Thèses sur le sujet « Committees of safety »

Eleven case studies are presented in volume two of this thesis. The case studies address a broad range of issues relating to OHSC effectiveness. They report on OHSCs in a diversity of workplaces across a number of variables. As we11, they show evidence of having widely challenged the OHSC training package over a period of several years. The eleven case studies which are presented have been divided into five categories which are described below. The six major case studies present OHSC training, and in some cases other related training, which has been tracked in a workplace for a period of time. This has allowed the observation of trends over time such as the impact of certain changes, compared with the cross-sectional approach taken in the minor case study. The minor case study ( case 7) provides a one-off insight into the problems of an OHSC. The composite committee training case (case 8) stands alone. A composite committee is one where people from a number of organisations come together for OHSC training. This type of training brings its own particular set of advantages and disadvantages. The fourth type of case study ( case 9) concerns middle management training. This case illustrates the subtleties that can occur in an organisation which can undermine the management of OHS and lessen the impact of the OHSC. Reality, as opposed to rhetoric, is illuminated by this case during middle management OHS training. The training was undertaken as a result of a recommendation by the OHSC. The fifth category of case study illustrates the importance of undertaking refresher OHSC training. What can be achieved by it is illustrated in case 10. Finally, an example of a report that was prepared following OHSC training is included which illustrates the type of feedback that the researcher considers it is relevant and important to give to the OHSCs. management and other stakeholders in the workplace following OHSC training. Each case study is preceded by an abstract to guide the reader. The overall case study results are presented and discussed in chapter seven of the thesis in volume one.

Depuis l’apparition du CHSCT en 1982, la représentation élue du personnel a connu de profondes évolutions. Délégués du personnel, comités d’entreprise et CHSCT ont dû s’adapter à la considérable extension des notions de santé et de sécurité. L’intégration de l’impératif de protection de la santé mentale des travailleurs dans le Code du travail a bouleversé le champ de compétences du CHSCT. La prévention des risques psycho-sociaux s’est rapidement invitée au centre de ses préoccupations, élargissant d’autant l’obligation de consultation mise à la charge de l’employeur. Des projets et mesures qui initialement nécessitaient la seule consultation du comité d’entreprise doivent dorénavant être également soumis à l’avis du CHSCT. Dans cette procédure de double consultation l’employeur est guidé par le principe de spécialité qui transforme le comité d’entreprise en simple chambre d’enregistrement des avis de l’instance spécialisée. De l’expansion du CHSCT naissent redondances et lourdeurs. Une réforme doit être envisagée. Transformation de l’instance spécialisée en commission du comité d’entreprise ou redistribution des compétences de chacun : l’alternative offerte impose la discussion
Since the emergence of the CHSCT (health, safety and working conditions committee) in 1982, the elected representation of employees has profoundly changed. Employee representatives, works councils and the CHSCT have had to adapt to the considerable extension of the concepts of health and safety. The integration of the requirement to protect the mental health of workers in the Labour Code has radically altered the scope of competence of the CHSCT. The prevention of psychosocial risks quickly invited itself as the centre of its concerns, thereby extending the consultation obligation borne by the employer. Projects and measures that initially only required the consultation of the works council are now also subject to the prior opinion of the CHSCT. In this procedure of double consultation the employer is guided by the principle of specialty that turns the works council in a mere rubber stamp of the opinion of the specialized committee. The expansion of the CHSCT has caused reiterations and cumbersomeness. A reform must be considered. Transformation of the specialized body in a committee of the works council or redistribution of powers of each : the alternative offered requires discussion

Medication errors cause harm, yet most of them are preventable (Institute of Medicine, 2006). Nurses spend 40% of their time administering medications; therefore they play a key role in the reduction of medication errors. Little empirical evidence has been collected about the effectiveness of nursing education in reducing medication errors committed by nursing students. Traditional educational interventions focus on the five rights of medication administration; however, the literature shows that interventions focused on instilling a culture of safety have a greater impact on reducing medication errors. The purpose of this article is to review educational strategies that have been implemented and tested in pre-licensure nursing programs to reduce medication errors committed by nursing students.

Bakgrund: Patientnämnden är en förtroendenämnd dit patienter och anhöriga kan vända sig för att lämna synpunkter och klagomål på den vård de mottagit. Patientnämnden arbetar bland annat med att sammanställa de inkomna ärendena och återkopplar tillbaka till hälso- och sjukvården för att främja patientsäkerheten. Hur patienter och anhöriga använder sig av Patientnämnden för att rapportera vårdskador är ett relativt outforskat område i dagens läge. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka ärenden som inkommit till Patientnämnden i ett landsting i Mellansverige under 2015 för att identifiera, analysera och beskriva andelen somatiska vårdskador som anmäls av patienter och anhöriga. Metod: Studien är en empirisk studie där data från redan befintliga ärenden granskats och studien har en kvantitativ, beskrivande design. Huvudresultat: 86 av 395 studerade ärenden handlade om somatisk vårdskada, av dessa var 59 allvarliga somatiska vårdskador. Det var fler kvinnor än män som anmält somatiska vårdskador, både vad gäller allvarliga och lätta somatiska vårdskador. Den vanligaste orsaken till vårdskada var kirurgirelaterade komplikationer. Slutsats: Endast en liten del av de inkomna ärendena handlade om somatiska vårdskador, och då oftast om allvarliga vårdskador. Det behövs mer information och vägledning från vårdpersonal till patient för att fånga upp och synliggöra både lätta och allvarliga vårdskador. Det behövs även mer forskning om varför kvinnor anmäler vårdskada i större utsträckning än män.
Background: The patients' advisory committee is an independent committee to which patients and relatives can file complaints and comments about their recieved care. The patients' advisory committee works with patient safety through reconnecting the patients' cases to their caregiver. Research regarding the patient useage of the Patients' advisory committee for reporting care injuries is currently quite uncharted. Study aim: The aim of the study was to investigate cases recieved at the Patients' advisory committee in a county in Sweden during 2015 to identify and describe the somatic care injuries reported by patients and relatives. Method:  This study examines existing cases from the Patients' advisory committee and uses a quantitative, descriptive design. Main results: 86 out of 395 cases regarded somatic care injuries, of which 59 were severe care injuries. Women reported both severe and non severe care injuries more often than men. The most often occuring resason for a care injury was surgery-related complications. Conclusion: Only a small fraction of the total amount of cases regarded somatic care injuries. Severe care injuries appeared more often than non severe care injuries. More guidance and information to the patients and relatives is required from the caregivers to enlighten the occurance of care injuries. More research is needed regarding why women report care injuries more often than men.

The purpose of this qualitative dissertation was to describe the experience of safe sex via consistent condom use for unmarried, young women involved in committed, long-term relationships. A phenomenological research approach was utilized throughout the study. The intent of phenomenological research is to describe and understand human experience. Phenomenology accomplishes this goal through a process of revealing the fundamental, defining structures of experience, called "essences." Essences are the invariant, shared elements of phenomena that are similar or common to anyone with that experience. Twelve women (M age = 20.6 years; M length of relationship = 19.3 months) recruited from a large, Southwestern university participated in semi-structured, individual, one-hour interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed word for word. Transcripts were submitted to an adaptation of Giorgi's (1985, 1997) phenomenological data analysis procedure. Analysis revealed four essences that defined the experience of consistent condom use within the context of long-term, committed relationships: self-protection, an unwavering internal standard, personal responsibility, and relational support. (1) Participants maintained a conscious awareness of the need to protect themselves against the perceived, realistic threats of both pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. (2) Participants' internal standard to practice safe sex was formed independently and prior to meeting their current partners. Practicing consistent condom use was a resolute and integral facet of being sexually active, such that the decision to practice safe sex within their relationships was not regarded as optional. (3) In addition, participants believed that they alone were ultimately responsible for their own health, and the majority expressed this responsibility through dual method contraceptive use (i.e., condoms and the birth control pill). (4) Characteristics of partners (e.g., supporting participants' decision to use condoms, absence of complaints about condom use) and of the relationship itself (e.g., open communication) made the practice of safe sex easier for participants. Finally, neither participants nor their partners interpreted condom use in the relationship as a sign of infidelity. Results were discussed in the context of existing research on the intrapersonal and interpersonal influences on safe sex behavior, as well as with respect to feminist literature on female sexuality.

Louis-Antoine Léon de Saint-Just (1767-1794) was a revolutionary, a statesman, and a political philosopher, yet it is largely only as a revolutionary that he is remembered. As a political person who occupied these three different but overlapping roles, Saint-Just is ideal as the subject and center of a study of actualization, the taking of political ideals into reality. Saint-Just’s political philosophy was that of an idealist, and yet he, by force of circumstance, ability, and audacity, had the opportunity in his short life to attempt to establish and put into practice his political ideals. In his work as a political person Saint-Just created templates for the understanding of the relationship between political theory and political action. Saint-Just’s political theory is examined in relation to his political action, using the concepts of ‘the natural’, ‘the civil’, ‘the social’ and ‘the political’, concepts which are central in Saint-Just’s political philosophy. Saint-Just’s formulations of these concepts, concepts which have also been central to the history of political philosophy, and his understanding of the relations between these concepts, helps to establish him as a political philosopher of some importance, as does the theory and practice approach to politics which his attempts demanded and which his political life demonstrated. In Saint-Just’s function as political philosopher the thesis finds the theoretical element of politics, which becomes redefined in its interaction with Saint-Just’s other functions as statesman and revolutionary, the latter two of which correspond roughly to practice and exigency. As a theorist who is also a statesman in a context of exigency, or revolution, Saint-Just’s political life is a constantly rearranged juxtaposition of theory, practice, and revolution, albeit one which never loses it essential ties to its philosophical base, even in the hours of greatest emergency. Such dedication to a philosophical base, one which refuses to dispense with political philosophy, demonstrates a new conception of political philosophy for the modern world, fills in elements of a theory of revolution as a phenomenon of both theory and action, and provides a contained case for examination of political philosophy and political action, questioning their disunity.

Residents who fall in SNF either sustain significant decline to quality of life or die from their injuries. The average fall costs about $34,000 per incident. On average, 19.8% of residents fall at least once per month. The purpose of this project was to assess, identify, and advance nursing practice to decrease falls by evaluating current facility standard of practice, fall policy, procedures, and protocol. The objective was to create actions that would close the communication gap between clinicians and residents. This project encourages clinicians to intertwine resident feedback and strategies into the plan of care to help reduce fall risk. A focus group was conducted with 11 residents with previous fall experience. Through structured discussion, several important gaps in communication related to residents' plan of care were identified. Examples identified include, 10 of 11 residents indicated they were never asked to participate in their plan of care, 10 of 11 residents indicated staff did not listen to them, and 11 of 11 stated they did not know they could change the plan of care that staff had put in place. Further feedback from the focus group demonstrated residents desire to be involved in their care however, they were largely excluded from this process in the past. This project contributes to positive social change by identifying ways to close the communication gaps and reduce risk for falls by intertwining clinician and resident fall practices. A highly recommended fall committee was established at the project facility to encourage staff buy in, advancement of nursing practice and resident involvement in reducing falls.

Le Comité de Retour d’Expérience (CREX) est un dispositif de gestion de la sécurité des patients en équipe, engageant les professionnels de santé dans la pratique collective de l’analyse des causes racines des événements indésirables associés aux soins. Ce dispositif, développé en France en 2005, est désormais implanté dans la majorité des établissements de santé français. Curieusement, après 10 ans de développement dans des milliers d’équipes médicales, aucun travail scientifique publié ne s’était penché sur leur fonctionnement et leurs effets sur la sécurité des patients. Mon travail de thèse a permis d’évaluer le fonctionnement des CREX, ainsi que leur association aux dimensions de la culture de sécurité des professionnels de santé. Nous avons montré que les CREX sont appropriés pour fonctionner dans les diverses spécialités d’un établissement de santé. De plus, ce dispositif permet aux soignants de réaliser des analyses des causes racines, et de décider collectivement d’actions visant à corriger les défaillances profondes des organisations. Afin d’étudier les relations entre la participation à un CREX et les dimensions de la culture de sécurité des soignants, nous avons effectué une enquête auprès de 3888 professionnels de santé, en utilisant le questionnaire Hospital Survey On Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS), dont nous avons précisé les propriétés métrologiques (psychométrie, variabilité des méthodes d’agrégation des scores, méthodes d’imputation des données manquantes). Nous avons mis en évidence des relations favorables entre la participation à un CREX et la culture de sécurité des soignants. Les CREX permettent de favoriser le travail en équipe, la multidisciplinarité, ainsi que de modifier la culture de l’erreur. Malgré ses limites, notre travail contribue à mieux connaitre les CREX et leur place dans les dispositifs de gestion de la sécurité des patients. Cette thèse plaide pour le développement d’une recherche centrée sur l’implication des professionnels de santé dans la gestion de la sécurité des patients
The Experience Feedback Committee (EFC) is a tool designed to involve medical teams in patient safety management, through root cause analysis of adverse events within the team. This program was created in 2005, and was implemented in the vast majority of French hospitals. Despite its wide implementation in thousands of French medical teams, the EFC still lacks scientific evaluation. To our knowledge, the EFC framework and the association between EFC and patient safety culture have never been assessed. In this context, our work aimed to determine whether patient safety culture, as measured by the Hospital Survey On Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS), differed regarding care provider involvement in EFC activities. Using the original data from a cross-sectional survey of 3,888 employees at a single university hospital in France, we analyzed the differences in HSOPS dimension scores according involvement in EFC activities. We also specified the metrological properties of the transcultural adaptation of the HSOPS into French (psychometrics properties, variability of scoring strategies and missing data imputation methods). Our findings suggest that EFC participation may improve patient safety culture, teamwork and non-blame oriented processes. Despite several limitations, our study contributes to a better understanding of EFC and its position amongst patient safety systems. This thesis advocates research developments centered on health care givers involvement in patient safety management

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le champ de recherche en ergonomie qui porte sur les acteurs de la prévention. Elle défend l’idée que l’activité des représentants du personnel est un travail et qu’il est possible de contribuer au développement de leur activité à travers des interventions ergonomiques.Elle a été conduite auprès de sept CHSCT de métiers différents de la SNCF et fait suite à une demande sociale formulée par l’Observatoire de la Qualité de Vie au Travail de cette entreprise. Les membres de cet Observatoire souhaitaient avoir un éclairage scientifique pour comprendre les difficultés de fonctionnement de ces instances et les possibilités d’y améliorer la prise en compte du travail pour contribuer à la prévention de la pénibilité.Par l’Analyse Ergonomique du Travail, il a été possible de comprendre les spécificités de cette activité. Plusieurs interventions ergonomiques ont été mises en place au sein de sept CHSCT pour mettre à l’épreuve les diagnostics locaux réalisés. Il a ainsi été possible de contribuer au développement de l’activité des représentants du personnel.Cette thèse démontre que les représentants du personnel sont des praticiens qui contribuent par leur activité à résoudre les problèmes de l’entreprise. Pour autant, le cadre réglementaire ne leur permet pas de prendre en charge le caractère dynamique des situations de travail des salariés et les possibilités d’action de leur propre activité. Cela les amène à définir des modes d’action qui soient en adéquation avec l’environnement dynamique dans lequel ils agissent.Il leur est de fait nécessaire de construire un référentiel commun permettant d’articuler une nécessité d’agir ensemble tout en tenant des points de vue individuels. La conflictualité et la coopération sont par conséquent inhérentes au mode de fonctionnement des CHSCT. Toutefois, ce cadre commun doit s’appuyer sur d’autres éléments que la réglementation et il est nécessaire de donner une place aux salariés dans la construction des problèmes et des solutions.Il apparaît également qu’il est difficile pour eux de pouvoir débattre des difficultés individuelles et collectives qu’ils rencontrent. Cela contribue au développement de défenses collectives amenant à un traitement des problèmes en vase clos au sein de l’instance.Dès lors, l’intervention ergonomique doit faciliter une activité collective par la mise en débat des pratiques et des difficultés individuelles et collectives. Toute la difficulté pour l’intervenant étant qu’il ne s’appuie pas sur un collectif de travail qui pour autant doit développer un travail collectif. Il s’agit ainsi de contribuer à ce que le dénominateur commun entre les membres permette d’y intégrer la complexité du travail et les salariés. En cela, la conflictualité et la coopération doivent s’articuler autour des situations de travail des salariés et non uniquement de l’application de la réglementation
This dissertation falls within a field of research in ergonomics focused on health and safety staff. It defends the idea that the activity of staff representatives is to be considered as work and that it is possible to contribute to the development of their activity thanks to ergonomic interventions.This research was carried out by studying seven CHSCTs (Occupational Health and Safety Committee) of different professions at the SNCF (French National Rail Company), and was ordered by their Observatoire de la Qualité de Vie au Travail (Monitoring Agency for Quality of Life in the Workplace). The members of the Observatoire wanted a scientific study to help them understand the functional difficulties encountered by the CHSCTs, and the possibilities for improving work analysis, in turn improving their prevention work.Thanks to an Ergonomic Work Analysis, we were able to understand the specificities of this activity. Several ergonomic interventions were organized in order to test previous local diagnostics. We were thus able to contribute to the development of the activity of staff representatives.This dissertation shows that staff representatives are practicians who, through their activity, contribute to problem solving in the company. The current regulations framework does not permit them to take into account the dynamic nature of employees' work situations, nor the possibilities for action in their own work. This has lead them to defining modes of action that are in line with the dynamic environment in which they are called upon to intervene.It is therefore necessary for them to build a common frame of reference in order to act together, while still retaining individual points of view. Inevitably, conflictuality and cooperation are inherent to the functioning of CHSCTs. This common framework however must be based upon other elements besides regulations, and it is necessary to give employees a say in the formation of both problems and solutions.It also appears to be difficult for them to discuss the individual and collective difficulties that they encounter. This contributes to the development of collective defenses, leading to a closed, in-house treatment of the workers situational problems.As such, ergonomic interventions must facilitate collective activity by questioning both individual and collective pratices and difficulties. The challenge for the ergonomist is that he cannot base his intervention upon a work collective, which must none-the-less produce a collective work. Therefore the contribution must work towards a common denominator between the members, allowing for the integration of both the complexity of work and the employees. In that, conflictuality and cooperation must be articulated around employees' work situations, and not only the application of regulations

Face à la complexité du monde de l’entreprise, le recours à l’expertise s’avère être indispensable afin de permettre au comité d’entreprise d’exercer pleinement ses attributions, et, in fine, de contribuer à l’application du principe de participation des travailleurs. Une approche plus réaliste de l’expertise permet d’établir que le comité d’entreprise a à sa disposition deux types d’experts : les experts institutionnels (l’expert-comptable, l’expert technique, l’expert libre et l’expert économique) et les experts non institutionnels (certaines commissions du comité d’entreprise et le comité d’hygiène, de sécurité et des conditions de travail). Les liens que le comité d’entreprise et les experts entretiennent oscillent entre vision traditionnelle et vision renouvelée. De façon tout à fait traditionnelle, ces deux types d’experts accomplissent, de façon inégale, une mission d’éclaireur pour le comité d’entreprise en lui apportant de l’information mais également en la traitant lorsque cela est nécessaire. De façon plus singulière, il apparaît que les experts interviennent également dans le processus de décision, mais également dans le processus de concertation. Au-delà du rôle que les experts peuvent jouer auprès du comité d’entreprise, les liens qu’ils entretiennent avec le comité révèlent l’existence de deux sortes de dynamique sous-jacentes : une dynamique relationnelle entre les différentes parties prenantes à l’expertise, marquée par un subtil équilibre entre dépendance et indépendance des uns envers les autres, et une dynamique collective qui témoigne de l’existence d’une expertise collective constituant un système d’intelligence collective nécessaire à l’effectivité du principe de participation des travailleurs
Given the complexity of the business environment, resorting to expertise proves to be essential for the works council to fully exercise its powers and ultimately for the council to contribute to the application of the employee involvement principle. A more realistic approach to expertise enables us to establish that the works council has two types of experts at its disposal: institutional experts (chartered accountants, technical experts, expert consultants and economic experts) and non-institutional experts (some of the works council commissions and the Health, Safety and Working Conditions Committee (CHSCT)). The relations between the works council and experts oscillate between a traditional perspective and an updated perspective. In a very traditional fashion, these two types of experts unevenly act as pathfinders for the works council. They provide the council with information but also process this information when it is necessary. More strangely, however, experts also appear to be involved in the decision-making process as well as in the process of consultation. Beyond the tasks that experts can perform for the works council, two kinds of underlying dynamic can be evidenced by the relations between the experts and the council: a relational dynamic between the various players involved in the expertise that is characterised by a subtle balance between dependence on and independence from one other, and a collective dynamic that indicates the existence of a collective expertise. This collective expertise consists in a system of collective intelligence that is necessary to the effectiveness of the employee involvement principle

Le caractère subjectif des risques psychosociaux rend difficile leur appréhension juridique alors même que l’employeur a l’obligation de préserver la santé physique et mentale des salariés. L’ensemble des acteurs internes et externes à l’entreprise participent à l’appréhension et à la compréhension de ces risques : employeur, salariés,représentants du personnel, médecin du travail. Leur prise en compte a été largement suscitée par la lutte contre le harcèlement et le stress au travail. Elle est devenue un objet de négociation collective, une source de responsabilité, pour l’employeur et le salarié, un thème de débat sur le terrain sensible de la qualification constatée des troubles d’accident du travail ou de maladie professionnelle. Elle est aujourd’hui l’un des éléments constitutifs de l’amélioration des conditions de travail au travers du bien-être et de la qualité de vie au travail
The legal obligation for any employer to preserve both the physical and mental health of their employees is complicated by the inner subjectivity of psychosocial risks, making their juridical analysis difficult. The actors interacting with or within any company contribute to a better understanding of those risks : the employer, employees, trade unions, and occupational doctor. Combatting harassment and burn-outs at work helped better consider psychosocial risks. They have become a real topic for collective bargaining as they imply for both the employer and the employees to take responsibility with regards to the nature of specific work accidents or professional illnesses. It stands today as a key element for theim provement of work conditions through an increase in well-being and a higher quality of life at work

Entre 1946 et 2016, ce sont plus de vingt cas de recours à des experts par les instances de représentation du personnel qui ont été créés, dont huit sur les trois dernières années. La possibilité sans cesse étendue de recourir à l’assistance d’experts pourrait laisser penser que le régime du recours à l’expertise est efficient. La facilité avec laquelle la loi associe désormais l’expert à chaque nouvelle mesure prise en faveur du dialogue social masque cependant mal l’incapacité croissante du législateur à préserver la fonction initiale de l’expertise : une fonction informative. Signe des dysfonctionnements qui grèvent le régime actuel du recours à l’expertise, le sujet est hautement polémique et fait l’objet d’un contentieux florissant. L’étude du périmètre ainsi que des modalités du recours à des experts exhorte à la construction d’un régime plus cohérent, de nature à assurer l’effet utile de l’expertise tout en préservant la compétence et la parole des représentants du personnel
Between 1946 and 2016, this is more than twenty new cases in which the employee representatives were granted the right to resort to the services of experts, and only eight in the last three years. The ever-expanded possibility to be assisted by external experts might suggest that the expertise statutory regime is efficient. The ease with which the law associates experts to each new measures taken in favor of the social dialogue cannot hide the persistent difficulties encountered by the legislator to preserve the original function of expertise : an informative function. The controversial nature of the right to resort to the services of experts and the increasing amount of litigation in this area are manifestations of its failures. A study of the scope and the conditions under which the experts might be appointed urges to the construction of a more coherent system, that would ensure the effectiveness of the right to resort to experts while maintaining the employee representatives’ competence and voices

碩士
東南科技大學
營建與空間設計系營建科技與防災碩士班
107
Taiwan is a narrow and long island with a dense population. The type of building has changed from a single dwelling to a condominium. When a fire breaks out, the importance of the immediate action of the fire safety equipment should not be underestimated. Instant notification and fire fighting can reduce the chance of casualties and minimize the loss of property. When the firefighters rescued, they found that the fire safety equipment doesn't work immediately. After investigation, non-management committees is the majority in these case.The main reason which has led to no maintenance of the fire safety equipment is the cognition of residents who lived in the collective housing built 84 years ago is not synchronized by regulation, and lack of a well- management system. In recent years,the governments have been committed to help the community make regular declaration for examination and repair of fire safety equipment to let fire safety device remain best state.This study mainly takes 6 to 10-story buildings which is non-management committee in Shulin District as an example. Through the analysis of each case, the problems they encounter in the process of improving fire safety equipment improvement are finding person who can handle anything about community,convening a meeting all householder take part in, explaining the regulations to householder to let them understood, and the financial problems. After interviews by experts, we understand that the security inspection teams in current are mainly based on propaganda, supplemented by enforcement, and put forward the advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we analyze the effectiveness of each implementation method. It is more efficient by propaganda. Regardless of the size of the community,each community security inspector takes 6 working hours. After 9 months, the rate of the improvement of fire safety equipment has achieved to 93%. Compared with enforcement by ticket, every 14 households takes more than 10 working hours. A standard operating procedure about improvement of non-management committee’s fire safety equipment recommended for the security inspector to follow. It is recommended that the follow-up can be explored whether the half-year improvement period is appropriate or not, in order to achieve the most appropriate balance between the law and the practice.

Globally organisations face unacceptable levels of fatalities that translate into financial losses and bad publicity, which can be attributed to the inadequate employee engagement in decision making in daily work activities. This study explores the participative role of employees in the management of occupational health and safety (OHS), and investigates the impact of employee participation on the decision making processes that create a safe workplace. The joint labour-management committees encourage employee participation that improves the injury and disease prevention programs. Four participative approaches exist in the decision making processes, namely Directed Participation, Involvement, Pro-active Participation and Ownership, that are interrelated and integrated with the decision making process. When employees are required to abide by set guidelines and procedures, Directed Participation is appropriate. This has been observed to occur with little or no input from employees, whilst the application of legislation requires the process of involvement where critical decisions are made outside the domain of the employee. The pro-active participation process entails the sharing, consulting and making of joint decisions, which is most suitable in the Safety Health and Environmental committees, ensuring the process of Ownership empowers employees to champion the OHS activities. In OHS management there are instances when numerous participative approaches are utilised simultaneously to make decisions. All employees, both blue collar workers and management have a positive influence in creating a safe workplace, with the likelihood of older and experienced employees participating more than their younger counterparts in the decision making processes within the various OHS forums. Also, the more employees assume full responsibility for their health and safety, the greater is their influence to find solutions to the safety challenges. Additionally, making joint decisions to create a safe workplace will, in turn, encourage employees to participate more. The use of the participative approaches results in an improvement in the iii decision making processes within S.H.E. committees and OHS management processes, thereby making a positive contribution. More research is recommended to explore the relationships between employee participation in decision making and the compliance to OHS legislation, employee training, the safety culture and the influence of trade unions.
Business Management
DBL

碩士
逢甲大學
交通工程與管理所
93
When a railway accident occurred in Taiwan area, there are many railway authorities will proceed the investigation and examination of the accident, such as the Railway Safety Committee (RSC) for Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA), The Traffic Bureau of Taipei City Government for Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation (TRTC), The Chiayi Forrest District Office of Taiwan Forestry Bureau for the Alishan Forest Railway. Meanwhile, the Taiwan High Speed Railway (THSR) and Kaoshiung MRT are under constructing now, so that these railway organizations don’t have the specific RSC yet. From literature reviews, many countries had founded the independent RSC to investigate the railway accident, such as the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSC) of the United States of America, the Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board (CTAISB), the Aircraft and Railway Accidents Investigation Commission (ARAIC) of Japan, the Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) of the United Kingdom, and the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB). The purposes of RSC of each country are to prevent the railway accident and improve the railway safety. However, when an accident occurred in Taiwan, the accident will be investigated by the internal RSC of the railway authorities. Therefore, there still have many responsible accidents, so that the present RSC is not suitable. The methodologies of this study are literature review; analysis of the background of revolution, relevant laws, organization structures, organizational functions, investigation procedures, and the publication of accident report, etc.; uses the expert questionnaires investigation, (there are 25 out of 32 effective questionnaires.) then selects the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to analyze the questionnaires. The Hierarchy structure contains one objective, four evaluation levels, eleven evaluation criteria, and three alternatives. The objective of this study is to discover the best alternative for reorganization of RSC in Taiwan area. The result shows that set up a new RSC in the Ministry of Communication and Transportation (MOTC) is the preferable alternative. If this alternative will be accepted by the MOTC, not only increase the investigation creditability of railway safety, but also improve the prevent function of railway safety.

碩士
國立中正大學
勞工研究所
99
The main purpose of this case study is to examine the functioning of the mechanism and outputs within the employee benefits committee and the occupational safety and health committee, in which is the public-owned and targeted enterprise in Taiwan. This study is especially emphasized on how should the welfare system and the safety and health norm be correspond with the trend of the times, in addition to compositions, operations, outputs, decisions and activities within these two committees. This study uses secondary data processing and analyzing to analyze main findings within these two committees. These main findings are as follows: First, using the method of “consensus” in the operations and outputs of the committees are the best voting to decide in the meeting, not only to avoid more serious of conflict, but also can form the consensus of the enterprise. Second, the organization of the committee in the enterprise is suitably formed by law norms, and the members meet regularly and discuss the related topics within the enterprise through formal organization specification. Third, outputs of the welfare committee should be directed to current events and demands of all staffs to adjust the welfare measures, which are corresponded with the actual needs of employees and then increase on employee morale. Fourth, in order to establish the system of labor safety and reduce the incidence of occupational hazards, the occupational safety and health committee should be aimed at requirements and planning for labor safety and occupational hazard. Fifth, regardless of issues related to welfare or safety and health, the outputs of operations within the committees should enhance efficiency of outputs if the committees focus on demands of all staffs and safeguard perspectives.

碩士
大葉大學
環境工程學系碩士班
105
There are always public safety problems concerning no declaration or unqualified fire safety equipments to those apartment buildings without management committee communities. Have to be settled urgently.In this study, the questionnaire survey and analysis of the maintenance and management of the apartments without management committee were carried out. The surveyed samples were collected through those residents of the apartment building without management committee and no inspection and maintenance application in the Taichung City and the Changhua County. Nevertheless, in the study we found that the concept of fire protection and fire safety for residents are lower, also the recognition on inspection and maintenance system is generally low, too. In further study, we found that the length of the residence period and the owned house condition have significant difference on the recognition of inspection and maintenance system. It will be lower for the recognition of inspection and maintenance system as the residence period is longer. Also, non-owned households can lower the recognition of inspection and maintenance system, too. The worse condition for recognition of inspection and maintenance system is the longer the residence time and non-owned households. It can be found that the main reasons for not inspecting the fire safety equipments on the regular basis by Fire Protection Technician are the difficulty in consultation as well as financial burden, also no effective public power from fire authority and no trust on the service of inspection and maintenance. It is worth for government authority as reference to strengthen and improve the management of fire safety policy to in all apartment buildings.

碩士
銘傳大學
公共事務學系碩士在職專班
101
An Englishman''s home is his castle.” This saying goes to show that the importance of “home” is self-evident worldwide. With the rising pace of economic growth and urbanization, high-rise buildings are now tightly arrayed everywhere in Taiwan. Industrialization and the fast-paced lifestyles have also made people more detached from one other and the relationships between neighbors are not what they used to be in the past. Therefore the indifference causes the crime rate to rise annually. It is the government’s priority to maintain the order in our society and provide people with protection of their lives and wealth. However it cannot achieve these goals by simply relying on the criminal justice system or police enforcement. Studies have shown that a comprehensive strategy is needed to achieve public security. Even under the narrow definition of crime prevention, courts, correction facilities, schools, rehabilitation centers, communities, urban planning, personal safety, the police, all play a role. It will be difficult to complete the crime prevention task if any one of the players is missing. The committee of homeowner associations takes charge in making decisions for the community. It is also the link between the police and the neighborhood. This paper, through peer journal review and in-depth interviews, illustrates the role, The committee of homeowner associations plays and the impact it has on in crime prevention in the community. The former methodology is based on collecting and analyzing research papers, periodicals, etc. on related theories (both domestic and abroad). By combining the peer review methodology, which builds an analytical structure based on the present literature and reinforces the research hypothesis, with the empirical data that will clarify and crystallize the issues and conclusions from the research, the hopeful result is a stronger self-protected and well-built community. Due to the effectiveness of long-term community safety promotion, this research also proposes the following as suggestions for crime prevention in the future. 1.Strengthen the management of security maintenance hardware. 2.Strengthen safety equipment and design of the community. 3.Promote the authentication mechanism between property management companies and security personnel. 4.Strengthen the relationship between the police and the public to implement crime prevention. 5.Assist to establish the community public security committee to enhance security defense energy. 6.Mobilize residents to participate in community crime prevention tasks and raise public awareness. 7.Continue promoting the “Dedicated Police Service District" system to improve performance. 8.Promote cooperation between civil and private departments to create a win-win situation.

The aim of this study was to identify the health needs and problems of black employees within the Germiston City Health Department in order to indicate a possible relationship between such needs and problems and a high rate of absenteeism. Although the findings could relate to all employees, this study was limited to black employees only. Data was collected by means of observation, perusal of health records and personal interviews with personnel as well as with the selected sample. The results of the study highlighted the specific health needs and problems of employees as well as factors which could influence their health status and which could contribute to the problem of absenteeism. The main factors identified included interalia poor working conditions and unsatisfactory methods of solving employees problems. Relevant recommendations were made ;· to address the problem of absenteeism in the Germiston City Health Department
Health Studies
M.A. (Nursing Science)

碩士
大葉大學
設計暨藝術學院碩士在職專班
99
International Safe Schools are established by the cooperation of schools and communities to provide the faculty, students and community residents with safe places and systems. Recently, over 27 domestic schools have been certified for International Safe Schools while only 53 schools totally in the world are certified. This density in Taiwan wins first place. The goals of certification for International Safe Schools are promoting concepts and experience of International Safe Schools, and the related campus safety plans are developed through indicators to avoid and prevent injuries in campus from happening to ensure the campus safety plans are fulfilled. This study aimed at understanding the benefits of certifications of International Safety Schools for domestic schools. The bibliographies analysis, field observation, and depth interviews are employed to research on the capital data of domestic International Safety Schools, and then through the student survey, the current situation of International Safety Schools can be compared. The research objects are the faculty and students of domestic schools which has passed the safety school certification. The benefits of International Safety Schools are discussed from the campus accident data, and then the campus planning and environmental management are discussed conceptually to find out an appropriate planning architecture as a reference for schools which would like to execute the planning of International Safety Schools in the future. Based on the research results, the injuries from students of International Safety Schools do not decrease because of the certification of International Safety Schools. The data contains the statistics from schools and students with elvated awareness of injury accidents. 83% students are satisfied for the safety in campus. The places that the most accidents happen are playgrounds, corridors and classrooms in majority. The reasons of the happening of accidents for elementary school students are that the places are easily crowded with people, the places with very few people passed in and out, and the ground is easily slippery.

碩士
逢甲大學
土木工程學系
101
The commissioned public construction supervising job currently focuses on analyzing the demerits of the secondary quality assurance, managing the construction progress, clarifying the interface responsibilities, etc. Research information on these and related areas are also available. However, the study on problems related to the supervising job on the construction safety of a commissioned public work is seldom found. In this study, researchers analyzed the possible problems and institutional blind spots that the supervising units were facing when carrying out the safety management through collecting information of projected constructions and sending out questionnaires, aiming to obtain solutions and to propose suggestions to serve as references for managing and supervising the safety of domestic constructions. And, a more agreeable and practicable processing mode is to be generated to result in lowering possibility of accident at work and reducing damage. The results showed that, according to the technical service contract signed with the construction owner, the supervising unit directly supervised the constructor to carry out every detail in the construction contract. The supervising unit was responsible not only for supervising the construction progress, construction quality, construction safety and sanitation, and environmental protection provided by the constructor, but had to watch its own personnel cost on the profit aspect. During the constructing period, the supervising unit truly performed the supervising job on the construction safety and sanitation, not just completing the paper work, was related to the contracted way of payment, mutual right and responsibility, attitude of the project owner, and conflict and compromise of the role responsibility. The number of the safety personnel increases to enhance the efficiency of the supervising and managing if the governmental authorities review and amend the relevant regulations and put the revised in the technical contracts and contract terms of the construction contract for all construction providers to completely authorize the supervising unit to execute the supervising jobs and to truly perform the safety and sanitation managing work.

Tese de mestrado, Epidemiologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2017
Introduction The new European Union (EU) Pharmacovigilance, implemented in 2012, aimed to establish a more proactive and efficient system for the early detection and prevention of issues related to the safety of medicinal products. This goal is reflected by the legal enforcement of Risk Management activities. As a consequence, it is necessary to submit a Risk Management Plan (RMP) with each application for a new marketing authorisation. This document includes a critical assessment of the known and unknown safety profile of the medicinal product and discusses the need to implement Pharmacovigilance and risk minimisation activities that go beyond the routine ones. A Post-Authorisation Safety Study (PASS) is an additional Pharmacovigilance activity conducted with the goal of identifying, characterising or quantifying a safety hazard, confirming the safety profile of the medicinal product, or of measuring the effectiveness of risk minimisation measures (RMMs). They bridge Pharmacovigilance, which defines the mission, with Pharmacoepidemiology which provides the study methods. PASS can be imposed as condition or special obligation to the marketing authorisation and may also be requested upon conclusion of a safety related referral. The Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) is a committee of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) created by the new Pharmacovigilance legislation. It is responsible for the assessment of safety issues at EU level, as well as the monitoring of the Pharmacovigilance activities foreseen in the legislation. In addition, as a consequence of the efforts to increase transparency of the regulatory processes and decisions, the EMA publishes the PRAC monthly minutes on its website. These documents list all the assessed Pharmacovigilance procedures with a brief summary of the plenary decisions. The availability of these and other documents provided an opportunity to identify the PASS protocols submitted to the PRAC. The objective of the current dissertation was to describe the PASS landscape during the first three complete years of the new Pharmacovigilance legislation by characterising the purpose and methodology of the studies. It also aimed to give a critical perspective on the level of public available information on the PASS review process and PRAC feedback. Methods The minutes of the PRAC meeting minutes held from July 2012 to July 2015 were chronologically reviewed to identify and track all PASS protocols and respective rounds of review. The information from the minutes was complemented with a review of the European Public Assessment Reports (EPARs) for the medicinal products covered in the PASS, which provided information about the regulatory background. Moreover, the European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies (EU PAS) Register available in the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP) website was also searched to find information about PASS methodology and protocol documents. Upon protocol availability, it was possible to retrieve more granular information. Metrics regarding the PRAC assessment process were determined among protocols that were considered approved based on the following rules: there was information in the PRAC comments text, the PASS was found in the EU PAS Register, or more than one year had elapsed since the last assessment of that PASS protocol. Descriptive analyses were performed on actual data, with no imputations for missing data. Comparisons using chi-square test (with a significance level of 5%) were conducted. Results In total, 189 different PASS protocols were identified by reviewing the minutes of the PRAC meetings from July 2012 to July 2015, corresponding to 353 PASS protocol submissions to the PRAC. The outcome of PRAC assessment was only available in the minutes for approximately one third (30%) of the 353 assessments. Only half of the 189 PASS were available in the EU PAS Register at the data lock, July 2015. The majority of PASS (58%) concerned new marketing authorisations. About one third (31%) of the 189 PASS were imposed by the regulators. The vast majority of PASS (74%) had at least one objective related with investigation of safety concerns, while approximately one third (34%) included at least one objective of assessing drug utilisation and one fourth (25%) incorporated at least one objective related with assessment of effectiveness of RMMs. Almost one third of the PASS (31%) combined objectives of at least two of those categories. PASS were mainly designed as longitudinal studies (81%). However, the majority of PASS (56%) with at least one objective concerning the assessment of effectiveness of RMM had a cross-sectional design. Overall, slightly more PASS involved a primary data collection approach (58%). Among PASS with at least one objective related with assessment of drug utilisation, 58% leveraged data collection schemes already established for other purposes. More than two thirds of PASS (70%) focused on a single medicinal product as eligibility criteria (either patient exposure or prescribers of the medicinal product of interest), while broader exclusion criteria were less frequent. Among the 57 available protocol documents, only one third (33%) mentioned a comparator, such as another medicinal product, a non-exposed group or external data sources. All 57 PASS included at least one European country. The majority of the 18 available protocols in which at least one objective was to assess effectiveness of RMM did not specify how success of those measures would be ascertained. One third (33%) of these PASS aimed exclusively to assess effectiveness of RMM and were designed as cross-sectional studies using a questionnaire to assess knowledge and auto-reported behaviour. The most common areas of the protocol referred as responsible for the rejection of the protocols by the PRAC were related to inadequate study design (37%) and concerns with study feasibility (30%) requiring evidence that bias and limitations were adequately considered. The comments corroborate the general insight that the there was a limited level of detail in the PASS protocols. PRAC protocol assessment metrics were estimated among 37 imposed PASS considered approved. The results suggested a decrease in the median number of rounds of review from 3 to 2 and an average decrease of 6 months in overall review time between the first and the third year of the review. Discussion This was the first comprehensive characterisation of the PASS protocols submitted to the PRAC during the first three years under the new Pharmacovigilance legislation. Overall, the results showed that despite the unprecedented level of transparency achieved, which made this study possible, there is still room for improvement in the level of information provided by regulators and MAHs. An increased publication of the outcomes of PRAC assessment and more adherence to the EU PAS Register, would increase the pool of knowledge available to further improve PASS. It was also evident that there is and some lack of communication between different stakeholders, which may be worsened by the lack of uniform terminology. The limited level of detail in the protocols is not in line with good pharmacoepidemiology and good pharmacovigilance practices (GPP and GVP), both emphasising the need to include details on the reasoning behind the methodological decisions and feasibility considerations. The recognition of the singularity of PASS, as pharmacoepidemiological studies that have a specific mission within the medicinal products’ RMPs, calls for alignment of different parties and cross-pollination of different skills, including qualitative and quantitative approaches and combined study designs, to tailor the best approach for each safety question. Conclusion Cross-functional collaboration and communication across stakeholders, higher levels of transparency and the use of a harmonised terminology would be key to develop innovative methods, customised for the singular and multifaceted needs of PASS, an example of which being the assessment of effectiveness of RMM. The anticipated result would be the implementation of best practices that will certainly contribute to a safer use of medicinal products.
Introdução A nova legislação europeia de Farmacovigilância, implementada em 2012, visou o estabelecimento de um sistema mais proativo e eficiente para a deteção atempada e prevenção de problemas de segurança dos medicamentos. A obrigação de submeter Planos de Gestão do Risco com todos os pedidos de Autorização de Introdução no Mercado (AIM) de novos medicamentos reflete esta direção. Nestes documentos o titular de AIM deve apreciar o perfil de segurança conhecido e desconhecido do medicamento e ponderar a necessidade de implementar atividades de Farmacovigilância ativa e medidas de minimização do risco para proteção da saúde pública. Os estudos de segurança pós-autorização (Post Authorisation Safety Studies, PASS) são uma atividade de Farmacovigilância ativa cujo objetivo é identificar, caracterizar ou quantificar o perfil de segurança de um medicamento ou medir a eficácia das medidas de gestão dos riscos. Resultam da convergência entre a Farmacovigilância que define a missão e a Farmacoepidemiologia que fornece os métodos para o estudo. De acordo com a nova legislação, as autoridades competentes podem impor a realização de PASS como condições da AIM ou em sede de AIM concedida em circunstâncias especiais. Outra novidade da nova legislação de Farmacovigilância foi a criação de um novo comité da Agência Europeia do Medicamento, o Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC), que tem como objetivo avaliar todos os problemas de segurança de medicamentos ao nível da União Europeia e supervisionar todos os processos de Farmacovigilância que a legislação prevê. Como consequência dos esforços para aumentar a transparência das decisões e processos regulamentares, as minutas das reuniões mensais do PRAC são publicadas no website da Agência e listam todos os processos avaliados pelo PRAC, juntamente com um pequeno sumário das decisões tomadas em plenário. A disponibilidade destes documentos tornou possível a identificação dos protocolos dos PASS submetidos para avaliação do PRAC desde a implementação da nova legislação em Julho de 2012. A presente dissertação teve como objectivo a caracterização exaustiva dos protocolos dos estudos PASS submetidos ao PRAC durante os primeiros três anos da nova legislação de Farmacovigilância, descrevendo o âmbito e a metodologia dos estudos em várias vertentes. Pretendeu-se também reflectir sobre o nível de informação que se encontra publicamente disponível. Métodos Foram revistas todas as minutas das reuniões mensais do PRAC entre os períodos de Julho 2012 e Julho 2015 de modo a identificar cronologicamente todos os protocolos de PASS submetidos para avaliação do PRAC durante os três primeiros anos da nova legislação de Farmacovigilância. Para complementar a informação disponível nas minutas, foram consultados os Relatórios Públicos Europeus de Avaliação dos medicamentos em estudo, disponíveis no website da Agência, de forma a identificar o contexto regulamentar na origem do PASS. Por outro lado, foi também efetuada uma pesquisa no registo eletrónico de estudos de pós-autorização mantido pelo European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP) para obter informações mais detalhadas sobre a metodologia do estudo incluindo os próprios documentos dos protocolos que, estando disponíveis, providenciaram uma fonte de informação mais detalhada e exata. O número de rondas de revisão a que os protocolos foram submetidos, assim como a duração do processo desde a primeira submissão do protocolo até à aprovação do mesmo, foram calculados para os protocolos considerados autorizados no fim do período em análise. Na ausência de informação sobre o resultado da última avaliação de um determinado protocolo, foi assumido que o protocolo fora aprovado quando se encontrava inserido no registo eletrónico do ENCePP ou quando o protocolo não fora novamente mencionado nas minutas do PRAC durante mais de um ano até Julho de 2015. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e análises bivariadas recorrendo ao teste de qui quadrado com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Da revisão das minutas das reuniões mensais do PRAC entre Julho de 2012 e Julho de 2015 foram identificados 189 protocolos de PASS, de um total de 353 submissões para avaliação pelo comité. O resultado da avaliação pelo PRAC estava disponível em apenas cerca de um terço (30%) das 353 avaliações. Somente metade dos 189 PASS (49%) tinha sido inserida no registo eletrónico do ENCePP até Julho de 2015. A maioria dos 189 PASS (58%) dizia respeito a novas AIMs. Cerca de um terço (31%) dos 189 PASS foram impostos pelas Autoridades Regulamentares. A maior parte dos PASS incluía pelo menos um objetivo relacionados com a investigação de riscos ou ausência dos mesmos (74%), enquanto cerca de um terço (34%) continha pelo menos um objetivo relacionado com a avaliação de padrões de utilização do medicamento, e um quarto (25%) inseria pelo menos um objetivo relativo a avaliar a efetividade de atividades de minimização de risco. Cerca de um terço dos PASS (31%) combinava objetivos de pelo menos duas destas categorias. A grande maioria dos estudos PASS apresentava um desenho longitudinal (81%). No entanto, a maioria dos estudos com pelo menos um objetivo relacionado com avaliação da efetividade das medidas de minimização de risco (56%) tinha um desenho transversal. Constatou-se que um número ligeiramente superior de PASS (58%) tinha por base a recolha de dados primários (i.e. informação recolhida de novo para o estudo). Observou-se um padrão inverso entre os estudos com pelo menos um objetivo relativo à avaliação de padrões de utilização do medicamento dado que a recolha de dados em 58% destes estudos era baseada em fontes secundárias. No total, mais de dois terços (70%) dos estudos visavam a inclusão de uma população exposta exclusivamente ou prescritora do medicamento em avaliação. Verificou-se que os estudos com critérios de inclusão mais abrangentes, tais como outros medicamentos ou todos os doentes com determinada patologia, eram mais raros. A análise mais detalhada dos 57 protocolos disponíveis revelou que apenas um terço (33%) dos estudos referia um comparador (quer outro medicamento ou ausência do medicamento em estudo quer fontes externas) e que todos os PASS planeavam a inclusão de pelo menos um país europeu. Entre os 18 protocolos disponíveis de PASS com pelo menos um objetivo relativo à avaliação da efetividade das medidas de minimização do risco, a maioria não referia concretamente a forma como osucesso das mesmas seria avaliado. Um terço desses protocolos (33%) visava exclusivamenteinvestigar a efetividade dessas medidas através da aplicação de um questionário para avaliar oconhecimento e o comportamento auto-reportados. As áreas dos estudos referidas mais frequentemente como responsáveis pela rejeição dos protocolos pelo PRAC estavam relacionadas com aspetos do desenho do estudo (37%) e de exequibilidade (30%), sendo necessárias considerações adicionais para demonstrar que eventuais viés e limitações tinham sido adequadamente ponderados. Estes comentários corroboram a observação geral de que onível de detalhe incluído na maioria dos protocolos era escasso. A análise das métricas relativas ao número de revisões de cada protocolo e duração total do processo de revisão dos 37 protocolos com evidência de terem sido aprovados, sugeriu uma evolução positiva entre os PASS submetidos pela primeira vez no primeiro ano em análise e aqueles submetidos pela primeira vez no terceiro ano (redução de uma mediana de 3 para 2 revisões por protocolo e uma redução média de 6 meses na duração total de revisão). Discussão Este trabalho permitiu descrever pela primeira vez os protocolos de PASS submetidos ao PRAC durante os três primeiros anos da nova legislação de Farmacovigilância. Embora o facto deste trabalho ter sido possível reflita um nível de transparência sem precedentes, o nível de informação disponível é ainda limitado. Uma maior partilha das recomendações do PRAC resultantes da avaliação dos protocolos, uma maior adesão ao registo de PASS no portal eletrónico do ENCePP e o desenvolvimento de uma terminologia mais consistente, será importante para a partilha de boas práticas de modo a fomentar o desenvolvimento de PASS mais robustos. Por outro lado, o limitado nível de detalhe presente nos protocolos sugere alguma inconformidade com as boas práticas de Farmacoepidemiologia e Farmacovigilância, as quais enfatizam a fundamentação e descrição crítica dos métodos selecionados. Adicionalmente a articulação entre os objetivos dos PASS enquanto medidas adicionais de Farmacovigilância e os métodos empregues poderá beneficiar de uma maior colaboração entre os peritos de diferentes áreas. Conclusão Uma maior colaboração e partilha de informação e conhecimento entre diferentes áreas levará ao desenvolvimento de novos métodos customizados para as necessidades singulares dos PASS, tais como metodologias multidisciplinares direccionadas para avaliar a efetividade das medidas de minimização do risco. O resultado, contribuirá certamente para o estabelecimento de processos mais robustos e levará ao uso mais seguro dos medicamentos.

The study sought to establish the quality of Early Childhood Development (ECD) programmes. It was therefore important that the researcher investigates whether the ECD programmes were meeting the expectations of the quality indicators and consequently the holistic needs of ECD children. The qualitative design methodology was used in this study. Self-constructed observation checklists and in-depth interview guides were used. The participants in the study were 10 school heads, 10 ECD teachers and 10 ECD parents, one from each of the ten schools under study from Harare low and high density suburbs. The data were content analysed. The findings of the study revealed that school heads incompetently managed the ECD curriculum. It was also revealed in the study that ECD policies existed in schools but some were not adhered to which impacted negatively on the quality of ECD programmes. Findings of the study also revealed that the components of a quality ECD programme which included; nutrition, health and safety, parental involvement, stakeholder involvement, guidance and counselling in ECD were compromised. The study showed that ECD personnel qualifications were varied. The study also revealed that teaching methods in ECD were all child-centred though some ECD parents and school heads criticised the play-way and child-centred method of teaching. Findings revealed that material, financial and human resources were scarce. It was concluded that the quality of ECD programmes in Harare primary schools was compromised. It was recommended that training of all stakeholders on ECD management and organisation would bring about a better understanding of ECD programmes, mounting staff development workshops on practical skills training in guidance and counselling of ECD children for ECD teachers, school heads and counsellors and, inviting parents as resource persons when teaching certain concepts would improve the quality of ECD programmes. Recommendations for further study were made
Educational Studies
D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Money laundering involves activities which are aimed at concealing benefits that were acquired through criminal means for the purpose of making them appear legitimately acquired. Money laundering promotes criminal activities in South Africa because it allows criminals to keep the benefits that they acquired through their criminal activities. It takes place through a variety of schemes which include the use of banks. In this sense money laundering control is based on the premise that banks must be protected from providing criminals with the means to launder the benefits of their criminal activities. The Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 (‘FICA’) in aggregate with the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (‘POCA’) form the backbone of South Africa’s anti-money laundering regime. Like its international counterparts FICA imposes onerous duties on banks seeing that they are most often used by criminals as conduits to launder the benefits of crime. In turn, POCA criminalises activities in relation to the benefits of crime and delineates civil proceedings aimed at forfeiting the benefits of crime to the state. This study identifies the idiosyncrasies of the South African anti-money laundering regime and forwards recommendations aimed at improving its structure. To this end nine issues in relation to money laundering control and banks are investigated. The investigation fundamentally reveals that money laundering control holds unforeseen consequences for banks. In particular, a bank that receives the benefits of crimes such as fraud or theft faces prosecution if it fails to heed FICA’s money laundering control duties, for example, the filing of a suspicious transaction report. However, if the bank files a suspicious transaction report, it may be sued in civil court by the customer for breach of contract. In addition, if the bank parted with the benefits of fraud or theft whilst suspecting that the account holder may not be entitled to payment thereof, it may be sued by the victim of fraud or theft who seeks to recover loss suffered at the hand of the fraudster or thief from the bank. Ultimately, this study illustrates that amendment of some of the provisions of South Africa’s anti-money laundering legislation should enable banks to manage the aforementioned and other unforeseen consequences of money laundering control whilst at the same time contribute to the South African anti-money laundering effort.
Criminal and Procedural Law
Mercantile Law
LL.D.

The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations.