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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Clause de transfert »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 7 juillet 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Clause de transfert"

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Allemand, Frédéric, et Amélie Sauvage. « La mutualisation des dettes européennes implique nécessairement un renforcement de la discipline budgétaire ». Gestion & ; Finances Publiques, no 4 (juillet 2020) : 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/gfp.2020.4.008.

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La mutualisation des dettes des États-membres n’est pas permise par les traités européens et impliquerait un transfert de la responsabilité budgétaire des États vers l’Union. La restructuration de telles dettes est envisageable dans le cadre du droit commun (clause d’action collective) et avec l’appui du MES. Des solutions alternatives, plus conformes à l’esprit de l’Union, existent : discipline budgétaire, assistance financière avec l’appui de la BEI, politique d’achat d’actifs par la BCE qui n’est pas sans risques, ni limites.
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Corral, Julie Del. « The Delivery Requirement in So-called Consensual Transfer Systems ». European Review of Private Law 21, Issue 5/6 (1 novembre 2013) : 1277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2013077.

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Abstract: This contribution contains a summary of the thesis that the author has defended at the Faculty of Law of the KU Leuven Kulak. The Belgian, as well as the French, transfer system is often presented to be consensual, meaning that the obligatory agreement not only gives rise to the existence of contractual rights and obligations, but also triggers the proprietary effects of the agreement (art. 1138 of the Civil Code). However, from a comparative, as well as from a historical, point of view, not the consensus, but the delivery requirement seems to be essential for the transfer of movable corporeal goods. The author examines the possible existence of such a delivery requirement in the Belgian transfer system of movable corporeal goods, considering some exceptions, such as the so-called "retention of ownership clause", where the obligatory agreement and the transfer of property rights are separated from one another, and the "double sale" where the person who has first been given possession will prevail and will be considered as owner of the movable corporeal good, at the requirement that his possession is in good faith (art. 1141 of the Civil Code). In other words, the author examines the question of whether the transfer of movable corporeal goods (still) requires a delivery act under Belgian law and thus to what extent the Belgian transfer system lends itself to European harmonization. Résumé: Cet article concerne un résumé de la thèse de doctorat que l'auteur a défendu à la Faculté de Droit de la KU Leuven Kulak. Tant d'un point de vue historique, que d'un point de vue comparatif, le système belge (ainsi que le système français) de transfert des droit réels de biens meubles corporels occupe une position unique: le simple contrat obligatoire entraîne le transfert d'un droit réel (art. 1138 du Code civil). Le législateur semble avoir porté préjudice à ce principe dans l'hypothèse d'une vente sous réserve de propriété où la propriété n'est pas transferee immédiatement au moment de la conclusion du contrat obligatoire, ainsi que, par exemple, dans l'hypothèse d'une double vente où on accorde la préférence à celui qui est mis en possession réelle de la chose, à condition qu'il soit de bonne foi (art. 1141 du Code civil). L'auteur examine dans quelle mesure le transfert de propriété des biens meubles corporels nécessite (encore) un acte de livraison en vertu du droit belge et dans quelle mesure le système belge se prête ainsi à une harmonisation européenne.
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Poudrier-LeBel, Louise. « La création de l’hypothèque immobilière conventionnelle ». Revue générale de droit 23, no 3 (12 mars 2019) : 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1057118ar.

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La propriété immobilière est recherchée pour la valeur de garantie qu’elle accorde à un créancier sous forme d’une hypothèque immobilière conventionnelle. Une approche comparative des systèmes de droit qui nous sont familiers permet les rapprochements suivants : le droit français transforma l’hypothèque générale et secrète en une sûreté spéciale et publique; la common law effectue plutôt un transfert du titre soumis à un droit de rachat; le droit québécois, d’abord semblable au droit français de la même époque, fit de nombreux emprunts au droit anglais, principalement l’exigence de la publicité. De plus, les droits accordés conventionnellement au créancier, spécialement la clause de dation en paiement, s’inspirent plus de la conception anglaise. La réforme du droit québécois maintient les règles de fond et de forme que nous connaissons, en les adaptant aux réalités modernes sauf quant au caractère solennel du contrat.
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Lett, Didier. « Genre et paix ». Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 67, no 3 (septembre 2012) : 629–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900007101.

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RésuméLe 18 février 1306, un traité de paix est signé entre la cité de Camerino et trois communes voisines (Matelica, San Severino et Fabriano) dans lequel est prévue une série de mariages croisés entre leurs habitants : un échantillon socialement représentatif de cent quarante hommes doivent devenir beaux-frères à travers le transfert de cent quarante femmes. À partir de ce document et de cette clause hors-norme, qui, de plus, ne sera jamais appliquée et ne mettra jamais fin aux hostilités, l’article propose une réflexion sur la manière dont se met en place, dans un contexte historique, documentaire et relationnel spécifique, un régime de genre. En adoptant une approche pragmatique et en privilégiant l’utilisation du concept de genre comme un moyen supplémentaire de lire le social, sont tour à tour étudiés les rôles que les hommes de l’élite assignent aux femmes de leur communauté dans les rituels de réconciliation, les alliances matrimoniales qui font figure de paix en miniature, le dispositif mis en place pour assurer les transferts dotaux et l’octroie de la citoyenneté. Dans ce type de régime, les femmes sont des médiatrices : elles doivent véhiculer la paix dans leur ménage pour que celle-ci se diffuse dans l’ensemble du corps de leur commune et transmettre aux hommes une dot et la citoyenneté pour leur permettre de reproduire une domination.
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Kouroutakis, Antonios. « The Virtues of Sunset Clauses in Relation to Constitutional Authority ». Statute Law Review 41, no 1 (6 juillet 2018) : 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmy017.

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Abstract This article focuses on the virtues of sunset clauses pertaining to authority. It examines the utility of such clauses in three instances: first, when there is a transfer of constitutional authority; secondly, when there is an exclusively attributed authority, but it is not exercised; and thirdly, when there is a creation of a new authority. In the case of a transfer of authority subject to sunset clauses, unless such authority is re-authorized, the sunset clause brings about its expiration on a prescribed date. In practice, the benefits from the sunset clause are twofold. First, such a clause allows the comprehensive evaluation of the transferred authority, minimizing the risk of any abuse. Secondly, such a clause sets the timetable, which promotes legal certainty. In the case of inactivity while there is an exclusive authority, the use of a sunset clause as an alarm clock creates an incentive for action; or alternatively, with the expiration of the sunset clause, the authority is considered ipso jure and simultaneously exercised. Finally, in the case where new authority is created, such authority may be subject to a sunset clause if it is implemented as a constitutional experiment or if it is controversial in nature because it possibly distorts the system of separation of powers.
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TREFFERS-DALLER, JEANINE. « Ambiguity and transfer in bilingual first language acquisition ? » Bilingualism : Language and Cognition 1, no 3 (décembre 1998) : 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728998000339.

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Natascha Müller presents a very interesting analysis of the structure of the German subordinate clause in bilingual first language acquisition. The main issue in this paper is to explain the fact that some bilingual children – but not all of them – display non-target language structures in German subordinate clauses. That is, the finite verb does not appear in the final position of the subordinate clause. These non-target structures can in part be explained by transfer, but this cannot be the whole story, because some monolingual children produce these structures as well. Bilingual children, though, appear to have problems with the German subordinate clause more frequently than monolingual children. Interestingly, acquiring the target structures is a slow process for children who produce non-target structures. Ivar, the French-German child Müller discusses in most detail, for example, needs two years to acquire the correct position of the finite verb in German subordinate clauses. Müller argues that the problems arise because the input children receive is ambiguous: the finite verb does not always appear in the finite position in German subordinate clauses in adult speech. The ambiguity of this situation opens the way to transfer. In their uncertainty, the children turn to their other language as a relief strategy.
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Chen, Marina Yueh-ching. « English prototyped small clauses in the interlanguage of Chinese/Taiwanese adult learners ». Second Language Research 21, no 1 (janvier 2005) : 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658305sr243oa.

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This study of consider and find attempts to shed light on second language acquisition of English small clause complements, as in we consider [Mary intelligent] and we find [Mary interesting]. It examines how learners’ First language (Mandarin Chinese) interacts with the target language. The analysis is based on the results of two kinds of tasks: grammaticality judgements, intended to elicit nonnative participants’ implicit knowledge as compared with the responses of native participants; and oral translations to test their explicit access to this knowledge. The results indicate that Chinese learners tend to avoid sentences that contain small clause complements. A related finding is that, like small clause complements, infinitival complements are under-generated and not preferred by the subjects; tensed clauses and clauses introduced by that are preferred. It is suggested that learners’ difficulty with small clause complements involves underlying first language transfer. On the other hand, the difficulty with infinitive clauses may be related to universal developmental order, as the interpretation for an NP involves an extra mechanism, Exceptional Case Marking.
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Shuhama, Yuji. « Clause-sensitivity of Inflectional Morphology in L2 English ». Asian Journal of University Education 17, no 3 (1 août 2021) : 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i3.14519.

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Abstract: The Interface Hypothesis (Sorace, 2000) developed in line with the Minimalist theory of grammar (Chomsky, 1995 et seq.) supports the view of L2 acquisition that syntactic properties are acquired early while the acquisition of interface properties is delayed. One of the interface properties is inflectional morphology on English verbs, which involves subject-verb agreement at the syntax-morphology interface. Previous studies have revealed that for learners of L2 English, acquiring third person singular -s is harder than regular past -ed due to the absence of meaningless morphemes in L1. However, one question has been disregarded: Where in a clause are these morphemes inserted more successfully? Given that subordinate clauses are more complex than main clauses, this study examines the clause-sensitivity of L2 inflectional morphology. 44 Japanese university students learning English as L2 were asked to complete a grammaticality judgment test and write an essay about a specified topic. The learners’ inflection pattern was surveyed through the test scores and text analysis of the essays. Results show that -s tends to be omitted regardless of clause types, but -ed is omitted more frequently in complement clauses than main clauses. These are due to negative L1 transfer on L2 inflectional morphology and our findings imply the importance of clauses as meaningful units in L2 grammar instructions. Keywords: Clause-sensitivity, Inflectional morphology, L2 grammar instructions, The Interface Hypothesis.
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Falk, Ylva, et Camilla Bardel. « Object pronouns in German L3 syntax : Evidence for the L2 status factor ». Second Language Research 27, no 1 (22 décembre 2010) : 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386647.

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Several studies on L3 lexicon, and recently also some on L3 syntax, have convincingly shown a qualitative difference between the acquisition of a true L2 and the subsequent acquisition of an L3. Some studies even indicate that L2 takes on a stronger role than L1 in the initial state of L3 syntax (e.g. Bardel and Falk, 2007; Rothman and Cabrelli Amaro, 2010). In this article we further investigate syntactic transfer from L1/L2 to L3 in learners at an intermediate level of proficiency in the target language. Data have been obtained from 44 learners of German as L3, testing the placement of object pronouns in both main and subordinate clauses in a grammaticality judgement/correction task (GJCT). The learners constitute two groups (both n = 22): One group has English as L1 and French as L2 and the other group has French as L1 and English as L2. This particular combination of background languages allows us to pinpoint the source of transfer, since object placement is pre-verbal in French and post-verbal in English, this being applied in both main and subordinate clauses. In target language (TL) German, however, the object placement varies between pre-verbal in the sub clause and post-verbal in the main clause. The two groups behave differently as to both acceptance and rejection of the test items (60 grammatical and ungrammatical main and sub clauses with object pronouns). This difference is significant and can be ascribed to their L2s, respectively. Our results thus show that the L2 transfers into the L3 even at an intermediate level, and on the basis of this we claim a strong role for the L2 status factor.
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Biancalana, Joseph. « CONTRACTUAL PENALTIES IN THE KING’S COURT 1260–1360 ». Cambridge Law Journal 64, no 1 (24 mars 2005) : 212–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197305006847.

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CLAUSES that provided fixed monetary penalties first appeared in English contracts and conveyances in the first decade of the thirteenth century. Rather quickly thereafter penalty clauses came to be used in a wide variety of contracts and conveyances. They were used in (1) agreements over tithes, (2) settlement of disputes, (3) arbitration agreements, (4) agreements to transfer or not to transfer land, (5) marriage property agreements, (6) warranties of title to land, (7) leases, (8) agreements to pay rents and annuities, loans, and in a variety of other transactions. The penalty clause was just another clause in the agreement. At about the middle of the thirteenth century other methods of inserting a penalty clause into an agreement began to be used. A penalty clause could be made part of a recognizance on the plea rolls, the Exchequer rolls, or the Chancery rolls. The recognizance itself could be a penalty to enforce a side agreement. A money bond could serve as a penalty rendered void if the terms of a separate, conditional acquittance were met. A bond or a statute merchant could be given to a third party under an agreement to give the bond or statute merchant to the promisee if the promisor failed to carry out his agreement. By 1348 the penal bond with conditional defeasance endorsed on the back of the bond had been invented.
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Plus de sources

Thèses sur le sujet "Clause de transfert"

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Ung, Sreida. « Essai sur la transmission de l'action en justice ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASH006.

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Chacun est libre de disposer de son patrimoine comme il l'entend, dans le respect de l'ordre public. Il est donc libre de transférer tout ou partie de son patrimoine. Il est traditionnellement admis que l'action en justice suit le droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est liée, tel un satellite. L'intérêt de la transmission d'une action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif substantiel peut être difficile à appréhender, comme il est difficile de concevoir l'utilité d'un satellite qui ne graviterait autour d'aucune planète. La difficulté liée à la compréhension d'une transmission de l'action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif auquel elle est rattachée est également liée au fait que l'action en justice n'est pas admise comme un élément distinct du patrimoine. Bien que difficile à appréhender, une telle transmission n'est pas dénuée d'intérêt tant pour le transmettant que pour le bénéficiaire de la transmission. Pour le transmettant, l'intérêt de cette transmission réside de toute évidence dans la prise en charge par une autre personne des dépenses liés au procès, plus particulièrement s'il ne peut bénéficier de l'aide juridictionnelle ou s'il ne bénéficie pas d'assurance juridique. A l'image des sociétés de financement de procès, le bénéficiaire de la transmission recevrait une sorte de rémunération pouvant consister en un pourcentage sur le résultat obtenu en contrepartie de sa prise en charge des coûts du procès. Le transmettant s'évitera donc les frais d'un procès, tout en profitant des effets du jugement sur son droit subjectif substantiel.L'examen du droit positif force à reconnaître l'existence de figures de transmission de l'action en justice, avec ou sans le droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est rattachée, avec ou sans le consentement de son titulaire.La présente étude se propose d'apporter un regard critique sur ces figures de transmission et de mettre en lumière les contraintes particulières attachées à la transmission d'une action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est liée
Everyone is free to dispose of their assets as they wish, in compliance with public order. Then they are free to give all or part of their assets. It is traditionally and widely accepted that a legal action follows the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, as a satellite. It may be complex to apprehend the interest of a transfer of legal action without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, as it may be difficult to understand the use of a satellite with no planet to orbit around. Legal actions are not considered an asset, which makes the understanding of its transfer without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, more difficult to apprehend. Even though it is complex to understand, this transfer may be of interest. The one who gives their legal action will not have to bear the costs of a trial. This is of interest to them especially if they are not entitled to legal aid or if they don't have legal expenses insurance. As third-party funding in Common law countries, the one who receives the legal action may charge its remuneration on a percentage taken on the result of the trial. Then the giver will avoid the costs of going to court.A review of current substantive law forces us to recognize the existence of cases of transfer of legal actions, with or without the substantive subjective right to which it is linked, with or without the consent of its holder.This present study aims to present a critical view of these cases of transfer of legal actions and to highlight specific constraints of the transfer of legal action without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked
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Öcalan, Özel Sila. « University-industry interactions : understanding university licensing strategies and beyond ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAB009/document.

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Cette thèse porte principalement sur les stratégies de licence des universités. Afin de comprendre l’impact social des stratégies de licences universitaires, nous examinons le lien entre le degré d’exclusivité des licences et les diverses caractéristiques des inventions sous licence. Les résultats théoriques et empiriques de nos recherches suggèrent que les pratiques des OTTs ne sont peut-être pas toujours optimales, ce qui laisse à penser que des améliorations pourraient encore être apportées. Lorsque les innovations sont séquentielles, les universités pourraient introduire des stratégies alternatives de licences open source. Nous élargissons notre étude en examinant les interactions dynamiques entre divers canaux formels et informels de transfert de connaissances. Notre analyse qualitative longitudinale suggère que l’interaction dynamique crée un effet cumulatif important vis-à-vis de l’activité de valorisation de la recherche, et renforce la dimension collective de la valorisation
This thesis primarily focuses on university licensing. To understand the social impact of the university licensing strategies, we examine the link between the degree of exclusivity of licenses and the various characteristics of the licensed inventions. The theoretical and empirical findings of our research suggest that the practices of university technology transfer offices (TTOs) may not always be optimal, underlying the fact that there may still be room for the improvement. We also suggest that, when the innovations are sequential, universities might introduce alternative open source licensing (OSL) strategies. Furthermore, we expand our study by examining the dynamic interactions between various formal and informal channels of transfer. Our longitudinal qualitative methodology suggests that, dynamic interaction creates a strong cumulative effect with respect to the research valorization activity and reinforces the collective dimension of valorization
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Adetonah, Ghislain Serge Odon. « L’évasion fiscale des multinationales dans les pays de l’UEMOA ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0055/document.

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Les pays de l’UEMOA, longtemps hostiles aux investissements directs étrangers, sous l’effet conjugué de la globalisation de l’économie et de la pression des institutions de Brettons Woods, ont d’une part, favorisé un accès intérieur aux flux financiers internationaux et d’autre part, offert des incitants fiscaux aux multinationales. Grâce à la libéralisation financière et l’idéologie économique dominante, les multinationales, par différents subterfuges et profitant aussi des handicaps institutionnels et organisationnels des administrations fiscales respectives des pays membres de l’espace UEMOA, échappent à leurs responsabilités fiscales envers ces États. Pour résorber les effets néfastes de l’évasion fiscale des multinationales, les pays de l’espace communautaire UEMOA, doivent mettre un accent particulier sur la modernisation de leurs administrations fiscales d’une part, et d’autre part, insérer dans toutes leurs conventions fiscales, des clauses anti-abus. Enfin, ces États doivent renforcer la lutte contre l’évasion fiscale par une action concertée basée sur une coopération fiscale dans le cadre d’une assistance administrative
The WAEMU countries, long hostile to foreign direct investment, under the combined effect of the globalization of the economy and the pressure of the institutions of Brettons Woods, have in the one hand, favored an internal access to International financial flows and on the other hand, offered tax incentives to multinationals. Thanks to financial liberalization and the prevailing economic ideology, the multinationals, by various subterfuges and taking advantage also of the institutional and organizational handicaps of the respective tax administrations of the member countries of the UEMOA space, escape their fiscal responsibilities towards these states. In order to reduce the harmful effects of tax evasion by multinationals, WAEMU countries must place particular emphasis on the modernization of their tax administrations on the one hand, and on the other hand, to include in all their agreements tax rules, anti-abuse clauses. Finally, these states must strengthen the fight against tax evasion by concerted action based on tax cooperation in the context of administrative assistance
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Chen, Victor. « Synthèse et évaluations biologiques de strigolactones, nouvelle classe d'hormones végétales ». Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112117/document.

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Ce travail de thèse présente la mise au point d’une nouvelle stratégie de synthèse en vue de l’obtention d’analogues des strigolactones, apocaroténoïdes possédant de multiples activités biologiques d’intérêt agronomique : médiateurs chimiques intervenant dans la mise en place de la symbiose endomycorhizienne et nouvelle classe d’hormone végétale contrôlant l’architecture de la plante.La stratégie de synthèse est basée sur l’utilisation d’une séquence de deux réactions clefs qui sont une métathèse cyclisante d’oléfine (RCM) et une cyclisation radicalaire avec transfert d’atome catalysée par un métal de transition (ATRC). Tout d’abord, une synthèse rapide et efficace des précurseurs a été développée et après optimisation de la séquence RCM / ATRC, divers analogues fonctionnalisés en position C4 ont été obtenus après aménagements fonctionnels. D’autres bioisostères des strigolactones naturelles ont été synthétisés par variation au niveau du cycle C. En se basant sur la voie synthétique précédemment élaborée, la première synthèse asymétrique du Solanacol a été effectuée permettant la détermination de sa stéréochimie relative en C2’ et sa configuration absolue. L’évaluation des activités biologiques dans les différents modèles des composés synthétisés est aussi décrite
This Ph.D. work has been centred on the elaboration of a new synthetic strategy in goal to obtain analogues of natural strigolactones, apocarotenoids with various biological activities of agronomic interests: chemical mediators implicated in the endomycorrhizal symbiosis and a new class of plant hormone controlling the plant architecture.The synthetic strategy is based on the sequence of two key reactions, which are ring closing metathesis (RCM) and atom transfer radical cyclisation (ATRC). First, a rapid and efficient access to the synthetic precursors has been developed and after optimisation of the RCM / ATRC sequence, several analogues functionnalised at the C4 position were obtained after judicious steps. Other bioisoters were obtained with variations on the C ring. On the basis of the elaborated synthetic pathway, the first asymmetric synthesis of Solanacol was successfully achieved conducting to the determination of the relative stereochemistry at C2’ position and its absolute configuration. The biological evaluations of the synthesized molecules in the different models were also described
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Séjean-Chazal, Claire. « La réalisation de la sûreté ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020069.

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Jusqu’à l’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006 relative aux sûretés, le créancier désireux de réaliser sa sûreté était tenu d’emprunter les procédures octroyées à tout créancier pour mettre en œuvre son droit de gage général. Les effets de la sûreté réelle ne se manifestaient qu’après la vente forcée du bien grevé, par le désintéressement préférentiel du créancier au cours de la procédure de distribution du prix. La réforme du droit des sûretés opérée en 2006 a modifié cette situation en généralisant l’attribution judiciaire et en légalisant l’attribution conventionnelle du bien grevé. Ces modes de réalisation sont réputés plus simples et rapides que les voies d’exécution traditionnelles, mais également plus efficaces pour écarter les créanciers concurrents. Le créancier titulaire d’une sûreté réelle est désormais avantagé dès l’exercice de ses prérogatives à l’encontre du débiteur défaillant. Pour exercer son pouvoir de contrainte, il bénéficie de voies d’exécution qui lui sont spécifiques. Le législateur a pris soin d’encadrer ces techniques d’attribution afin de protéger les intérêts du débiteur. Toutefois, le régime de ces modes de réalisation mérite d’être aménagé afin d’en améliorer la sécurité juridique, l’efficacité, et par conséquent, l’attractivité. Les effets des ces modes de réalisation à l’égard des créanciers concurrents de l’attributaire sont moins clairs. L’attribution est régulièrement présentée comme une technique garantissant au poursuivant un désintéressement exclusif, les prétentions des autres créanciers inscrits étant reléguées sur l’éventuel reliquat consigné. Quoique les autres créanciers ne puissent prendre part à la procédure, rien ne justifie qu’il soit porté atteinte à leurs droits. Il importe donc de déterminer comment concilier la faculté d’attribution du bien grevé avec les droits des créanciers concurrents
Up until the order of 23 March 2006 on security rights, a creditor aiming at realizing his surety had to resort to the procedures of execution available to any creditor in order to implement his general right of pledge. The effects of the real surety would manifest only after the execution sale of the encumbered property, through the preferential satisfaction of the creditor during the proceedings of the price distribution. The 2006 reform of the law of security rights has altered this situation by generalizing the judicial attribution and by legalizing the conventional attribution of the encumbered property. These modes of realization are deemed to be simpler and faster than the traditional enforcement proceedings, but also more efficient to shut out the other competing secured creditors. From now on, the creditor benefiting from a real surety is favoured as soon as he exercises his rights against the defaulting debtor. In order to exercise his power of constraint, he may rely on all the enforcement proceedings that are specific to the real surety. The legislator has carefully provided guidelines to use these attribution techniques to protect the interests of the debtor. However, the legal framework applicable to these modes of realization deserves to be adjusted in order to improve their legal certainty, their efficiency, and therefore their attractiveness. The effects of these modes of realization against the competing secured creditors of the recipient are not completely clear. Attribution is often presented as a technique that ensures the plaintiff an exclusive satisfaction, while the competing creditors’ claims are redirected on a hypothetical consigned remainder. Although the other creditors cannot take part in the procedure, nothing justifies that their rights be undermined. It is therefore important to determine how to reconcile the optional attribution of the encumbered property and the rights of the competing secured creditors
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Rafaralahy, Hugues. « Modélisation d'un processus thermique et reconstruction de l'état et des défauts pour une classe de systèmes à paramètres distribués de type parabolique ». Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10223.

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Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire concernent d'une part la modélisation et la simulation numérique d'un processus thermique industriel et, d'autre part, la reconstruction de l'état et le diagnostic pour une classe de systèmes à paramètres distribués de type parabolique. Dans une première partie, la modélisation d'un four de réchauffe de billettes, de type poussant, alimenté au gaz naturel est réalisée. Ce modèle est un système à paramètres repartis de type parabolique décrivant la conduction de la chaleur avec des conditions aux frontières de type Fourier non linéaires représentant les transferts de chaleur par convection et rayonnement. Pour mettre en évidence les fluctuations de température sur la longueur des billettes (nécessaire à l'optimisation de la qualité du produit et des conditions de laminage) nous considérons un modèle à deux dimensions d'espace. Un algorithme d'intégration numérique, permettant d'analyser les fluctuations du profil de température et de simuler l'évolution thermique des billettes pendant la phase de chauffe, est proposé. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la synthèse d'observateurs de l'état de dimension finie pour les systèmes de dimension infinie évoqués ci-dessus en passant par une réduction de la dimension de ces systèmes via les polynômes orthogonaux généralisés. L'approche adoptée est basée sur les observateurs à grand gain des systèmes localisés. La robustesse de celle-ci par rapport aux erreurs de modélisation des paramètres est étudiée. Une version d'ordre réduit de cet observateur est proposée. La troisième partie concerne l'estimation simultanée de l'état et des défauts. Deux cas sont considères, à savoir les défauts de mesures de type ponctuel (biais, dérivés de capteurs. . . ) Et les défauts de système de type distribue. Aucune hypothèse a priori n'est faite sur la dynamique de ces défauts. La solution proposée est basée sur l'observation de l'état des systèmes singuliers non linéaires localisés. Un de nos principaux objectifs est de proposer des solutions réalisables sur calculateurs, donc de dimension finie
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Sprenger, Florian [Verfasser], et Günther [Akademischer Betreuer] Clauss. « Challenges of Offshore LNG Transfer / Florian Sprenger. Betreuer : Günther Clauss ». Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029355487/34.

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Sprenger, Florian Verfasser], et Günther [Akademischer Betreuer] [Clauss. « Challenges of Offshore LNG Transfer / Florian Sprenger. Betreuer : Günther Clauss ». Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029355487/34.

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Kayama, Yuhko. « Second language acquisition of Japanese relative clauses ». Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100636.

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This thesis investigates the second language acquisition of Japanese relative clauses (RCs) by native speakers of English or Korean. Researchers have argued that Universal Grammar (UG) can be accessed in adult second language (L2) acquisition. The Full Transfer Full Access (FTFA) Hypothesis (Schwartz and Sprouse 1994, 1996) claims that after initial transfer from L1, learners reset their parameter values and are able to acquire L2 properties that are different from their L1. Japanese and English relativization: while Japanese relativization does not involve movement in the syntax (Kuno 1973, Saito 1985, etc.), English relativization involves obligatory operator movement and is subject to movement constraints like Subjacency. Because of Subjacency, certain RC structures are prohibited in English. In Japanese, on the other hand, a zero pronominal, pro, is base-generated in the gap position of an RC and coindexed with the relative head noun, and thus long distance relativization is possible. I argue that the presence or absence of pro is also a parametric difference between Japanese and English; pro is present in Japanese, but not in English. In order for English speakers to acquire Japanese RCs, they need to reset the values of these two parameters.
Experimental studies were conducted with high-intermediate and advanced learners of Japanese (15 English speakers and 18 Korean speakers). Tests examined the learners' knowledge of the two grammatical properties in Japanese---namely, the lack of wh-movement and the presence of pro. Korean is different from English but similar to Japanese with respect to the parameters in question. Following FTFA, it is hypothesized that English-speaking learners initially transfer their L1 values, and that eventually they are able to switch parameters to the L2 values by accessing UG. The results of several tasks (including interpretation tasks and judgment tasks) confirm this hypothesis; while Korean speakers generally performed well irrespective of proficiency levels, English-speaking intermediate learners transferred their L1 values, failing to accept grammatical Japanese sentences that are not possible in English. English-speaking advanced learners, on the other hand, performed better than intermediate learners, and exhibited evidence that they had acquired the two properties of Japanese, supporting FTFA.
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Daccord, Aurélie. « Étude de la mobilité d'une nouvelle classe d'îlots génomiques chez les vibrios ». Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6543.

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Chaque année, de nombreux génomes bactériens sont séquencés et il devient de plus en plus évident que la participation des îlots génomiques à la plasticité bactérienne est prépondérante. Pourtant, bien que la définition même des îlots génomiques implique qu'ils aient été acquis par transfert horizontal, le mécanisme de transfert de nombre d'entre eux demeure inconnu. L'un des mécanismes employés par les îlots génomiques pour se transférer est le transfert conjugatif. Le but de ce projet de recherche était d'étudier le mécanisme de mobilisation d'une nouvelle classe d'îlots génomiques, initialement identifiés dans les genres Vibrio et Alteromonas. Les résultats obtenus ont permis la caractérisation d'un mécanisme de mobilisation inédit reposant sur la reconnaissance par un élément intégratif et conjugatif (ICE) d'une séquence similaire à son origine de transfert sur des îlots génomiques. Grâce à cette reconnaissance spécifique, ces îlots génomiques sont mobilisables par les ICE de la famille SXT/R391, retrouvés principalement chez Vibrio. Cette étude présente l'ensemble du mécanisme de mobilisation des îlots génomiques mobilisables (MGI) par les ICE SXT/R391 à partir de l'excision du chromosome de la cellule donneuse jusqu'à l'intégration dans le chromosome de la cellule réceptrice, en passant par l'initiation du transfert au niveau de l'origine de transfert et le transfert au travers du pore de conjugaison synthétisé par l'ICE. La diversité génétique de la famille des MGI a également été étudiée et apporte des précisions sur leurs rôles et leur possible origine évolutive.
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Livres sur le sujet "Clause de transfert"

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Imbert, Francis. L' inconscient dans la classe : Transferts et contre-transferts. Paris : ESF, 1996.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Naval Affairs, dir. Clause for Appropriation Bill To Transfer Remains Home. Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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Verma, Binoy Nath. Caste/class relation and dynamics of land transfer. New Delhi : Ashish Pub. House, 1994.

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Early modern dynastic marriages and cultural transfer. Farnham, Surrey, England : Ashgate Publishing Company, 2015.

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Huetos, Antonio B. Perdices. Cláusulas restrictivas de la transmisión de acciones y participaciónes. Madrid : Editorial Civitas, 1997.

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Congress, U. S. United States-China Act of 1991 : Conference report (to accompany H.R. 2212). [Washington, D.C. ? : U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Bush), United States President (1989-1993 :. Veto of H.R. 5318 : Message from the President of the United States transmitting his veto of H.R. 5318, a bill entitled, "United States-China Act of 1992.". Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Bush), United States President (1989-1993 :. Veto of H.R. 5318 : Message from the President of the United States transmitting his veto of H.R. 5318, a bill entitled, "United States-China Act of 1992.". Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Congress, U. S. United States-China Act of 1991 : Conference report (to accompany H.R. 2212). [Washington, D.C. ? : U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Congress, U. S. United States-China Act of 1991 : Conference report (to accompany H.R. 2212). [Washington, D.C. ? : U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Clause de transfert"

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Clocksin, William F. « Case Study : The Fast Fourier Transform in Prolog ». Dans Clause and Effect, 115–26. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58274-5_10.

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Chattopadhyay, Surajit, Madhuchhanda Mitra et Samarjit Sengupta. « Clarke and Park Transform ». Dans Power Systems, 89–96. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0635-4_12.

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Naef, Tobias. « The Restrictive Effect of the Legal Mechanisms for Data Transfers in the European Union ». Dans European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 115–230. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19893-9_3.

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AbstractThe right to data protection in Article 8 CFR has an extraterritorial dimension, which requires continuous protection for personal data that is essentially equivalent to the protection guaranteed within the EU. This right to continuous protection of personal data is an unwritten constituent part of the right to data protection in Article 8 CFR. Primary Union law in Article 16(2) TFEU instructs the European Parliament and the Council to establish rules relating to the protection of individuals regarding the processing of their personal data. This mandate also extends to the extraterritorial dimension of the right to data protection. Accordingly, Chapter V GDPR sets out the system for the transfer of personal data from the EU to third countries. The first section of this chapter defines the legal concept of “data transfers” and introduces the three legal mechanisms for the transfer of personal data in Chapter V GDPR (Sect. 3.1). The following sections address the three legal mechanism and their role in guaranteeing the right to continuous protection for personal data. Each section entails a fundamental rights analysis for the transfer of personal data on the basis of a legal mechanism in Chapter V GDPR. The second section is dedicated to data transfers based on adequacy decisions for third countries following Article 45 GDPR (Sect. 3.2). The third section is dedicated to data transfers based on the instruments providing appropriate safeguards in Article 46 GDPR such as standard data protection clauses and binding corporate rules (BCRs) (Sect. 3.3). Finally, the fourth section is dedicated to data transfers subject to contract-based and consent-based derogations in Article 49 GDPR (Sect. 3.4).
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Naef, Tobias. « Restrictions on Data Transfers and Trade Agreements ». Dans European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 367–420. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19893-9_5.

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AbstractIn reaction to the stalemate in the multilateral trading system, international governance of digital trade has gradually shifted toward bilateral and regional trade agreements. This allowed countries to start to regulating cross-border flows of personal data outside the WTO framework. The first section of this chapter traces the development of data flow clauses in the trade agreements of the EU, the US, and other countries. It also looks at the negotiations of the big trade agreements in the late 2010s, such as the TTIP, the TiSA, and the TPP (Sect. 5.1). The second section outlines the scope for data flow clauses in the trade agreements of the EU based on different legal requirements stemming from the architecture of EU law, the GDPR, and other regulations. These requirements include the primacy of fundamental rights over international law with regard to the right to continuous protection of personal data in Article 8 CFR, the accommodation of the legal mechanisms for the transfer of personal data in the GDPR, the inclusion of cooperation mechanisms on the basis of Article 50 GDPR, and the ban of data localization requirements beyond data protection and privacy concerns. These legal requirements are necessary to consider when drafting data flow clauses for EU trade agreements (Sect. 5.2). The third section of this chapter offers and analyzes four potential designs for data flow clauses for EU trade agreements (Sect. 5.3). The fourth section is dedicated to the analysis of the EU model data flow clauses that the European Commission introduced as a template for future trade negotiations in 2018 (Sect. 5.4).
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Fuchs, Dirk. « Cooperation between top-down and bottom-up theorem provers by subgoal clause transfer ». Dans Artificial Intelligence and Symbolic Computation, 157–69. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0055910.

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Vincensini, Jean-Jacques. « Lévi-Strauss à Carduel. Médiévistes français et italiens face à Claude Lévi-Strauss ». Dans Transferts culturels franco-italiens au Moyen Âge – Trasferimenti culturali italo francesi, 249–75. Turnhout, Belgium : Brepols Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.bitam-eb.5.123762.

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Ovink, Sarah M. « Limited Options : Choosing a Two-Year Transfer Pathway ». Dans Race, Class, and Choice in Latino/a Higher Education, 53–91. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51886-6_3.

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Akkari, Abdeljalil, et Myriam Radhouane. « Awareness and Appreciation of Linguistic Diversity ». Dans Intercultural Approaches to Education, 133–46. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70825-2_10.

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AbstractIn his book Anthropologie structurale [Structural anthropology], Claude Lévi-Strauss (1958) considered that language represented both the perfect cultural component but also that of the intermediary through which all forms of social life establish, transform and perpetuate themselves. In this chapter, we will attempt to synthesize the role that linguistic diversity can play in intercultural approaches in education.
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Xu, Liu-Jun, et Ji-Ping Huang. « Theory for Omnithermal Illusion Metasurfaces : Cavity Effect ». Dans Transformation Thermotics and Extended Theories, 177–90. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5908-0_13.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we consider multifold heat-transfer modes and propose a class of restructurable metasurfaces to show illusions in infrared and similarity in visible-light view. We consider the three basic modes of heat transfer (omnithermotics) in theoretical designs and adopt radiation-cavity effects in experimental manufacture. We also make it feasible to tune surface temperature and emissivity synergistically. Besides, such metasurfaces can work in temperature-varying backgrounds and transient states. This scheme may provide a platform for the design of adaptable thermal illusion and show robustness under multifrequency detections.
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Kaur, Gagandeep, Rishabh Malhorta et Vinod Kumar Shukla. « GDPR Oriented Vendors Contracts in Relation to Data Transfer : Analysis of Standard Clauses 2010 and 2021 ». Dans Emerging Technologies in Data Mining and Information Security, 629–35. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4052-1_63.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Clause de transfert"

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Trisnawati, Bakti. « Clause in Patent License Contract that Inhibits Technology Transfer Programs in Indonesia ». Dans Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icglow-19.2019.88.

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Zhang, Baoquan, Hao Jiang, Shanshan Feng, Xutao Li, Yunming Ye et Rui Ye. « Hyperbolic Knowledge Transfer with Class Hierarchy for Few-Shot Learning ». Dans Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/517.

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Few-shot learning (FSL) aims to recognize a novel class with very few instances, which is a challenging task since it suffers from a data scarcity issue. One way to effectively alleviate this issue is introducing explicit knowledge summarized from human past experiences to achieve knowledge transfer for FSL. Based on this idea, in this paper, we introduce the explicit knowledge of class hierarchy (i.e., the hierarchy relations between classes) as FSL priors and propose a novel hyperbolic knowledge transfer framework for FSL, namely, HyperKT. Our insight is, in the hyperbolic space, the hierarchy relation between classes can be well preserved by resorting to the exponential growth characters of hyperbolic volume, so that better knowledge transfer can be achieved for FSL. Specifically, we first regard the class hierarchy as a tree-like structure. Then, 1) a hyperbolic representation learning module and a hyperbolic prototype inference module are employed to encode/infer each image and class prototype to the hyperbolic space, respectively; and 2) a novel hierarchical classification and relation reconstruction loss are carefully designed to learn the class hierarchy. Finally, the novel class prediction is performed in a nearest-prototype manner. Extensive experiments on three datasets show our method achieves superior performance over state-of-the-art methods, especially on 1-shot tasks.
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Krithara, Anastasia, et Georgios Paliouras. « TL-PLSA : Transfer Learning between Domains with Different Classes ». Dans 2013 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2013.113.

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Gully, Crystal, et Missy Feeley. « Technical Master Classes - A New Approach to Knowledge Transfer ». Dans International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/16752-ms.

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Gully, Crystal, et Missy Feeley. « Technical Master Classes - A New Approach to Knowledge Transfer ». Dans International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-16752-ms.

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Isa, Iza Sazanita, Normasni Ad Fauzi, Juliana Md Sharif, Rohaiza Baharudin et Mohd Hussaini Abbas. « Comparisons of MLP transfer functions for different classification classes ». Dans 2012 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsce.2012.6487125.

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Shahbazi, Mohamad, Zhiwu Huang, Danda Pani Paudel, Ajad Chhatkuli et Luc Van Gool. « Efficient Conditional GAN Transfer with Knowledge Propagation across Classes ». Dans 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01199.

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Ersoy, O. K., et Young R. Yoon. « Recent results in nonlinear matched filtering ». Dans OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.mff4.

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Nonlinear matched filtering involves the transformation of the signal spectrum and the filter transfer function through a nonlinearity before they are multiplied in the transform domain.1 The resulting filter structures can be considered to be analogous to three-layer neural nets. They have better performance in terms of signal discrimination and lack of false correlation signals and artifacts than previously known filters. Because of nonlinearities, the analysis of nonlinear matched filters requires new approaches different from techniques valid in linear systems. We present recent results on analysis of nonlinear matched filters as well as their generalization to incorporate maximum clustering within class and maximum separation between classes in pattern recognition applications.
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Reznikov, L., et T. Morosuk. « Simulations, Analysis and Thermoeconomical Synthesis of Heat Transfer Elements ». Dans ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/pid-25623.

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Abstract Problems of analysis and design of intricate heat transfer elements are traditional for various industrial and experimental heat transfer units, including multichannel heat exchangers and multi-component fins. Authors suggest and introduce unified method of analysis and synthesis for these classes of heat transfer objects. Authors’ method of simulations for such class of objects is based on step-by-step integration of local tangential and longitudinal heat flows with sequential computations of temperature fields in cycles of iterations and specific selection of boundary conditions. Variations of selected key factors provide arrays of design parameters for synthesis of new and optimized heat transfer objects.
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Zhao, Chenyang, Timothy M. Hospedales, Freek Stulp et Olivier Sigaud. « Tensor Based Knowledge Transfer Across Skill Categories for Robot Control ». Dans Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/484.

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Advances in hardware and learning for control are enabling robots to perform increasingly dextrous and dynamic control tasks. These skills typically require a prohibitive amount of exploration for reinforcement learning, and so are commonly achieved by imitation learning from manual demonstration. The costly non-scalable nature of manual demonstration has motivated work into skill generalisation, e.g., through contextual policies and options. Despite good results, existing work along these lines is limited to generalising across variants of one skill such as throwing an object to different locations. In this paper we go significantly further and investigate generalisation across qualitatively different classes of control skills. In particular, we introduce a class of neural network controllers that can realise four distinct skill classes: reaching, object throwing, casting, and ball-in-cup. By factorising the weights of the neural network, we are able to extract transferrable latent skills, that enable dramatic acceleration of learning in cross-task transfer. With a suitable curriculum, this allows us to learn challenging dextrous control tasks like ball-in-cup from scratch with pure reinforcement learning.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Clause de transfert"

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Delwiche, Michael, Yael Edan et Yoav Sarig. An Inspection System for Sorting Fruit with Machine Vision. United States Department of Agriculture, mars 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7612831.bard.

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Concepts for real-time grading of fruits and vegetables were developed, including multi-spectral imaging with structured illumination to detect and distinguish surface defects from concavities. Based on these concepts, a single-lane conveyor and inspection system were designed and evaluated. Image processing algorithms were developed to inspect and grade large quasi-spherical fruits (peaches and apples) and smaller dried fruits (dates). Adjusting defect pixel thresholds to achieve a 25% error rate on good apples, classification errors for bruise, crack, and cut classes were 51%, 42%, and 46%, respectively. Comparable results for bruise, scar, and cut peach clases were 48%, 22%, and 58%, respectively. Acquiring more than two images of each fruit and using more than six lines of structured illumination per fruit would reduce sorting errors. Doing so, potential sorting error rates for bruise, crack, and cut apple classes were estimated to be 38%, 38%, and 33%, respectively. Similarly, potential error rates for the bruitse, scar, and cut peach classes were 9%, 3%, and 30%, respectively. Date size classification results were good: 68% within one size class and 98% within two size classes. Date quality classification results were not adequate due to the problem of blistering. Improved features were discussed. The most significant contribution of this research was the on-going collaboration with producers and equipment manufacturers, and the resulting transfer of research ideas to expedite the commercial application of machine vision for postharvest inspection and grading of agricultural products.
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Ramírez Correa, Kaithie Del Mar. From Regular Face-to-Face Teaching to A Transformative Classroom During the Pandemic of Covid-19. Institucion Universitaria Colombo Americana, mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26817/paper.21.

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This study aims to describe a teacher’s experiences at a Colombian private college in response to the Covid-19 contingency. The document will report how the institution faced the challenge of transforming face-to-face classes to emergency instruction mediated by technology through an intervention made. A new team was created to oversee the institutional Educational Technology and Pedagogical Innovation area. This team was responsible for the technological teachers’ learning support so they could teach their online classes as a need created due to the lockdown for COVID 19. The main purpose was to identify the evolution of digital mindset, literacy, and competences within the group of teachers in the institution. All data has been collected through surveys, interviews, and class observations with teachers. In addition, in this paper it will be shown how the teachers’ digital mindset and competences emerged maintaining high standards of quality. Finally, the document will report how the intervention carried out permitted these teachers to transfer their already-strong teaching skills to virtuality resulting in best instructional practices
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Thompson, B., T. Koren et B. Buffam. Class Extensions for PPP over Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaptation Layer 2. RFC Editor, décembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3337.

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Galizia, Federico, William Perraudin, Andrew Powell et Timothy Turner. Risk Transfer for Multilateral Development Banks : Obstacles and Potential. Inter-American Development Bank, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003751.

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Long-term development finance provided by Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) is key to advancing the United Nations 2015 Sustainable Development Goals. However, MDBs are constrained in their lending by the availability of capital. This paper argues that Risk Transfer, as a complement to equity injections, could permit higher MDB lending by attracting a broader class of investors. We describe selected examples of actual Risk Transfer transactions and provide estimates of the potential expansion in lending these techniques could yield. But we also identify obstacles that limit investors willingness and ability to participate in these transactions. Therefore, we recommend an agenda for international policymakers to open the way for the wider use of Risk Transfer. Still, we recognize this will be a gradual process which cannot substitute for MDB expansion through additional ordinary capital resources.
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Oosterhoff, Pauline, et Raudah M. Yunus. The Effects of Social Assistance Interventions on Gender, Familial and Household Relations Among Refugees and Displaced Populations : A Review of the Literature on Interventions in Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.011.

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This literature review aims to explore the evidence on the effects of social assistance on gender, familial, and household relations and power dynamics among refugees and (internally) displaced populations in Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. It examines the findings from an intersectional gender perspective allowing the authors to build on the knowledge of ‘what works’ in interventions in general and hopefully improve gender equality and social inclusion. Out of 1,564 papers initially identified and screened, 22 were included in the final stage. A question that emerged as the papers were analysed was whether the arduous work of targeting individuals was efficient or necessary, given that the available evidence suggests that beneficiaries generally tend to share their stipend with other family members for the collective good. Most studies tended to conflate gender with women and girls – making distinctions between widowed, married, unmarried and divorced women – but ignoring other dimensions such as class, health status, religion, ethnicity, education, prior work experience, political affiliation, and civil participation. Many programmes and research fail to disaggregate data. Social assistance programmes focus on individuals and households, with little attention to the wider context and overall conflict. Most studies paid negligible attention to familial infrastructures and strategies for sustainable interventions. Access to, and use of, cash transfers are part of broader familial strategies to mobilise or increase resources including, for example, (male) migration in pursuit of remittances, or (female) dependency on ‘community charity’. Short-term cash transfers can, in some circumstances, disrupt individuals’ and families’ access to more sustainable income or ‘charity’. Thus, important questions are raised about the purpose of social assistance: does it aim to preserve or transform families through targeting?
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Schlosser, R. L. Replacement cross-site transfer system project W-058 safety class upgrade summary report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mars 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/362404.

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Author, Not Given. Engineering drawing transfer test with Douglas Aircraft Company : MIL-D-28000 Class II (IGES). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mai 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6032847.

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Cruickshank, Garry, et Don Mardle. Wetback Research : Thermodynamic Flow Characteristics of Passive Thermosyphon Energy Transfer from Independent Heat Source to Remote Storage Using Both Direct and Indirect Systems. Unitec ePress, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/rsrp.094.

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The method of heating water by means of a water jacket installed in the firebox of a solid-fuel burner, connected by pipes to a hot-water cylinder (HWC), was once commonplace in New Zealand, but has become less so in recent years. These systems, known as wetbacks, are covered by Building Code Clause G12, but considerable confusion has been caused by conflicting rules specified in the two main compliance documents, G12/AS1 and AS/NZS 3500.4 (hot water). In both compliance documents, wetback systems are defined as ‘uncontrolled heat sources’ with specific rules and limitations that stipulate how they are to be installed, and to keep them safe. However, other than common safety rules, each has entirely different ‘mandatory’ installation rules that affect the efficiency of the systems. They couldn’t both be right, but they could both be wrong. This is further confused by another standard, NZS 4603:1985, being mentioned in G12 as ‘another acceptable solution’ and differing from and contradicting both of the above. This standard is often quoted by manufacturers in their instructions. One driver of this research, from a regulatory view, was to determine which of the two main compliance documents was correct, if either.
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G., A., et T. Hsiao. Protocol Extension for Support of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Service Class-aware Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering. RFC Editor, mars 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3496.

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Moores, Lee C., P. U. Ashvin, I. Fernando et Garret W. George. Synthesis of 2-Methoxypropyl Benzene for Epitope Imprinting. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44883.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are occurring with increasing frequency and severity across the globe in part due to climate change and anthropogenic pollution (Bullerjahn et al. 2016). HABs produce several classes of toxins; however, microcystins (MCs) are the most commonly studied (Lone et al. 2015) and can be potent toxins with LD50s in the range of 50 μg/kg (Puddick et al. 2014). Sample analysis in laboratories, typically by high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) or by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) (USEPA 2015). These analytical techniques are highly sensitive and selective for the given toxins; however, the time it takes to collect, transfer, prepare, and analyze a sample before the data can be reported is significant; often, multiple days is the most expeditious.
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