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1
Blocteur, Marie. « Les principes communs de la justice internationale ». Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010255.
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De nombreuses juridictions internationales coexistent désormais sur la scène judiciaire internationale. Au-delà de leur variété et de l'autonomie dont jouissent ces cours et tribunaux, n'est-il pas possible, cependant, de distinguer des principes qu'ils auraient en partage et qui les rattacheraient à un même ensemble? Si oui, cela emporte-t-il certaines conséquences? C'est à ces questions qu'entend répondre la présente thèse. À l’examen, les juridictions internationales reposent sur un certain nombre de principes communs relatifs à l’exercice de la justice. Encore faut-il déterminer quel est le degré de convergence dans l’application de ces principes par les juridictions internationales et mesurer l’écart entre leur application interne et leur mise en oeuvre internationale. Finalement, malgré des niveaux variables d’homogénéité observés, une approche internationale de la justice se dessine. Il apparaît ensuite que le partage de ces principes fédère ces juridictions internationales. En effet, les principes en jeu ne sont pas seulement généraux et communs. Ils sont également fondamentaux. Ils engendrent dès lors la formation d’un ensemble juridictionnel cohérent, cette « justice internationale » qui dépasse la seule référence à un conglomérat hétéroclite de juridictions internationales. Cette fonction judiciaire internationale conduit à la mise en relations informelle de ces cours et tribunaux internationaux et assure la montée en puissance, malgré certaines faiblesses.
2
Ferreira, John Kennedy. « Do socialismo utópico ao científico na América Latina : apontamentos sobre o encontro do comunismo latino-americano e a III Internacional Comunista ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-11032016-141317/.
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O debate sobre o socialismo americano começa no inicio do Século XIX e foi ganhando adeptos conforme cresceu sua importância dentro das sociedades latinas americanas. Ao mesmo tempo, foi seguido de várias rupturas e continuidades, várias e ricas abordagens sobre a Sociedade. O presente estudo busca resgatar essa contribuição e busca realizar um exame da organização do pensamento comunista e da III Internacional na América Latina. Este estudo desenvolve um panorama do inicio da formação do pensamento socialista no continente na primeira metade do Século XIX e centra sua preocupação em observar como foi o encontro entre o pensamento comunista latino americano e o comunismo da III Internacional. Ao mesmo tempo, detêm-se no impacto que a filiação dos partidos comunistas latino americano a III internacional teve no processo de amadurecimento de suas idéias, estratégicas e táticas, na ação política e na formação de um ideário de superação do Capitalismo pelo Socialismo.The debate about American socialism starts at the beginning of ninetieth century and won adepts as its importance grew up inside the latin-american societies. At the same time, was followed by several ruptures and continuities, several and valiant approaches about the society. This study seeks to rescue this contribution and seeks an examination of the communist thought organization and the III International in Latin-America. This study develops a panorama of the socialist thought beginning in the continent at the first half of ninetieth century and focus its preoccupation on observe how was the meeting between latin-american communist thought and the III International communism. At the same time, arrests in the impact that the filiation of Latin-American communist parties the III International had in the ripening process of its strategically ideas and tactics on political action and the formation of an ideology about an overcoming of the Capitalism by Socialism.
3
Gruin, Julian Y. « Communists constructing capitalism : socio-economic uncertainty, Communist party rule, and China's financial development, 1990-2008 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a70d4158-ac36-477c-accb-37f940071a0d.
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To what extent does China's experience of economic reform since 1989 compel a reconsideration of the ontological foundations of contemporary capitalist development? China's political economy remains characterized by a unique and resilient political structure (the Chinese Communist Party) that penetrates both 'private' (market) and 'public' (state) organizations. The conceptual rootedness of contemporary theories of comparative and international political economy in a distinctly Western historical experience of capitalist development hinders their ability to understand Chinese capitalism on its own terms—as historically, culturally, and globally embedded. To generate greater analytic traction in understanding China's otherwise paradoxical constellation of actors and dynamics, I argue that contemporary capitalism should be studied as a set of mechanisms for managing and exploiting socio-economic uncertainty, rather than according to the binary logics of state regulation and market competition. These mechanisms can be conceptualized as an overarching risk environment. On this basis, I trace how the cognitive frames, social institutions, and relational networks that emerged within the 'socialist market economy' in China's post-Tiananmen financial system have placed the Chinese Communist Party at the nexus of the state and the market. I argue that specific ideas emerged about how to manage the flow of capital, playing a significant role in underpinning expectations of financial growth and stability. During this period the financial system underpinned the CCP's capacity to both manage and exploit socio-economic uncertainty through the path of reform, forming a central explanatory factor in a developmental trajectory marked by a trifecta of rapid economic growth, macroeconomic stability, and deepening socio-economic imbalances. Rather than viewing the path of financial reform in China solely in terms of 'partial' or 'failed' free- market reform, it thus becomes possible to cast China's development in a new light as the product of a more concerted vision of how the financial system would enable a mode of economic development that combined the drive for capital accumulation with the distinctive socio-political circumstances of post-1989 China.
4
Zumoff, Jacob Andrew. « The Communist Party of the United States and the Communist International, 1919-1929 ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1382502/.
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The American Communist movement, born out of a left-wing split from the American Socialist Party in 1919, was divided into several hostile organisations that understood very little about American politics, culture or society. In its early years, the Communist International (Comintern) repeatedly intervened into the American Party. Far from hindering the Party's understanding and appreciation of American conditions, this intervention helped transform the Party from a marginal sect of isolated immigrants in 1920, to an important part of American politics in the 1930s. This intervention stemmed from the desire of the early Comintern, under the leadership of Lenin and Trotsky, to create an international revolutionary Communist movement. However, in the mid- 1920s, as the leadership and ideology of the Russian Communist party changed. Under the rubric of building 'socialism in one country', the Comintern now intervened more and more to create a stable, Pro-Stalin leadership. The first portion of this thesis, comprising the first four chapters, illustrates how between 1919 and 1923 Comintern intervention was necessary to politically and organisationally construct a Party. The Comintern helped achieve unity amongst the competing groups; forced the Party to take advantage of the opportunities for legal work; compelled the Party to intervene into the labour movement. The next four chapters examine the change in Comintern intervention between 1923 and 1929. During this period, internecine factionalism, increasingly devoid of a political basis,t ore the Party asunder,and sapped its ability to intervene into society. The Comintern continued to intervene, but largely to play one faction off against another. In the aftermath of the 1928 Sixth Congress, the Party leadership purged first its left, Trotskyist wing, led by James P. Cannon, and within the year, the right, Bukharnite, wing, led by Jay Lovestone. The Comintern then installed a pliant leadership that finally ended factionalism and carried the now Stalinised Party into the 1930s.The final chapter analyses the changing Communist perspective on the 'Negro Question', from ignoring black rights to championing the right of Southern blacks to independence. Here, the Comintern, acting on pressure from pioneer black Communists, insisted that the Party address this important issue.At the Sixth Congress, the Comintern adopted the theory that blacks in the American South were a oppressed nationality, and had the right to form a separate state. Whilst this programme was not in accord with reality, it forced the Party to aggressively fight for black rights, so that by the 1930s it was well known for its stand for black liberation.
5
Yuen, Kwok-kuen Patrick, et 袁國權. « Macau Grand Prix international community ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31984344.
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Bacon, Paul. « Liberalism, community and international relations ». Thesis, University of Kent, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298098.
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Yuen, Kwok-kuen Patrick. « Macau Grand Prix international community ». Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25950642.
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Frankowski, Hyuma, Kate McKeown et Joel Mulligan. « Building an International Cycling Community ». Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för maskinteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4120.
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With the increasing population and development of cities, addressing urban transportation is predicted to become a greater challenge. Cycling presents the opportunity to address urban mobility demands without the same degree of environmental, economic and social costs associated with conventional motorized transportation. The intent of this paper is to identify the commonalities and differences between cycling organisations, and what some examples of actions that take advantage of opportunities between these organisations could be. Backcasting from scientifically derived sustainability principles within the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development was used to validate our research topic. Qualitative research proceeded in four phases. Methods included: literature reviews, field visit, interviews, five-level and SWOT analyses, brainstorming and prioritisation. Research found communication and knowledge transfer within and between cycling organisations could be improved, but doing so requires leadership and resources that are usually lacking. Research also found that there is a desire to present cycling in an inspiring way, but there is a lack of expertise in doing so despite the current unprecedented increase in interest, initiatives and resource allocation related to cycling. As cycling gains more support, it will likely encourage a progressive shift throughout the entire transportation sector toward more sustainable development. This ultimately can play a significant role in moving toward a sustainable society.Please contact the authors by email.
9
Grandjonc, Jacques. « Communisme/Kommunismus/Communism : origine et développement international de la terminologie communautaire prémarxiste des utopistes aux babouvistes : 1785-1842 / ». Trier : Karl-Marx-Haus, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371662013.
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10
Goulène, Alain. « La Joint Venture, une technique juridique de coopération avec l'Europe de l'Est : l'exemple roumain ». Nice, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NICE0021.
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La joint venture internationale est l'une des techniques juridiques qui montre la mieux le mouvement vers la transnationalisation du droit. Cette opération met en place une nouvelle personne morale contrôlée par deux ou plusieurs unis par une confiance réciproque très forte. En tant que personne morale, la joint venture peut prendre n'importe quelle forme sociale prévue par un droit national. Cet instrument qu'est la société commerciale est soumis à un droit des sociétés qui ne peut être que national. En revanche, parce que les liens juridiques qui se créent entre les partenaires se réalisent par des contrats internationaux, ceux-ci sont soumis à un droit choisi par les parties et sont également caracterisées par la très grande liberté des parties. La joint venture contient par conséquent une bivalence droit des sociétés national contrat international. Cette bivalence se retrouve dans toute les joint ventures, notament dans celles constituées en Europe de l'Est, pays dits en transition. La Roumanie est l'exemple le plus significatif de cette transition politique, économique et juridique. L'objet de la recherche est de vérifier que la technique est la joint venture est adaptée à cet environnement roumain en transition. En effet, d'une part parce que la joint venture à une société commerciale de droit national, elle permet une intervention économique de l'état par le biais de la législation sur les sociétés commerciales. Cette intervention est d'autant plus importante lorque le partenaire roumain est lui même contrôlé par l'État, ce qui constitute aujourd'hui le cas le plus fréquent. D'autre part, parce que la joint venture est un ensemble de contrats internationaux, il sera possible de limiter les effets de l'ordre public national en internationalisant l'opération. Cette internationalisation se réalise par les règles habituelles de droit international privé et par réference à l'arbitrage commercial internationalThe international joint venture is the best legal device to point out the movement toward a transnational trend of the law. This operation sets up a legal entily, controlled by two or several partners bound together bw deep mutual trust. As a legal entity, joint ventures may have any corporate shape provided for by national law. The corporation, as an insturment, is governed by corporation law, that is only national law. On the other hand, as the legal ties which are set up between parners are affected through international agreements, the latter are submitted to any legal system chosen by the parties and are also characterized by the parties'wide freedom. Joint venture therefore include a twofold resulting from linked on the one hand to national corporation law and and the other hand to international agreements. This aspect can be found in any joint venture, specially those set up in eastem european countries, which are said to be countries in transition. Rumania is the most significant illustration to this political, economical and legal transition. Indeed, on the one side, because thue joint venture is a corposation under national law, ot enables the state's economic intervention through enactment of corporation law. This intervention is more significant when the rumanian partner is itself controlled by the state, which is the most frequent case today. On the other side, it will be possible to limit the effects of national public policy with the internationalizing of the operation. This internationalizing is done troblic policy with the internationalizing of the operation. This internationalizing
11
Kaapanda, M. N. « Decolonisation and the narration of international community ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63080.pdf.
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12
Mascarenhas-Keyes, Stella. « Migration and the international Catholic Goan community ». Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400545.
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13
Davis, Lori E. « Global community creating a living learning community for international and American students / ». [Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University], 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/685.
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14
Sandström, Karl. « Shadowlands - Responding to Terrorism in the International Community ». Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23915.
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Skugglandskap - Att svara på terrorism i det internationella samfundet Diskussionen är fokuserad på det problematiska förhållandet mellan en ny hotnivå från internationell terrorism, och internationell rätt som den är utformad idag. En utgångspunkt för diskussionen är antagandet att internationell rätt inte ger användbara verktyg för en internationell kontra-terrorism. Den statiska fokusen på mellan-statliga relationer och krigsbrott lämnar en bred grå-zon där både internationell terrorism och kontra-terrorism kan utvecklas under okontrollerade former. Saken kompliceras ytterligare av både krig och terrorisms förandrade natur. Det är ett slags "skugglandskap" där gränserna mellan internationell terrorist och kontra-terrorist, likaväl som mellan kombatant och icke-kombatant, riskerar att suddas ut bortom igenkänning. Internationell rätt har kommit att förlita sig på nationella lagar för för att handskas med förövarna av internationell terrorism. Det här beroendet har skapat en situation där stater som inte är villiga, eller förmögna, att stoppa terrorister från att operera från baser på deras territorium, har blivit fristader. Det verkar komma en förändring, men det är en förändring framdriven av stater med nog styrka att agera, inte av det internationella samfundet självt. Den underliggande tesen är att internationell rätt behöver anpassas till denna nya verklighet. Uppsatsen försöker besvara hur detta kan genomföras genom att granska de verktyg och konventioner som finns idag, samt diskutera angreppsvinklar och lösningar på problem inte täckta i, eller rent av skapade av, dessa. SLutligen föreslås en modell för en domstol för internationell terrorism som ett konstruktivt sätt att föra situationen under det internationell samfundets kontroll innan antingen terrorism eller kontra-terrorism spinner bortom kontroll.Shadow Lands-Responding to Terrorism in the International Community- The discussion is focused on the problematic relationship between a new level of threat from international terrorism, and international law as it is shaped today. A basis for the discussion is the assumption that international law does not provide applicable tools for an international counter terrorism. The static focus on inter-state relations and wartime offences leaves a wide grey area where both international terrorism and counter terrorism can evolve in uncontrolled conditions. Matters are complicated further by the changing nature both of war and terrorism. It is a “Shadow Lands” of sorts, where the demarcations between international terrorist and counter terrorist, as well as between combatant and non-combatant, could become blurred beyond distinction. International law has come to rely on national legislation to take care of perpetrators of international terrorism. This dependency has created a situation where states not willing, or able, to stop terrorists operating from bases in their territory become safe havens.There appears to be a change to this on the rise, but it is a change driven onwards by states powerful enough to take action, not the international community itself.The underlying thesis is that international law needs to adapt to this new reality. The discussion attempts to answer the question how this can be achieved by examining the tools and conventions available today and discuss approaches and solutions to problems not covered by, or originating in, these. Finally, there is suggested a type model for a court on international terrorism as a constructive way to bring the situation under the control of the international community before either terrorism, or counter terrorism, spins out of hand.
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Bourrinet, Philippe. « Aux origines du courant international communiste des conseils la gauche communiste hollandaise : du tribunisme au "conseillisme / ». Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612218p.
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Weaver, Samantha. « International financial statement analysis : the reaction of the UK investment community to international accounting differences ». Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308086.
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Cox, Marcus. « The making of a Bosnian State : international law and the authority of the international community ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272101.
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Enasri, Abdelaziz. « Les firmes en participation internationale ». Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX24001.
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Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier certains aspects stratégiques qui découlent de la formation de joint-ventures internationales. Le gouvernement local du pays qui accueille la joint-venture participe à la prise de décisions, soit en aidant les firmes locales, soit en imposant des taxes ou des tarifs sur les firmes étrangères qui participent à la joint-venture; le but de ce gouvernement est d'accroître le bien-être social. Les problèmes liés à la dissuasion de l'entrée, le transfert de technologie, la confidentialité des technologies des firmes multinationales, ainsi que l'instabilité de ce genre de coopération nous a amené à investir dans une approche qui permet d'expliquer mieux ce genre de coopération. Voir les trois derniers chapitres de cette thèse. Dans les trois premiers chapitres de la thèse nous avons exposé certains résultatsThe aim of this thesis is to study some strategical aspects in order to form an international joint-venture. In order to maximise the welfare of this country, the local government how receives the joint-venture participates in decision -making by subsiding national firm or and imposing a tax and tariff to foreign firm. The most problem engendered by entry deterrence, technology transfer, asymmetric information concerning the technology owned by multinational firms, and the instability merit a special investigation concerning this form of cooperation. We have exposed in last three chapters of this thesis our work concerning international joint-venture. In the three first chapters of this thesis, we have exposed the existing literature concerning joint-venture
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Black, Stephen P. « Crossing shadows Polish sovereignty, post-communist foreign policy and European security / ». Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA246590.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): lTsypkin, Mikhail. Second Reader: Laba, Roman. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 01, 2010. DTIC Descriptor(s): Foreign policy, Europe, warfare, global, united states, strategy, security, theses, memory devices, integration, internal, history, Germany, crossings, eastern Europe, Poland, bridges, shadows, east(direction), disintegration, central Europe, USSR DTIC Identifier(s): Poland, Eastern Europe, European security, theses Author(s) subject terms: Poland, Eastern Europe, European security Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.
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Byers, Sean. « Seán Murray, the Irish Republican left and international communism, 1916-1962 ». Thesis, Ulster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604659.
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This thesis focuses on Irish communism and the republican left, using Seán Murray’s political career as a nexus between Ireland and the international context. Using newly released and previously under-utilised archival material, the thesis concentrates on two main issues. Firstly, it addresses Murray’s relationship with the international communist movement, challenging and adding nuances to extant research on Irish ‘Stalinism’. Murray had a firm grasp of Marxist-Leninist theory, tactics and methods of organisation. Yet he endured a complex and difficult relationship with the international communist hierarchy and with the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in particular. Murray developed independent, nationally specific policies and tactics for the Communist Party of Ireland (CPI), often arguing for a liberal interpretation of Comintern policy. In fact, on a number of occasions, he anticipated shifts in Comintern thinking. Secondly, the thesis examines socialist republicanism between 1916 and 1962 from Murray’s perspective. It argues that a proclivity to pursue communist-republican alliances brought out in Murray both the crudest and most advanced forms of socialist republican thinking. Unique in his era, Murray combined aspects of Marxism-Leninism with fundamentally Connollyist analyses of Irish conditions and demonstrated an understanding of imperialism on two levels. He failed to develop a communist-republican synthesis. However, in the final analysis, he articulated an inclusive, left social democratic vision of republicanism which drew upon diverse sources of inspiration.
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Sutch, P. D. E. « Constructing an international community : a developmental communitarian account of the politics and philosophy of international relations ». Thesis, Swansea University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639137.
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This thesis critically explores contemporary liberal international relations theory. It argues that philosophical, empirical and epistemological challenges to the dominant liberal cosmopolitan position require a re-examination of a tradition of liberal thought that cultivates ideas drawn from the often obscured non-Kantian ancestry of liberal theory. This tradition is presented here as developmental communitarianism. This tradition is constructed to present the Hegelian-liberal theory of Mervyn Frost, the communitarian-liberal theory of Michael Walzer and the political liberalism of John Rawls as important alternatives to the current orthodoxy of Kantian cosmopolitanism. After an exploration of the current empirical and theoretical debates that explore the issues surrounding globalization, interdependence and the philosophical justification of international relations theory this thesis argues that constructivist reasoning provides the only secure grounding for a political theory of international relations. The requirements of constructivist reasoning, taken principally from the work of Onora O'Neill, are simply that acceptable international relations theory must be accessible to all relevant others. That is, it must not rely upon dubious or highly contestable pedicates. Cosmopolitanism, despite a rich and much called upon history and O'Neill's comprehensive development of its grounding principles, cannot and does not fulfil these requirements. The arguments it uses in defence of contemporary liberal claims that urge the creation of a greater human rights culture, or claim to have discovered the necessity of a greater ius-cosmopoliticum or to insist on the dissolution of sovereign boundaries, are shown to be wanting in many respects. In seeking to establish a genuinely constructivist liberal theory the principal claim of this thesis is that the developmental communitarian method of Frost, Walzer and Rawls and the reconstructed conceptions of liberal international ethics that they offer shows the way forward for a just liberal solution to the problems of contemporary international politics.
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Martin, Robert Joseph. « Community development within selected regional sectors of southwest China as understood by international specialists ». Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2000. http://www.tren.com.
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Chun, Philip. « The Paths to Power in the Chinese Communist Party ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/867.
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China’s current crop of leaders has inherited a country full of promise. After the disastrous socialist transformation under Mao, Deng Xiaoping and his successors have implemented large scale, successful economic and social reforms and in less than two generations brought China to the forefront of the global economy. As a result they have gartered most of the praise, glory, and often, economic windfall, associated with China’s success. The goal of this thesis is to examine the complex, non-linear fashion in which China’s top leadership is chosen, and explore the best possible paths to ascend the ranks of the Chinese Communist Party. An investigation of China’s current governing leaders’ paths to power will be included to illuminate how various factors including merit, patronage, institutional role, and luck play a part in the ultimate makeup of China’s top leadership. Key findings show that family pedigree, faction loyalty, and exceptional performance in important roles, especially in provincial governments are the most influential variables when predicting Chinese leadership.
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Kiprota, Sally Jebet. « The East African Community (EAC) achievements and challenges since 2001 ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10945.
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Includes bibliographical references.This thesis explores the achievements and challenges of the East African Community (EAC), since its revival. The study while focusing on functionalism as the theoretical concept, examines the progress that the EAC has made towards achieving its goals and objectives, and highlights EAC’s integration challenges. Despite being in its formative stages and facing integration challenges, the five East African countries; namely Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi, are fully determined to integrate the region economically, socially and politically.
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Pironon, Valérie. « Les joint ventures : Contribution à l'étude juridique d'un instrument de coopération internationale ». Paris 2, 2002. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247109319.
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Issues de la pratique des affaires aux Etats-Unis, les joint ventures sont devenues sous l'influence de la pratique internationale des instruments de coopération internationale permettant d'organiser le contrôle conjoint d'une entreprise dans l'intérêt commun de deux ou plusieurs partenaires indépendants. L'étude du montage de la joint venture dans la pratique (première partie) permet de saisir l'originalité du schéma contractuel dont la répétition a permis aux arbitres de dégager des règles d'interprétation spécifiques. Le complexe contractuel qui est à sa base (Titre 1) est unifié grâce au contrat de joint venture qui fait figure de contrat cadre de coopération (Chapitre 1), et exécuté au moyen de contrats d'application interdépendants (Chapitre 2). Les structures de l'entreprise (Titre 2) incitent à distinguer les joint ventures personnalisées dans lesquelles l'opération est conduite par le truchement d'une personne morale distincte (Chapitre 1), et les joint ventures non personnalisées qui demeurent contractuelles ou prennent la forme d'une société en vertu du droit compétent (Chapitre 2). L'unité de l'opération est assurée par une technique contractuelle particulière au terme de laquelle le groupement personnalisé est contractualisé pour permettre le contrôle conjoint de l'entreprise, le groupement non personnalisé organisé pour faire face à sa durée et à sa complexité. L'analyse de l'accueil de la joint venture dans l'ordre international (deuxième partie) conduit à constater que ce schéma contractuel original s'est répandu tout en étant soumis aux droits nationaux et non du fait de son autonomie par rapport à ces derniers. L'institutionnalisation de la joint venture (Titre 1) a permis à de nombreux pays à économie dirigée de s'ouvrir à l'investissement étranger (Chapitre 1), et offre aujourd'hui encore dans plusieurs Etats un cadre juridique pour la réalisation d'un investissement (Chapitre 2). En l'absence de réglementation spécifique, la reconnaissance de la joint venture (Titre 2) dépend de la détermination du droit applicable (Chapitre 1) et de l'intervention des lois de police (Chapitre II). L'application des méthodes traditionnelles de détermination du droit compétent doit ainsi être adaptée à l'existence d'un complexe contractuel et souvent d'une société qui est forcément qualifiée et régie par un droit étatique, tandis que les lois de police sont appelées, notamment en droit de la concurrence et en droit du travail, à prendre en considération la fonction singulière de la joint venture : le contrôle conjoint d'une entreprise.
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Bourrinet, Philippe. « La gauche communiste hollandaise : 1907-1950 : aux origines du courant communiste international des conseils : du "tribunisme" au "conseillisme / ». Paris : Centre d'histoire du syndicalisme, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366764843.
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Bourrinet, Philippe. « Aux origines du courant communiste international des conseils : la Gauche communiste hollandaise (1907-1950) : du tribunisme au conseillisme ». Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010553.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L'école marxiste hollandaise, courant révolutionnaire symbolise par les noms de gorter et pannekoek, s'est formée au début du siècle. En opposition au 'réformisme' et a l'opportunisme de la IIe internationale, elle fut d'abord soutenue par Lénine, avant d'être attaquée par lui dans "la maladie infantile du communisme". Lors de la révolution allemande, elle s'érigea en tête théorique du mouvement des conseils (unions, kapd), antisyndical et antiparlementaire. Le courant international de la gauche communiste germano-hollandaise, hostile à la politique de l'état russe, fut expulse du Kominterm en 1921. Désormais, cette gauche devient le moteur du courant communiste des conseils, oppose au 'communisme de parti' et au 'communisme d'état' russes. Apres 1933, les 'conseillistes' hollandais se replient sur les Pays-Bas, prenant la direction théorique des groupes communistes des conseils rescapes de la catastrophe allemande. Hostile à toute organisation politique, le GIC de pannekoek et canne-meijer disparut en 1940. Malgré un bref renouveau après 1945, avec le Spartacus bond, le 'conseillisme' hollandais s'éteignit progressivement. Apres 1968, le courant 'conseilliste' a exercé une influence idéologique non négligeable par son rejet des appareils politiques et syndicaux du "vieux mouvement ouvrier", souvent conteste à la base. Le 'conseillisme' présente beaucoup de similitudes aujourd'hui avec le courant anarchisteThe 'dutch marxist school', a revolutionary current represented most by gorter and pannekoek, arrose at the turn of the century. In opposition to the 'reformism' and 'opportunism' of the 2. International, it was first supported by lenin, before he rebuffed them in 1920. During the german revolution (1918-21), they became the theoretical leaders of the "councils movement" (aau, kapd), standing up against unionism and parlamentarism. This communist 'dutch-german' left - hostile to the russian state policy - was expelled from komintern in 1921. The council communist current fought the 'party communism' and the 'state communism'. After 1933 this one 'withdrew' to the netherlands and took over the theoretical head of the concilist groups who had escaped from the german catastrophe. Hostile to any political organization, the dutch gic of pannekoek and canne-meijer disappeared in 1940. Despite a short revival in 1945 (spartacusbond), the dutch 'councilism' little by little faded away. After 1968 the councilism had a significant ideological influence by its rejection of all political and trade unionist apparatus of the 'old workers' movement', which the rank and file of the workers often criticise. 'Councilism' today has many similarities with the old anarchist current
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Berger, Julia. « Divine polity : the Baha'i international community and the United Nations ». Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/66680/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis argues that in order to understand more fully the engagement of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with the United Nations-specifically NGOs that express a religious or faith-based commitment-we must consider both their actions and the rationale behind them, the what as well as the why. To study the underlying rationale, the thesis introduces the concept of the organizational substrate, which offers a new analytical tool to draw out this undertheorized dimension of religious NGOs (Chapter 2). The substrate complements the analytical tools currently deployed by social scientists and goes beyond descriptions of organizational behavior to examine the internal rationale underpinning the behavior. The internal rationale is explored through a focused analysis of the Bahá'í International Community's United Nations Office (BIC). This organization is selected because of its reputation as a valued and effective contributor in UN fora; its seventy-year history of engagement (1945-2015); and its scriptural engagement with questions of politics and world order. The thesis also contributes to the nascent scholarship about UN-accredited religious NGOs outside of the Christian tradition. Having identified the constitutive elements of the BIC's organizational substrate, using a hermeneutic and historical approach, the thesis develops a distinct periodization of the BIC's engagement from 1945-2015. The periodization provides a historical framework (though not a historical analysis) for examining the manner in which the substrate shapes action across different historical circumstances. Each of the four historical periods offers evidence of the salience of the organizational substrate for understanding the operation of the NGO. The first period, 1945-1970 (Chapter 3) enables us to see the manner in which the substrate frames the BIC's rationale for engagement with the UN and its understanding of the UN in the context of the broader processes of civilizational, social and political evolution. In the second period, 1970-1986 (Chapter 4), the thesis demonstrates the pivotal role of Bahá'í authoritative structures in articulating, elucidating, and socializing the substrate of the organization. Between 1986 and 2008 (Chapter 5), the substrate-based analysis reveals a distinct epistemology and methodology-associated with the conception and pursuit of peace. During the final period, 2008-2015 (Chapter 6), the substrate undergirds the shift to an explicitly discursive, organic approach to engagement in UN processes, and a reconceptualization of the terms of engagement with the UN. This thesis goes beyond social scientific approaches to the study of religious actors at the UN, to demonstrate that knowledge and action require understanding of the distinct rationality of each NGO. It is by identifying and observing the operation of the organizational substrate that this pivotal and foundational element of NGO engagement at the UN comes to light.
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Schmidt, Elizabeth. « Acculturation of American Racial Narratives in an Increasingly International Community ». Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors155716253521604.
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Nyambura, Simon K. « Post-conflict reconstruction in Africa : the role of international community ». Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13178.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Doctor of PhilosophySchool of Security Studies
Emizet Kisangani
This dissertation analyzes the role that the international community has played in African states' post-conflict reconstruction. It thus intends to answer three questions: How does the presence or the absence of coordination among international and local actors contribute to the success or failure of post-conflict reconstruction? How does the international community’s coordination influence the architecture of post-conflict state reconstruction in Africa? How do actors, leadership, and power within a coordination network structure affect post-conflict reconstruction? The study argues that lack of coordination between the international and local actors is a critical factor explaining the failure of rebuilding states after civil wars. It develops a new theoretical framework (Hybridized model) that combines market, hierarchical, and network models of coordination. This coordination theory shows how actors, leadership, and power influence coordination network structure to enhance post-conflict reconstruction efforts. This theory postulates that a small number of actors, as well as the presence of a legitimate leadership and a powerful actor in a coordination network tends to enhance post-conflict coordination. The dissertation tests this theory using quantitative method which combines 26 African countries that have experienced repeated state building after civil war from 1970 to 2009 and qualitative method, especially structured focused comparison and process tracing, of four post-conflict countries that include Kenya, Sudan, Namibia, and Rwanda. The findings support the theoretical argument.
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Baglino, Michael. « Relevance of the community college curriculum to the international student ». FIU Digital Commons, 1992. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1368.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the perception of the level of satisfaction that international students have regarding the services and the relevance of the curriculum offered at Miami-Dade Community College. Trends and issues at universities and community colleges in providing services and an international curriculum for foreign students are outlined. Focus is on characteristics, personal and career needs as well as needs of national development for the students' countries.
A sample of students from four developing nations was selected to qualitatively and quantitatively determine their level of satisfaction. The nations are the Bahamas, Colombia, Haiti and Pakistan. Students responses were recorded through group interviews, four personal interviews, an open ended questionnaire and a Likert scaled survey questionnaire. Matrix charts, mean calculations and one way analysis of variance were used to analyze data collected. Country of origin and major program of study were the variables used for statistical analysis.
Information gathered through qualitative research presented a variety of perspectives and responses, both positive and negative. Students supplied specific examples of experiences and insights to help explain their various perceptions. Statistically, there were no significant differences between the variables of country of origin and major program of study regarding program services and relevance of the curriculum. Implications and recommendations for community college programs were outlined.
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Paddison, Brendan. « Governance and community advocacy in tourism development : an international comparison ». Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10099/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Different types of governance structures exist and operate in tourism, with these approaches always changing as they develop into more suitable or effective forms by adjusting to specific contexts and situations. Consequently, collaboration and partnerships have become a key element of destination management, with an increased recognition of the range of stakeholders who have an interest in tourism planning and development. Ideally, these partnership arrangements would ensure relevant stakeholders from government, business and voluntary sectors are engaged in decision making. However, difficulty in accommodating a wide variety of interests within collaborative governance structures is apparent, often culminating in conflict and power imbalances between stakeholder groups. The structures and representation mechanisms in place appear to be crucial in enabling a balanced perspective and effective representation of the destination community. Therefore, collaborative approaches need to be examined within broader notions of governance, with an examination of the appropriate role of government and the changing relationships and expectations between government and communities. The purpose of this study was to analyse and interpret governance approaches in tourism from an international perspective, addressing the need to understand the relevant structures, processes and the implications for stakeholder representation in the different approaches of governance. This study employed a qualitative comparative case study methodology, with case studies explored from York (United Kingdom) and Seville (Spain), involving a total of 42 interviews with key informants. Two approaches to tourism governance were examined and were found to differ in their representation and participation of stakeholders. The research identified a framework for stakeholder collaboration centred on the engagement of networks and associations within a destination governance approach. Finally, and as a consequence of the analysis, a framework for evaluating tourism governance structures is outlined and contributes both a method and a perspective that is available to evaluate governance arrangements in other tourist destinations.
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Nicholls, Shelton Michael Anthony. « Economic integration in the Caribbean community (Caricom) : from federation to the single market ». Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338496.
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Chahine, Gaby. « La joint venture sociétaire internationale : modélisation et contraintes ». Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON10046.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La joint venture est une opération du commerce international. Elle procède d'un complexe contractuel hiérarchisé et tourné vers la réalisation d'un objectif économique commun. Le montage est formé d'un accord de base et de plusieurs autres contrats satellites. L'accord de base est un acte constitutif de la coopération, mais aussi un acte de prévision et de gestion des risques inhérents à la coopération internationale. Enfin l'accord de base est un acte d'accompagnement et d'organisation du contrôle conjoint de l'entreprise. La joint venture est aussi un opérateur qui est introduit sur un marché interne sous la forme d'une société de capitaux. La cohabitation du contrat et de la société est ainsi une première source de difficultés. En effet, la finalité est de dissocier, au sein de la société, la connexion radicale entre le capital et le pouvoir afin d'instaurer une règle d'égalité. L'évolution de la joint venture dans un contexte international est la seconde source de difficultés. Il est dès lors nécessaire de déterminer le droit applicable. Cependant, les difficultés de localisation de la joint venture marquent les limites des solutions du DIP et appellent le recours à d'autres solutions alternatives telles que la lex mercatoria.
35
Chou, Chieh-Hsing. « International students' learning experiences in Taiwanese higher education ». Thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3580608.
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Aranda, Michael J. « The Economic-Dynamics of the Military in Communist Regimes : A Comparison of Cuba, China and Vietnam ». FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/296.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present study focuses on the factors that can increase or decrease military-economic involvement in communist regimes. This anomalous form of military behavior, labeled as the Military Business Complex (MBC), emerged in various communist regimes in the 1980s. However, in the early 2000s, the communist governments of China and Vietnam began to decrease the number of industries managed by their military institutions, while these industries increased in Cuba. This current study asks why the Cuban MBC regime increased in the early 2000s, while the Chinese and Vietnamese ceased or reduced their MBC involvement. Through a comparative analysis of all three military institutions, this study argues that certain evolving elements within the communist-party-military spectrum in Cuba caused it to expand its military managed-economy. By highlighting the different patterns of MBC evolution in communist regimes, this study sheds light on the general phenomenon of how military institutions exert political and economic influence.
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Ceresa, Robert. « Tocqueville in Miami : political culture and political organizing in Miami's Cuban community ». FIU Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2098.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study examines the effectiveness of civic organizations focusing on leadership and the role of culture in politics. The study is based on a quasi-experimental research design and relies primarily on qualitative data. The study focuses on Miami's Cuban community in order to examine the role of public initiative in grassroots civic and community organizations.
The Miami Cuban community is a large, institutionally complex and cohesive ethnic community with dense networks of community organizations. The political and economic success of the community makes it an opportune setting for a study of civic organizing. The sheer number of civic organizations to be found in Miami's Cuban community suggests that the community's civic organizations have something to do with the considerable vibrancy and civic capacity of the community. How have the organizations managed to be so successful over so many years and what can be learned about successful civic organizing from their experience?
Civic organizations in Miami's Cuban community are overwhelmingly ethnic-based organizations. The organizations recreate collective symbols that come from community members' memories of and attachments to the place of origin they hold dear as ethnic Cubans. They recreate a collective Cuban past that community members remember and that is the very basis of the community to which they belong.
Cuban Miami's ethnically based civic organizations have generally performed better than the literature on civic organizations says they should. They gained greater access to community ties and social capital, and they exhibited greater organizational longevity. The fit between the political culture of civic organizations and that of the broader political community helps to explain this success. Yet they do not perform in the same way or in support of the same social purposes. Some stress individual agency rather than community agency, and some pursue an externally-oriented social purpose, whereas others focus on building an internal community.
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Alsaid, Mohamad. « International Protection of Children Education During Armed Conflicts and the International Community Response (A Case Study of Syria) ». Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21086.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research critically examines the international protection of children education during the Syrian armed conflict since 2011. It identifies the reasons behind the failure of the international community in providing the necessary protection and its impacts on the Syrian children education. It analyzes the legal protection available to children education in situations of armed conflict in accordance with the international law. In order to evaluate the reluctance of the international community humanitarian intervention under the principle of Responsibility to Protect, this research used the textual analysis method and the realism and liberalism theories. Altogether, during the eight years of the ongoing Syrian conflict, children right to education have been violated throughout Syria, and millions have been out of schools, and many are at high risk to dropout. The research concludes that the vetoes in the Security Council and political and economic considerations among the superpowers have overcome the legal protection.
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Velia, Myriam Agnes Isabelle. « Trade policy and adjustment in the textile and clothing industry : the European Community and Mauritius ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321353.
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Agafonov, Anton. « Western "Security Community" and Russia : Mutual Construction of Insecurities ». Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28720.
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Hancock, Kathleen J. « Surrendering sovereignty : hierarchy in the international system and the former Soviet Union / ». Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3027046.
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Patil, Vrushali Bhaskar. « Space, identity and international community : negotiating decolonization in the United Nations ». College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3696.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Sociology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Katselli, Eleni. « Countermeasures, the non-injured state and the idea of international community ». Thesis, Durham University, 2005. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2874/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The evolution of the concepts of jus cogens norms and obligations owed to the international community as a whole has had a strong impact on the work of the International Law Commission for the codification of the law on State responsibility. The acceptance that not all primary international norms were of the same gravity or significance because of the nature of the rights they seek to protect could not but influence the legal consequences to derive from the violation of such norms. However, the categorization of internationally wrongful acts to serious and less serious raises significant questions concerning the enforcement of these 'superior' norms, but also the subjects entitled to invoke the responsibility of the wrongdoing State in case of their infringement. Yet, the adoption of the 2001 Final Articles on State Responsibility has far from concluded the debate over the entitlement of States other than the individually injured to resort to countermeasures. Whilst the ILC has found that State practice supporting a right to third-State countermeasures in response to the violation of these collective interests is still inconclusive, Article 54, which makes a general reference to "lawful measures" rather than "countermeasures", leaves the settlement of the issue to the further development of international law. The question of third-State countermeasures becomes even more compelling in the absence of effective and compulsory mechanisms for the protection and enforcement of the most fundamental interests of the international community. The current research attempts to unfold the notion of third-State countermeasures as explored in the work of the ILC and as developed in international theory and practice. Most important, and in view of the possibility of the recognition of a right to third-State countermeasures in the future, this work places particular emphasis on the need of restraint, and in particular on the principle of proportionality.
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Cragg, Stephan Ernest. « International Education in the Public Community Colleges of Oregon and Washington ». PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1290.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There were at least five purposes in pursuing research on international education in the public community colleges of Oregon and Washington states. The first purpose was to fully demonstrate a new and original taxonomy of ten elements, or dimensions, found in defining and describing international education. A second purpose was to add to the body of knowledge and research on international education practices at the nation's community colleges through an extensive literature search and original research. A third purpose of the study was to identify and describe the current status of international educational programs and activities of the forty-three public community colleges of the two state region through the use of quantitative data obtained in a survey questionnaire. Another purpose was to identify and describe three case studies of the most highly developed community colleges, at least one from each of the two states, in the arena of international education. A fifth purpose of this study was to provide several conclusions and recommendations to those community college leaders interested in improving upon international education programs and practices. Two research questions led the investigator to utilize two different research methods: The survey questionnaire and the case study. The research questions were: 1. What is the current status of international education programs among the public community colleges of Oregon and Washington? And 2. How and why did the international education programs and activities evolve and develop at the three most highly developed public community colleges of Oregon and Washington? The first method was used to survey the field of international education and to select three of the most highly developed community colleges in the two state region. The case study method, or the second method, was used to probe deeply into the international education programs and activities of the three most highly developed community colleges in Oregon and Washington. The results of the research methodology were reported in two different chapters and provide the findings and recommendations about the field of international education. The research was also defined by nine propositions suggested at the outset of the study. It was thought that international education programs and activities of Oregon and Washington community colleges evolved and developed through: The efforts of strong presidential leadership; large community colleges found in urban areas; the presence of international students; the presence of full-time international education administrators; the presence of international education grants from external funding sources; the presence of a strong global curriculum; the presence of strong foreign language programs; the presence of full-time faculty born in other countries; and, the presence of full-time faculty who have lived and travelled abroad. The results of the nine study propositions were mixed. The research led to twelve specific recommendations for those wanting to either evaluate their existing efforts and for those wanting to enter the very dynamic and exciting field of international education
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Scully, Roger Michael. « Two-level games and the European community : understanding domestic-international linkages / ». The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148795356777175.
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Emerson, Mary L. (Mary Latrelle). « International Education Programs at Community Colleges in the State of Texas ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279066/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study examined international education (IE) programs in Texas community colleges to determine how they compare to a general, theoretical model of IE programs discussed in the literature. The study proposed: (a) to describe, through a review of literature, the components of IE; (b) to describe the administration of IE within the Texas community colleges; (c) to identify existing IE instructional activities; (d) to describe the student support services related to IE which are in practice; (e) to describe what community and out of country outreach components are in operation; and (f) to determine how the IE programs in Texas community colleges compare to theoretical components of IE programs as identified in the literature.
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Hope, Mortimer. « Regulation of international mobile roaming in the Southern African Development Community ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23747.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) experiences high levels of cross border human traffic due to trade, cultural and language links across the fifteen countries. Technological advances and increased domestic competition have contributed to lower domestic retail tariffs for mobile cellular services. Unfortunately, this has not extended to international mobile roaming (IMR) retail tariffs which remain unacceptably high. These high tariffs have attracted harsh criticism from commentators and prompted calls for regulatory intervention. This study investigates the level of international mobile roaming (IMR) retail tariffs, usage and demand elasticity. It further considers whether competition or regulation play a greater role in reducing these tariffs and whether regulatory intervention is likely to reduce competition. The research took the form of a quantitative study and used an online survey questionnaire as the data collection tool. The results of the study confirmed that international mobile roaming (IMR) retail tariffs are indeed high, resulting in poor uptake by cost conscious travellers who pay for their own cellular usage. The finding that competition plays a greater role than regulation in reducing IMR retail tariffs is not significant. It was concluded that neither competition nor regulation are sufficient on their own to provide increased social welfare. The best result is obtained when competition is allowed to flourish, underpinned by an enabling regulatory framework. CopyrightDissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Mukwevho, Shavhani Abraham. « The Southern African Development Community (SADC) intervention in the Lesotho conflict in 1998 ». Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32878.
Texte intégralRésumé :
What role does regional organisation play when peace and security is at stake in the region? Although several literatures on the Lesotho conflict of 1998 have been written, the intervention by Southern African Development Community does not answer the question if the intervention was carried out in compliance with the SADC Treaty and Protocols on Peace and Security. The effectiveness of a regional organisation in resolving conflicts, strengthens regionalism and create environment conducive for economic growth and political stability. While the Lesotho conflict in 1998 was resolved through the use of armed forces, it posed challenges for an empirical approach, in that regard the qualitative approach was followed to obtain information from the existing literature, journals and magazines on the conflict resolution and management. The Lesotho conflict of 1998 serves as a good case study to illustrate the role of SADC on peace and security and the impact on regional integration. In order to comprehend and make efficient analysis of the impact of the SADC interventions in the Lesotho conflict 1998, the theories and approaches that define the characteristics of actors and behavioural patterns leading to the integration while some might provide strategies for conflict resolution were considered. The discussion on normative and institutional framework of SADC on peace and security, serves as a platform to analyse the SADC's Organ on Politics, Defence, Security and Cooperation. The study further analyses the nature and the root causes of conflict and the role players such as the military forces from member states in conflict resolution and management. The study concludes that SADC's intervention in Lesotho conflict 1998 was without full mandate of member states as the decision was not recommended from the cluster Ministerial Committee to be approved by the Summit or the Organ on Troika. The armed forces that intervened were from South Africa and Botswana whose interest did not represent the region as whole. However, it is argued that when the state's peace and security is at stake, the choices are limited and therefore it could be justified to take any action to resolve the conflict without necessarily following all the procedures, and that simply justify the intervention by the South Africa National Defence Force in resolving the Lesotho conflict in 1998.
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Ledger, Gillian Deborah. « Analysis of the impact of East European change upon European Community and East European liner shipping ». Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2018.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In its attempt to analyse the impact of East European change upon the European Community and East European liner shipping industries this thesis covers an extensive range of highly topical subject areas. The wide range of non uniform information gleaned from the research and the question of spurious objectivity form the main arguments behind the use of qualitative rather than quantitative assessment throughout. The diverse study area also necessitated a narrowing to the case of Polish Ocean Lines' North Atlantic operations to enable a meaningful analysis to be carried out. The early part of the thesis examines the background to the East European situation before moving on to identify the main issues that directly affect Polish shipping, through the use of a Contextual model. Using the information gained here a newly developed Contextual Matrix Model then enables the main issues to be extracted. These issues indicate that the changes affecting Polish Ocean Lines require an exercise in repositioning. To assess this fully a framework approach is developed to determine Polish Ocean Lines' position for 1988 and 1992. A further framework is then created for the European Community competitors' 1992 position, in order that a positional comparison can be carried out with Polish Ocean Lines. The results of the comparison indicate that repositioning is taking place at Polish Ocean Lines as a direct reaction to the changes occurring throughout East Europe. The discussion concludes that this is a dynamic, volatile and topical area which raises a number of points of possible interest for further research.
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Moore, Joe Wesley. « Information warfare, cyber-terrorism and community values ». Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29563.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Information Warfare involves the attack and defense of information and information systems, both in time of armed conflict and in operations short of war. While information technology provides the promise of a new class of less lethal military instruments, it also presents vulnerabilities occasioned by widespread dependence on an increasingly complex and interconnected global information infrastructure. These vulnerabilities, when exploited by those who would target civilians in order to inspire widespread fear in hopes of accomplishing a political agenda, can be understood as cyber-terrorism.As information warfare techniques evolve, those employing them should look to several relevant sources for normative guidance. Relevant, internationally shared values can be found in international custom, the U.N. Charter, treaties dealing with the subject of "cybercrime," those governing the communication media likely to be utilized by information warriors, UNGA Resolutions and those treaties and customary norms that make up the Law of Armed Conflict.