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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Central Bank of the Gambia »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 4 juin 2021
Mis à jour le 3 mars 2023

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1

Jawo, Amadou, Mohammed Jebou et Lamin Fatou Bayo. « The Relationship between Inflation, Exchange Rate, Money Supply and Economic Growth in The Gambia ». Technium Social Sciences Journal 40 (8 février 2023) : 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v40i1.8267.

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Instability in the movement of prices is a major concern in all countries. The rise in foreign exchange and prices of goods and services are among the key factors that causes fluctuation in the economic growth of a country. Thus, this paper adopted the ARDL model to examine whether real effective exchange rate, economic growth and money supply causes Inflation in the Gambia for the period 1985 to 2021. The finding reveals that all our variables causes inflation positively and negatively in the long run and short run respectively at a significant level of 1% except real effective exchange rate and money supply which is significant at 5% level in the long run. The recursive cumulative sum shows that the relationship was stable and the square recursive cumulative sum reveals instability in the relationship of our dependent and independent variables which could be as a result of exogenous shock in output and increase amount of public debts. The study recommends the Gambian government to be caution in taking increase amount of public debts and also the central bank of the Gambia to move from monetary targeting to inflation targeting so as to maintain economic growth and price stability. However, the central bank of the Gambia should assess the entire economy before implementing the policy.
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Faburay, Bonto, Susanne Munstermann, Dirk Geysen, Lesley Bell-Sakyi, Ansumana Ceesay, Christa Bodaan et Frans Jongejan. « Point Seroprevalence Survey of Ehrlichia ruminantium Infection in Small Ruminants in The Gambia ». Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no 4 (avril 2005) : 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.4.508-512.2005.

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ABSTRACT Using the MAP1-B enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we tested 1,318 serum samples collected from sheep and goats at 28 sites in the five divisions of The Gambia to determine the Ehrlichia ruminantium seroprevalence rates and to assess the risk for heartwater. About half (51.6%) of 639 sheep were positive, with seroprevalence rates per site varying between 6.9% and 100%. The highest seroprevalence was detected in the western part of the country (88.1% in the Western Division and 62.1% in the Lower River Division). Sheep in the two easterly divisions (Central River and Upper River divisions) showed the lowest seroprevalence of 29.3% and 32.4%, respectively, while those in the North Bank Division showed an intermediate prevalence of 40.6%. In goats, less than one-third (30.3%) of 679 animals tested were positive. The highest seroprevalence was detected in goats in the North Bank Division (59%) and Western Division (44.1%). Goats in the Lower River Division showed an intermediate level of 21.9%, whereas the lowest rates were found in the eastern part of the country (4.8% in the Central River Division and 2.3% in the Upper River Division). At nearly all sites, seroprevalence rates were higher in sheep than in goats. The results show a gradient of increasing heartwater risk for susceptible small ruminants from the east to the west of The Gambia. These findings need to be taken into consideration when future livestock-upgrading programs are implemented.
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Joof, Ebrima, Bakary Sanneh, Sana M. Sambou et Christopher M. Wade. « Species diversity and distribution of schistosome intermediate snail hosts in The Gambia ». PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no 10 (4 octobre 2021) : e0009823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009823.

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There is a need for recent information on intermediate snail hosts of schistosomes in The Gambia; the previous studies were conducted over three decades ago. This study assessed the incidence, species diversity, distribution and infection status of schistosome intermediate snail hosts in the country. Malacological surveys were conducted in all 5 regions of The Gambia: Central River Region (CRR), Upper River Region (URR), Western Region (WR), Lower River Region (LRR) and North Bank Region (NBR). Sampling of snails was undertaken at 114 sites that included permanent water bodies such as streams (bolongs), rice fields, irrigation canals and swamps; and temporal (seasonal) laterite pools. Ecological and physicochemical factors of sites were recorded. Snails were identified morphologically and screened for schistosome infections using molecular techniques. Freshwater snails were found at more than 50% (60/114) of sites sampled. While three species of Bulinus were collected, no Biomphalaria snails were found in any of the sites sampled. Of the total 2877 Bulinus snails collected, 75.9% were identified as Bulinus senegalensis, 20.9% as Bulinus forskalii and 3.2% as Bulinus truncatus. Seasonal pools produced the largest number of snails, and CRR was the region with the largest number of snails. Bulinus senegalensis was found more in seasonal pools as opposed to permanent sites, where B. forskalii and B. truncatus were observed to thrive. Bulinus snails were more common in seasonal sites where aquatic vegetation was present. In permanent sites, the abundance of snails increased with increase in water temperature and decrease in water pH. Bulinus senegalensis was found infected with both S. haematobium and S. bovis, while B. forskalii and B. truncatus had only S. bovis infection. While the human parasite S. haematobium was restricted to just four sites, the livestock parasite S. bovis had a much more widespread geographical distribution across both CRR and URR. This new information on the distribution of intermediate snail hosts of schistosomes in The Gambia will be vital for the national schistosomiasis control initiative.
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Joof, Ebrima, Abdoulie M. Sanyang, Yaya Camara, Alhagie Papa Sey, Ignatius Baldeh, Sharmila Lareef Jah, Serign Jawo Ceesay et al. « Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis among primary school children in four selected regions of The Gambia ». PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no 5 (11 mai 2021) : e0009380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009380.

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Background The Gambia initiated a control programme for schistosomiasis in 2015. In light of this, recent and comprehensive data on schistosomiasis is required to effectively guide the control programme. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of schistosomiasis among primary school children in The Gambia. Methods We utilised data from a previous study conducted in 2015 in 4 regions of The Gambia: North Bank Region (NBR), Lower River Region (LRR), Central River Region (CRR) and Upper River Region (URR). In the parent study, ten schools were selected randomly from each region. Urine and stool samples collected from 25 boys and 25 girls (7–14 years) in each school were examined for urinary schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium infection) and intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni infection) using urine filtration, dipstick and Kato-Katz methods. Principal findings Urinary schistosomiasis had an overall prevalence of 10.2% while intestinal schistosomiasis had a prevalence of 0.3% among the sampled school children. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was significantly different among regions (χ 2 = 279.958, df = 3, p < 0.001), with CRR (27.6%) being the most endemic region, followed by URR (12.0%), then LRR (0.6%), and NBR (0.0%). Prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was also significantly variable among regions, with 4 of the 5 positive cases detected in CRR and 1 case in URR. Every school sampled in CRR had at least one student infected with S. haematobium, 50% of schools in URR had S. haematobium infection, and just one school in LRR had S. haematobium infection. While S. haematobium infection was significantly higher in boys (χ 2 = 4.440, df = 1, p = 0.035), no significant difference in infection rate was observed among age groups (χ 2 = 0.882, df = 2, p = 0.643). Two of the 5 students infected with S. mansoni were boys and 3 were girls. Four of these 5 students were in the 10–12 years age group and 1 was in the 7–9 years age group. Macrohaematuria and microhaematuria were found to be statistically associated with presence of S. haematobium eggs in urine. Being a male was a risk factor of S. haematobium infection. Bathing, playing and swimming in water bodies were found to pose less risk for S. haematobium infection, indicating that the true water contact behaviour of children was possibly underrepresented. Conclusion The findings of this study provide invaluable information on the prevalence of schistosomiasis in The Gambia. This was useful for the schistosomiasis control efforts of the country, as it guided mass drug administration campaigns in eligible districts in the study area. More studies on S. mansoni and its intermediate snail hosts are required to establish its true status in The Gambia. As children sometimes tend to provide responses that potentially please the research or their teacher, data collection frameworks and approaches that ensure true responses in studies involving children should be devised and used.
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Bagagnan, Abdoul, Issa Ouedraogo, William M. Fonta, Musa Sowe et Anne Wallis. « Can Protection Motivation Theory Explain Farmers’ Adaptation to Climate Change Decision Making in The Gambia ? » Climate 7, no 1 (14 janvier 2019) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7010013.

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In The Gambia, climate change has affected, and continues to affect, the agriculture sector. Thus, there is a need to develop and understand effective agricultural adaptation policies. The present study used protection motivation theory to describe farmers’ adoption of climate change adaptation measures in the Central River Region of The Gambia. Primary data were collected in eight communities of the region. A transect walk was conducted, followed by a survey of farmers (n = 283). Perception data collected referred back to the past 20 years, with stated implementation addressing current adaptation practices. Results showed that the perception variables, namely, severity, ability to withstand, and internal barriers, were significantly correlated with protection motivation, while protection motivation and stated implementation for water conservation technique were strongly correlated. Structural equation modeling confirmed the mediation role of protection motivation between farmers’ “stated implementation” of adaptation measures and their perception of climate variability. A decrease in soil water storage capacity, degradation of the quality of soil surface structure, and a decrease of the length of the growing season are all factors that motivate farmers to implement an adaptation measure. The cost of the implementation and farmers’ vulnerability are factors that prevent implantation of adaptation measures. This study suggested that farmers’ resilience should be improved and adaptation measures should be subsidized in order to make them more accessible to farmers.
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Juliyani, Juliyani, Setiawan Setiawan et Sutiarso Sutiarso. « Uji Tak Merusak Komponen Lock Actuator Menggunakan Teknik Radiografi Neutron ». Jurnal Forum Nuklir 6, no 1 (4 mars 2013) : 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jfn.2012.6.1.233.

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Telah dilakukan uji tak merusak komponen lock actuator menggunakan teknik radiograji neutron. Lock actuator adalah perangkat mekanik yang dikontrol oleh Central Lock lvlodule yang berisi rangkaian elektronik, yang mengatur agar lock actuator bekerja untuk membuka atau mengunci pintu mobil. Uji tak merusak menggunakan teknik radiograji neutron ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis kerusakan dari komponen lock actuator dengan membandingkan yang rusak dengan yang baru. Metoda yang dipakai untuk ~lji tak merusak komponen lock actuator adalah metoda jilm (metoda langsung). Dari hasil radiograji terbukti ba/nva pengambilan gambaI' telah memenuhi standar radiograji ASTM dengan densitas background 2.2, 7 garis, 3 lubang pada sensitivity indicator (SI) dan hasilnya memberikan gambaI' yang cukup baik. Pada lock actuator bani terlihat motor DC-nya masih dalam kondisi baik, sedangkan lock actuator yang rusak terlihat lapisan isolator pembatas kumparan sudah meleleh. Dengan ~lji tak merusak menggunakan teknik radiograji neutron dapat dideteksi secm'a dini jenis kerusakan komponen lock actuator yang terdapat pada bagian dalamnya tanpa harus membongkarnya.
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de Haan, Jakob, Sylvester C. W. Eijffinger et Krzysztof Rybiński. « Central bank transparency and central bank communication : Editorial introduction ». European Journal of Political Economy 23, no 1 (mars 2007) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2006.09.010.

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Bech, Morten L., James T. E. Chapman et Rodney J. Garratt. « Which bank is the “central” bank ? » Journal of Monetary Economics 57, no 3 (avril 2010) : 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2010.01.002.

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Geraats, Petra M. « Central Bank Transparency ». Economic Journal 112, no 483 (1 novembre 2002) : F532—F565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00082.

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Reis, Ricardo. « Central Bank Design ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no 4 (1 novembre 2013) : 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.4.17.

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Starting with a blank slate, how could one design the institutions of a central bank for the United States? This paper explores the question of how to design a central bank, drawing on the relevant economic literature and historical experiences while staying free from concerns about how the Fed got to be what it is today or the short-term political constraints it has faced at various times. The goal is to provide an opinionated overview that puts forward the trade-offs associated with different choices and identifies areas where there are clear messages about optimal central bank design.
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Baillie, Richard T. « Central bank intervention ». Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 10, no 3-4 (décembre 2000) : 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-4431(00)00039-1.

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Radovic, Milivoje, Milena Radonjic et Jovan Djuraskovic. « Central Bank Independence – The Case of the Central Bank of Montenegro ». Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 7, no 3 (1 septembre 2018) : 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2018-0021.

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Abstract In recent decades, there has been a trend in increasing the level of independence of central banks. The key factor that has contributed to a growing interest in this concept is grounded in economic theory that confirms the link between a lower inflation rate and a greater level of central bank independence. For this reason, in many countries, the existing regulations relating to central bank have been modified to protect its position from the absolute influence of the executive power of the state. This trend was particularly prevalent in transition countries, which was conditioned primarily by the EU accession criteria. The aim of this paper is to analyse independence of the Central Bank of Montenegro through the prism of functional, institutional, financial, and personal independence, and to assess the level of its legal independence by using appropriate indices.
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Goldberg, Linda S., et Michael W. Klein. « Evolving Perceptions of Central Bank Credibility : The European Central Bank Experience ». NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics 7, no 1 (mai 2011) : 153–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658305.

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Ize, Alain, Arto Kovanen et Timo Henckel. « Central Banking without Central Bank Money ». IMF Working Papers 99, no 92 (1999) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451851571.001.

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Beblavy, Miroslav. « Central Bankers and Central Bank Independence ». Scottish Journal of Political Economy 50, no 1 (février 2003) : 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9485.00254.

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PAKSOY, H. Mustafa. « RELATION BETWEEN ISLAMIC BANK AND CENTRAL BANK ». International Journal of Social Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR) 2, no 3 (1 janvier 2015) : 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26450/jshsr.9.

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Martin, Vesna. « Central Bank digital currencies ». Bankarstvo 50, no 3 (2021) : 109–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bankarstvo2103109m.

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Central Bank digital currencies are a digital challenge to the international monetary and financial system. Since the development of cryptocurrency, such as bitcoin, the modern world has faced the possibility of digital technological transformation and providing a digital form of payment for the economy and the household. In addition, the announcement of a digital currency that would have a global reach, such as the Libre issued by the social network Facebook, raised questions about legal and regulatory safeguards, financial stability, and the role of the digital currency in society. All this influenced the leading central banks to recognize the need to conduct a detailed analysis of the possibilities of issuing digital currency of the central bank, which would be a supplement to the cash and non-cash form of payment. These analyzes include considering the advantages and disadvantages of that currency, determining its design and technological solution, as well as the necessary regulatory adjustments. In the coming period, we will witness a technological transformation in the operations of central banks, which, as before, should take care of preserving price and financial stability as its main goals, but also respond to new challenges of digital business.
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Jones, Erik, et Matthias Matthijs. « Rethinking Central-Bank Independence ». Journal of Democracy 30, no 2 (2019) : 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0030.

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Plosser, Charles I. « A Limited Central Bank ». Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 31, no 4 (21 novembre 2019) : 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jacf.12372.

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Chatterjee, Charles. « The European Central Bank ». Journal of Banking Regulation 4, no 3 (mars 2003) : 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jbr.2340142.

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Walsh, Carl E. « Central Bank Independence Revisited ». Economic Papers : A journal of applied economics and policy 30, no 1 (mars 2011) : 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.2011.00106.x.

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GOMEZ-BARRERO, SEBASTIAN, et JULIAN A. PARRA-POLANIA. « CENTRAL BANK STRATEGIC FORECASTING ». Contemporary Economic Policy 32, no 4 (11 mars 2014) : 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/coep.12049.

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van der Cruijsen, Carin A. B., Sylvester C. W. Eijffinger et Lex H. Hoogduin. « Optimal central bank transparency ». Journal of International Money and Finance 29, no 8 (décembre 2010) : 1482–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.06.003.

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Chapman, James T. E., Jonathan Chiu et Miguel Molico. « Central bank haircut policy ». Annals of Finance 7, no 3 (19 novembre 2010) : 319–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10436-010-0171-5.

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Hayo, Bernd, et Carsten Hefeker. « Reconsidering central bank independence ». European Journal of Political Economy 18, no 4 (novembre 2002) : 653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(02)00113-1.

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OLDANI, CHIARA. « EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK-ECB ». BANKPEDIA REVIEW 2, no 2 (décembre 2012) : 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14612/oldani_2_2012.

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Scharrer, Hans-Eckart. « A European central bank ? » Intereconomics 23, no 2 (mars 1988) : 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02927022.

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Schabert, Andreas. « Optimal central bank lending ». Journal of Economic Theory 157 (mai 2015) : 485–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2015.01.016.

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Giannone, Domenico, George Kapetanios et Michael W. McCracken. « Editorial : Central bank forecasting ». International Journal of Forecasting 35, no 4 (octobre 2019) : 1561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2019.08.001.

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Mersch, Yves. « Central Bank independence revisited ». ERA Forum 18, no 4 (23 janvier 2018) : 627–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-018-0491-x.

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Nyborg, Kjell G. « Central bank collateral frameworks ». Journal of Banking & ; Finance 76 (mars 2017) : 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.12.010.

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Marshall, Wesley C., et Louis-Philippe Rochon. « Understanding Central Bank Independence ». International Journal of Political Economy 51, no 4 (2 octobre 2022) : 346–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2022.2137352.

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Lowe, Mat, Mamsamba Joof et Bomar Mendez Rojas. « Social and cultural factors perpetuating early marriage in rural Gambia : an exploratory mixed methods study ». F1000Research 8 (21 novembre 2019) : 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21076.1.

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Background: Over the last two decades, early marriage in the Gambia declined significantly (from 58% to 30%). Yet evidence indicates that nearly 8.6% of marriages in the Gambia involved girls younger than 15, and 46.5% of marriages are with girls aged 18 or below. The reasons for the decline but continuing practice of early marriage, despite existing legislation prohibiting child marriage, are not very well understood. Very few studies have been conducted to find out what and how local factors influence decisions about early marriage in the Gambia. More information is therefore needed on underlying reasons for the persistence of early marriage in the Gambia so that program managers can use this information to design strategies towards accelerating the decline of early marriages. Methods: The study was conducted in 24 rural settlements in Lower Baddibu District in the North Bank Region of the Gambia. It was based on a mixed-methods design including a cross-sectional household survey with a sample of 181 female adolescents and focus group discussions with 16 male and female parents. Focus group discussions were digitally-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic content analysis, while survey data were analyzed using Stata. Results: Using multiple regression analysis, this study found that ethnicity more than other factors, exerts an independent effect on early marriage. Themes identified during focus group discussions also revealed that fear of premarital sex and loss of virginity outside marriage were major reasons for the perpetuation of early marriage. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the practice of early marriage in rural Gambia is associated with ethnicity and practices related to social and cultural norms. The findings also suggest that in order to decrease early marriages, future efforts should focus on allaying the fears around premarital sex and loss of virginity related to delay in marriage.
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Lowe, Mat, Mamsamba Joof et Bomar Mendez Rojas. « Social and cultural factors perpetuating early marriage in rural Gambia : an exploratory mixed methods study ». F1000Research 8 (13 janvier 2020) : 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21076.2.

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Background: Over the last two decades, early marriage in the Gambia declined significantly (from 58% to 30%), however this rate is still high. The reasons for the decline but continuing practice of early marriage, despite existing legislation prohibiting child marriage, are not very well understood. Very few studies have been conducted to find out what and how local factors influence decisions about early marriage in the Gambia. More information is therefore needed on underlying reasons for the persistence of early marriage in the Gambia so that program managers can use this information to design strategies to decrease early marriages. Methods: The study was conducted in 24 rural settlements in Lower Baddibu District in the North Bank Region of the Gambia. It was based on a mixed-methods design including a cross-sectional household survey with a sample of 181 female adolescents, focus group discussions with 16 male and female parents, and eight key informant interviews with community-based decision makers. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic content analysis, while survey data were analyzed using Stata. Results: The study finds that ethnicity and the fear that girls may engage in premarital sex are two important factors associated with early marriage in rural Gambia. In addition, lack of meaningful alternatives to marriage including work opportunities in rural areas may also limit the options and resources available to girls, resulting in early wedlock. Conclusions: These findings suggest that in order to decrease early marriages in rural Gambia, future efforts should focus on understanding and addressing the role of ethnicity in determining marriage patterns and allaying the fear around premarital sex.The findings also suggest a need to provide girls with employment-oriented education including vocational skills which may result into more empowerment and a delay in marriage.
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Lowe, Mat, Mamsamba Joof et Bomar Mendez Rojas. « Social and cultural factors perpetuating early marriage in rural Gambia : an exploratory mixed methods study ». F1000Research 8 (24 janvier 2020) : 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21076.3.

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Background: Over the last two decades, early marriage in the Gambia declined significantly (from 58% to 30%), however this rate is still high. The reasons for the decline but continuing practice of early marriage, despite existing legislation prohibiting child marriage, are not very well understood. Very few studies have been conducted to find out what and how local factors influence decisions about early marriage in the Gambia. More information is therefore needed on underlying reasons for the persistence of early marriage in the Gambia so that program managers can use this information to design strategies to decrease early marriages. Methods: The study was conducted in 24 rural settlements in Lower Baddibu District in the North Bank Region of the Gambia. It was based on a mixed-methods design including a cross-sectional household survey with a sample of 181 female adolescents, focus group discussions with 16 male and female parents, and eight key informant interviews with community-based decision makers. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic content analysis, while survey data were analyzed using Stata. Results: The study finds that ethnicity and the fear that girls may engage in premarital sex are two important factors associated with early marriage in rural Gambia. In addition, lack of meaningful alternatives to marriage including work opportunities in rural areas may also limit the options and resources available to girls, resulting in early wedlock. Conclusions: These findings suggest that in order to decrease early marriages in rural Gambia, future efforts should focus on understanding and addressing the role of ethnicity in determining marriage patterns and allaying the fear around premarital sex.The findings also suggest a need to provide girls with employment-oriented education including vocational skills which may result into more empowerment and a delay in marriage.
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Ceesay, Ebrima K., Cecilia Biagie et Lamin Bittaye. « The Impact of General Government Final Consumption Expenditure- Economics Growth nexus for the Gambia ». Energy and Environment Research 12, no 2 (30 novembre 2022) : 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/eer.v12n2p26.

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Traditional Keynesian macroeconomic approaches states that extraordinary levels of government consumption expenditure increase employment levels of the population, productivity and investment levels through investment multiplier effects on aggregate demand. Thus, the spending of the government increases also raises aggregate demand to the right, causing output to increase depending on the magnitude and efficiency of expenditure multipliers on growth. The focus of this paper is to examining the impact of general government final consumption expenditure- economic growth nexus for the Gambia for the periods from 1977 to 2017. The econometrics techniques used is Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to explore the impacts either negative or positive effects of government consumption final expenditure on growth in the Gambia for the periods under study Data for the study were obtained from World Bank(WDI). The findings were interpreted based on a 5 percent significance level of alpha. The multiple regression result revealed that government consumption was not a significant impact on the economic growth of the Gambia. This opposes the traditional Keynesian macroeconomic theory. This study suggested that Capital and recurrent expenditures on economic facilities should be directed mainly to productive economics. This will stimulate activities in the economic sectors like agriculture, industry and services, that will perhaps contrary the undesirable effect of government expenditure on economic growth especially in the Gambia in which the time series study was based.
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Montes, G. C., et A. Scarpari. « Does central bank communication affect bank risk-taking ? » Applied Economics Letters 22, no 9 (12 novembre 2014) : 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.975325.

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Peek, J., E. S. Rosengren et G. M. B. Tootell. « Is Bank Supervision Central to Central Banking ? » Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, no 2 (1 mai 1999) : 629–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355399556098.

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Blinder, Alan S. « How Central Should the Central Bank Be ? » Journal of Economic Literature 48, no 1 (1 mars 2010) : 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.48.1.123.

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The nature and scope of the Federal Reserve's authority and the structure of its decision making are now “on the table” to an extent that has not been seen since 1935, and the Fed's vaunted independence is under some attack. This essay asks what the Federal Reserve should—and shouldn't—do, leaning heavily on the concept of economies of scope. In particular, I conclude that the central bank should monitor and regulate systemic risk because preserving financial stability is (a) closely aligned with the standard objectives of monetary policy and (b) likely to require lender of last resort powers. I also conclude that the Fed should supervise large financial institutions because that function is so closely to regulating systemic risk. However, several other functions now performed by the Fed could easily be done elsewhere. (JEL E52, E58, G21, G28)
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Joof, Foday, et Aliya Zhakanova Isiksal. « The Impact of Urbanization and Industrialization on Bank Development : Evidence from the Gambia ». International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Studies 7, no 1 (2020) : 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/802.71.16.26.

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Bodea, Cristina, et Masaaki Higashijima. « Central Bank Independence and Fiscal Policy : Can the Central Bank Restrain Deficit Spending ? » British Journal of Political Science 47, no 1 (15 juillet 2015) : 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123415000058.

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Independent central banks prefer balanced budgets due to the long-run connection between deficits and inflation, and can enforce their preference through interest rate increases and denial of credit to the government. This article argues that legal central bank independence (CBI) deters fiscal deficits predominantly in countries with rule of law and impartial contract enforcement, a free press and constraints on executive power. It further suggests that CBI may not affect fiscal deficits in a counter-cyclical fashion, but instead depending on the electoral calendar and government partisanship. The article also tests the novel hypotheses using new yearly data on legal CBI for seventy-eight countries from 1970 to 2007. The results show that CBI restrains deficits only in democracies, during non-election years and under left government tenures.
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Bräutigam, Deborah A., et Monique Segarra. « Difficult Partnerships : The World Bank, States, and NGOs ». Latin American Politics and Society 49, no 04 (2007) : 149–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00395.x.

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AbstractSince the early 1990s, World Bank officials in many countries have pressed their government borrowers to include nongovernmental organizations as development partners. What impact has this new partnership norm had in the bank's borrower countries, and why? This article investigates these questions through longitudinal analysis of three cases: Guatemala, Ecuador, and the Gambia. In their first iteration in the 1990s, these bank-sponsored efforts generally failed to take root; yet by the 2000s, NGOs and state actors were engaged in multiple partnerships. This article suggests that over time, bank officials' repeated efforts to embed these new ideas fostered a social learning process that led NGOs to adopt more strategic partnership practices and government officials to see NGO partners as useful. Several factors may affect this learning process: levels of professionalism and the growth of professional networks, the presence of effective “bridge builders,” and the level of historical conflicts.
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Gopinath, Gita, et Jeremy C. Stein. « Trade Invoicing, Bank Funding, and Central Bank Reserve Holdings ». AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (1 mai 2018) : 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181065.

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We develop a model that shows how the currency denomination of a country's imports influences the funding structure of its banking system, and in turn, the currency composition of its central bank's reserve holdings. The link between the dollar's role in bank funding and its role as a central bank reserve currency is stronger when the country's fiscal capacity is limited, and when exchange rates are volatile. In the data, there is a pronounced cross-country relationship between the fraction of imports that are dollar invoiced, and the fraction of central-bank foreign-exchange reserves that are held in dollars.
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Jonga, Modou, et Fadhli Zul Fauzi. « COMPARATIVE LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO COVID-19 IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES : CASE IN GAMBIA AND INDONESIA ». Jurnal Politik Pemerintahan Dharma Praja 15, no 2 (31 décembre 2022) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33701/jppdp.v15i2.2880.

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This study aims to evaluate the performance of two different local governments in two different nations using decentralization and policy implementation theories. It will also provide a general overview of the situation in these two nations at the time that Covid-19 began to spread. Using a comparative case study (CCS), this study compares local government response to Covid-19 in Gambia and Indonesia. In this study, the pandemic Covid-19 was given the same effect in each country but produced different results depending on government activities in each country. When the first Covid-19 cases appear in their countries, Gambia and Indonesia face a similar problem, but they also have a similar strategy for dealing with this pandemic outbreak. The Gambian government provides food, personal protective equipment (PPE), and essential sanitary items, as have several local governments in Indonesia. Gambia and Indonesia also establish a task force (both central and local government) to control virus spread, which becomes a key action in both countries' management of the Covid-19 outbreak. This research find that the role of local government in translating policy from the central government becomes critical to a region's success. A country's central government must not only maintain good performance in areas where it already excels, but also provide education and strong attention to local governments that are still struggling in order for them to improve their performance.
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Panico, Carlo, et Marco Piccioni. « Keynes on Central Bank Independence ». STUDI ECONOMICI, no 118 (août 2017) : 190–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2016-118012.

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Oikonomou, Georgios, et Eleftherios Spyromitros. « Trends in Central Bank Transparency ». Theoretical Economics Letters 07, no 07 (2017) : 2089–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2017.77142.

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Krivoruchko, Svetlana, Vladislav Ponamorenko et Anatoly Nebera. « Central Bank Policy and Cryptocurrencies ». Journal of Reviews on Global Economics 7 (12 novembre 2018) : 549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2018.07.51.

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Sholopak, Vladyslav. « Central Bank Communication : Forward Guidance ». Modern Economics 25, no 1 (23 février 2021) : 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v25(2021)-25.

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Abstract. Introduction. Incomprehension and misinterpretation of central bank actions by the markets lead to uncertainty. As a result, the volatility of inflation, prices, and assets increases. The low-interest-rate in today’s macroeconomic environment is a common thing. In such circumstances, the economy is so difficult to adapt to internal and external shocks, so inefficiencies caused by incorrect or untimely statements by the regulator can exacerbate the problem and provoke unjustified risks. These new conditions have led to changes in the way information is covered and create a new communication approach. Purpose. Thus, the article aims to systematize the main patterns of forwarding guidance mechanism as a communication tool in monetary policy. Its use in such developed economies as Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union. Identification of major trends in the use of forwarding guidance form during the crises of 2008 and 2020. Determination of why targets are 2% inflation with the description of monetary and communication tools, research of information coverage approaches. Results. The central bank statements affect to decisions of various market participants and can be divided into economic forecasts and forward guidance. According to the forwarding guidance classification, the analysis was made of 2020 statements and compared with the 2008 statements, for each of the studied countries. The finding shows that there has been a shift from economic forecasts to forward guidance. A model consisting of four elements has been identified for the four central banks: target, monetary instruments, statement approach, and information tools. Conclusions. In general, new types such as state-contingent and calendar-based statements began to be used during the last crisis. The most common monetary instrument that appears in statements being the interest rate. The common goals for all central banks are to focus on price stability, which is expressed in inflation of 2%. This target must be long-term and in numerical terms to effectively management inflation expectations and bring down volatility. All banks strive for simplicity and clarity in their statements, and they use a wide range of information tools. Keywords: central bank communicatioт; forward guidance; non-traditional monetary policy instrument.
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Butorina, Olga. « European Central Bank in 2017 ». Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 1, no 2 (1 mars 2018) : 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran2201816.

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Becić, Ivan, et Dejan Antić. « The Central bank of Vranje ». Godisnjak Pedagoskog fakulteta u Vranju 9, no 2 (2018) : 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gufv1802109b.

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