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Articles de revues sur le sujet « CircRNAs, brain wiring, axon »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 11 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 19 juillet 2025

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1

Lewis, Tommy L., Julien Courchet, and Franck Polleux. "Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying axon formation, growth, and branching." Journal of Cell Biology 202, no. 6 (2013): 837–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201305098.

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Proper brain wiring during development is pivotal for adult brain function. Neurons display a high degree of polarization both morphologically and functionally, and this polarization requires the segregation of mRNA, proteins, and lipids into the axonal or somatodendritic domains. Recent discoveries have provided insight into many aspects of the cell biology of axonal development including axon specification during neuronal polarization, axon growth, and terminal axon branching during synaptogenesis.

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Mason, Carol, and Nefeli Slavi. "Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Wiring Establishing the Binocular Circuit." Annual Review of Vision Science 6, no. 1 (2020): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034306.

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Binocular vision depends on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon projection either to the same side or to the opposite side of the brain. In this article, we review the molecular mechanisms for decussation of RGC axons, with a focus on axon guidance signaling at the optic chiasm and ipsi- and contralateral axon organization in the optic tract prior to and during targeting. The spatial and temporal features of RGC neurogenesis that give rise to ipsilateral and contralateral identity are described. The albino visual system is highlighted as an apt comparative model for understanding RGC decussation,

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Agi, Egemen, Eric T. Reifenstein, Charlotte Wit, et al. "Axonal self-sorting without target guidance in Drosophila visual map formation." Science 383, no. 6687 (2024): 1084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adk3043.

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The idea of guidance toward a target is central to axon pathfinding and brain wiring in general. In this work, we show how several thousand axonal growth cones self-pattern without target-dependent guidance during neural superposition wiring in Drosophila . Ablation of all target lamina neurons or loss of target adhesion prevents the stabilization but not the development of the pattern. Intravital imaging at the spatiotemporal resolution of growth cone dynamics in intact pupae and data-driven dynamics simulations reveal a mechanism by which >30,000 filopodia do not explore potential targets

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Wang, Wei, Asit Rai, Eun-Mi Hur, Zeev Smilansky, Karen T. Chang, and Kyung-Tai Min. "DSCR1 is required for both axonal growth cone extension and steering." Journal of Cell Biology 213, no. 4 (2016): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201510107.

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Local information processing in the growth cone is essential for correct wiring of the nervous system. As an axon navigates through the developing nervous system, the growth cone responds to extrinsic guidance cues by coordinating axon outgrowth with growth cone steering. It has become increasingly clear that axon extension requires proper actin polymerization dynamics, whereas growth cone steering involves local protein synthesis. However, molecular components integrating these two processes have not been identified. Here, we show that Down syndrome critical region 1 protein (DSCR1) controls

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Jia, Erteng, Ying Zhou, Zhiyu Liu, et al. "Transcriptomic Profiling of Circular RNA in Different Brain Regions of Parkinson’s Disease in a Mouse Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (2020): 3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21083006.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and although many studies have been done on this disease, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood and further studies are warranted. Therefore, this study identified circRNA expression profiles in the cerebral cortex (CC), hippocampus (HP), striatum (ST), and cerebellum (CB) regions of the 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse model using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and differentially expressed circRNA were validated using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Ge

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Umeda, Kentaro, Nariaki Iwasawa, Manabu Negishi, and Izumi Oinuma. "A short splicing isoform of afadin suppresses the cortical axon branching in a dominant-negative manner." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 10 (2015): 1957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0039.

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Precise wiring patterns of axons are among the remarkable features of neuronal circuit formation, and establishment of the proper neuronal network requires control of outgrowth, branching, and guidance of axons. R-Ras is a Ras-family small GTPase that has essential roles in multiple phases of axonal development. We recently identified afadin, an F-actin–binding protein, as an effector of R-Ras mediating axon branching through F-actin reorganization. Afadin comprises two isoforms—l-afadin, having the F-actin–binding domain, and s-afadin, lacking the F-actin–binding domain. Compared with l-afadi

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Charron, F. "Novel brain wiring functions for classical morphogens: a role as graded positional cues in axon guidance." Development 132, no. 10 (2005): 2251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.01830.

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Rhiner, Christa, and Michael O. Hengartner. "Sugar Antennae for Guidance Signals: Syndecans and Glypicans Integrate Directional Cues for Navigating Neurons." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 1024–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.202.

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Attractive and repulsive signals guide migrating nerve cells in all directions when the nervous system starts to form. The neurons extend thin processes, axons, that connect over wide distances with other brain cells to form a complicated neuronal network. One of the most fascinating questions in neuroscience is how the correct wiring of billions of nerve cells in our brain is controlled. Several protein families are known to serve as guidance cues for navigating neurons and axons. Nevertheless, the combinatorial potential of these proteins seems to be insufficient to sculpt the entire neurona

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Moreno Bravo, J. A. "Development of bilateral circuits of the nervous system: From molecular mechanisms to the cerebellum and its implication in neurodevelopmental disorders." ANALES RANM 139, no. 139(03) (2023): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32440/ar.2022.139.03.rev02.

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The brain is the most complex organ we have, and it is the one that defines us as human beings. It is the basis of intelligence, of our thoughts and memories. In addition, it interprets the world through the senses, initiates movement and controls our behaviors. The correct functioning of this organ is based on the correct establishment of connectivity patterns between the millions of neurons which enable a precise and efficient communication between them. These neural networks emerge during embryonic and postnatal development. The formation of proper neuronal circuitry relies on diverse and v

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Hardin, Katherine R., Arjolyn B. Penas, Shuristeen Joubert, Changtian Ye, Kenneth R. Myers, and James Q. Zheng. "A critical role for the fascin family of actin bundling proteins in axon development, brain wiring and function." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 134 (September 2025): 104027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2025.104027.

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Haber, Suzanne N., Hesheng Liu, Jakob Seidlitz, and Ed Bullmore. "Prefrontal connectomics: from anatomy to human imaging." Neuropsychopharmacology 47, no. 1 (2021): 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01156-6.

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AbstractThe fundamental importance of prefrontal cortical connectivity to information processing and, therefore, disorders of cognition, emotion, and behavior has been recognized for decades. Anatomic tracing studies in animals have formed the basis for delineating the direct monosynaptic connectivity, from cells of origin, through axon trajectories, to synaptic terminals. Advances in neuroimaging combined with network science have taken the lead in developing complex wiring diagrams or connectomes of the human brain. A key question is how well these magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived ne

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Paolino, Annalisa, Laura R. Fenlon, Peter Kozulin, et al. "Differential timing of a conserved transcriptional network underlies divergent cortical projection routes across mammalian brain evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 19 (2020): 10554–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922422117.

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A unique combination of transcription factor expression and projection neuron identity demarcates each layer of the cerebral cortex. During mouse and human cortical development, the transcription factor CTIP2 specifies neurons that project subcerebrally, while SATB2 specifies neuronal projections via the corpus callosum, a large axon tract connecting the two neocortical hemispheres that emerged exclusively in eutherian mammals. Marsupials comprise the sister taxon of eutherians but do not have a corpus callosum; their intercortical commissural neurons instead project via the anterior commissur

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Rubina, Kseniya, Artem Maier, Polina Klimovich, et al. "T-Cadherin (CDH13) and Non-Coding RNAs: The Crosstalk Between Health and Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 13 (2025): 6127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136127.

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T-cadherin (CDH13) is an atypical, glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored cadherin with functions ranging from axon guidance and vascular patterning to adipokine signaling and cell-fate specification. Originally identified as a homophilic cue for migrating neural crest cells, projecting axons, and growing blood vessels, it later emerged as a dual metabolic receptor for cardioprotective high-molecular-weight adiponectin and atherogenic low-density lipoproteins. We recently showed that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells lacking T-cadherin are predisposed to adipogenesis, underscoring its role in lin

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Shibata, Fumi, Yuko Goto-Koshino, Miyuki Ito, et al. "Robo4/Magic Roundabout Is a Novel Surface Marker for Murine and Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.682.682.

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Abstract A variety of cell surface markers such as c-Kit, Sca-1, CD34 and Flt-3 have been utilized to prospectively isolate murine or human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). While murine HSCs were shown to be highly enriched in CD34−c-Kit+Sca-1+Lineage- (CD34−KSL) fraction, this population is still not homogeneous for long-term HSCs. In human, CD34+ cells are regarded as crude HSC fraction and used for clinical applications. However, quiescent human HSCs are also found in CD34− fraction, indicating that CD34 is not a bona fide marker for human HSC. Thus, novel surface markers that can be used t

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Xu, Xinli, Rui O. Beleza, Francisco Q. Gonçalves, et al. "Adenosine A2A receptors control synaptic remodeling in the adult brain." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18884-4.

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AbstractThe molecular mechanisms underlying circuit re-wiring in the mature brain remains ill-defined. An eloquent example of adult circuit remodelling is the hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) sprouting found in diseases such as temporal lobe epilepsy. The molecular determinants underlying this retrograde re-wiring remain unclear. This may involve signaling system(s) controlling axon specification/growth during neurodevelopment reactivated during epileptogenesis. Since adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) control axon formation/outgrowth and synapse stabilization during development, we now examined the c

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Egger, Matteo, Wenshu Luo, Natalia Cruz-Ochoa, et al. "Commissural dentate granule cell projections and their rapid formation in the adult brain." PNAS Nexus, March 20, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad088.

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Abstract Dentate granule cells (GCs) have been characterized as unilaterally projecting neurons within each hippocampus. Here, we describe a unique class, the commissural GCs, which atypically project to the contralateral hippocampus in mice. Although commissural GCs are rare in the healthy brain, their number and contralateral axon density rapidly increase in a rodent model of temporal lobe epilepsies. In this model, commissural GC axon growth appears together with the well-studied hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting, and may be important for the pathomechanisms of epilepsy. Our results augment

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Langen, Marion, Marta Koch, Jiekun Yan, et al. "Mutual inhibition among postmitotic neurons regulates robustness of brain wiring in Drosophila." eLife 2 (March 5, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.00337.

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Brain connectivity maps display a delicate balance between individual variation and stereotypy, suggesting the existence of dedicated mechanisms that simultaneously permit and limit individual variation. We show that during the development of the Drosophila central nervous system, mutual inhibition among groups of neighboring postmitotic neurons during development regulates the robustness of axon target choice in a nondeterministic neuronal circuit. Specifically, neighboring postmitotic neurons communicate through Notch signaling during axonal targeting, to ensure balanced alternative axon tar

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Fassier, Coralie, and Xavier Nicol. "Retinal Axon Interplay for Binocular Mapping." Frontiers in Neural Circuits 15 (June 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.679440.

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In most mammals, retinal ganglion cell axons from each retina project to both sides of the brain. The segregation of ipsi and contralateral projections into eye-specific territories in their main brain targets—the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus—is critical for the processing of visual information. The investigation of the developmental mechanisms contributing to the wiring of this binocular map in mammals identified competitive mechanisms between axons from each retina while interactions between axons from the same eye were challenging to explore. Studies in verteb

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Bécret, Johann, Claudia Gomez-Bravo, Camille Michaud, et al. "Point contact-restricted cAMP signaling controls ephrin-A5-induced axon repulsion." Journal of Cell Science, January 8, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.263480.

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Signal transduction downstream of axon guidance molecules is essential to steer developing axons. Second messengers including cAMP are key molecules shared by a multitude of signaling pathways and are required for a wide range of cellular processes including axon pathfinding. Yet, how these signaling molecules achieve specificity for each of their downstream pathways remains elusive. Subcellular compartmentation emerged as a flexible strategy to reach such a specificity. Here, we show that point contact-restricted cAMP signals control ephrin-A5-evoked axon repulsion in vitro by modulating Foca

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Lu, Wen, Brad S. Lee, Helen Xue Ying Deng, Margot Lakonishok, Enrique Martin-Blanco, and Vladimir I. Gelfand. "“Mitotic” kinesin-5 is a dynamic brake for axonal growth in Drosophila." Development, April 14, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.204424.

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During neuronal development, microtubule reorganization shapes axons and dendrites, establishing the framework for efficient nervous system wiring. Our previous work demonstrated the role of kinesin-1 in driving microtubule sliding, which powers early axon outgrowth and regeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we reveal a critical new role of kinesin-5, a mitotic motor, in modulating postmitotic neuron development. The Drosophila kinesin-5, Klp61F, is expressed in larval brain neurons, with high levels in ventral nerve cord (VNC) neurons. Knockdown of Klp61F in neurons leads to severe ad

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Liu, Yuanzhe, Caio Seguin, Richard F. Betzel, et al. "A generative model of the connectome with dynamic axon growth." Network Neuroscience, June 17, 2024, 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00397.

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Abstract Connectome generative models, otherwise known as generative network models, provide insight into the wiring principles underpinning brain network organization. While these models can approximate numerous statistical properties of empirical networks, they typically fail to explicitly characterize an important contributor to brain organization - axonal growth. Emulating the chemoaffinity guided axonal growth, we provide a novel generative model in which axons dynamically steer the direction of propagation based on distance-dependent chemoattractive forces acting on their growth cones. T

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Qiu, Shou, Yachuang Hu, Yiming Huang, et al. "Whole-brain spatial organization of hippocampal single-neuron projectomes." Science 383, no. 6682 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adj9198.

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Mapping single-neuron projections is essential for understanding brain-wide connectivity and diverse functions of the hippocampus (HIP). Here, we reconstructed 10,100 single-neuron projectomes of mouse HIP and classified 43 projectome subtypes with distinct projection patterns. The number of projection targets and axon-tip distribution depended on the soma location along HIP longitudinal and transverse axes. Many projectome subtypes were enriched in specific HIP subdomains defined by spatial transcriptomic profiles. Furthermore, we delineated comprehensive wiring diagrams for HIP neurons proje

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Gu, Zirong, Ken Matsuura, Agustine Letelier, et al. "Axon Fasciculation, Mediated by Transmembrane Semaphorins, Is Critical for the Establishment of Segmental Specificity of Corticospinal Circuits." Journal of Neuroscience, June 21, 2023, JN—RM—0073–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0073-22.2023.

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Axon fasciculation is thought to be a critical step in neural circuit formation and function. Recent studies have revealed various molecular mechanisms that underlie axon fasciculation; however, the impacts of axon fasciculation, and its corollary, defasciculation, on neural circuit wiring remain unclear. Corticospinal (CS) neurons in the sensorimotor cortex project axons to the spinal cord to control skilled movements. In rodents, the axons remain tightly fasciculated in the brain and traverse the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord. Here we show that plexinA1 (PlexA1) and plexinA3 (PlexA3) r

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Moreland, Trevor, and Fabienne E. Poulain. "To Stick or Not to Stick: The Multiple Roles of Cell Adhesion Molecules in Neural Circuit Assembly." Frontiers in Neuroscience 16 (April 28, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.889155.

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Precise wiring of neural circuits is essential for brain connectivity and function. During development, axons respond to diverse cues present in the extracellular matrix or at the surface of other cells to navigate to specific targets, where they establish precise connections with post-synaptic partners. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) represent a large group of structurally diverse proteins well known to mediate adhesion for neural circuit assembly. Through their adhesive properties, CAMs act as major regulators of axon navigation, fasciculation, and synapse formation. While the adhesive funct

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Qian, Penghao, and Linus Manubens-Gil. "Non-homogenous axonal bouton distribution in whole-brain single cell neuronal networks." August 7, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10616468.

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We examined the distribution of pre-synaptic contacts in axons of mouse neurons and constructed whole-brain single-cell neuronal networks using an extensive dataset of 1891 fully reconstructed neurons. We found that bouton locations were not homogeneous throughout the axon and among brain regions. As our algorithm was able to generate whole-brain single-cell connectivity matrices from full morphology reconstruction datasets, we further found that non-homogeneous bouton locations have a significant impact on network wiring, including degree distribution, triad census and community structure. By

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Gallo, Nicholas B., Artan Berisha, and Linda Van Aelst. "Microglia regulate chandelier cell axo-axonic synaptogenesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 11 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2114476119.

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Significance Chandelier cells (ChCs) are a unique type of GABAergic interneuron that form axo-axonic synapses exclusively on the axon initial segment (AIS) of neocortical pyramidal neurons (PyNs), allowing them to exert powerful yet precise control over PyN firing and population output. The importance of proper ChC function is further underscored by the association of ChC connectivity defects with various neurological conditions. Despite this, the cellular mechanisms governing ChC axo-axonic synapse formation remain poorly understood. Here, we identify microglia as key regulators of ChC axonal

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Negueruela, Santiago, Cruz Morenilla-Palao, Salvador Sala, et al. "Proper Frequency of Perinatal Retinal Waves is Essential for The Precise Wiring of Visual Axons in Non-Image Forming Nuclei." Journal of Neuroscience, August 16, 2024, e1408232024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1408-23.2024.

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The development of the visual system is a complex and multi-step process characterized by the precise wiring of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon terminals with their corresponding neurons in the visual nuclei of the brain. Upon reaching primary image-forming nuclei (IFN), such as the superior colliculus and the lateral geniculate nucleus, RGC axons undergo extensive arborization that refines over the first few postnatal weeks. The molecular mechanisms driving this activity-dependent remodeling process, which is influenced by waves of spontaneous activity in the developing retina, are still not

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Xavier, Andre M., Qianyu Lin, Chris J. Kang, and Lucas Cheadle. "A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of sensory-dependent gene expression in developing mouse visual cortex." Development, February 28, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.204244.

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Sensory experience drives the maturation of neural circuits during postnatal brain development through molecular mechanisms that remain to be fully elucidated. One likely mechanism involves the sensory-dependent expression of genes that encode direct mediators of circuit remodeling within developing cells. To identify potential drivers of sensory-dependent synaptic development, we generated a single-nucleus RNA sequencing dataset describing the transcriptional responses of cells in mouse visual cortex to sensory deprivation or stimulation during a developmental window when visual input is nece

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Suter, Tracey Amelia Claire Sampath, Zachary DeLoughery, and Alexander Jaworski. "Spinal Cord Meninges Produce Attractive and Repellent Cues for Developing Axons." FASEB Journal 30, S1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.lb634.

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The meninges are connective tissue layers that envelop vertebrate brain and spinal cord. The meninges protect the central nervous system (CNS), contribute to the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, and provide a structural framework for blood vessels entering the CNS. Recent work provides evidence that the meninges also fulfill critical functions during the development of the CNS by regulating both neural progenitor generation and migration. During development the majority of neurons within the CNS have axonal projections that remain within the CNS. However, there are unique populations, inclu

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Özel, Mehmet Neset, Marion Langen, Bassem A. Hassan, and P. Robin Hiesinger. "Filopodial dynamics and growth cone stabilization in Drosophila visual circuit development." eLife 4 (October 29, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.10721.

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Filopodial dynamics are thought to control growth cone guidance, but the types and roles of growth cone dynamics underlying neural circuit assembly in a living brain are largely unknown. To address this issue, we have developed long-term, continuous, fast and high-resolution imaging of growth cone dynamics from axon growth to synapse formation in cultured Drosophila brains. Using R7 photoreceptor neurons as a model we show that >90% of the growth cone filopodia exhibit fast, stochastic dynamics that persist despite ongoing stepwise layer formation. Correspondingly, R7 growth cones stabilize

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Atkins, Melody, Coralie Fassier, and Xavier Nicol. "Neuronal guidance behaviours: the primary cilium perspective." Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (June 30, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2025.1612555.

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The establishment of functional neuronal circuits critically relies on the ability of developing neurons to accurately sense and integrate a variety of guidance signals from their surrounding environment. Such signals are indeed crucial during key steps of neuronal circuit wiring, including neuronal migration and axon guidance, to guide developing neurons or extending axons towards their target destination in the developing brain. The growth cone, located at the tip of developing neurons, is a key subcellular structure in this process, that concentrates many different guidance receptors and si

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Wilson, Carlos, Ana Lis Moyano, and Alfredo Cáceres. "Perspectives on Mechanisms Supporting Neuronal Polarity From Small Animals to Humans." Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 10 (April 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.878142.

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Axon-dendrite formation is a crucial milestone in the life history of neurons. During this process, historically referred as “the establishment of polarity,” newborn neurons undergo biochemical, morphological and functional transformations to generate the axonal and dendritic domains, which are the basis of neuronal wiring and connectivity. Since the implementation of primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons by Gary Banker and Max Cowan in 1977, the community of neurobiologists has made significant achievements in decoding signals that trigger axo-dendritic specification. External and inter

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Ho, Man-Hau, Yih-Jeng Tsai, Chia-Yen Chen, et al. "CCL5 is essential for axonogenesis and neuronal restoration after brain injury." Journal of Biomedical Science 31, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12929-024-01083-w.

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Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes axon tearing and synapse degradation, resulting in multiple neurological dysfunctions and exacerbation of early neurodegeneration; the repair of axonal and synaptic structures is critical for restoring neuronal function. C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5) shows many neuroprotective activities. Method A close-head weight-drop system was used to induce mild brain trauma in C57BL/6 (wild-type, WT) and CCL5 knockout (CCL5-KO) mice. The mNSS score, rotarod, beam walking, and sticker removal tests were used to assay neurological function after

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Tonazzini, Ilaria, Geeske M. Van Woerden, Cecilia Masciullo, Edwin J. Mientjes, Ype Elgersma, and Marco Cecchini. "The role of ubiquitin ligase E3A in polarized contact guidance and rescue strategies in UBE3A-deficient hippocampal neurons." Molecular Autism 10, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0293-1.

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Abstract Background Although neuronal extracellular sensing is emerging as crucial for brain wiring and therefore plasticity, little is known about these processes in neurodevelopmental disorders. Ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) plays a key role in neurodevelopment. Lack of UBE3A leads to Angelman syndrome (AS), while its increase is among the most prevalent genetic causes of autism (e.g., Dup15q syndrome). By using microstructured substrates that can induce specific directional stimuli in cells, we previously found deficient topographical contact guidance in AS neurons, which was linked

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