Thèses sur le sujet « Casa do Benin »

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico- CNPq
A presente pesquisa de Mestrado em Museologia investiga as três Casas de Culturas Africanas constituídas no centro histórico da cidade do Salvador, sendo uma pública – Casa do Benin (1988), gerida pela Fundação Municipal Gregório de Mattos – e duas privadas – Casa de Angola (1999) e Casa da Nigéria (2008), mantidas pelos seus respectivos governos. A criação dessas casas esteve atrelada à vontade política de seus gestores públicos, mas, também, à crescente valorização das raízes africanas que se deu a partir da década de 1970 e, sobretudo, ao processo de “reafricanização” da cidade, impulsionado pelas incipientes indústrias cultural, de entretenimento e de turismo. Procura, ainda, compreender como a África Negra está representada nesses espaços expográficos a partir das análises descritivas e analíticas de suas exposições etnográficas de longa duração. Dessa forma, a pesquisa dialoga com o histórico da formação dessas Casas de Culturas, incluindo seu caráter político, e com a Museologia, no que tange à comunicação museológica de artefatos etnográficos destituídos de suas funções originais. A Semiótica e a Antropologia também fornecem subsídios na compreensão do processo representacional desses artefatos musealizados. Busca-se, então, compreender como a África Negra está representada nesses espaços museais e quais as conexões e diálogos que essas exposições podem estabelecer com a cidade “negra”. As análises apontaram que estas instituições tendem a representar as culturas africanas de formas estereotipadas.
The present research investigates the three African Cultural Houses constituted in the historical center of the city of Salvador, one being public – Benin Cultural House (1988), managed by the Gregorio de Mattos City Hall Cultural Foundation - and two private ones - Angola Cultural House (1999) and Nigeria Cultural House (2008), maintained by their respective governments. The creation of these houses was linked to the political will of their state agents, but also to the growing recognition of the African cultural heritage that began in the 1970s and, above all, to the process of "reafricanization" of the city, driven by the cultural, entertainment and tourism incipient industries. It also seeks to understand how Black Africa is represented in these spaces through descriptive and analytical analyzes of their long-term ethnographic exhibitions. Thus, the research dialogues with the history of the formation of these Cultural Houses, including their political issues, and with the Museology, regarding the museological communication of ethnographic artifacts devoid of their original functions. Semiotics and Anthropology also provide insights into the representational process of these museum artifacts. It seeks to understand how Black Africa is represented in these museums' spaces and what connections and dialogues these exhibitions can establish with the "black" city. The analyzes pointed out that these institutions tend to represent African cultures in a stereotyped way.

Limited access to financial services is known as a major constraint to agricultural development (FAO, 2002). Farmers need liquidity to face agricultural expenses throughout the production cycle but mainly at the beginning. Mainstream financial institutions are reluctant to serve the agricultural sector for several reasons. First, they consider the sector to be highly risky with low performance. Also, agricultural activities depend on the weather, they take place in remote rural areas, and commodities prices are volatile. All these aspects make it hard for standard banks to reach their profit goals when lending to farmers. Since microfinance was conceived, it has generated a lot of hope for alleviating poverty in low-income countries. Microfinance provides the poor with access to affordable capital by granting low-income individuals with loans they would not otherwise have access to, because of economic and geographic constraints. The goal of the dissertation is to examine the role and the importance of microfinance in the agricultural sector of developing countries. A survey took place in October 2017, in both rural and urban areas of Benin and involved 750 agricultural households. Three different agricultural zones were selected: the North-East (cotton zone); the Center (tubers and cashew nut zone) and the South (a region with special crops such as vegetables, pineapple, palm tree, exotic plants). The study focuses on agricultural loans. It includes clients of the major microfinance institution in Benin: FECECAM - Faîtière des Caisses d’Epargne et de Crédit Agricole Mutuel. This research contributes to the literature in several ways. The study allows shedding light on the effects of agricultural loans, specifically, on households’ efficiency and labor employment, which are mostly overlooked in the microfinance literature. To overcome selection bias in microcredit evaluation, the research employs a pipeline design. Control and treatment groups consist of individuals who have chosen to participate in the microfinance program. The loan treatment considered is the experience with loans which includes program entry timing, loan take-up frequency, and the average amount of loan obtained over the 2012-2017 period. The study employs a cluster analysis technique to create reliable comparable groups. Multiple variables and indicators are analyzed. A descriptive analysis of loan impact on farmers’ labor input choices shows that past loans have residual effects on both hired and family labor use. Farm loans, especially those obtained for farm machinery significantly reduce expenditure on hired labor but more family labor is employed using machine loans while other loan categories reduced the use of family labor. The evaluation of the whole-farm efficiency of borrowers in the presence of agricultural loans reveals significant technical and allocative errors leading to profit loss in all studied regions. However, experience with loans significantly increases farmers’ whole-farm efficiency, particularly in the North. Finally, the assessment of well-being indicators suggests that those farm loans have a significant positive impact on sampled recipients’ net farm income, food security and food quality statuses. Agricultural loans also have a positive impact on women’s empowerment. The monitoring and implementation mechanism of FECECAM played a crucial role in the success of its loan programs.

Indigenous, animistic religions inherently convey a close relationship and stewardship for the environment. This stewardship is very apparent in the region of southern Benin, Africa. The Fon peoples of this region practice a traditional religion termed Vodun, which manifested from the 17th century slave trade, and subsequently migrated to the Caribbean and Americas where it transmuted into Voodoo, among other religions. The migration of pre-colonial religious canon to the Western Hemisphere has garnered ample study; however, the pioneering religion, Vodun, has received far less scholastic attention, despite Benins recognition of Vodun as a national religion. In this thesis, I contend that the Fon exemplify a society that incorporates rites and rituals of their animistic religion into their daily lives expressed through forms of stewardship, particularly as it pertains to the Forêt Sacrée de Kpassé. This fusion of religious tradition with environmental interaction is inseparable, as are the subsequent environmental effects. This thesis discussion entails an investigation of the impacts of Vodun beliefs on environment-society relations. The results of this study are based upon a qualitative study conducted in the summer of 2009 in Ouidah, Benin.

In Benin, women in general and rural women in particular are central to the development and sustenance of the household, community, and society at large. Yet, often, they lack the agency, as a result of limited education, life skills, and resources, to contribute to community development, or the structures in place (laws, religious beliefs, policies, and institutions) limit women’s ability to participate in community development. As a result of their limited agency and the unequal structures in society, women in Benin have often been denied participation in decisions around education, health, economy, and agriculture. While women are key actors in all these sectors, they are often not represented sufficiently in the discussions that shape their lives. Women in Benin have collectively organized into associations to address these issues. Associations such as Mothers Associations (MAs) in Benin, have emerged with the specific purpose of improving the education of their daughters. MAs function under the umbrella of Parent Associations (PAs) to address issues of particular concern to girl students. While PAs have helped to improve basic education by putting pressure on school administrators and political leaders to address the quality of schools, these associations have been primarily male dominated, rarely identifying the specific barriers to education for girls. My dissertation has three main objectives: to assess how MAs in Benin have collectively mobilized to enhance the quality of education for schoolgirls; to determine whether MA activities and mobilization efforts have led to women’s empowerment and influence within their respective communities; and to examine whether MAs have had an impact on changing harmful social norms. Overall, the objective of this research is to examine how members of the MAs have used their collective agency to enhance gender equality within the school and community life. Through a critical feminist approach and applying a socio-ecological model, I examine the process in which African women have mobilized, collaborated, and advocated for girls’ education in ways that subtly undermine the harmful relations of power that govern their position in society.

This thesis presents the findings of a small-scale, qualitative study of attitudes toward AIDS and AIDS education campaigns in the village of Sota in central Benin. Through a language ideology framework, this study reviews the overlap and disparity between AIDS discourse and other systems of meaning in Sota, particularly rumors and religious beliefs. The portrait that emerges from this analysis of the social construction of AIDS by multiple discourses suggests that the impact of AIDS education may be limited only in part because the intended recipients fail to understand the information being provided. More importantly, the context and underlying assumptions of educational presentations about HIV/AIDS are not formulated in ways that are compatible with, or directly meaningful to, lived experience.

Human trafficking has emerged over the past three decades as an issue of considerable concern for the international community, and governments around the world have committed themselves to enacting legislation to combat the trade in humans. This has resulted in the adoption of international standards and important obligations of governments, to address the trafficking in persons (TIP) and in particular child trafficking which appears as a worldwide form of modern-day slavery, and a facet of transnational organized crime. This study investigated the potential causes of this state of affairs, which could be the inadequacy of legal texts and absence of implementation mechanisms, lack of co-ordination amongst the actors implicated, the insufficiency of political will to respond to the problem, the permeability of borders, or the lack of information in the accounts of victims and their parents. The principle objective aimed to address and ensure safety, special protection and security to child victims of trafficking. In so doing this study identified the existing legal framework in the international and regional environment.

Examines the situation of child victims through a human rights perspective and identifies the existing legal framework in the international and regional environment. Furthermore, this study seeks to raise awareness about the illegality and harmful consequences of all forms of child trafficking. Also discusses the necessity to take appropriate criminal as well as administrative action, at all levels, to effectively prohibit and penalise child trafficking.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Professor Julia Sloth-Nielsen of the faculty of Law, of the University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-110).
by Elliot Ede Ibie.
M.S.

Negli ultimi anni, i musei vengono visitati sempre meno, in particolare quelli più piccoli e con meno beni culturali. Questo trend negativo è maggiormente peggiorato con l'avvento della pandemia che ha bloccato completamente le visite per molto tempo. Per questo motivo i musei si stanno muovendo per apportare dei cambiamenti innovativi, che possano attirare l'attenzione dei visitatori. Proprio per questi motivi abbiamo deciso di sviluppare un'applicazione mobile con alcune funzionalità innovative, utilizzando come caso di studio il Museo della Regina, situato a Cattolica. Dopo aver effettuato uno studio approfondito su vari musei, abbiamo notato che la realtà aumentata era un argomento molto interessante e non utilizzato ancora da tutti. Abbiamo provveduto ad effettuare ricerche riguardanti lo stato dell'arte attuale, gli ambiti di applicazione e i framework utilizzati per lo sviluppo di questa tecnologia. In definitiva abbiamo deciso di utilizzare React Native, framework di sviluppo per applicazioni native con unico codice. Per quanto riguarda la realtà aumentata invece, abbiamo utilizzato una libreria esterna di Wikitude SDK. L'applicazione finale risulta essere molto promettente e pronta per essere ampliata e successivamente utilizzata all'interno del museo. Infine, abbiamo provveduto ad effettuare un sondaggio preliminare con un gruppo di utenti selezionato, dal quale abbiamo ottenuto feedback positivi e un forte interesse.

La ricerca si inserisce negli studi sulla storia dei processi di democratizzazione, ruolo delle Chiese e società civile ed ha preso in esame un caso per molti versi esemplare: la transizione democratica culminata in Bénin negli avvenimenti del 1990. Lo studio esamina la convocazione della Conferenza Nazionale – presieduta da un vescovo cattolico, mons. Isidore de Souza – e felicemente sfociata in un cambiamento pacifico di regime, dopo quasi vent’anni di governo marxista-leninista. Ne scaturì l’avvio effettivo di una vita democratica, caratterizzata dal multipartitismo, da libere consultazioni elettorali e da una stabilità democratica ormai quasi ventennale. La ricerca si è svolta con l’ausilio di testi e documentazioni reperite in Bénin e in Francia. Attraverso tali materiali è stato ricostruito anzitutto il contesto storico, mettendo a fuoco in particolare la specificità di questo paese – antico “quartiere latino d’Africa” sotto la colonizzazione – e la peculiarità del difficile insediamento prima, e del forte radicamento dopo, della Chiesa cattolica in Bénin, che ha assai contribuito alla formazione di quella élite intellettuale che ha costituito una risorsa decisiva nella vita civile e politica del paese, incluso il processo di transizione democratica. La ricerca ha permesso inoltre un ampio confronto con l’analogo ruolo istituzionale giocato da alti esponenti della gerarchia cattolica nelle diverse Conferenze Nazionali che si sono succedute a quella di Cotonou, confermando la peculiarità e l’incidenza della presenza della Chiesa del Bénin ed in particolare di monsignor de Souza all’interno del processo di transizione. Sono state messe in luce particolarmente l’influenza sulla vicenda sia del peculiare legame anche culturale del Bénin con la Francia nonché del ruolo svolto da élites cattoliche particolarmente preparata ed attive, oltre naturalmente alle notevoli personalità dei due principali protagonisti, il vescovo de Souza e il Presidente Kerekou.
The research connects with the studies about democratisation processes and about the role Churches and society played in, and examines an exemplary case: the democratic transition that reached its peak in Bènin with the ‘90s happenings. The study examines the summoning of the National Convention – over which presided a catholic bishop, Mons. Isidore de Souza, and which leaded successfully to a peaceful regime change, after a nearly 20-years communist government. Out of it began a real democratic life, whose features were multipartitism, free elections and a nearly 20-years democratic stability. The research has been carried out thanks to texts and documents that were found out in Bènin and France. Through those texts was reconstructed the historical background first, pinning the particular specificity of this country down – during colonization called ancient “Latin Quarter of Africa” – and the peculiar and hard settlement before, and the strong rooting after, of the Catholic Church in Bènin. The research has also allowed to compare it with the similar institutional role of important exponents of Catholic Hierarchy in the several National Convention that followed the Cotonou one, thus confirming the peculiarity and influence of the Church in Bènin, particularly of Mons. de Souza in this transition process. It has been particularly highlighted the influence, on the specificity of this event, both of the peculiar relationship, also cultural, between Bènin and France and of the role particularly competent and active catholic elites played in, besides the remarkable personalities of the two main protagonists, Bishop de Souza and President Kerekou.

This thesis offers a critical assessment of anti- child trafficking discourse, policy and practice, using a case study of the situation in Southern Benin. It seeks to achieve two main goals. First, to transcend the reductiveness of the dominant paradigm around child trafficking, including dominant representations of it and prevailing policy approaches to dealing with it. Second, to complicate the simplistic nature of much of the academic literature that explains the existence and persistence of this dominant paradigm. Based on 14 months of multi-sited fieldwork, the thesis demonstrates, first, that the institutional narrative of ‘child trafficking’ misrepresents what would be better understood as adolescent labour migration in Benin, and second, that mainstream policy approaches to tackling this fail to account for the sociocultural or political-economic conditions that underpin it. The thesis suggests that this can be interpreted as a result of the power of three framing orders of discourse – ‘Apollonian Childhood’, Neoliberalism and that of the Westphalian State – which structure both what ‘trafficking’ can mean and what can be done about it. The thesis suggests that the material and power structures of the anti-trafficking discourse- and policy-making field are such that, even where individuals within it reject both the dominant paradigm and its (and the field’s) framing orders of discourse, little space exists for them to construct meaningful alternatives. The result is a degree of formal and representational stability, hiding practical hybridity. The conclusion is offered that, while anti-trafficking discourse is presumed to be accurate and while antitrafficking policy is justified in terms of its contribution to ‘beneficiaries’, theprinciple achievement of both is the depoliticised reproduction of the institutions, orders of discourse and political-economic context within which they are constructed.

Negli ultimi tempi si è registrato un importante sviluppo degli algoritmi di ricostruzione tridimensionale, che attraverso elaborazioni automatiche in tempo reale, permettono la realizzazione di prodotti sempre più affini a quelli ottenuti da scansioni laser con costi molto inferiori. Con questo elaborato si è dunque voluto analizzare la validità dei prodotti ottenuti tramite procedure di elaborazione fotogrammetrica mediante software automatici, a partire da un rilievo eseguito da drone e da una scansione laser della Porta di San Leo. Grazie ad un software di gestione e di comparazione di nuvole di punti, i prodotti ottenuti sono stati sovrapposti e opportunamente georeferenziati, poi sono stati eseguiti diversi tipi di confronti. Le comparazioni tra i modelli ottenuti sono state realizzate tenendo come riferimento la nuvola di punti tridimensionale acquisita con il rilievo laser. Sono state considerate analisi di tipo qualitativo e quantitativo, valutando la validità e l’accuratezza della restituzione fotogrammetrica. Tale procedimento ha permesso di dare un giudizio su ciò che si ottiene tramite software basati sui criteri della Structure from Motion, attraverso un termine di paragone con la tecnica di rilievo laser scanner. Inoltre è stato possibile definire quale calcolo teorico approssimativo dell’errore può essere funzionante per il caso della porta di San Leo e per altri casi simili.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-63).
Detailed understanding of the heterogeneities and complexity of reservoir architecture and flow properties are crucial to development and exploitation of commercial hydrocarbon reservoirs. Thus, reservoir characterization and simulation studies are done on a continuous basis during the life of a field from initial exploration through appraisal, development and eventual abandonment. A key component of these studies is the knowledge of the reservoir permeability across the field. However, permeability is only measured directly at the pore scale from core, and since cores are rarely taken in a significant percentage of the wells in a field, estimation methods are commonly used to predict the permeability in wells without core data. These methods have included empirical and statistical approaches, as well as the emerging pattern recognition techniques. The accuracy of most methods are greatly enhanced when the reservoir is subdivided into units with common flow properties. In this thesis, a case study is carried out in the Benin River/Gbokoda field in Nigeria, with the aim of developing from existing tools, a facies based, simple to use, accurate and readily available technique to predict permeability in fields where there is at least one well that has core data for calibration of the reservoir properties and facies. The use of the facies data to constrain the prediction greatly improved the match between the predicted and the actual. The reservoir is subdivided into depositional groupings based on lithofacies and facies association, flow properties, and ease of recognition on wireline logs. Linear equations were developed from multiple regression of wire line log data to predict this groupings. The predicted groupings and the wireline Jog data were used in a multiple regression to develop another set of linear equations to predict permeability in each grouping. The equations produced were applied to a test well that had core data but was not used in the study. The predicted groupings and permeability from the test well was in very close agreement with the original data. The equations are next applied to other wells in the field.
by Clement Olajide Aina.
S.M.

Abstract

Consequence analysis ”worst case scenario” at Mälarhamnar AB Västerås

David Dotzsky

Mälarhamnar AB is a company that handle large amounts of oil, diesel, biofuel and petrol. That result in a lot of work to prevent accidents. The risks with modern technology is very small but it can’t be eliminated. This project is a continued investigation on a previous consequence analysis for Mälarhamnar AB. It is important to know which authorities who will be involved before and after a worst case scenario at the fuel depot. It is conclusive that the responsibility of each party that is involved is defined. The communication between the involved parties is also important for the most efficient way to deal with the problems that occur after a fire in the depot. The information have been gathered through communication with and information from the environmental and health protection agency in Västerås, Mälardalens fire and rescue association, Västerås municipality, county administrative board in Västmanland and the national agency of preparation for crises among others. The effects from a depot fire would threat people in Västerås if the wind is northeast, then all the pollutants reach the city core. A fire can also cause eutrofication in Lake Mälaren, which might lead to overgrowth of poisonous algae and lack of oxygen. The responsibility is divided on a lot of parties but Mälarhamnar AB is ultimately responsible in case of fire.

Nyckelord: ARC Miljö, bensin, cistern, myndighet, Mälaren, OKQ8, bränsledepå, olycka, petroleum, tillsyn.

Economic globalization is said to promote peace and prosperity while reducing poverty and deter conflicts. Liberal scholars argue that economic globalization is more important than good governance/democracy for deterring conflict, and that the pacifying effects of economic globalization are universal. Dependency theorists on the other hand, argue that economic globalization is only beneficial for the core countries of the world while the periphery countries are being exploited of resources in exchange for instability and inequality. However, if economic globalization is more important than good governance and democracy, why then are there many developing countries with high levels of economic globalization and poverty and conflict? This study set out to examine the relationship between economic globalization and social conflicts in developing countries and found that the likelihood of social conflict increases with higher levels of economic globalization in developing countries.

This study explored the appropriateness of the concept of strategic leadership in the development and improvement of higber education in an African university called, for the purposes of tbis study, the AU3. It examined whether strategic leadership as it emerged in Western countries-had any resonance and relevance for the AU3, and explored the ways in which strategic leaders (SLs) interpreted and gave meanings to their roles. The study adopted a phenomenological approach with a qualitative case study design. A purposive sample of 20 strategic leaders was selected. The data collection instrument was semi-structured interviews. The research findings suggested that to enact strategic leadership the individual in the role should: be able to provide clarification of what helshe does and be able to understand the context in which he/she operates. The study contended that: strategic leadership requires three characteristics: elucidation - the ability to identify with their roles and responsibilities and link these to the strategic goals and mission of AU3; externalisation - the ability to consolidate their role tasks, provide evidence, and evaluate job tasks; and realisation - the ability to understand the complexity of their roles. The study further argued that SLs develop a distinctive shape of values and beliefs which impacted on the decisions they made. The study concluded with three types of leader: the 'emollient leader', who is concerned with 'hanging on in there', making the situation calmer in the hope of averting confrontation; the 'hypochondriac leader', who assumes constantly that something is wrong with their approach in performing their role, who is distracted by the environment and its constituencies; and the 'mirroring leader', who cannot see beyond their technical expertise. This study aims to help policy makers and those in charge of SLs' recruitment, selection, and development to better understand what competences are required to lead the university.

Questa tesi vuole portare avanti il concetto che la prevenzione dei disastri in Italia con conseguente perdita di beni culturali, può e deve essere attuata, sostenendo che il concetto di fatalità e di perdita dovuta all'incuria non può essere ammissibile. Una generale analisi della tematica di rischio idrogeologico e sismico a scala nazionale, ci ha portato a soffermarci sulla prevenzione delle emergenze archeologiche della Regione Marche, e nello specifico dell’area del Parco Archeologico della città Romana di Suasa Senonum, sito presso Castelleone di Suasa nella provincia di Ancona. L’obiettivo del nostro lavoro vuol essere una riflessione al termine di un percorso di studi, che insegna la collaborazione tra le diverse figure professionali, quali architetti, ingegneri, geologi, archeologi etc., al fine di ampliare il dibattito critico e divulgativo sui grandi temi dell’architettura.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a chain-oriented tool to evaluate the environment performance of products focussing on the entire life cycle of these products: from the extraction of resources, via manufacturing and use, to the final processing of the disposed products. Through all these stages consumption of resources and pollutant releases to air, water, soil are identified and quantified in Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis. Subsequently to the LCI phase follows the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) phase; that has the purpose to convert resource consumptions and pollutant releases in environmental impacts. The LCIA aims to model and to evaluate environmental issues, called impact categories. Several reports emphasises the importance of LCA in the field of ENMs. The ENMs offer enormous potential for the development of new products and application. There are however unanswered questions about the impacts of ENMs on human health and the environment. In the last decade the increasing production, use and consumption of nanoproducts, with a consequent release into the environment, has accentuated the obligation to ensure that potential risks are adequately understood to protect both human health and environment. Due to its holistic and comprehensive assessment, LCA is an essential tool evaluate, understand and manage the environmental and health effects of nanotechnology. The evaluation of health and environmental impacts of nanotechnologies, throughout the whole of their life-cycle by using LCA methodology. This is due to the lack of knowledge in relation to risk assessment. In fact, to date, the knowledge on human and environmental exposure to nanomaterials, such ENPs is limited. This bottleneck is reflected into LCA where characterisation models and consequently characterisation factors for ENPs are missed. The PhD project aims to assess limitations and challenges of the freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential evaluation in LCIA phase for ENPs and in particular nanoparticles as n-TiO2.
L’LCA è una metodologia standardizzata volta alla valutazione delle performance ambientali di un prodotto lungo il suo intero ciclo di vita. Il consumo di risorse e le emissioni di sostanze inquinanti in aria, acqua, suolo sono quantificate nella fase di inventario (LCI).La fase successiva di Life Cycle Impact Assessment ha lo scopo di convertire i consumi di risorse e le emissioni di inquinanti in impatti ambientali. classificate in categorie di impatto.Grazie all’ utilizzo di specifici fattori di caratterizzazione i risultati della fase d’inventario vengono convertiti in un unità comune ed espressi in termini di impact score per ogni categoria d’impatto. L’importanza di studi di LCA nel settore dei nanomateriali (ENM) è stata sottolineata da diversi studi. Nonostante le nanotecnologie, sembrano offrire enormi potenzialità per lo sviluppo di nuovi prodotti e applicazioni con migliori prestazioni energetiche o un ridotto uso di materiali ed energia, vi sono ancora forti incertezze legate ai loro possibili impatti ambientali e sanitari. Negli ultimi dieci anni l'aumento della produzione, l'uso e il consumo di nanoprodotti, ha accentuato l'obbligo di garantire che i rischi potenziali siano adeguatamente compresi per proteggere sia la salute umana e l'ambiente. Grazie al suo approccio olistico l’LCA è stato identificata come uno strumento essenziale per valutare, gli effetti sull'ambiente e sulla salute. Solo pochi studi di LCA sono stati condotti sui nanoprodotti e tra questi solo pochi considerando gli impatti ambientali di tipo tossicologico. La scarsa applicazione della metodologia LCA nel settore della nanotecnologia è principalmente dovuta alle frammentarie conoscenze scientifiche correlati alla valutazione del rischio ambientale.Ad oggi, nella metodologia LCA si risente della completa mancanza di opportuni modelli di caratterizzazione per gli impatto tossicologici. Il progetto di dottorato si propone di valutare i limiti e le sfide nella fase di LCIA per la valutazione degli impattiecotossicologi per nanoparticelle di n-TiO2.

Nel lavoro seguente è stato affrontato il tema del prezzo di vendita dei ricambi all’interno di una azienda produttrice di beni strumentali. Il progetto è stato sviluppato in collaborazione con SACMI S.C., in particolar modo con la funzione After-Sales appartenente alla divisione Closures & Containers. Dopo una prima parte introduttiva riguardante il mondo After-Sales è stato introdotto il mondo dei ricambi descrivendone con un discreto grado di dettaglio le diverse caratteristiche che lo contraddistinguono. Nei capitoli successivi, nel cuore dell’elaborato quindi, viene proposto uno processo finalizzato alla determinazione del prezzo di vendita. Il processo risulta suddiviso in vari sotto-obiettivi da perseguire, ognuno dei quali funzionali e propedeutici al macro-obiettivo finale. Tale processo prevede l’identificazione di famiglie di prodotto simili che permettono di snellire il numero di prodotti da gestire e calcolare il prezzo in maniera più semplice. Al fine creare al meglio le diverse famiglie di prodotto è previsto l’utilizzo di fondamenti di Cellular Manufacturing: algoritmi di clustering, indici di similarità. Nei capitoli finali sono riportati diversi test eseguiti a varie famiglie di prodotto SACMI, nei quali è stato applicato il processo proposto al fine di valutarne la bontà operativa. Alla luce dei risultati riportati dai test e dalle diverse potenzialità applicative emerse è verosimile che tale processo in particolare e strumenti di cellular manufacturing più in generale, possano essere applicati anche nel mondo del After-Sales.

Questa tesi di laurea è stata redatta presso l’azienda Sacmi Imola S.C. ed in particolare all’interno della divisione Closures, che si occupa della progettazione e della realizzazione di linee per la produzione di varie tipologie di capsule. Lo scopo dell’elaborato è descrivere lo sviluppo di un sistema di tracciabilità di prodotto; sistemi di questo tipo, adottati inizialmente nel settore alimentare, stanno acquisendo sempre maggiore importanza anche in altri campi produttivi, poiché rivestono un ruolo strategico al fine della realizzazione di prodotti caratterizzati da livelli elevati di performance e di qualità, capaci di emergere nel mercato moderno caratterizzato da una concorrenza estesa a livello mondiale e molto attento alle esigenze dei clienti. Nel caso specifico di Sacmi il sistema di tracciabilità si rivolge ad una pressa, la CCM (Continuous Compression Moulder), realizzata dall’azienda per la produzione di capsule in materiale termoplastico tramite la tecnologia dello stampaggio a compressione. In particolare il sistema si concentra sugli stampi della macchina CCM, i quali ne rappresentano gli elementi critici dal punto di vista sia tecnico che economico. A livello generale, un sistema di tracciabilità è costituito da due componenti fondamentali: il primo è un sistema di identificazione che permetta di rendere distinguibili ed individuabili le unità da tracciare, mentre il secondo è un sistema di raccolta dati in grado di raccogliere le informazioni desiderate. Queste sono poi archiviate in un apposito database ed attribuite alle entità corrispondenti sfruttando le proprietà del sistema di identificazione. Il primo passo da compiere quando si intende sviluppare un sistema di tracciabilità all’interno di un contesto produttivo già consolidato è la ricostruzione del processo produttivo presente in azienda: si tratta di individuare tutti gli enti aziendali che concorrono al processo e che saranno interessati dall’introduzione del nuovo sistema. Una volta definiti gli attori, è necessario anche capire come questi siano collegati dai flussi di materiale e di informazioni. Il processo produttivo di Sacmi era caratterizzato dalla quasi totale assenza di un flusso strutturato di informazioni a supporto di quello di materiale, ed il sistema di tracciabilità ha provveduto a colmare proprio questa mancanza. Il sistema deve essere in grado di integrarsi perfettamente nel contesto produttivo aziendale: è necessario trovare il giusto compromesso per quanto riguarda la quantità di informazioni da raccogliere, che devono garantire una corretta copertura di tutto il processo senza però appesantirlo eccessivamente. E’ bene che la raccolta dati sia basata su procedure standard che assicurino la ripetibilità delle operazioni di prelievo delle informazioni. Come è logico immaginarsi, l’introduzione di numerose novità nell’ambito di un contesto già strutturato ha fatto emergere un certo numero di problematiche, come ad esempio difficoltà nello stoccaggio e ritardi di produzione; queste devono essere risolte chiedendo uno sforzo aggiuntivo agli enti interessati o, nel medio/lungo periodo, evolvendo ed affinando il sistema con soluzioni più snelle.

The objective of this thesis is to undertake a cost analysis of an HIV/AIDS prevention programme targeting vulnerable groups in Benin. The AIDS-3 project (Projet Sida 3), a project targeting Female Sex Workers (FSWs), which was implemented from 2001 to 2005, is used as a case study to see how costs vary with location, volume of activities, and HIV prevalence rate. Activities and delivery modes were documented, and cost data have been collected both retrospectively (data on previous “Projet Sida 3” costs already available) and prospectively, using an ingredients-based costing methodology to consider both the financial and economic costs. Output measures were compiled directly from the intervention, and are related to the efficient delivery of different components of the intervention. Average cost per output or per outcome was estimated and cost variation within and between health centres over time was assessed. Results reveal that only the volume of activity is a prominent factor that affects the average cost. The location of the project and the experience of the staff also affect costs as well, but their significance is low. Field work activities that are more efficient in urban areas than in rural communities appear to be paramount in the fight against HIV as far as costs are concerned.
HIV/AIDS Cost analysis

A thesis submitted to the faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Johannesburg, 2019
Due to increasing urbanisation occasioned by population explosion and the attendant waste management challenges in most developing country-cities, scholars have theorised that residents who exhibit strong place attachment (PA) are likely to embark on pro-environmental behaviour (PEB). This school of thought maintain that their immediate environment is regularly maintained to retain and increase its aesthetic appeal. However, the environmental behavioural patterns of Urora residents – a settlement located on the outskirts of Benin City, Nigeria – contradict this theory. While Urora residents demonstrate strong PA with regular socio-cultural meaning making interactions between them and their habitat, indiscriminate disposal of solid waste both at household and community levels is the normal rather than the exception. In this light, the study applied a combination of direct ethnographic observation methods guided by the principles from (neuro)phenomenology, with focus group discussions among purposefully selected participants to explore the underlying drivers of the apparent coexistence of strong PA with weak PEB. The data were analysed using content analysis/thick description, and phenomenological analysis of the lived-experiences in relation to the indiscriminate solid waste disposal practices. The study finds that residents exhibit strong PA as mediated through rituals such as worship, marriage, burial and community forums, which address issues such as quarrels between neighbours, levies to offset burial expenses, and degraded surroundings. However, these practices do not translate into PEB. Instead, the study finds that, in the absence of municipal waste services such as communal waste collection bins, residents engaged in anti-environmental practices such as open-air burning, ad hoc landfills, and indiscriminate waste disposals in open fields, street corners, and secluded nooks and crannies. The study also finds that rituals could be used to bridge the disconnect between PA and PEB. This is because both religious and traditional worship leaders, as key stakeholders, have the unique leverage needed to drive the agenda of ensuring effective solid waste management in Urora. This assertion is premised on the fact that despite having a population of less than 50 000 residents, Urora is host to 36 public worship centres, apart from private and individual altars.
PH2020

Protected areas are the central strategy for preserving biodiversity in the face of overexploitation and global change. To ensure their long-term survival, however, these areas may not be regarded as last havens of wilderness, but as complex social-ecological systems. Modern approaches of protected area (PA) management support this view by balancing conservation and development issues in a sustainable way and adapted to the local context. However, success of these strategies in achieving their aims so far remains limited. This study therefore aimed at analysing processes and outcomes of PA co-management approaches implemented in a large transfrontier conservation area in West Africa. The W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) complex spans over more than 30.000 square km in Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger and is composed of approximately 20 subunits. Due to national legal and administrative variety as well as a high diversity of local (project) implementation approaches, the general setting resembled a quasi-experimental design facilitating comparative studies. A mix of quantitative (e.g. survey of 549 households) and qualitative (e.g. expert interviews, literature review) methods was used to evaluate the institutional and organisational differences of PA management approaches implemented in the different parts of WAP belonging to Benin and Burkina Faso. I included an analysis of contextual factors (e.g. land-cover-change) and ecological data, but concentrated on the role of local resource users within the co-management arrangements and the effectiveness of governance regimes to deliver positive socio-economic outputs. Exploring the question whether promotion of development in PA surroundings indeed stipulates conservation success (and vice versa) remained challenging: the lack of sound ecological data, a general mismatch of spatial scale in existing data sets, as well as the high complexity of realities on the ground made me refrain from using simplified proxy indicators and (statistical) modelling approaches. I found that the Sudano-Sahelian context is a very difficult one for the implementation of effective participation approaches in the short-term. Political, demographic, socio-economic as well as ecological factors generated a very dynamic situation characterized by limited financial and natural resources as well as weak institutional and organisational settings. Arenas of interaction were often marked rather by a high degree of distrust and competition than by cooperation among actors. Amid all rhetoric, participation in most cases was hence limited to the transfer of (sparse) information, regulated resource access and financial funds. Options for participation of local resource users in decision-making arenas were generally scarce. Underlying processes were dominated by opacity and often low accountability of actors on all levels. Negative, but also positive affection of local residents by PA existence and management hence was high. Governance regimes of the complex performed very differently with regard to their ability of effectively empowering local village participatory bodies (vpb), generating and distributing benefits to individuals and village communities as well as providing mechanisms of conflict resolution. People around Pendjari enjoyed a relative wealth of high value benefits, while negative impacts caused by human-wildlife conflicts were widespread around the complex. Autochthonous farmers usually were better integrated in incentive schemes than were newcomers or herders. While there was functional separation of actors’ roles in all parts of WAP, these roles differed significantly between blocks. Existence and functioning of village participatory bodies ameliorated the situation for local resource users fundamentally, as they acted as cut-points between different networks (governmental hierarchies, private concessionaires and local resource users). Vpbs in the Pendjari region proved to be most advanced in their capacity to push resource users’ claims in action arenas on the micro-level. Via their union, these associations also managed to impact arenas on the meso- and the macro scale. Project interventions often had catalyst functions to empower local resource users and their vbps. However, they also contributed to social imbalance and intra-organisational competition. My results represent a snapshot of an ongoing process to establish effective co-governance regimes in the WAP-area. Though I identified a large scope of shortcomings, there were also very promising initiatives underway. This work is therefore meant to foster future research and further positive development by giving guidance scholars and decision-makers form the local to the global level alike
Schutzgebiete spielen eine zentrale Rolle für den Schutz von Biodiversiät vor anthropogener Übernutzung und negativen Auswirkungen anderer Global-Change-Prozessen. Damit sie diese Funktion auch langfristig erfüllen können, dürfen diese Gebiete nicht als letzte Wildnisregionen verklärt, sondern müssen als komplexe sozio-ökologische Systeme wahrgenommen werden. Moderne Managementansätze tragen dieser Sichtweise Rechnung, indem sie Schutzmaßnahmen und Entwicklungsansätze miteinander verbinden. Diese Lösungen zielen auf Nachhaltigkeit ab und sind – im Idealfall – an den lokalen Kontext angepasst. Der Erfolg dieser Strategie bleibt in der Praxis jedoch hinter den Erwartungen zurück. Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Implementierung und Effektivität von Ko-Management-Ansätzen in einem großen grenzübergreifenden Schutzgebietskomplex in Westafrika. Dieses Gebiet erstreckt sich über 30.000 km2 in den Ländern Burkina Faso, Benin und Niger und setzt sich aus ca. 20 Subkomponenten zusammen. Benannt wurde der Komplex nach seinen drei Kerngebieten (W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP)). Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen juristischen und administrativen Rahmenbedingungen zwischen den beiden Ländern sowie der Vielzahl an lokalen Implementierungsansätzen, ähneln die Voraussetzungen einem quasi-experimentellem Design und bieten sich für eine vergleichende Studie an. Mit Hilfe verschiedener quantitativer (z.B. Befragung von 549 Haushalten) und qualitativer (z.B. Experteninterviews) Methoden wurden die institutionellen und organisatorischen Voraussetzungen für Schutzgebietsmanagement in Benin und Burkina Faso erfasst und die implementierten Governance-Ansätze evaluiert. Neben der Analyse verschiedener Kontextfaktoren (z.B. zu Landnutzung) und ökologischer Daten (z.B. zu Populationsentwicklungen von großen Säugetierarten), lag die Rolle lokaler Ressourcennutzer in den Ko-Management-Systemen im Fokus. Die zentrale Fragestellung konzentrierte sich auf die Effektivität der unterschiedlichen Governance-Regime, positive sozio-ökonomische Ergebnisse zu erzielen und die zu Grunde liegenden Interaktionen der beteiligten Akteure zu identifizieren. Die Frage, ob die gezielte Entwicklungsförderung von Gemeinden im unmittelbaren Umfeld von Schutzgebieten tatsächlich auch zu erhöhtem Naturschutzerfolg führt, musste weitestgehend offen bleiben: das Fehlen von zuverlässigen ökologischen Daten, unterschiedliche räumliche Skalenniveaus in den vorhandenen Datensätzen, sowie die hohe Komplexität der Bedingungen vor Ort ließen keine (statistisch) belastbare Auswertung zu. Die Kontextanalyse zeigte, dass Westafrika ein sehr schwieriges Umfeld für die schnelle Implementierung von Partizipationsansätzen darstellt. Die Region ist gekennzeichnet durch hohe Dynamik und Variabilität in ihren politischen, demographischen, sozio-ökonomischen und ökologischen Rahmenbedingungen. Das Management von sozio-ökologischen Systemen leidet daher massiv unter der Limitierung an natürlichen und finanziellen Ressourcen sowie schwachen organisatorischen und institutionellen Strukturen. Interaktionen zwischen den einzelnen Akteuren waren stärker von Misstrauen und Konkurrenz als von Kooperation geprägt. Entgegen des von einigen Akteuren nach außen vermittelten Bildes, war die Partizipation lokaler Ressourcennutzer limitiert auf die Weitergabe von (unvollständigen) Informationen, sowie dem regulierten Zugang zu natürlichen Ressourcen und begrenzten finanziellen Mitteln. Die Möglichkeit, an Prozessen zur Problemlösung und Entscheidungsfindung mitzuwirken war nur partiell und räumlich eingeschränkt gegeben. Die zu Grunde liegenden Prozesse waren gekennzeichnet von Intransparenz und geringer Verantwortlichkeit der Akteure auf allen Ebenen. Die Anwohner waren daher häufig in hohem Maß von negativen Auswirkungen der Schutzgebiete betroffen. Die Governance-Strukturen in verschiedenen Teilen des Komplexes variierten stark in ihrem Vermögen, lokale Partizipationsorgane aufzubauen und in aktuelle Management-Prozesse einzubinden, Vorteile für lokale Ressourcennutzer und Gemeinden zu generieren und gerecht zu verteilen, sowie effektive Mechanismen zur Konfliktbewältigung zu etablieren. Insbesondere die Anrainer des Biosphärenreservats Pendjari genossen eine relative Vielzahl qualitativ hochwertiger Vorteile; negative Auswirkungen der Schutzgebiete durch Mensch-Tier-Konflikte waren hingegen in allen Subkomponenten des Komplexes weit verbreitet und blieben weitestgehend unadressiert. Autochthone Ackerbauern waren generell besser in die Anreizsysteme des Parkmanagements eingebunden als neu hinzugezogene Ressourcennutzer oder Viehhirten. Die funktionellen Rollen der einzelnen Akteursgruppen waren zwar in allen Teilen des Komplexes stark differenziert, unterschieden sich aber signifikant zwischen den Subkomponenten. Die Existenz aktiver und vernetzter Partizipationsorgane auf lokaler Ebene, verbesserte die Lage von Ressourcennutzern fundamental, da sie als Schnittstellen zwischen den verschiedenen Netzwerken (staatlichen Hierarchien, privaten Marktakteuren und sozialen Netzwerken auf Gemeinschaftsebene) agieren und Kompromisse vermitteln konnten. Partizipationsorgane in der Pendjari-Region waren auf Grund ihres vergleichweise hohen Organisationsgrades am effektivsten in der Lage, die Interessen lokaler Ressourcennutzer in den entsprechenden Arenen auf der Mikro-Ebene zu vertreten. Über den Zusammenschluss aller lokalen Partizipationsorgane in Form einer Union konnten sie auch Arenen auf der Meso- und Makroebene beeinflussen. Von externen Geldgebern gesteuerte Projekte erfüllten häufig eine katalytische Funktion, lokale Ressourcennutzer und ihre Partizipationsorgane für ihre Rolle als Ko-Manager anzuleiten. Sie verursachten aber auch soziales Ungleichgewicht und erhöhte Konkurrenz zwischen den Akteursgruppen auf lokaler Ebene. Die vorgelegten Ergebnisse stellen lediglich eine Momentaufnahme des Prozesses dar, effektive Ko-Management- Ansätze in der WAP-Region aufzubauen. Zwar wurde eine große Anzahl an Schwächen identifiziert, gleichermaßen gab es aber auch vielversprechende Ansätze für die Zukunft. Die Arbeit ist als Grundlage für die weiterführende Forschung und Entwicklung dieser positiven Ansätze gedacht. Sie adressiert daher die Wissenschaftsgemeinde ebenso wie die Entscheider von der lokalen bis zur globalen Ebene

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
106
In the following text, the corporate criminal liability in America will be served in a full-scale but concise style, for American jurisprudence is a leading legislative example of common law system. Not only the federal case law of vicarious liability will be presented but also introduced are the United States Attorneys' Manual, the United States Sentencing Guidelines and the constitutional rights that corporations and other legal entities may or may not enjoy during a criminal investigation and throughout the course of criminal proceedings. Next, the corporate criminal responsibility part of Australia Criminal Code is presented and a general interpretation thereof is given, not only because Australia Criminal Code is an embodiment of direct corporate criminal liability, unlike the indirect one of America vicarious liability or England identification principle, but also for its explicit and specific provisions on the cases in which the physical and fault elements of an offence should be attributed to a body corporate whenever the offence is committed by an employee, agent or officer of the body corporate acting within the actual or apparent scope of his or her employment, or within his or her actual or apparent authority. After that, the complete set of articles of France Penal Code defining the criminal liability of legal persons, as well as the penalties applicable to legal persons, is put forward and some comments on them are made, not only for France Penal Code is a legislative example of civil law system but also for its comprehensive provisions on the penalties for legal persons. In addition to the said foreign legislative examples, the real entity theory of legal persons is shown up, which is a modernized version of the realist theory of corporate personality founded by German jurist Johannes Althusius and advocated by Otto von Gierke. The theory argues that each individual personality of corporate officers, employees, and agents should be absorbed into the corporate personality. As a corporate acts as an organization, from ground-level staff up to legal representative all together make up a single entity. Accordingly, each corporate member acting within the actual or apparent scope of his or her employment should be deemed as a representative of the corporate rather than an agent, and any corporate member’s acts within the actual or apparent scope of his or her employment should be deemed as acts of the corporate itself as well. Like vicarious liability - he who acts through another does the act himself, the corporate doesn’t assume liability for "another" but the act of itself as well. It has been suggested that it’s meaningless to compare legal entities with individuals in answering the question of whether or not legal entities have a criminal capacity. We should set up the corporate criminal liability of its own rather than fit legal entities into the individual criminal liability. In the light of the foreign legislative examples and the real entity theory of legal persons, I suggest that the artificial entity and its individual members should be unified into one single entity. The corporate and its members shouldn’t be treated separately for the artificial entity won’t come into play alone in the real world without the involvement of its members. "The acts of a corporation are, after all, simply the acts of all of its employees operating within the scope of their employment. The law on corporate criminal liability reflects this."

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊管理所
95
Regarding the non-skewed distribution, to utilize the existing data mining classification to construct the prediction model can reach a certain level of prediction accuracy. However, in the real data mining case, the dataset distribution is always skewed distribution. In clinical case, because the number of healthy people is more than the number of unhealthy people, the collected data would be congenital skewed distribution. If we utilize those dataset with skewed distribution to construct the prediction model, the prediction deviation should be a big problem. There are three existing solutions for skewed distribution – Under-sampling, Over-sampling, and Multi-classifier Committee Approach. This research will utilize Over-sampling and Multi-classifier Committee Approach for skewed distribution and improve them. The research objective is to raise the prediction accuracy of the minor part of the dataset. The case study is the disease of benign prostate hypertrophy and cancer of prostate. And this research will use those data to test the classification efficiency of my algorithm.