Livres sur le sujet « Coexistence des formes »

Catholic Social Networks in Early Modern England: Kinship, Gender, and Coexistence explores the lived experience of Catholic women and men in the post-Reformation century. Set against the background of the gendered dynamics of English society, this book demonstrates that English Catholics were potent forces in the shaping of English culture, religious policy, and the emerging nation-state. Drawing on kinship and social relationships rooted in the medieval period, post Reformation English Catholic women and men used kinship, social networks, gendered strategies, political actions, and cultural activities like architecture and gardening to remain connected to patrons and to ensure the survival of their families through a period of deep social and religious change. This book contributes to recent scholarship on religious persecution and coexistence in post-Reformation Europe by demonstrating how English Catholics shaped state policy and enforcement of religious minorities and helped to define the character of early models of citizenship formation.

Niche differentiation reduces competition between species and modifies predation risk such that species coexistence is promoted. Temporal partitioning is a type of niche differentiation that has only relatively recently been specifically investigated. In this chapter, data from 515 camera trap stations from Sabah, Malaysian Borneo is used to describe the presence, habitat associations and activity patterns of Bornean carnivores and to investigate temporal partitioning between species. Primary and old logged forest were the most species rich sites and small forest fragments and oil palm plantations supported the fewest species. Species’ activity patterns within families were more similar than those between families. Only the masked palm civet and sun bear showed variation in activity among habitats. Considering the species as rough trophic groups rather than families revealed that each group contained both diurnal and nocturnal species, which presumably helps to promote coexistence between the musteloids and other species in each group.

Se propone, de manera didáctica y aplicada, una clave de lectura de la complejización de los sectores agropecuarios y forestales en Argentina y, en consecuencia, de las formas de intervención de los/as ingenieros/as en este nuevo contexto. Con el marco teórico propuesto, se presentan casos concretos y se analizan las consecuencias sobre el desempeño profesional y los modos de movilización de los conocimientos y habilidades adquiridos en las carreras de ingeniería agronómica y de ingeniería forestal.

Las formas y/o tipos de trabajos para titulación, deben atemperarse a la actualidad del siglo XXI y abordar las tendencias pedagógicas contemporáneas. Lo que, no significa dividir el objeto de estudio de una ciencia en el tiempo, es precisar las etapas fundamentales por las que ha transitado, e incluso desde el reconocimiento de la coexistencia de tendencias en un mismo periodo histórico determinado. El carácter científico del estudio tendencial de la Enseñanza de la Pedagogía, analiza las regularidades que se revelan en esta tendencia, a partir, de la sistematización de sus características y categorías pedagógicas esenciales. El propósito de dicho análisis es, generalizar una visión de la problemática educacional contemporánea para propiciar la orientación a la interpretación de los procesos pedagógicos actuales. Las tendencias educativas, se han conformado generalmente desde fuertes exigencias sociales y políticas, como las que necesita el Ecuador, todas ellas insertadas en tendencias universales, pero que en gran medida son reveladoras de un pensamiento independiente ecuatoriano. Por consiguiente, en el libro “Formas y/o tipos de trabajos de Titulación”, se contempla el marco teórico conceptual para una investigación teórica y práctica pedagógica que precise la fundamentación coherente de los presupuestos filosóficos, sociológicos y psicológicos asumidos desde su integración con la pedagogía, como fuentes esenciales para la construcción de nuevos conocimientos.

This chapter examines the relationship between theater and church in the early modern London parish of St. Anne, Blackfriars. From the 1580s, the parish of St Anne gained notoriety for its Puritan ministers and residents. For a brief period in the 1590s, these godly forces prevented Burbage, Shakespeare, and their fellows from opening a new indoor theater in part of the old Dominican monastery. But eventually the theatre opened and a culture of performing and playgoing became a well-established part of the local life. By looking closely at the individuals involved and at the social and economic forces at play in the Blackfriars, this chapter argues that coexistence, not conflict, characterized relations between the Godly and their neighborhood playhouse in this corner of the City.

Zimbabwe, formerly known as Rhodesia, won its independence from Great Britain in 1980 yet continues to feel the impact of Western lifestyles and prejudices. This rich, accessible overview freshly examines Zimbabwe, evoking the contemporary ways of life in a largely homogenous and agricultural country. Students and general readers will discover an engaging narrative that ranges from an explanation of the beer culture to a powerful discussion of marriage, family, and gender roles from the Zimbabwean perspective. Owomoyela also authoritatively conveys the coexistence of traditional and Western forces today in such areas as religion and music. A chronology and glossary accompany the text.

This article examines genocide in the Central and late Medieval Europe. The existence of peoples in Europe in the central and later Middle Ages reflected the facts of power: for contemporaries, ethnic communities were axiomatically political ones. Where the interactions of different peoples were most intensive, stress-laden, and ideologically and politically charged, acts of ethnic destruction were anticipated, and in some quarters sought most keenly. Outright ethnic destruction was most likely to occur where political subjugation was reinforced by fundamental religious difference. Pagans, Muslims, and Jews, but also, in an age of sharpened conceptions of religious orthodoxy, adherents of false forms of Christianity, were singled out for extreme solutions. For the rest, the history of this long period is partly one of how, through more intensive and precisely defined interactions, different imagined ethnic groups evolved forms of coexistence and mutual accommodation.

Religions in South Asia have tended to be studied in blocks, whether in the various monolithic traditions in which they are now regarded—Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, Sikh, Jain, and Christian—or indeed in temporal blocks—ancient, medieval, and modern. Analysing Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Sikh, Islamic, and Christian traditions, this volume seeks to look at relationships both within and between religions focusing on the 19th and 20th centuries. The chapters explore not only the diversity and the multiplicity within each block, but also the specific forms of their coexistence with each other, whether in accord or in antagonism. The volume also views the interaction between ‘reformed’ and non-reformed branches within each of these purported monoliths. In going beyond existing debates on religious reform movements, the authors highlight the new forms acquired by religions and the ways in which they relate to each other, society, and politics.

This chapter argues that the “rule of law” is saturated with conflicting notions of the social order. In particular, judicial deployments of rival visions of the community within the concept of “popular sovereignty” (liberal and republican) exposes law’s incoherence. It argues that the coexistence of these two opposing views of the community further undermines the image of a binary opposition between legal continuity and revolutionary rupture. It traces these transformations of popular sovereignty through examining a variety of Tunisian and Egyptian rulings that relate to the political rights of former regime officials and the banning of political parties and associations. This exposition of popular sovereignty discloses a dialectical concept that is internally contradictory, the contradiction of which is momentarily resolved through its legal transformations.

Legal pluralism involves the coexistence of multiple forms of law. This includes state law, international law, transnational law, customary law, religious law, indigenous law, and the law of distinct ethnic or cultural communities. Legal pluralism is a subject of discussion today in legal anthropology, legal sociology, legal history, comparative law, international law, transnational law, jurisprudence, and law and development scholarship. This book places legal pluralism in historical context going back to the Medieval period, describes the origins of legal pluralism in postcolonial countries and its implications today, identifies manifestations of legal pluralism within Western societies, discusses contemporary transnational legal pluralism, identifies problems with current theoretical accounts of legal pluralism, and articulates an approach to legal pluralism that avoids theoretical problems and is useful for social scientists, theorists, and law and development scholars and practitioners.

How did sexual relationships work before, in and outside of marriage in the pre-modern era? What problems did contraception and sexually transmitted diseases pose? How did people deal with prostitution and pornography back then? What were the possibilities for same-sex and queer desire and practice? Using numerous examples and sources from across the continent, Sexuality in Premodern Europe shows that even in earlier centuries, sexual life had an elementary significance for the coexistence of couples and communities. It was just as decisive for how individuals saw themselves and others as it was for maintaining the social, economic and political order. Franz X. Eder interestingly emphasises the socio-historical view of sexuality, offering an apt foil for the cultural perspective which is so prevalent in the field. In this book, sexual behaviour is understood and thought about as social practice. From this vantage point, Eder deals with the function of the sexual in upbringing and socialization, its significance for the image of men and women, its role in marriage initiation, and the importance of sexual life for marital relationships and concubinage. Deviant and discriminated sexual forms such as prostitution, pornography and same-sex acts are also addressed throughout. The book explores the ways in which many people gained sexual experiences before, besides or beyond marriage, even if these experiences were forbidden in former societies. While research into the history of sexuality has so far dealt with such forms of the sexual primarily from the point of view of regulation and sanctioning, here they are understood as ‘positive' practices that allowed people to understand and take ownership of their sexual desire.

Abstract Through its readings of Charles Baudelaire’s collection Le Spleen de Paris and other prose poems from the nineteenth century, this book considers the practice of reading prose poetry and how it might be different from reading poetry in verse. Among the numerous factors that helped shape the nascent modernity in Baudelaire’s poetic prose are the poems’ themes, forms, linguistic qualities, and modes. The contradictions identifiable at the level of prose poetry’s discourse are similarly perceptible in other aspects of Baudelaire’s poetic language, beyond the discursive: in the poems’ formal considerations, which retain recognizable traces of verse despite their prose presentation; and, with respect to both poetic form and thematics, in the sights and sounds that contribute to their poeticity. With a focus on what makes prose texts poetic, this study sheds light on Baudelaire the practitioner of the prose poem, as he navigated and complicated the boundaries between verse, prose, and poetry. Rather than rejecting those categories, Baudelaire forges a poetic space in which the notions of poetry and prose are recast, juxtaposed in a delicate balance in a textual space they manage to share. This coexistence of poetry and prose—previously thought of as incompatible—is the underlying tension and framework that contributes importantly to the modernity of his prose poetry. In turn, this new mode of poetry calls for new modes of reading poetry and new ways of engaging with a text.

Ambitious and innovative, this critical study offers a fresh perspective on the normative framework of the EU’s internal market. The book explores the place of the ideals of private autonomy in the EU’s legal order. Indeed, it goes further to examine the parameters of their protection within both its legal and regulatory framework. Looking at the coexistence of, and interaction between, varying expressions of private autonomy, it offers a comprehensive review of the protection of private autonomy at the normative core of the internal market. The book also explores the layers of limitations and conditions imposed on the exercise of private autonomy in the internal market that generate legal tensions and conflicting forces. In addition to plotting a systematic approach to the question, the book introduces a new framework for better understanding the correlation between the free movement and competition law regimes and the fundamental economic rights protected in the Charter. Volume 121 in the Series Modern Studies in European Law

Contemporary studies of biopolitics tend to assume that the rise of biopolitical governance entails the eclipse of democracy. The abstract egalitarianism of democratic government appears to be incompatible with the concrete, particularist and individualizing operations of biopower. The revival of democracy is then only conceivable as the overcoming of biopolitics. Democratic Biopolitics challenges this interpretation and argues for the possibility of a positive synthesis of biopolitics and democracy, in which both rationalities can positively transform each other. The book identifies the sources of the impasse of the current critique of biopolitics in its broadly Rousseauan orientation that conceives of democratic subject as subtracted from all particular identities, interests or forms of life. In contrast, we argue that democracy is practicable from within particular forms of life as long as their contingency is affirmed and manifested. Drawing on a wide range of authors both belonging to and outside the biopolitics canon, Prozorov develops a vision of democratic biopolitics that consists in the coexistence of diverse and incommensurable forms of life on the basis of their reciprocal recognition as free, equal and in common. He demonstrates the realizability of this vision by addressing its correlates in our lived experience and argues for its sustainability by elucidating the pleasure involved in the freeform, experimental way of living that democracy makes possible.

The temptation to invoke idealised histories of Islamic cosmopolitanism as the antithesis to the militancy associated with contemporary groups, such as the Islamic State (IS), is quite powerful. Many writers have pointed to the flourishing of al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula and the mobile societies of the premodern Indian Ocean as paradigmatic examples both of the storied past and the potential future of cosmopolitan forms of religious vitality. However, if one pushes beyond nostalgic images of coexistence, pluralism and mobility, it is also possible to discern more complex stories. The chapters in Challenging Cosmopolitanism, specifically direct attention to the historical experiences of Muslims in China and Southeast Asia to explore such complexities. Marked by considerable inflows of Muslim migrants that further complicated the demographics of already heterogeneous populations, the experiences of Muslim communities in these regions provide insights into contests to define legitimate forms of difference. Spanning from the 16th through 21st centuries, this volume presents case studies of itinerant Sufis who overthrew governments in the Indian Ocean and religious shrines patronized by warlords in early Java; of thinkers who promoted ‘Islamic military cosmopolitanism’ in Qing-era China and Americans who supported US-Ottoman cooperation in the pacification of the Philippines; of Muslim rebels in early 20^th-century Malaya who resisted borders and Afghan refugees in China whose experience reflects contemporary dynamics of ‘armoured’ forms of 21^st century cosmopolitanism. Through such explorations, this volume illuminates the fraught relationships between mobility, coercion and border-crossing, thereby contributing to more nuanced frameworks of analysis for Islamic cosmopolitanism.

This monograph investigates how religious coexistence functioned in six towns in the multiconfessional region of Upper Lusatia in Western Bohemia. Lutherans and Catholics found a feasible modus vivendi through written agreements and regular negotiations. This meant that the Habsburg kings of Bohemia ruled over a Lutheran region. Lutherans and Catholics in Upper Lusatia shared spaces, objects, and rituals. Catholics adopted elements previously seen as a firm part of a Lutheran confessional culture. Lutherans, too, were willing to incorporate Catholic elements into their religiosity. Some of these overlaps were subconscious, while others were a conscious choice. This monograph provides a new narrative of the Reformation and shows that the concept of the ‘urban Reformation’, where towns are seen as centres of Lutheranism has to be reassessed, particularly in towns in former East Germany, where much work remains to be done. It shows that in a region like Upper Lusatia, which did not have a political centre and underwent a complex Reformation with many different actors, there was no clear confessionalization. By approaching the Upper Lusatian Reformation through important individuals, this monograph shows how they had to negotiate their religiosity, resulting in cross-confessional exchange and syncretism.

Spectacle, myth, fable. These are the main categories that have traditionally defined Sergio Leone’s cinematic production, but it is necessary to underline how much they are fueled by a profound, layered political interest. Leone’s cinema bears witness to a critical outlook both on the subjects it showcases and on its representational means. Far from any militancy and escaping ideological classifications, Leone’s perspective is problematic and unreconciled: it is grounded in the coexistence of different elements in a state of perennial productive tension and instability. The adjective “political” takes on a deeper meaning when it is used to denote the director’s ability to narrate and interpret key aspects of Italian national identity and history. The abstract quality of his production relies on an original use of different genres, particularly sword-and-sandal and the Spaghetti Western, which allowed Leone to insert frequent symbolic references to both history and then-current events. On the stylistic level, his constant disobedience to classical models and his need to revolutionize forms were motivated by an authorial desire to make films politically, though still within a conception of cinema as an industrial spectacle.

Since the early 1990s, Israel has greatly expanded a system checkpoints, walls and other barriers in the West Bank and Gaza that restrict Palestinian mobility. As a result, such border spaces have become ubiquitous elements of everyday life, with profound political, socio-cultural, and economic effects. Israel/Palestine examines how authors and filmmakers in the West Bank, Gaza, and Israel have grappled with the spread and impact of these borders in the period since the Oslo Accords of 1994. Focusing on novels by Raba’i al-Madhoun, Ghassan Kanafani, Sami Michael and Sayed Kashua, and films by Elia Suleiman, Simon Bitton, Emad Burnat, and Guy Davidi, Israel/Palestine traces how political engagement in literature and film has shifted away from previously common paradigms of resistance and coexistence. Instead, it has become reorganised around these now ubiquitous physical barriers. Using strategies of narrative fragmentation, multivocality, metafiction, fantasy, and silence to depict the effects of these borders, authors and filmmakers interrogate the notion that such spaces are impenetrable and unbreakable by revealing their deceptive and illusive qualities. In doing so, they also imagine distinct forms of protest, and redefine the relationship between cultural production and political engagement.

This reference work, the second of three, brings together extracts from the major writings by Christians and Muslims that reflect their awareness of one another and the attitudes they formed in the years 1500–1700. Organized regionally, it covers five continents and shows the considerable range of the encounters that took place between the followers of the two faiths in these centuries. Over 120 extracts appear here in English, many translated for the first time, with introductions, notes and suggestions for further reading. They represent a wide variety of genres, cultural settings, political contexts, religious persuasions and languages. On the Christian side topics include: theological reflections on the advance of the Ottoman Empire, the ‘discovery’ of communities of Muslims in Africa, Asia and the Americas and the rise of the academic study of Islam. On the Muslim side they include: conversion and interreligious coexistence, theological and legal deliberations on the position and rights of religious minorities, and accounts of military conflict and diplomatic agreements between Christians and Muslims. The introduction provides a historical and geographical summary of Christian–Muslim encounters in the period 1500–1700, a short account of the religious, intellectual and social circumstances in which encounters took place and works were written, and an outline of the main topics of argument.

Etienne Nodet examines the Samaritans and their religion, using Jewish and Christian sources, including rabbinic literature and the latest archaeology. Nodet tells the story of the Samaritans and their religion, showing how they were faithful to a classical form of monotheism. Nodet traces the Samaritan story from more recent to more ancient times. He begins by looking at the importance of the Samaritans in the time of Josephus and the New Testament, taking in the area formed by Galilee, Samaria, and Judea and recognizing how this corresponds approximately to Canaan at the time of Joshua, between the Jordan and the Mediterranean. He then examines the account of 2 Kings 17, which shows the Samaritans as descendants of the settlers sent by the Assyrians, who were initiated to a certain Yahwism after the fall of the kingdom of Israel (North) in 721 BC. Next Nodet looks at the time of the Maccabean crisis, when the Samaritans separated from the Jews, showing how before then there was a peaceful coexistence. Finally, Nodet turns to the Persian period, showing how after the return from exile there was a restoration of the Babylonian-derived form of religion, which the local Israelites (including the Samaritans) opposed. Nodet contends that, as such, the Samaritan religion, with its succession of high priests up to the present day, and is of ‘immemorial permanence’, linking to the earliest worship of YHWH in Israel.

Los sistemas agroforestales integran la deliberada retención o introducción de la diversidad silvestre o forestal en coexistencia con cultivos y animales domésticos en formas de manejo de la tierra predominantemente agrícolas con el objetivo de obtener beneficios ecológicos, económicos y sociales. En México, esta forma de manejo tiene una larga historia y se expresa en paisajes y sistemas agroforestales como terrazas, campos elevados y milpas agroforestales; huertos familiares para la autosuficiencia alimentaria; agrobosques donde se realiza la producción de distintas especies para la obtención de ingresos a través de los mercados locales, regionales y globales; y sistemas agrosilvopastoriles tanto de origen colonial como recientes. El manejo agroforestal integra estrategias de uso múltiple de la diversidad biológica y biocultural que proveen de beneficios ambientales a los seres humanos. Con estas estrategias se atenúan los efectos de las heladas y la erosión, se aporta sombra y protección, se suministra de hábitat a especies útiles, se mantiene o incrementa la fertilidad del suelo, se disminuye el efecto de los huracanes en los cultivos, se participa en el control de las quemas, se proporcionan servicios hidrológicos, por lo que se constituyen en alternativas importantes para la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Además, esta forma de manejo integra aspectos culturales, sociales y políticos, como son las cosmovisiones, los conocimientos, las prácticas y las formas de gobernanza de las unidades sociales que los manejan. Este libro es producto del trabajo de la Red de Sistemas Agroforestales de México (RedSAM), una red que se centra en la investigación, la docencia, la vinculación y la incidencia política de los sistemas agroforestales.

En las zonas costeras coexisten procesos sociales y ecológicos, dinámicos en tiempo y espacio, que generan sistemas acoplados no lineales y anidados a diversas escalas llamados socioecosistemas. La capacidad de los socioecosistemas costeros de absorber disturbios, autoorganizarse y desarrollarse manteniendo su estructura básica esencial y las formas de funcionamiento y retroalimentación, es justamente la resiliencia, tema central del libro. Cada capítulo presenta los temas más debatidos en la literatura internacional para estudiar y aplicar los conceptos de resiliencia: la delimitación del socioecosistema costero, la identificación de la diversidad, intensidad y sinergia de los estresores, la medición de los umbrales, las interacciones entre escalas y la medición de sus trayectorias. En particular, se señalan los retos para México en términos conceptuales, metodológicos, de monitoreo, de interdisciplina y transdisciplina, así como de integración para vincular la investigación con el diseño de políticas públicas más adecuadas a la realidad actual y futura de los socioecosistemas costeros mexicanos. Uno de los grandes retos que aborda esta obra es identificar patrones que, sin perder la heterogeneidad y especificidad de cada socioecosistema, permitan comprender la resiliencia en los ámbitos local y regional con el fin de diseñar e implementar estrategias de comanejo adaptativo y políticas públicas a distintas escalas.

La vida en sociedad se basa, al menos aparentemente, sobre una contradicción. Nuestra supervivencia como sociedad y también como especie está estrechamente vinculada a la interdependencia tanto entre los seres humanos entre sí, como entre éstos y otros seres vivos como las plantas y los animales. Esta interdependencia, sin embargo, es negada por las formas de vida concretas de las sociedades contemporáneas, casi todas ellas estructuradas sobre profundas desigualdades sociales y basadas en la ideología del excepcionalismo humano. En vista a ello, el nuevo campo de estudios que definimos como convivialidad-desigualdad pretende llenar este vacío mediante la construcción de un marco teórico-analítico y del desarrollo de estudios empíricos correspondientes, en el que se puedan investigar en toda su extensión los nexos inseparables entre la diferencia, la desigualdad y la coexistencia entre los seres humanos entre sí, así como entre éstos y otros seres vivos. La articulación de estas dos nociones, desigualdad y convivialidad, constituye la base de la colaboración interdisciplinaria que se lleva a cabo en Mecila. Desarrollados en varios campos temáticos, los estudios sobre convivialidad-desigualdad en el Centro ofrecen una plataforma abierta para la innovación en la cooperación interdisciplinar en el amplio campo de las humanidades, las ciencias sociales y en diálogo con las ciencias naturales. El presente libro inaugura la serie de publicaciones que consolida la cooperación entre Mecila y CLACSO y busca ofrecer al público hispanohablante una introducción cualificada a los estudios sobre convivialidad-desigualdad.

Catálogo de la Exposición celebrada del 4 de octubre al 7 de noviembre de 2023, en Sala La Capilla, Rectorado de la Universidad de Murcia. Organizado por el Servicio de Cultura. El estudio del cuerpo humano de Lencina Molino, a través del vaciado del natural, se muestra en la sala de La Capilla con la representación de la diosa de la victoria Niké, que completa su presencia con el valor y el significado del propio espacio donde se encuentra. La puesta en escena anuncia al visitante una serie de conceptos, en donde la escultura y el lugar coexisten entre sí adquiriendo, solo entonces, el valor en su conjunto. La imagen que nos presenta es el resultado de un largo proceso de producción y, gracias a la plasticidad de los materiales, consigue una obra cargada de detalles, en donde cada uno de ellos es sumamente importante para explicar la concepción de cuerpo y verdad. El peso de la realidad es a veces más sorprendente que la ficción o los cánones maniobrados con belleza. Pese a los avances técnicos y a las increíbles posibilidades tecnológicas de hoy en día, afortunadamente, permanece en nosotros el deseo de creación tradicional. Esta práctica tiene aún la capacidad de sorprendernos, de comprobar que es cierto poder transmitir emociones con las manos, trasladarlas a un material, y que éste nos hable. Quizá, gracias al trabajo humano, real, intransferible e irremplazable, es cuando realmente nos sentimos capaces de crear nuestra propia idea de arte, sin que ello implique anular la opinión del resto. La subjetividad provoca una alteración de las formas en el mundo, y nos damos cuenta de que, efectivamente, los objetos sí pueden transmitir.

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different disturbances (both natural and anthropogenic) on species composition and stand structure of old-growth mixed mountain forests in the Western Carpathians. These stands are usually dominated by beech, fir and spruce, mixed in different proportions. The tree main species represent different growth strategies, and they compete against each other. The longevity of trees makes the factors influencing the stand structure difficult to identify, even during longitudinal studies conducted on permanent research plots. That is why dendroecological techniques, based upon the annual variability of tree rings, are commonly used to analyze the disturbance histories of old-growth stands. Dendroecological methods make it possible to reconstruct the stand history over several centuries in the past by analyzing the frequency, intensity, duration and spatial scale of disturbances causing the death of trees. Combining the dendroecological techniques with the detailed measurements of stand structure, snag volume, CWD volume, and the analyses of regeneration species composition and structure allows us to identify the factors responsible for the changes in dynamics of mixed mountain forests. Various disturbance agents affect some species selectively, while some disturbances promote the establishment of tree seedlings of specific species by modifying environmental conditions. Describing the disturbance regime requires a broad scope of data on stand structure, on dead wood and tree regeneration, while various factors affecting all the stages of tree growth should be taken into consideration. On the basis of the already published data from permanent sample plots, combined with the available disturbance history analyses from the Western Carpathians, three research hypotheses were formulated. 1. The species composition of mixed mountain forests has been changing for at least several decades. These directional changes are the consequence of simultaneous conifer species decline and expansion of beech. 2. The observed changes in species composition of mixed mountain forests are the effect of indirect anthropogenic influences, significantly changing tree growth conditions also in the forests that are usually considered natural or near-natural. Cumulative impact of these indirect influences leads to the decrease of fir share in the tree layer (spruce decline has also been observed recently),and it limits the representation of this species among seedlings and saplings. The final effect is the decrease of fir and spruce share in the forest stands. 3. Small disturbances, killing single trees or small groups of trees, and infrequent disturbances of medium size and intensity dominate the disturbance regime in mixed mountain forests. The present structure of beech-fir-spruce forests is shaped both by complex disturbance regime and indirect anthropogenic influences. The data were gathered in permanent sample plots in strictly protected areas of Babia Góra, Gorce, and Tatra National Parks, situated in the Western Carpathians. All plots were located in the old-growth forest stands representing Carpathian beech forest community. The results of the measurements of trees, snags, coarse woody debris (CWD) and tree regeneration were used for detailed description of changes in the species composition and structure of tree stands. Tree ring widths derived from increment cores were used to reconstruct the historical changes in tree growth trends of all main tree species, as well as the stand disturbance history within the past two to three hundred years. The analyses revealed complex disturbance history in all of the three forest stands. Intermediate disturbances of variable intensity occurred, frequently separated by the periods of low tree mortality lasting from several decades up to over one hundred years. The intervals between the disturbances were significantly shorter than the expected length of forest developmental cycle, in commonly used theories describing the dynamics of old-growth stands. During intermediate disturbances up to several dozen percent of canopy trees were killed. There were no signs of stand-replacing disturbances, killing all or nearly all of canopy trees. The periods of intense tree mortality were followed by subsequent periods of increased sapling recruitment. Variability in disturbance intensity is one of the mechanisms promoting the coexistence of beech and conifer species in mixed forests. The recruitment of conifer saplings depended on the presence of larger gaps, resulting from intermediate disturbances, while beech was more successful in the periods of low mortality. However, in the last few decades, beech seems to benefit from the period of intense fir mortality. This change results from the influence of long-term anthropogenic disturbances, affecting natural mechanisms that maintain the coexistence of different tree species and change natural disturbance regimes. Indirect anthropogenic influence on tree growth was clearly visible in the gradual decrease of fir increments in the twentieth century, resulting from the high level of air pollution in Europe. Synchronous decreases of fir tree rings’ widths were observed in all three of the sample plots, but the final outcomes depended on the fir age. In most cases, the damage to the foliage limited the competitive abilities of fir, but it did not cause a widespread increase in tree mortality, except for the oldest firs in the BGNP (Babia Góra National Park) plot. BGNP is located in the proximity of industrial agglomeration of Upper Silesia, and it could be exposed to higher level of air pollution than the other two plots. High level of fir regeneration browsing due to the deer overabundance and insufficient number of predators is the second clear indication of the indirect anthropogenic influence on mixed mountain forests. Game impact on fir regeneration is the most pronounced in Babia Góra forests, where fir was almost completely eliminated from the saplings. Deer browsing seems to be the main factor responsible for limiting the number of fir saplings and young fir trees, while the representation of fir among seedlings is high. The experiments conducted in fenced plots located in the mixed forests in BGNP proved that fir and sycamore were the most preferred by deer species among seedlings and saplings. In GNP (Gorce National Park) and TNP (Tatra National Park), the changes in species composition of tree regeneration are similar, but single firs or even small groups of firs are present among saplings. It seems that all of the analysed mixed beech-fir-spruce forests undergo directional changes, causing a systematic decrease in fir representation, and the expansion of beech. This tendency results from the indirect anthropogenic impact, past and present. Fir regeneration decline, alongside with the high level of spruce trees’ mortality in recent years, may lead to a significant decrease in conifers representation in the near future, and to the expansion of beech forests at the cost of mixed ones.