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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Carbon savings »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 4 juin 2021
Mis à jour le 15 février 2022

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1

Hong, Gui Bing, Chih Ming Ma, Kai Jen Chuang et Chang Tang Chang. « Current Situation of Energy Conservation in Taiwanese Textile Industry ». Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (janvier 2012) : 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.968.

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Since Taiwan lacks self-produced energy, and is 98 percent reliant on imports for its primary energy. Increasing energy efficiency and energy savings are an essential part of Taiwan’s energy policy. This work summarized the energy saving potential of the Taiwanese textile industry from the on-line Energy Declare System in 2008. It was found that the total potential energy savings was thus 64,034 KL of crude oil equivalent (KLOE). The energy saving potential identified was 94,614MWh of electricity, 24,536 kiloliters of fuel oil, and 23,722 tons of fuel coal. It represented a reduction of 192,353 tons in carbon dioxide emissions.
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Khanna, Madhu, Weiwei Wang et Michael Wang. « Assessing the Additional Carbon Savings with Biofuel ». BioEnergy Research 13, no 4 (14 juin 2020) : 1082–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10149-0.

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Wang, Ke, Yujiao Xian, Jieming Zhang, Yi Li et Linan Che. « Potential carbon emission abatement cost recovery from carbon emission trading in China ». Journal of Modelling in Management 11, no 3 (8 août 2016) : 842–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-03-2016-0027.

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Purpose This study aims to provide an estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission abatement costs in China’s industry sector during the period of 2006-2010, and additionally provide an ex-post estimation of CO2 abatement cost savings that would be realized if carbon emission permits trading among different industry sectors of 30 provinces in China during the same period were allowed, to answer the question that whether the industrial carbon emission abatement cost can (partially) be recovered from carbon emission trading in China. Design/methodology/approach The joint production framework associated with the environmental technology is utilized for formulating the models for estimating abatement costs and simulating emission permits trading scheme. Several data envelopment analysis-based models that could deal with both the desirable and undesirable outputs within the above framework are utilized for abatement cost saving estimation. The weak disposability assumption and variable returns to scale assumption are applied in the modelling. Findings In China’s industry sector, during 2006-2010, the estimated CO2 emission abatement cost was 1,842 billion yuan, which accounts for 2.45 per cent of China’s total industrial output value; the emission abatement cost saving from emission permits trading would be 315 billion yuan, which accounts for 17.12 per cent of the emission opportunity abatement cost; and additional 1,065.95 million tonnes of CO2 emission reductions would be realized from emission permits trading, and this accounts for 4.75 per cent of the total industrial CO2 emissions. Research limitations/implications The estimation is implemented at the regional level, i.e. the emission permits trading subjects are the whole industry sectors in different Chinese provinces, because of the data limitation in this study. Further estimation could be implemented at the enterprise level to provide a deeper insight into the abatement cost recovery from emission permits trading. Practical implications The estimation models and calculation process introduced in this study could be applied for evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of pollutant emission permits trading schemes from the perspective that whether these market-based abatement policy instruments help to realize the potential abatement cost savings. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study has provided the estimation of CO2 emission abatement cost and the estimation of CO2 abatement cost saving effect from emission permits trading for China’s industry sector. This study provides the first attempt to fill this research gap.
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Nielsen, Hana, et Astrid Kander. « Trade in the Carbon-Constrained Future : Exploiting the Comparative Carbon Advantage of Swedish Trade ». Energies 13, no 14 (14 juillet 2020) : 3613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143613.

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This paper introduces a new concept of comparative carbon advantage as a potential climate mitigation tool. According to the concept, welfare gains in terms of reduced global CO2 emissions can be achieved by exploiting cross-country sectoral differences in carbon intensity and decarbonized electricity system. The paper empirically tests the concept by utilizing annual data of Sweden between 1995 and 2008. Overall, the results show that Sweden contributed nearly 590 million tons of potential CO2 emissions savings through its exports by having an efficient and low-carbon production and electricity system. This total amount of 590 million tons of CO2 emissions relates to the total savings made if the same amount and composition of Swedish exports was produced using the world average technology. Furthermore, the contribution of Sweden’s low carbon electricity generation was over 34% of the total savings, of which some 20% were direct exports of electricity and 80% was electricity embodied in exported products. This research provides a critical understanding of the impact of efficient production and low carbon electricity in generating relative comparative carbon advantage—a policy relevant aspect for the increasingly globalized, and carbon-constrained, world.
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Mortimer, ND, A. Ashley, CAC Moody, JHR Rix et SA Moss. « Carbon dioxide savings in the commercial building sector ». Energy Policy 26, no 8 (juillet 1998) : 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(98)00019-6.

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Teichmann, P., C. Friederich et D. Schmitt-Landsiedel. « Pushing energy savings in adiabatic logic by carbon-nanotube field effect transistors ». Advances in Radio Science 9 (1 août 2011) : 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-215-2011.

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Abstract. For the first time carbon nanotube (CNT) transistor based adiabatic logic (AL) was analyzed in this work and compared to CNT based static CMOS (CCNT). Static CCNT inverters are used as a reference and compared to inverters in the AL families Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL) and Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic (PFAL) in terms of energy dissipation. Energy savings by adiabatic logic in dependence of operating frequency, supply voltage and number of nanotubes per transistor are reviewed. It is shown that CNT based AL circuits provide high energy saving factors even for high frequencies compared to CNT based static CMOS circuits.
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Baig, Altamash Ahmad, et Alan S. Fung. « Impact of Carbon Pricing on Energy Cost Savings Resulting from Installation of Gas-Fired Absorption Heat Pump at A Library Building in Ontario ». Proceedings 23, no 1 (16 août 2019) : 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019023002.

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This paper presents the results of analyzing the potential benefits of a natural gas-fired absorption heat pump (GAHP) for a library building in Ontario in terms of energy savings, fuel cost savings, and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Simulation model for the library building was created in eQUEST and calibrated using the energy consumption data from the 2012–2014. The results for energy savings were analyzed to include the effect of implementation of carbon pricing. It was concluded that because of implementation of carbon pricing, the replacement of conventional heating equipment with more efficient gas-fired heat pump would increase the monetary value of the savings achieved from reduced natural gas consumption, due to increased price of natural gas. Furthermore, due to the longer heating season in Canada and the relatively higher price of electricity compared to natural gas the gas-fired heat pump can potentially achieve positive energy cost savings when operated in both heating and cooling mode even after implementation of carbon pricing.
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Kassai, Miklós. « Heat Pump Heating System Development of Educational Building based on Energy, Economical and Environmental Impacts ». Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no 3 (20 mai 2019) : 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.13872.

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In this research the technical designing of energy efficient heating system with vertical-borehole heat pumps for institutional buildings was performed. The local government would like to change the old gas boiler-based heat producing system to up-to-date, environmental friendly equipment with the financial support of the European Union. The payback time was calculated and environmental calculations were achieved with carbon dioxide saving by various conditions that were also achieved during the research project. The results show that the heat pump system also provides a significant reduction of environmental load, in addition to significant energy savings. The amount of calculated savings justifies the environmental friendliness of heat pump systems.
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Healy, D. P. « Influence of the carbon intensity of electricity on carbon savings from CHP ». Building Research & ; Information 40, no 3 (juin 2012) : 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.682418.

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Millar, Burnside et Yu. « An Investigation into the Limitations of Low Temperature District Heating on Traditional Tenement Buildings in Scotland ». Energies 12, no 13 (6 juillet 2019) : 2603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132603.

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Domestic heating accounts for 64% of domestic energy usage in the UK, yet there are currently very few viable options for low carbon residential heating. The government’s carbon plan commits to improving the uptake of district heating connections in new build dwellings, but the greatest carbon saving can be made through targeting traditional housing stock. This paper aims to quantify the potential carbon and energy savings that can be made by connecting a traditional tenement building to a district heating scheme. The study uses a transient system simulation tool (TRNSYS) model to simulate the radiator system in a tenement block and shows that a significant benefit can be achieved by reducing the supply temperature; however, the minimum supply temperature is drastically limited by the building condition. Therefore, the study also critically compares the benefits of a lower supply temperature against minor refurbishments. It was found that improving building conditions alone could offer a 30% reduction in space heating energy consumption, while building improvements and integration of a river source heat pump could offer almost a 70% reduction. It is the recommendation of this study that a dwelling be improved as much as economically possible to achieve the greatest carbon and energetic savings.
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Abdulkadir, Yakubu, K. A. Bichi, F. H. Garba, Y. C. Itopa, Y. U. Jibrin, A. Salim et A. I. Girei. « PROCESS FOR CHROMIUM (VI) REMOVAL FROM MECHANIZED TANNERY WASTEWATER USING ACTIVATED CARBON OBTAINED FROM TANNERY SOLID WASTES ». FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no 1 (28 juin 2021) : 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0501-577.

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This study offers an integrated process for treatment and recycling of tannery waste, it has a dual purpose. First the activated carbon has been prepared from leather shaving and buffing dust by physical activation. Both the raw material (leather waste) and the prepared activated carbon were analyzed by DTG, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis TGA, and scanning electron microscope. The adsorption tests of methylene blue and iodine onto the raw material and the prepared adsorbent were carried out and it was found that the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon was enhanced by the physical activation. The Activated Carbon was then characterized by equation of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area was found to be 491.05 and 242.60 m2/g for activated carbons prepared from Leather Savings and Buffing Dust respectively and the functional groups on the adsorbent surface were mainly CN, NH, OH, CO and CS. Secondly, the performance of the prepared activated carbon was assessed by adsorption of chromium (VI) from a synthetic solution, and then the chromium (III) present in the tanning effluent. The results revealed a decrease of chromium by 76% and 73% for the activated carbons prepared from Leather Savings and Buffing Dust, respectively
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Haraldsson, Joakim, et Maria T. Johansson. « Effects on primary energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and related costs from improving energy end-use efficiency in the electrolysis in primary aluminium production ». Energy Efficiency 13, no 7 (26 août 2020) : 1299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09893-1.

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Abstract Primary aluminium production is energy- and GHG-intensive in which electrolysis is by far the most energy- and GHG-intensive process. This paper’s aim is to study the effects on (1) primary energy use, (2) GHG emissions and (3) energy and CO2 costs when energy end-use efficiency measures are implemented in the electrolysis. Significant savings in final and primary energy use, GHG emissions and energy and CO2 costs can be achieved by implementing the studied measures. Vertical electrode cells and the combination of inert anodes and wettable cathodes are among the measures with the highest savings in all three areas (primary energy use, GHG emissions and energy and CO2 costs). Direct carbothermic reduction is one of the measures with the highest savings in primary energy use and energy and CO2 costs. For GHG emissions, direct carbothermic reduction is the more beneficial choice in regions with a high proportion of coal power, while inert anodes are the more beneficial choice in regions with a high proportion of low-carbon electricity. Although a company potentially can save more money by implementing the direct carbothermic reduction, the company should consider implementing the vertical electrode cells together with other energy-saving technologies since this would yield the largest GHG emission savings while providing similar cost savings as the direct carbothermic reduction. It may be necessary to impose a price on GHG emissions in order to make inert anodes cost-effective on their own, although further evaluations are needed in this regard. There is a potential to achieve carbon-neutrality in the reduction of aluminium oxide to pure aluminium.
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Zapata, Christina B., Chris Yang, Sonia Yeh, Joan Ogden et Michael J. Kleeman. « Low-carbon energy generates public health savings in California ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no 7 (10 avril 2018) : 4817–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4817-2018.

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Abstract. California's goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to a level that is 80 % below 1990 levels by the year 2050 will require adoption of low-carbon energy sources across all economic sectors. In addition to reducing GHG emissions, shifting to fuels with lower carbon intensity will change concentrations of short-lived conventional air pollutants, including airborne particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3). Here we evaluate how business-as-usual (BAU) air pollution and public health in California will be transformed in the year 2050 through the adoption of low-carbon technologies, expanded electrification, and modified activity patterns within a low-carbon energy scenario (GHG-Step). Both the BAU and GHG-Step statewide emission scenarios were constructed using the energy–economic optimization model, CA-TIMES, that calculates the multi-sector energy portfolio that meets projected energy supply and demand at the lowest cost, while also satisfying scenario-specific GHG emissions constraints. Corresponding criteria pollutant emissions for each scenario were then spatially allocated at 4 km resolution to support air quality analysis in different regions of the state. Meteorological inputs for the year 2054 were generated under a Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 future climate. Annual-average PM2.5 and O3 concentrations were predicted using the modified emissions and meteorology inputs with a regional chemical transport model. In the final phase of the analysis, mortality (total deaths) and mortality rate (deaths per 100 000) were calculated using established exposure-response relationships from air pollution epidemiology combined with simulated annual-average PM2.5 and O3 exposure. Net emissions reductions across all sectors are −36 % for PM0.1 mass, −3.6 % for PM2.5 mass, −10.6 % for PM2.5 elemental carbon, −13.3 % for PM2.5 organic carbon, −13.7 % for NOx, and −27.5 % for NH3. Predicted deaths associated with air pollution in 2050 dropped by 24–26 % in California (1537–2758 avoided deaths yr−1) in the climate-friendly 2050 GHG-Step scenario, which is equivalent to a 54–56 % reduction in the air pollution mortality rate (deaths per 100 000) relative to 2010 levels. These avoided deaths have an estimated value of USD 11.4–20.4 billion yr−1 based on the present-day value of a statistical life (VSL) equal to USD 7.6 million. The costs for reducing California GHG emissions 80 % below 1990 levels by the year 2050 depend strongly on numerous external factors such as the global price of oil. Best estimates suggest that meeting an intermediate target (40 % reduction in GHG emissions by the year 2030) using a non-optimized scenario would reduce personal income by USD 4.95 billion yr−1 (−0.15 %) and lower overall state gross domestic product by USD 16.1 billion yr−1 (−0.45 %). The public health benefits described here are comparable to these cost estimates, making a compelling argument for the adoption of low-carbon energy in California, with implications for other regions in the United States and across the world.
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Johnson, Michael, Rufus Edwards, Adrián Ghilardi, Victor Berrueta, Dan Gillen, Claudio Alatorre Frenk et Omar Masera. « Quantification of Carbon Savings from Improved Biomass Cookstove Projects ». Environmental Science & ; Technology 43, no 7 (avril 2009) : 2456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801564u.

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Obrecht, Matevž, et Matjaž Knez. « Carbon and resource savings of different cargo container designs ». Journal of Cleaner Production 155 (juillet 2017) : 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.076.

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Lau, E. T., Q. Yang, L. Stokes, G. A. Taylor, A. B. Forbes, P. Clarkson, P. S. Wright et V. N. Livina. « Carbon savings in the UK demand side response programmes ». Applied Energy 159 (décembre 2015) : 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.123.

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Pollard, Carol Elaine. « Up close and personal ». International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 17, no 1 (4 janvier 2016) : 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-03-2014-0043.

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Purpose – The purpose of this research is to explore the drivers of computer-related sustainability behavior at a medium-sized US university and the extent to which an inexpensive energy-saving device installed on 146 administrator, faculty and general staff workstations achieved significant savings in kWh, CO2 kg and dollars. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed-method approach was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data to inform the study, and an intervention was introduced to raise awareness of energy-saving initiatives on a medium-sized university campus at an individual level. A simple computer energy efficiency device to measure the kWh, carbon emissions and monetary savings was installed on office workstations of 146 administrator, faculty and general staff. The research design enabled analysis of university mitigation strategies along with energy-saving behaviors, attitudes and savings in CO2 kg and dollars resulting from the installation of the adaptation intervention. Findings – Extrapolating individual workstation savings over the eight-week study period suggests potential annual average savings of $122,087.21; 1,327,003 kWh of energy; and 577,044 kg CO2. Usage behaviors and attitudes of study participants toward green practices in general and the specific energy-saving device showed participants hold highly positive attitudes toward both. Themes that captured participants’ feeling toward the energy-saving device included: easy to use; enjoyment; feedback; habit and technical issues. Drivers that most highly motivated participants to save energy at work were participants’ sense of social responsibility and the recognition of the need to reduce energy at work. Practical implications – The implementation of a voluntary individual-level energy-saving adaptation has the potential to be more far effective than expensive mandated strategies imposed on university employees and the value of feedback in positively influencing sustainability behavior. Originality/value – This study is one of the first to report on the implementation of a voluntary individual-level climate change adaptation intervention on a university campus. The research addresses concerns voiced in previous literature that higher education is not stepping up the critical role in climate adaptation required of it and contributes to the sustainability in higher education literature by providing empirical evidence of the usefulness of implementing a simple adaptation technique. Specifically, it documents how increasing sustainability awareness in university employees can encourage socially responsible and energy conversation behaviors and achieve significant energy savings in dollars, kWh and CO2 kg.
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Wormer, Blair A., Vedra A. Augenstein, Christin L. Carpenter, Patrick V. Burton, William T. Yokeley, Ajita S. Prabhu, Beth Harris et al. « The Green Operating Room : Simple Changes to Reduce Cost and Our Carbon Footprint ». American Surgeon 79, no 7 (juillet 2013) : 666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481307900708.

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Generating over four billion pounds of waste each year, the healthcare system in the United States is the second largest contributor of trash with one-third produced by operating rooms. Our objective is to assess improvement in waste reduction and recycling after implementation of a Green Operating Room Committee (GORC) at our institution. A surgeon and nurse-initiated GORC was formed with members from corporate leadership, nursing, anesthesia, and OR staff. Initiatives for recycling opportunities, reduction of energy and water use as well as solid waste were implemented and the results were recorded. Since formation of GORC in 2008, our OR has diverted 6.5 tons of medical waste. An effort to recycle all single-use devices was implemented with annual solid waste reduction of approximately 12,860 lbs. Disposable OR foam padding was replaced with reusable gel pads at greater than $50,000 per year savings. Over 500 lbs of previously discarded batteries were salvaged from the OR and donated to charity or redistributed in the hospital ($9,000 annual savings). A “Power Down” initiative to turn off all anesthesia and OR lights and equipment not in use resulted in saving $33,000 and 234.3 metric tons of CO2 emissions reduced per year. Converting from soap to alcohol-based waterless scrub demonstrated a potential saving of 2.7 million liters of water annually. Formation of an OR committee dedicated to ecological initiatives can provide a significant opportunity to improve health care's impact on the environment and save money.
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Liu, Yudong, Guizhou Ren, Honghong Shen, Gang Liu et Fangqin Li. « Technology of CO2 capture and storage ». E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019) : 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911801046.

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This paper studies carbon capture and storage based on carbon emission. There are three main technical routes for CO2 emission reduction: pre-combustion capture, oxygen-rich combustion, and post-combustion capture; CO2 separation technology mainly includes: chemical absorption method, solid adsorption method, membrane separation method. CO2 capture needs to be transported to a special place for storage, which can be generally divided into geological storage, marine storage and chemical storage. Future carbon capture research will focus on cost savings and energy savings.
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Enyi, C. G., et D. Appah. « Improved Wastewater Treatment Using Carbon Dioxide ». Advanced Materials Research 18-19 (juin 2007) : 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.18-19.569.

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This paper focus on the use of Carbon dioxide (CO2) instead of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in a modified wastewater treatment scheme. Over 90% of the vented CO2 from an ammonia plant was used in this scheme, CO2 was directly injected into the wastewater to neutralize it, by reducing the pH to acceptable standard (7.0). This was achieved because the CO2 produces carbonic acid (H2CO3). The use of this process produced a better overall effluent quality of wastewater (pH, 7.56; TDS, 155.15 ppm; Heavy metal, 1.49 ; ppm) as against the use of H2SO4 (pH, 8.77; TDS, 1000 ppm; Heavy metals, 2.90 ppm) which has to be purchased. Savings in operating costs amount to N13,710,600 ($100,813.00) per year, with improved treatment efficiency. Additional long term savings are projected because of reduced shutdown time. However, it was observed that it took 45 minutes longer to achieve this result with CO2.
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Cubi Montanya, Eduard, et David W. Keith. « LEED, Energy Savings, and Carbon Abatement : Related but Not Synonymous ». Environmental Science & ; Technology 45, no 5 (mars 2011) : 1757–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1041332.

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Francis, Karen K., Cecilia Hellstadius et Donald H. Stedman. « Year-round daylight savings : an equation predicting carbon monoxide violations ». Environmental Science & ; Technology 23, no 9 (septembre 1989) : 1168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00067a016.

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Archer, A., J. Self, G. S. Guha et R. Engelken. « Cost and Carbon Savings from Innovative Conversion of Agricultural Residues ». Energy Sources, Part B : Economics, Planning, and Policy 3, no 1 (27 décembre 2007) : 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567240701421724.

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Hewitt, Neil J. « Justifying carbon savings at times of low fossil fuel prices ». International Journal of Ambient Energy 37, no 2 (10 février 2016) : 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2016.1131413.

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Hammond, Alexandra. « Delivering energy and carbon savings through an energy performance contract ». British Journal of Healthcare Management 20, no 11 (2 novembre 2014) : 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2014.20.11.513.

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Teubler, Jens, Sebastian Kiefer et Christa Liedtke. « Metals for Fuels ? The Raw Material Shift by Energy-Efficient Transport Systems in Europe ». Resources 7, no 3 (9 août 2018) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources7030049.

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The long-term transition towards a low-carbon transport sector is a key strategy in Europe. This includes the replacement of fossil fuels, modal shifts towards public transport as well as higher energy efficiency in the transport sector overall. While these energy savings are likely to reduce the direct greenhouse gas emissions of transport, they also require the production of new and different vehicles. This study analyses in detail whether final energy savings in the transport sector also induce savings for material resources from nature if the production of future vehicles is considered. The results for 28 member states in 2030 indicate that energy efficiency in the transport sector leads to lower carbon emissions as well as resource use savings. However, energy-efficient transport sectors can have a significant impact on the demand for metals in Europe. An additional annual demand for 28.4 Mt of metal ores was calculated from the personal transport sector in 2030 alone. The additional metal ores from semiprecious metals (e.g., copper) amount to 12.0 Mt, from precious metals (e.g., gold) to 9.1 Mt and from other metals (e.g., lithium) to 11.7 Mt, with small savings for ferrous metal ores (−4.6 Mt).
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Chu, Yang et Li. « Sustainability Assessment of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems under Carbon Emission Regulations ». Sustainability 11, no 21 (24 octobre 2019) : 5917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215917.

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The combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, which is a sustainable distributed energy system, has attracted increasing attention due to the associated economic, environmental, and energy benefits. Currently, the enforcement of carbon emission regulations has become an increasingly concerning issue globally. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization model is established to evaluate the CCHP system under two different carbon emission regulation policies in terms of economic benefit, environmental sustainability, and energy advantage. A nonlinear programming optimization model is formulated and solved by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The results from the case studies demonstrate that when considering carbon tax regulation, the cost savings of the optimal CCHP system strategy were on average 10.0%, 9.1%, 17.0%, 22.1%, and 20.9% for the office, supermarket, hotel, school, and hospital in China, respectively, compared with the conventional energy supply system. On the other hand, when considering carbon trading regulation, the optimal CCHP system strategy can lead to a 10.0%, 8.9%, 16.8%, 21.6%, and 20.5% cost-saving for the five different building categories, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal CCHP system strategy for the five buildings, i.e., an average of 39.6% carbon dioxide emission (CDE) reduction and 26.5% primary energy consumption (PEC) saving, can be achieved under carbon emission regulations.
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Gauer, Tillman, et Björn-Martin Kurzrock. « Economic and ecological sustainability of the thermal building envelope : a cross-European perspective ». MATEC Web of Conferences 282 (2019) : 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928202003.

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The building sector is crucial to reach the goals of common climate agreements. This paper contrasts three approaches to reduce emissions from typical residential buildings in Central Europe: the instalment of electric heat pumps (eHP), a thicker insulation of the thermal envelope and the encumbrance of a carbon tax. The use of less carbon intense fuels allows major savings of GHG emissions. An insulation thickness of 30 cm leads to GHG emission savings of 8% against a thickness of just 12 cm, while total cost savings (LCC) remain negligible. The introduction of a carbon tax of up to 250 €/t-CO2-eq. does not necessarily result in a reduction of GHG emissions due to increased costs of construction. It was further found that the focus of legal building regulations on heating demand is sufficient for now but needs to be revised as carbon intensities continue to decrease. The heating then reduces its share of the GHG emissions from 85 to 55% for typical residential buildings. The paper closes with a general expression of the lifecycle costs of a building which is dependent on the factors above.
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Kwame, Amoah B. O., Nguyen V. Troy et Najafi Hamidreza. « A Multi-Facet Retrofit Approach to Improve Energy Efficiency of Existing Class of Single-Family Residential Buildings in Hot-Humid Climate Zones ». Energies 13, no 5 (4 mars 2020) : 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051178.

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Targeting existing residential buildings for retrofit improvement presents significant prospects for global reduction of energy-usage and carbon footprints. Energy consumption of the existing single-family building in the hot-humid climate zone needs to be targeted for improvement due to their potential energy-savings and sizeable market share. This paper proposes and evaluates energy savings and cost-effectiveness of a whole building retrofit package for single-family residential buildings built between 1950 and 1970. The study outlined a survey conducted using the clustering data mining technique on Florida Single-Family Residential (SFR) homes to determine the essence of the building envelope, patterns of construction, and Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The evaluation of the energy efficiency measures (EEMs) effectiveness is performed utilizing Autodesk Revit and a Six-Step modeled framework. This framework consists of baseline model development, validation of the model with an actual case study building, identification of potential EMMs, evaluation of EEMs individually and incorporating the selected EMMs into retrofit package and maximizing the energy-saving and cost-effectiveness of the proposed retrofit package. The study develops proposed retrofit improvement package detailing replacement & improvement EEMs, implementation cost, annual energy savings (kWh), cost-saving ($), and payback period (years) for each individual EEM as well as the combined/total energy improvement package. The paper further explored the usage of solar photovoltaics (PV) energy generation options to offset the remaining energy-use after the implementation of the proposed retrofit package.
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Guzman, L. I., et A. Clapp. « Applying personal carbon trading : a proposed ‘Carbon, Health and Savings System’ for British Columbia, Canada ». Climate Policy 17, no 5 (16 mars 2016) : 616–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2016.1152947.

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Zhang, Weijie, Ning Zhang et Yanni Yu. « Carbon mitigation effects and potential cost savings from carbon emissions trading in China's regional industry ». Technological Forecasting and Social Change 141 (avril 2019) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.12.014.

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Atkins, Richard, et Rohinton Emmanuel. « Could refurbishment of “traditional” buildings reduce carbon emissions ? » Built Environment Project and Asset Management 4, no 3 (7 juillet 2014) : 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-08-2013-0030.

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Purpose – Evaluate the post occupancy performance of a typical “traditional” building using multiple post occupancy evaluation (PoE) protocols against design intents to learn lessons about their suitability in meeting UK's climate change reduction targets. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – PoE studies of a single case study, Norton Park, using three PoE methodologies. Gaps and overlaps between the PoE protocols are assessed and their role in improving energy and carbon emission performance of traditional buildings is explored. Findings – Refurbishment of the type undertaken in this case study could halve the energy use in traditional buildings with comparable savings in CO2 emission. Research limitations/implications – Traditional buildings could positively contribute to achieving climate change reduction targets; regular feedback loops improve performance over time. Practical implications – Quantification of the likely national benefit of focusing retrofit actions on traditional buildings is explored. Originality/value – The research study demonstrates that very high levels of energy saving can be achieved when traditional buildings are refurbished. In addition on-going monitoring and PoE studies highlight opportunities to optimise the performance of traditional buildings.
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Pradeep, Chaitanya Jasti. « Estimation of CO2 Emission Savings from a Metro Rail System Using Different Methodologies : A Case Study of Mumbai, India ». European Transport/Trasporti Europei 81, ET.2021 (mars 2021) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.48295/et.2021.81.2.

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Estimating ‘CO2 emission savings’ of a mass rapid transit system (MRTS) project shall give an opportunity to earn carbon credits under clean development mechanism (CDM) of Kyoto protocol for ‘Non-Annex I’ countries like India. In this study, two methodologies for estimating ‘CO2 emission savings’ were demonstrated with a case study of Mumbai ‘metro line 1’. One considers actual reduction in vehicular traffic and the other considers the commuter shift to metro from other modes estimating the savings as 38.02 t/day and 27.63 t/day, respectively. Subsequently, sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the optimal scenario for ‘CO2 emission savings’ supported by both the methods. Further, a breakeven scenario for ‘annual net CO2 emission savings’ after considering the indirect emissions due to electricity consumption by the metro system was also analysed as 1,008 t/year by the end 2019. These savings are analysed to further reach 32,537 t/year by 2025.
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Kneifel, Joshua. « Beyond the code : Energy, carbon, and cost savings using conventional technologies ». Energy and Buildings 43, no 4 (avril 2011) : 951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.019.

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Manoa, David Owino, Tim Oloo et Simon Kasaine. « The Efficiency of the Energy Saving Stoves in Amboseli Ecosystem-Analysis of Time, Energy and Carbon Emissions Savings ». Open Journal of Energy Efficiency 06, no 03 (2017) : 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojee.2017.63007.

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Girard, Guillaume, J. Barresi, C. Dupuis et G. Riverin. « Furnace Operation : “A Gold Mine in your Casthouse” ». Materials Science Forum 630 (octobre 2009) : 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.630.77.

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Scrap rate, throughput, alloy recovery and raw materials are all areas of the casthouse which usually get substantial attention as means of either increasing profits or reducing costs. However, furnaces, which are often overlooked by the casthouse, can also deliver surprisingly high savings. Moreover, these potential savings can only magnify as energy costs and pressures to reduce carbon footprint increase. This paper gives an insight into where savings can be achieved by a casthouse with proper furnace operation. Knowledge of how a furnace should be operated is often neglected but as this paper tries to highlight, developing this knowledge can be extremely worthwhile.
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Alnouri, Sabla Y., et Dhabia M. Al-Mohannadi. « Exploring Tradeoffs in Merged Pipeline Infrastructure for Carbon Dioxide Integration Networks ». Sustainability 12, no 7 (29 mars 2020) : 2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072678.

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Carbon integration aims to identify appropriate CO2 capture, allocation, and utilization options, given a number of emission sources and sinks. Numerous CO2-using processes capture and convert emitted CO2 streams into more useful forms. The transportation of captured CO2, which poses a major design challenge, especially across short distances. This paper investigates new CO2 transportation design aspects by introducing pipeline merging techniques into carbon integration network design. For this, several tradeoffs, mainly between compression and pipeline costs, for merged pipeline infrastructure scenarios have been studied. A modified model is introduced and applied in this work. It is found that savings on pipeline costs are greatly affected by compression/pumping levels. A case study using two different pipe merging techniques was applied and tested. Backward branching was reported to yield more cost savings in the resulting carbon network infrastructure. Moreover, both the source and sink pressures were found to greatly impact the overall cost of the carbon integration network attained via merged infrastructure. It was found that compression costs consistently decreased with increasing source pressure, unlike the pumping and pipeline costs.
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Gerlagh, Reyer. « A climate-change policy induced shift from innovations in carbon-energy production to carbon-energy savings ». Energy Economics 30, no 2 (mars 2008) : 425–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2006.05.024.

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Nyberg, Ylva, Caroline Musee, Emmanuel Wachiye, Mattias Jonsson, Johanna Wetterlind et Ingrid Öborn. « Effects of Agroforestry and Other Sustainable Practices in the Kenya Agricultural Carbon Project (KACP) ». Land 9, no 10 (13 octobre 2020) : 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9100389.

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With growing global demand for food, unsustainable farming practices and large greenhouse gas emissions, farming systems need to sequester more carbon than they emit, while also increasing productivity and food production. The Kenya Agricultural Carbon Project (KACP) recruited farmer groups committed to more Sustainable Agricultural Land Management (SALM) practices and provided these groups with initial advisory services on SALM, farm enterprise development and village savings and loan associations. Recommended SALM practices included agroforestry, cover crops, mulching, composting manure, terracing, reduced tillage and water harvesting. The effects of the KACP on the uptake of SALM practices, maize yield, perceived food self-sufficiency and savings during the initial four years were assessed comparing control and project farmers using interviews, field visits and measurements. Farmers participating in the KACP seemed to have increased uptake of most SALM practices and decreased the use of practices to be avoided under the KACP recommendations. Agroforestry and terraces showed positive effects on maize yield. During all four years, the KACP farms had higher maize yield than control farms, but yield differences were similar in 2009 and 2012 and there was no overall significant effect of the KACP. In 2012, the KACP farms had higher food self-sufficiency and tended to have higher monetary savings than control farms.
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Hu, Xian Fang, Yu Yun Li, Yong Ma, Gui Hua Hu et Qian Tang. « Analysis of Energy and Environmental Benefits about Ground-Source Heat Pump under Heating Conditions in Wuhan Region ». Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (décembre 2012) : 974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.974.

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Based on the heating season testing of ground-source heat pump system (GSHP) in Wuhan, the article discussed the energy efficiency ratio of ground-source heat pump system under the heating conditions. By comparison with conventional chillers & coal-fired boiler system, the system energy savings, environmental benefits and incremental payback period are analysized. There comes to the conclusion that the energy saving rate of the heating season is about 19.74% higher than that of the cooling season, reducing 18.35 kg carbon dioxide emissions, 0.15kg of sulfur dioxide and 0.0743 kg of dust per unit construction area each year. Also this article concludes the annual energy saving rate of ground-source heat pump system equals to that of water-source heat pump, with the payback period 22% longer and the cost-effective ratio 32% higher.
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Gupta, Sujata, et Stephen G. Hall. « Carbon abatement costs : an integrated approach for India ». Environment and Development Economics 1, no 1 (février 1996) : 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000371.

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ABSTRACTEconomic models for assessing costs of greenhouse gas abatement can be classified as macroeconomic (top-down) models or micro (bottom-up) models. As yet little attention has been focused on the modelling of developing countries. This paper proposes a methodology for integrating the two approaches and illustrates it with the example of India. The results show that a carbon tax would have limited effectiveness in controlling carbon emissions. Investing carbon tax revenues in carbon-abating technologies can give substantial carbon savings. The costs of carbon abatement using the integrated model are higher than those predicted by other global models with India as a sub-region.
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Lapola, David M., Ruediger Schaldach, Joseph Alcamo, Alberte Bondeau, Jennifer Koch, Christina Koelking et Joerg A. Priess. « Indirect land-use changes can overcome carbon savings from biofuels in Brazil ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no 8 (8 février 2010) : 3388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907318107.

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Flint, Iain P., Julian M. Allwood et André Cabrera Serrenho. « Scrap, carbon and cost savings from the adoption of flexible nested blanking ». International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 104, no 1-4 (21 juin 2019) : 1171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03995-6.

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Wang, Weiwei, Puneet Dwivedi, Robert Abt et Madhu Khanna. « Carbon savings with transatlantic trade in pellets : accounting for market-driven effects ». Environmental Research Letters 10, no 11 (1 novembre 2015) : 114019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114019.

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Vakalis, D., E. Diaz Lozano Patino, T. Opher, M. F. Touchie, K. Burrows, H. L. MacLean et J. A. Siegel. « Quantifying thermal comfort and carbon savings from energy-retrofits in social housing ». Energy and Buildings 241 (juin 2021) : 110950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110950.

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Houldsworth, Alexandra. « Do we need a replacement for the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme ? » Environmental Law Review 20, no 4 (décembre 2018) : 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452918816184.

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This opinion discusses whether the proposed Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting (‘SECR’) framework produced by government for businesses should replace the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme (‘CRC’) which closes at the end of the 2018 to 2019 compliance year, especially in light of the fact that other reporting schemes such as the Energy Savings Opportunities Scheme (‘ESOS’) already exist.
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Mamais, D., C. Noutsopoulos, A. Dimopoulou, A. Stasinakis et T. D. Lekkas. « Wastewater treatment process impact on energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions ». Water Science and Technology 71, no 2 (23 décembre 2014) : 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.521.

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The objective of this research was to assess the energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), to apply a mathematical model to evaluate their carbon footprint, and to propose energy saving strategies that can be implemented to reduce both energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Greece. The survey was focused on 10 WWTPs in Greece with a treatment capacity ranging from 10,000 to 4,000,000 population equivalents (PE). Based on the results, annual specific energy consumption ranged from 15 to 86 kWh/PE. The highest energy consumer in all the WWTPs was aeration, accounting for 40–75% of total energy requirements. The annual GHG emissions varied significantly according to the treatment schemes employed and ranged between 61 and 161 kgCO2e/PE. The highest values of CO2 emissions were obtained in extended aeration systems and the lowest in conventional activated sludge systems. Key strategies that the wastewater industry could adopt to mitigate GHG emissions are identified and discussed. A case study is presented to demonstrate potential strategies for energy savings and GHG emission reduction. Given the results, it is postulated that the reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) set points and sludge retention time can provide significant energy savings and decrease GHG emissions.
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Madlool, Naseer A., Rahman Saidur, Hafdih H. Mohammed, Khalid H. Solangi et Nasrudin A. Rahim. « Energy Savings Measures for Clinker Production in Cement Industry ». Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (octobre 2011) : 3120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3120.

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Industrial development has lead to higher energy consumption, and emission of greenhouse gases. Cement industry plays an important role in energy consumption and overall greenhouse gases emissions. This paper reviews the preceding studies concentration on the provision of energy saving, carbon dioxide emission reductions correlated with implementation of a number of technologies applicable to improve the energy efficiency in the cement industry. Energy efficiency measures for clinker production. It is found the largest amounts of thermal energy saving, electrical energy saving, emission reductions are 4.1 Giga Joule per ton, 35 kilo Watt hour per ton, 112,61 kilogram CO2 per ton respectively.
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Wilkinson, Alexander J. K., Rory Braggins, Ingeborg Steinbach et James Smith. « Costs of switching to low global warming potential inhalers. An economic and carbon footprint analysis of NHS prescription data in England ». BMJ Open 9, no 10 (octobre 2019) : e028763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028763.

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ObjectivesMetered-dose inhalers (MDIs) contain propellants which are potent greenhouse gases. Many agencies propose a switch to alternative, low global warming potential (GWP) inhalers, such as dry powder inhalers (DPIs). We aimed to analyse the impact on greenhouse gas emissions and drug costs of making this switch.SettingWe studied National Health Service prescription data from England in 2017 and collated carbon footprint data on inhalers commonly used in England.DesignInhalers were separated into different categories according to their mechanisms of action (eg, short-acting beta-agonist). Within each category we identified low and high GWP inhalers and calculated the cost and carbon impact of changing to low GWP inhalers. We modelled scenarios for swapping proportionally according to the current market share of each equivalent DPI (model 1) and switching to the lowest cost pharmaceutically equivalent DPI (model 2). We also reviewed available data on the carbon footprint of inhalers from scientific publications, independently certified reports and patents to provide more accurate carbon footprint information on different types of inhalers.ResultsIf MDIs using HFA propellant are replaced with the cheapest equivalent DPI, then for every 10% of MDIs changed to DPIs, drug costs decrease by £8.2M annually. However if the brands of DPIs stay the same as 2017 prescribing patterns, for every 10% of MDIs changed to DPIs, drug costs increase by £12.7M annually. Most potential savings are due to less expensive long-acting beta-agonist (LABA)/inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) inhalers. Some reliever inhalers (eg, Ventolin) have a carbon footprint over 25 kg CO2e per inhaler, while others use far less 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA134a) (eg, Salamol) with a carbon footprint of <10 kg CO2e per inhaler. 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane (HFA227ea) LABA/ICS inhalers (eg, Flutiform) have a carbon footprint over 36 kg CO2e, compared with an equivalent HFA134a combination inhaler (eg, Fostair) at <20 kg CO2e. For every 10% of MDIs changed to DPIs, 58 kt CO2e could be saved annually in England.ConclusionsSwitching to DPIs would result in large carbon savings and can be achieved alongside reduced drug costs by using less expensive brands. Substantial carbon savings can be made by using small volume HFA134a MDIs, in preference to large volume HFA134a MDIs, or those containing HFA227ea as a propellant.
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Asensio, Omar I., et Magali A. Delmas. « Nonprice incentives and energy conservation ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no 6 (12 janvier 2015) : E510—E515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1401880112.

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In the electricity sector, energy conservation through technological and behavioral change is estimated to have a savings potential of 123 million metric tons of carbon per year, which represents 20% of US household direct emissions in the United States. In this article, we investigate the effectiveness of nonprice information strategies to motivate conservation behavior. We introduce environment and health-based messaging as a behavioral strategy to reduce energy use in the home and promote energy conservation. In a randomized controlled trial with real-time appliance-level energy metering, we find that environment and health-based information strategies, which communicate the environmental and public health externalities of electricity production, such as pounds of pollutants, childhood asthma, and cancer, outperform monetary savings information to drive behavioral change in the home. Environment and health-based information treatments motivated 8% energy savings versus control and were particularly effective on families with children, who achieved up to 19% energy savings. Our results are based on a panel of 3.4 million hourly appliance-level kilowatt–hour observations for 118 residences over 8 mo. We discuss the relative impacts of both cost-savings information and environmental health messaging strategies with residential consumers.
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