Orthodox and Political views of human rights—that a philosophical theory should aim to reconstruct the moral core to this practice, derive a ‘master list’ of human rights from that core, and then use that list as a critical standard to reform and improve the practice. It is argued instead that we need a concept of human rights broad enough to capture the diversity of ways in which the term ‘human rights’ is used across the world today. The chapter defends what it calls the Broad View—which subsumes Political and Orthodox views as special cases, deployed for different ends in different contexts—and ends by delineating a systematic methodology for deriving particular conceptions of human rights for the very different contexts in which human rights are invoked.
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Alexandrowicz, C. H. Freitas Versus Grotius (1959). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766070.003.0009.
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This chapter considers the work of Franciscus Seraphin de Freitas, a professor at the University of Valadolid, in particular his treatise entitled De Justo Imperio Lusitanorum Asiatico, and compares his influence to that of Hugo Grotius. Freitas and Grotius were participants in a case that arose from the seizure of a Portuguese vessel in the Straits of Malacca by a Dutch Admiral employed by the Dutch East India Company. Its capture was questioned by some Company members who opposed the adjudication of the prize by the Dutch Admiralty Court. Grotius defended the case and Freitas was chosen to state a case for the King of Spain who was also then the sovereign of Portugal. The chapter argues that Freitas deserves his due place among the writers of the seventeenth century who contributed to the clarification of problems relating to the legal status of the sea and to European–Asian inter-state relations.
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Konrad, Kerstin, Adriana Di Martino et Yuta Aoki. Brain volumes and intrinsic brain connectivity in ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0006.
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Neuroimaging studies have increased our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of ADHD. Structural brain imaging studies demonstrate widespread changes in brain volumes, in particular in frontal-striatal-cerebellar networks. Based on the widespread nature of structural and functional brain abnormalities, approaches able to capture the organizing principles of large-scale neural systems have been used in ADHD. These include diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting state functional MRI (R-fMRI). Complementary to findings of volumetric studies, diffusion investigations have reported structural connectivity abnormalities in frontal-striatal-cerebellar networks. In parallel, R-fMRI studies point towards abnormalities in the interaction of multiple networks, extending the functional territory of explorations beyond cognitive and motor control. In the future, a deep phenotypic characterization beyond diagnostic categories combined with longitudinal study designs and novel analytical approaches will accelerate the pace towards clinical translations of neuroimaging to improve the detection and prediction of neural trajectories and treatment response in ADHD.
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Tallgren, Immi. The Faith in Humanity and International Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805878.003.0015.
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International criminal law is at times taken to manifest fundamental consensual boundaries against violence and destruction of the human species. The faith in law is celebrated in a cult with rituals, symbols, and mythologies where law is saving humans from evil. This chapter takes issue with the transcendental reference in ‘humanity’ by situating it within discussions on religion, the non-deist religions in particular. Three French thinkers: Henri Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, and Emile Durkheim are stimulating intellectual figures—often neglected or caricatured. They developed new visions for society as religions–creating dogmas, symbolism, and ritual practices. Yet they declared the transcendental divinities dead. The human individual and ‘humanity’ were further elevated yet declared ‘positive’, victorious over superstition. Their religions aimed to capture the best of two worlds: secular and religious, rational and affective. But what difference does it make to see ideas, beliefs, faith, or commitment as religious or as something else, such as politics or ideology?
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Oleshko, V. F., et E. V. Oleshko. Mass media as a mediator of communicative and cultural memory. Ural University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/b978-5-7996-3074-4.0.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the monograph, the process of mediatization is considered in the context of not only the conditions for the development of journalism as a convergent and ubiquitous digitalization of content, but also as a tool for social interaction. Using the example of modern media as a mediator of communicative and cultural memory, the most important indicators of the development of modern Russian society based on civilizational humanistic traditions are identified and systematized. By using the sociological data obtained by the authors of this monograph, as well as studying the practices of identifying representatives of the “analog” and “digital” generations of the mass audience, it is possible to capture significant elements of the process of mediatization. Particular attention is paid to intergenerational communication based on discursive texts and modeling of media activities. The monograph is of interest to philologists, media researchers, specialists in the field of related humanitarian disciplines, and will also be useful to practicing journalists, graduate students, and students of creative specialties.
35
Engle, Ron, Felicia Hardison Londré et Daniel J. Watermeier, dir. Shakespeare Companies and Festivals. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216013921.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Though first performed some 400 years ago, the plays of William Shakespeare still continue to capture the popular imagination and are produced by numerous companies around the world. This reference describes over 140 Shakespeare companies and festivals worldwide. Each company or festival is profiled in a separate entry. Entries are grouped in chapters devoted to particular states or countries, and provide historical, organizational, demographic, and production information. Each profile describes the history of the festival or company; its organization, including staffing and budgeting; its physical facilities and performance site; the demographics of its audience and the community where it is located; and the company's or festival's approach to producing Shakespeare's plays. Each entry begins with a headnote providing essential information, such as the name, address, box office phone number, length of season, principal staff members, facilities, annual attendance, and budget. Each closes with a chronological listing of all Shakespeare's plays produced by the organization, and resources for further information.
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Musser, Amber Jamilla. Sensual Excess. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479807031.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book offers multiple inroads into thinking with and through the dominant tropes of sexuality. By analyzing particular works of art, each chapter draws our attention to specific aspects of pornotropic (violent and exoticizing) capture that black and brown people must negotiate. These technologies differ, but together, they add to our understanding of the ways that structures of domination produce violence and work to contain bodies and pleasures within certain legible parameters. In addition, the book identifies and analyzes moments that exceed these constraints—the sensual excess that is theorized as brown jouissance. Brown jouissance is a political and philosophical intervention into what constitutes selfhood, knowledge, and fleshiness. The book works through several examples of brown jouissance in the work of Lyle Ashton Harris, Kara Walker, Mickalene Thomas, Xandra Ibarra, Amber Hawk Swanson, Cheryl Dunye, Carrie Mae Weems, Nao Bustamante, Patty Chang, and Maureen Catbagan by dwelling on the analytic possibilities opened by the artwork’s entanglement with the sensual. The sensual, in turn, leads us to imagine possibilities for orienting relationality around queer femininity.
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Lourenço, Eduardo. El laberinto de la saudade. Psicoanálisis mítico del destino portugués. Ediciones Uniandes, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51566/humalite2225.
Texte intégralRésumé :
«Lo que yo quise hacer, sobre todo, sin querer hacerlo de una manera determinada, sino que se fue haciendo necesario poco a poco, fue una especie de tentativa de comprender cómo funciona el imaginario portugués. ¿Qué es lo que somos? Somos lo que soñamos, los mitos que construimos. ¿Cuál es la mitología portuguesa? ¿Con arreglo a qué horizonte ha funcionado la cultura portuguesa? ¿Qué tiene de particular? Eso sólo se comprende examinando sus vestigios, que son la poesía y la ficción», dice Eduardo Lourenço. Y también afirma: «El asunto propio de nuestro libro no es tanto la “preocupación por Portugal”, preocupación que está incluida por definición en todas las tentativas de autognosis, [sino] por una imagología, es decir, por el discurso crítico sobre las imágenes que [los portugueses] hemos forjado sobre nosotros mismos». Tal como Octavio Paz en El laberinto de la soledad, sobre el caso mexicano, Lourenço estudia en El laberinto de la saudade una determinada imagología. El laberinto luso es una obra crucial para captar, soñar y volver a imaginar el destino de Portugal.
38
Fedosov, Dmitry, dir. Diary of General Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries 1635-1699 - 1684-1689, Volume IV. Aberdeen University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.57132/book4.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Geoffrey Parker writes: ‘I started to study the military history of seventeenth-century Europe forty-five years ago, and yet I have never come across a source like the Diary written by Patrick Gordon, a Scottish Catholic who in 1651, at the age of sixteen, fled his native land to become a "soldier of fortune."’ Parker continues: ‘Dmitry Fedosov of the Russian Academy of Sciences is producing a scholarly edition of Gordon’s entire surviving text in both the original and in Russian.... Fedosov includes an excellent apparatus criticus,identifying places, persons, and foreign terms; he provides a detailed index.’ The high standard set in the earlier volumes is continued in the fourth. Considering the years 1684-1689, the diary describes all manner of military activities, in particular two campaigns against the Ottoman Turks culminating in the capture of their fortress at Azov. In addition, Gordon gives an evocative account of a visit to Britain, meetings with King James VII and II in London followed by a reunion with friends and family back home in Aberdeenshire. He also tells us of many contacts with the future Peter the Great before and during the young tsar’s seizure of power from his half-sister the Regent Sophia.
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Meade, Rosie, et Mae Shaw, dir. Arts, Culture and Community Development. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447340508.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This edited collection profiles the sites and subjects of arts practices in different geographical contexts, including Hong Kong and mainland China, India and Sri Lanka, Finland, Chile, Brazil, Lebanon, Mexico, the USA, Germany, Canada, the UK, and Ireland. Chapters capture how collective hopes, fears, allegiances, frustrations, and memories, are sung, danced, played, etched on walls, or conveyed through puppets and theatre. Contributors to the volume thus draw attention to some of the diverse ways that groups of people collectively make sense of, re-imagine or seek to change the personal, cultural, social, economic, political, or territorial conditions of their lives, while using the arts as their means and spaces of engagement. Across its chapters, the book explores a number of broad themes and questions. How can we conceptualise the relationship between community development and arts/cultural practice? What diverse forms does this relationship take in contemporary contexts? How do communities of people engage with, utilise, make sense of and through particular artforms and media? How can we understand the aesthetic and associated meanings of such engagements? How are the power dynamics related to authorship, resources, public recognition, and expectations of impact negotiated within community-based arts processes? How do economistic and neoliberal rationalities influence arts processes and programmes in community contexts? Together, the chapters also critically interrogate if, and how, dominant rationalities are being resisted and challenged through arts practices.
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Mostaccio, Silvia, Bernardo J. García García et Luca Lo Basso, dir. Ambrogio Spinola between Genoa, Flanders, and Spain. Leuven University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/9789461664723.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Many of the most significant studies devoted to Ambrogio Spinola have focused on one particular aspect of his life: his successful military career. This volume, through its interdisciplinary and cultural approach, breaks open this all too narrow perspective and expands our understanding of Spinola and his world. As a great military strategist and Catholic knight, entrepreneur in the international finance market, courtier and diplomat, Spinola was certainly a Genoese, but he was also a member of the transnational Iberian elite, to which he linked his fate and that of his children. His life's journey between Italy, Flanders and Spain, and the reinterpretations of his life by his contemporaries in art, literature and the press, give us the opportunity to reflect on the multiple identities and the physical and mental wanderings of many Europeans of the Early Modern Age. Ambrogio Spinola offers an example of humanity that is impossible to capture in a single reading and is much more contemporary than we can imagine. Ambrogio Spinola between Genoa, Flanders, and Spain allows the reader to better understand not only his military activities, but also (and above all) the family, social and political foundations of his successful career, as well as the various forms of art and communication (literature, architecture, paintings, sculptures, engravings, newspapers, etc.), which were used to celebrate him both during his life and beyond.
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Sentires (In)visibles. Teseo, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55778/ts506921415.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<p>El mostrar como soporte y horizonte de la acción expresa un mundo unitario hecho a semejanza de la imagen como lugar privilegiado para albergar lo sensible. Esa forma de hacer que se ha instituido casi como la única posible en nuestra contemporaneidad: mostrarlo todo, decirlo todo, porque así ‘nos sentimos’ parte, somos ‘incluidos’. Lejos de la idea benjaminiana que proponía la mostración como una forma de exposición/constatación y relación entre los hechos, hoy el parloteo incansable adorna los hechos que en apariencia se muestran como ‘son’ gracias a la captura, en principio desinteresada, del ojo muerto de la cámara (o de todos los dispositivos que hoy cuentan con una). Pero es en la narración de las vivencias de esos miles de cuerpos que hoy traman los límites de exclusión que perfilan las fronteras deseables de la vida urbana contemporánea, que se constata la buena salud de la estructura de dominación actual y de subsunción de la vida al capital. El presente libro se organiza alrededor de la construcción de entornos como estructuradores de experiencias posibles de vivir la ciudad en la capital cordobesa. Desde allí se observan y analizan los valores que traman una particular vivencia de clase acerca del disfrute, la seguridad, la belleza y la naturaleza que aparecen como marcos deseables de un estado de la sensibilidad social.</p>
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Romsom, Etienne, et Kathryn McPhail. Capturing economic and social value from hydrocarbon gas flaring and venting : solutions and actions. 6e éd. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/940-2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This second paper on hydrocarbon gas flaring and venting builds on our first, which evaluated the economic and social cost (SCAR) of wasted natural gas. These emissions must be reduced urgently for natural gas to meet its potential as an energy-transition fuel under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and to improve air quality and health. Wide-ranging initiatives and solutions exist already; the selection of the most suitable ones is situation-dependent. We present solutions and actions in a four-point (‘Diamond’) model involving: (1) measurement of chemicals emitted, (2) accountability and transparency of emissions through disclosure and reporting, (3) economic deployment of technologies for (small-scale) gas monetization, and (4) an ‘all-of-government’ approach to regulation and fiscal measures. Combining these actions in an integrated framework can end routine flaring and venting in many oil and gas developments. This is particularly important for low- and middle-income countries: satellite data since 2005 show that 85 per cent of total gas flared is in developing countries. Satellite data in 2017 identified location and amount of natural gas burned for 10,828 individual flares in 94 countries. Particular focus is needed to improve flare quality and capture natural gas from the 1 per cent ‘super-emitter’ flares responsible for 23 per cent of global natural gas flared.
43
Smith, Stephen A., dir. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, historians knew relatively little about the secretive world of communist states and parties. Since then, the opening of state, party and diplomatic archives of the former Eastern Bloc has released a flood of new documentation. The thirty-five essays in the Handbook, written by a highly international team of scholars, draw on this new material to offer a global history of communism in the twentieth century. In contrast to many histories that concentrate on the Soviet Union, it is genuinely global in its coverage, paying particular attention to the Chinese Revolution. It is ‘global’, too, in the sense that the essays seek to integrate history ‘from above’ and ‘from below’, to trace the complex mediations between state and society, and to explore the social and cultural as well as the political and economic realities that shaped the lives of citizens fated to live under communist rule. The essays reflect on the similarities and differences between communist states in order to situate them in their socio-political and cultural contexts and to capture their changing nature over time. Where appropriate, they also reflect on how the fortunes of international communism were shaped by the wider economic, political and cultural forces of the capitalist world. The Handbook provides an informative introduction for those new to the field and a comprehensive overview of the current state of scholarship for those seeking to deepen their understanding.
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Head, Dominic. Nature Prose. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192870872.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This book seeks to explain the popularity and appeal of contemporary writing about nature. The argument is that nature writing, in its various formats, contains formal effects of a complexity that is not sufficiently recognized, and that these paradoxical or antithetical effects encapsulate our current ecological dilemma, and offer a fresh resource for critical thinking. Such literary effects become more easily discernible when the distinctions between fictional and nonfictional writing are (partly) set aside, so that ‘nature writing’ is set within the broader conception of ‘nature prose’. The book’s range is international, with particular emphasis on writers from Britain and the US. The treatment and construction of ‘nature’ in contemporary imaginative prose reveals some significant paradoxes beneath its dominant moods—moods which are usually earnest, sometimes celebratory, sometimes prophetic or cautionary. It is in these paradoxical or antithetical moments that the contemporary ecological predicament is formally encoded, in a progressive development of ecological consciousness from the late 1950s (or even earlier), but which is primarily illustrated in this work from texts published from the 1990s onwards. The ambiguity in the subtitle of this book—‘Writing in Ecological Crisis’—is intended to capture a mode of writing that is both contemporaneous with a defining time of crisis for humanity and formally fashioned by that context: this is writing that emerges in a time of crisis but which is also, in some ways, in crisis itself.
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Prinz, Jesse J. Emotions : How Many Are There ? Sous la direction de Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels et Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article focuses on a particular theory of the emotions, somatic appraisal theory, which explain the range of emotions effectively. The somatic appraisal theory is designed to compensate for the flaw in James's formulation according to which emotions are perceptions of patterned changes in the body. James's theory does not capture the idea that emotions are meaningful. Somatic appraisal theory mentions that emotions are perceptions of changes in the body and also carry information about circumstances that bear on well-being. The bodily changes that occur and the perception thereof have the function of carrying information about loss. They were set up as responses to loss. Somatic appraisal theory has much in common with Ekman's Darwinean modules. Ekman states that each emotion is associated with a physiological pattern. Ekman mentions that the patterns are evolved adaptations, and that is also true in somatic appraisal theory. He also says that emotions exploit automatic appraisals. Ekman mentions that appraisals are components of emotions, while somatic appraisal theory reports that they are causes, rather than components, but the difference is not especially important for present purposes. Somatic appraisal theory is compatible with three ways of acquiring new emotions. Emotions are individuated by their semantic content and their somatic profile (the pattern of bodily changes the perception of which constitutes the emotion). A change in semantic content could lead to the creation of a new emotion, and the introduction of new bodily patterns could as well.
46
Satterthwaite, Tim, et Andrew Thacker, dir. Magazines and Modern Identities. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350278677.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Magazines and Modern Identities analyses the projection of modern national identities in global illustrated magazines, arguing that two particular tendencies dominate the way in which these magazines illustrated the new modernities of the early 20th century. In the first few decades, ideals of technological modernity and consumerism often linked to the USA are shown to have had a normative influence on cultures across the globe: many popular periodicals in Europe, Latin America and China expressed a shared internationalism and optimism around the impact of such forms of technological modernity. A second trend operated in a countervailing fashion: illustrated popular magazines became places where modern discourses of patriotic or insurgent nationalism emerged, or where ideas of tradition in terms of culture and politics first took root. This book explores these contrasting attitudes towards modernity in the magazines of ten different countries, charting how national cultures drew on, resisted and informed the ideals and visual forms of international modernism. Publications discussed span Australia (The Home and MAN), Europe (Action, Der Roter Stern, L’Illustrazione, Ullstein and VU) and North America (Arena, Collier's, Harper's Weekly, La Revue moderne and Magazine Digest), as well as China (La Kreo and The True Record), the Soviet Turkic states (Tercüman) and Mexico (Mexican Folkways). The chapters thus capture the diverse and evolving periodical cultures of countries across the world and describe the mutual connections and distinctive qualities of magazines in interwar Europe and beyond
47
Sorgente, Angela, Shannon Claxton, Joseph Schwab et Rimantas Vosylis, dir. Flourishing as a Scholar. Oxford University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197677797.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This edited book is a comprehensive resource that is intended to benefit scholars seeking guidance for how to use diverse research methods to study emerging adulthood. Studying emerging adults (typically people between the ages of 18 and 29) presents specific challenges; therefore, this book guides scholars in issues such as representative sampling and participatory inclusion of diverse emerging adults throughout the research process. This book is unique in its coverage of both quantitative and qualitative methods, and in its breadth of the entire research methods process: from philosophies of science to the creation of research questions, sampling techniques, data collection strategies, procedures of data analysis, accurate reporting of results, drawing evidence-based conclusions, and recognition of the limitations and strengths of each methodological approach. Each chapter uses simple, easy-to-understand language that is written as a tutorial with clear guidelines. Most chapters first introduce the reader to a particular method and how it is used in emerging adulthood research, then provide a step-by-step procedure demonstrating how to use that method with example emerging adult data, ending with an annotated bibliography of the most relevant resources for that method. This book covers the diversity of quantitative cross-sectional, quantitative longitudinal, quantitative dyadic, intensive longitudinal, in-depth qualitative, and mixed methods approaches with a breadth and depth that will benefit emerging and established scholars who are interested in learning new methods that capture the diversity and complexity of the lives of emerging adults.
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Jonason, Peter Karl, dir. Shining Light on the Dark Side of Personality. Hogrefe Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/00615-000.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Learn which dark side of personality assessment to use and when Introduces different assessment tools Highlights the nuances between tests Presents the relevant psychometric properties Explores findings about human nature More about the book We encounter people who possess undesirable dark sides of personality at low levels in our day to day lives, whether it is the boss who acts like a jerk, a cheating partner, or a friend who rubs everyone up the wrong way. This volume explores the latest research on the assessment of the dark personality traits, including the dark triad of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, and more. The internationally renowned group of contributors provide a comprehensive, evidence-based overview of the personality traits currently being explored. Each chapter reviews two main topics. First, a particular measure used to study such traits is discussed. This section is geared to help the reader to understand how researchers in this area capture data on these traits and to best decide which instrument they want to use and when. Second, each chapter then details what the psychometric data on the test reveals about human nature, including topics such as sex differences, workplace behaviors, sexuality, and value systems. In this way, the contributors highlight how the convergence of research from various measures can provide a broad mosaic of information about people colloquially called psychopaths, narcissists, spiteful, Machiavellian, and sadists. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in test development and practitioners interested in the dark side personality traits.
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Krauzlis, Richard J. Attentional Functions of the Superior Colliculus. Sous la direction de Anna C. (Kia) Nobre et Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The superior colliculus (SC) plays an important role in both overt and covert attention. In primates, the SC is well known to be a central component of the motor pathways that orient the eyes and head to important objects in the environment. Accordingly, neurons in the SC show enhanced responses that will be the target of orienting movements, compared to stimuli that will be ignored. Single-neuron recordings in the SC have revealed a variety of attention-related effects, including changes in activity related to bottom-up and top-down attention, attention capture, and inhibition of return. These findings support the view of the SC as a priority map that represents the location of important objects in the visual environment. Manipulation of SC activity by electrical microstimulation and chemical inactivation shows that the SC is not simply a recipient of attention-related effects, but plays a causal role in these processes. In particular, activity in the SC plays a major role in the selection of targets for saccades, and also for pursuit eye movements and movements of the hand. Moreover, activity in the SC is important not only for the control of overt attention, but also plays a crucial role in covert attention—the processing of visual signals for perceptual judgements even in the absence of orienting movements. The mechanisms mediating the role of the SC in the control of covert attention are not yet known, but current models emphasize interactions between the SC and areas of the cerebral cortex.
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Phillimore, Jenny, Nando Sigona et Katherine Tonkiss, dir. Superdiversity, Policy and Governance in Europe. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352051.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Immigration has transformed the social, economic, political and cultural landscapes of global cities such as London, Melbourne, Milan and Amsterdam. The term 'superdiversity' captures a new era of migration-driven demographic diversifications and associated complexities. Superdiversity is the future or, in many cases, the current reality of neighbourhoods, cities, countries and regions, yet the implications of superdiversification for governance and policy have, until now, received very little attention. This book explores the ways in which superdiversity has shaped the development of policy and considers challenges for the future. It begins with an overview of superdiversity. Patterns of migration to high-income countries until the 1990s mainly consisted of many migrants coming from a few countries to a small number of places. Around the turn of the 1990s, a new pattern of migration and associated diversification was observed. Since its inception, the concept of 'superdiversity' was meant to move beyond an observation of ethnic and national diversity, to capture the multidimensional aspect of the processes of diversification driven by new migration. The book critically assesses an 'intercultural policy turn' evident in many European cities, and then examines whether governance mainstreaming forms a suitable policy response to situations of superdiversity. It moves on to assess transmigration and how local urban governance has come to incorporate migration-driven superdiversity in policies. The book concludes with an assessment of how the urban setting conditions emerging us/them distinctions at the neighbourhood level. The analysis involves paying particular attention to the nature and make-up of backlash narratives, as these essentially represent localised responses to changing power dynamics and resource allocations.