Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Concordata suspensiva »

A candidin, which is a suspension of killed yeast cells, is commonly used for intradermal tests of delayed hypersensitivity, to evaluate the immunological cellular competence of the patient, when the test is applied along with other similar tests. When working with a cellular antigen, the histopathology of positive skin tests reveals a cellular infiltrate which not only presents a characteristic hypersensitivity reaction but also a neutrophilic abscess in the central part. This research presents the results of a comparison between the yeast cell suspension and the polysaccharide antigens, both obtained from the same strains of Candida albicans. The results obtained by skin tests in one hundred individuals were 61.0% with the polysaccharide antigen and 69.0% with the yeast cell suspension antigen. Concordant results concerning the two antigens were observed in 82.0% of the individuals. The discussion section presents an assumption to explain the differences of positivity obtained with the two antigens. We conclude that the polysaccharide antigen can be utilized in the intradermal test of delayed hypersensitivity to Candida albicans.

A novel oligonucleotide suspension microarray (Luminex microsphere system) was developed for the rapid detection of avian respiratory viruses of major clinical importance. This test was optimized and validated with 70 clinical samples. The developed tool was accurate for high-throughput detection and differentiation of the most important avian respiratory viruses: avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infection bronchitis virus (IBV), and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in single- and mixed-virus infections. A multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), followed by a monoplex or a multiplex Luminex assays, were realized using a Luminex 200 analyzer instrument. The sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the multiplex DNA suspension microarray system were evaluated. The results showed no significant differences in the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) value in monoplex and multiplex Luminex assays. The sensitivity and specificity proved to be completely concordant with monoplex real-time RT-PCR. We demonstrated that the multiplex DNA suspension microarray system is an accurate, high-throughput, and relatively simple method for the rapid detection of the main respiratory viruses of poultry.

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the anti-stress activity of Cassia auriculata ethanolic seed extract in mice. Methodology: The anti-stress effect was evaluated by using Elevated plus maze (EPM), Force swimming test (FST) and Tail suspension test (TST). The ECS at a doses (250,500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o.) and standard (diazepam 2 mg/kg i.p and fluoxetine 20 mg/kg i.p) was administered. Results: The extract showed the increased in the number of entries and time spent in open arm in Elevated plus maze and decreased in the immobility time in both Force swimming test and Tail suspension test. Conclusion: The effect of ESC on animal behavior was concordant with a significant regulation of GABA and stress hormones. Therefore, this study was attempted to demonstrate the preventive potential of ECS against stress disorders at in vivo levels

El presente trabajo plantea un análisis de los temas eclesiásticos que fueron objeto de discusión en el primer Congreso constituyente de Michoacán de 1824 a 1825. En concreto, la investigación se centra en los debates y resoluciones que se dieron en torno a los honores a las autoridades civiles, los diezmos, la presencia de los eclesiásticos en el Congreso estatal y los asuntos eclesiásticos dentro del debate constitucional en 1825. Las discusiones se desarrollaron en un momento en que no existía un marco legal sólido por la falta de reconocimiento de la independencia de México por España y la Santa Sede y la suspensión del Patronato hasta un nuevo concordato; lo que permite ver que los conflictos entre el poder civil y religioso se hicieron presentes a pocos días de haber abierto sesiones el constituyente michoacano.

This study aimed to investigate the antistress properties of the ethanol extract ofCymbopogon schoenanthus(CSEE), growing wild in the southern part of Tunisia. The effect of extracts on H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and stress in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Its effect on stress-induced in ICR mice was exposed to force swim and tail suspension, in concordance with heat shock protein expression (HSP27 and HSP90), corticosterone, and catecholamine neurotransmitters level. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with CSEE at 1/2000, 1/1000, and 1/500 v/v dilutions significantly inversed H2O2-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, CSEE treatments significantly reversed heat shock protein expression in heat-stressed HSP47-transformed cells (42°C, for 90 min) and mRNA expression of HSP27 and HSP90 in H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y. Daily oral administration of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg CSEE was conducted to ICR mice for 2 weeks. It was resulted in a significant decrease of immobility time in forced swimming and tail suspension tests. The effect of CSEE on animal behavior was concordant with a significant regulation of blood serum corticosterone and cerebral cortex levels of catecholamine (dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline). Therefore, this study was attempted to demonstrate the preventive potential of CSEE against stress disorders atin vitroandin vivolevels.

High frequencies of somaclonal phenotypic and cytogenetic variation have been observed previously among regenerants from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., 2n = 4x = 52). In this study we endeavored to determine if cytogenetic abnormalities would be detectable in cotton cell cultures and if so, whether or not the observed abnormalities would parallel those expected on the basis of previous cytogenetic analyses of cotton somaclones. Paired samples from suspension cultures established from 21-month-old 'Coker 312' and 8-month-old 'Coker 315' calli were pretreated or not pretreated with colchicine to detect cytogenetic abnormalities at metaphase or anaphase–telophase, respectively. Cell cultures established from both calli were found to vary in chromosome number. Hypoaneuploidy was common, but hyperaneuploidy and polyploidy were rare. Modal chromosome numbers for the 'Coker 312' and 'Coker 315' cultures were 46 and 50, respectively. Bridges at anaphase and telophase were frequent in the 'Coker 312' cultures but rare in the 'Coker 315'cultures. Cytogenetic differences between the cultures could be due to effects of culture age, genotype, their interaction, or other factors. Very small chromosomes, presumably centric fragments, as well as ring chromosomes and putative bridges between metaphase chromosomes occurred at low frequencies. The prevalence of hypoaneuploidy and rarity of hyperaneuploidy and polyploidy in cultures paralleled previous results on cotton somaclones, indicating that cytogenetic abnormalities arising in vitro probably contribute significantly to cotton somaclonal variation. The occurrence of hypoaneuploidy and bridges, including multiple bridges within single cells, is concordant with the hypothesis that breakage–fusion–bridge cycles may accumulate during in vitro culture of cotton.Key words: cotton, Gossypium, tissue culture, cytogenetics.

Abstract The Hologic Panther Fusion® Open Access™ functionality allows implementation of laboratory-developed tests (LDTs), with fully automated sample extraction, real-time PCR, and result interpretation. We report the development and validation of a multiplex LDT for norovirus G1, norovirus G2, and rotavirus from stool samples on this system. The LDT was optimized for primer and probe sequences, salt concentration, and PCR annealing temperature. Reproducibility of the PCR and extraction process was assessed. Performance of the multiplex LDT assay was evaluated with external quality assessment (EQA) samples and compared to a commercial multiplex assay (Allplex™ GI-Virus Assay, Seegene) in clinical samples. Salt concentrations and annealing/extension temperature were optimized to 4 mM MgCl2, 70 mM KCl, 20 mM Tris, and 60 °C, respectively. The user-prepared part of the LDT PCR mix (containing salts, probes, and primers) was stable for ≥ 11 days onboard the instrument. We observed reproducible results of PCR and the extraction process. The LDT had a sensitivity comparable to or greater than the commercial Allplex™ assay and showed excellent linearity. Forty-five EQA samples yielded the expected result with the LDT. There was 100% concordance between LDT and Allplex™ results in 160 clinical samples. Results from the suspension and direct swab stool sample preparation methods were highly concordant in the LDT. We report the successful development and validation of a multiplex PCR LDT for detection of norovirus G1, norovirus G2, and rotavirus from stool samples on the Panther Fusion® system.

Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) have recently become an important alternative crop in different ecological regions of Argentina. In surveys, a new disease characterized by leaf spots and twig and shoot blight has been observed on plants cultivated in Arrecifes, Mercedes, and San Pedro (provinces of Buenos Aires) and Concordia (province of Entre Ríos) since July 2004. Spots initially appear brown, circular, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, and irregularly distributed on the leaves and they eventually coalesce. Fruiting twig and shoot blight developed from the tips toward the base. Affected plants of cvs. O'Neal and Reveille were distributed randomly in the field and with a low incidence (average of 2%). The objective of this work was to identify the causal agent of this disease. Symptomatic plant material was surface disinfested with 0.2% NaOCl for 1 min and 70% ethanol for 1 min, washed once with sterile distilled water, blotted dry with paper towels, and plated on potato dextrose agar. Colonies were initially white, becoming light to dark gray with the onset of sporulation with black, sphaerical to subsphaerical conidia that measured 14 to 19 × 12 to 16 μm. These characteristics agree with published descriptions of Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason (1,4). To evaluate pathogenicity, all leaves, petioles, and stems of seven healthy potted plants of cv. O'Neal were punctured with flamed needles and sprayed with a suspension of 1 × 108 spores of the fungus per milliliter of sterile distilled water. Another seven nonwounded plants were sprayed with the spore suspension. Seven plants similarly injured and seven nonwounded plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water and served as controls. Each plant was covered with a water-sprayed polyethylene bag and maintained in a controlled environment chamber at 20°C with a 12-h photoperiod. The bags were removed after 3 days. All wounded inoculated plants began to show disease symptoms similar to those observed in the field 20 days after inoculation. Controls and nonwounded inoculated plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was reisolated from diseased tissues fulfilling Koch's postulates. N. sphaerica is a well-known saprophyte on many plant species but has been mentioned as pathogen on many hosts (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first reference of N. sphaerica as a wound pathogen of blueberry. In the field, the fungus would have gained access to the plant through wounds caused by insects or frost after a long-term wetness duration. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. Online publication. ARS, USDA. 2007. (4) E. W. Mason. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 12:152, 1927.

Abstract A new method has been developed to evaluate leukemias based on binding of cells in suspension to a microarray of cluster of differentiation (CD) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) immobilized on nitrocellulose film on a microscope slide. Cell binding is proportional to antigen expression. This method allows simultaneous evaluation of 88 different CD antigens and is feasible with homogeneous populations of mononuclear cells obtained from blood of patients with leukemia. This methodology is potentially useful in diagnosis and classification of different leukemias and lymphomas and it may further aid in identifying and distinguishing subgroups of patients within a particular diagnosis. We utilized this methodology to assess its effectiveness in distinguishing prognostic subgroups in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), those with mutated versus unmutated IgVH genes and those with <20% ZAP70+ versus >20% ZAP70+ cells. Unmutated IgVH genes were defined as >98% homologous to germline. To do this we identified 101 unselected samples from CLL patients for which IgVH mutational status and/or ZAP70 expression were known. Both IgVH status and ZAP70 expression were known for 70, in 6 only IgVH status, and in 25 only ZAP70 was known. IgVH mutational status and ZAP70 expression were concordant in 62/70 cases. Patient characteristics (median and range) were as follows: age=59yrs(37–82); abs lym=23k/μL(3.6–123); β2M=2.3mg/L(1.2–9.5); # prior treatments= 0(0–6). 20 had Rai low-risk; 67 had Rai-intermediate-risk, and 14 had Rai high-risk disease; 78 were previously untreated. Reduced space linear discrimination analysis and empirical Bayes moderated t-test was used to evaluate relationships between microarray binding and patients with “good prognosis” (IgVH mutated or ZAP70-) and “poor prognosis” (IgVH unmutated or ZAP70+). Empirical Bayes analysis was used to identify CD antigens with significant differential expression between the “good prognosis” and “poor prognosis” groups. Although there was not a significant difference in overall expression between the two groups, there were antibodies that had significantly different levels of binding. For the IgVH unmutated group, increased binding was noted with CD95, CD38, CD2, CD13, CD11a, CD86, CD25, CD9, CD22 (p<.05; FDR-adjusted). For the ZAP70+ group, increased binding was noted for CD38, CD2, CD95, CD49d, CD79b, kappa, and CD11a (pFDR<.05). In the IgVH/ZAP70 concordant cases, the following had increased binding with the “poor prognosis” group (IgVH unmutated/ZAP70+): CD38, CD95, CD2, CD13, CD24, CD9, and CD11a (pFDR<.05). There is clear evidence of differential binding on the mAb microarray between prognostic groups, although it is not yet possible to accurately predict ZAP70 or IgVH mutation status based on microarray results. Work continues to correlate these findings with flow cytometry and with other meaningful prognostic factors such as β2M; Rai stage, etc. In addition, follow-up continues to assess correlations between microarray results and significant clinical endpoints including survival. This is a simple immunomicroarray method that may be useful and important to enhance the classification and prognostic assessment of patients with lymphoid malignancies, including CLL, based on correlations between an extensive immunophenotype and clinical endpoints.

Since 2003, a new field disease has been observed on several cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in Buenos Aires (Baradero, Colonia Urquiza, Lima, Mercedes, and San Pedro), Entre Ríos (Concordia, Gualeguaychú, and Larroque), and Córdoba (Capilla del Monte and La Cumbre). Infected flowers turned brown to tan with a water-soaked appearance and shriveled up. Blighted flowers typically did not produce fruits; even an entire cluster of berries could be aborted. A chlorotic area, that later became necrotic and turned light brown, developed when leaves were in contact with blighted flowers. A watery rot developed on fruit occasionally before harvest but more generally after harvest. Infected tender green twigs also became blighted, with leaf tissue becoming brown to black. Older twigs and stems were also blighted. Abundant, gray mycelium with conidial masses developed on all affected tissues under moist conditions. Sections of infected leaves, twigs, stems, flowers, and fruits were surfaced sterilized with 0.2% NaOCl, plated on 2% potato dextrose agar (pH 7), and incubated at 22°C. Pure cultures formed a whitish dense mycelial mat and turned gray after 72 h. Conidia were ellipsoid, hyaline, nonseptate, and formed on botryose heads. They ranged from 5.8 to 9 × 8.1 to 13.7 μm (average 8.6 × 10.2 μm). Black, round, and irregular microsclerotia developed on 7-day-old cultures with an average size of 1.1 × 1.7 mm. Morphological characteristics agree with those described for Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr (1). Pathogenicity was tested on 10 12-month-old potted blueberry plants cv. O'Neal by spraying a suspension of 1 × 106 conidia per ml of sterile distilled water. Ten plants used as controls were sprayed with sterile distilled water. Each plant was covered with a transparent polyethylene bag for 48 h and incubated at 20 ± 2°C in humid chambers for 15 days. Lesions similar to those observed in the fields developed after 4 days and asexual fructifications developed after 5 days. The same pathogen was reisolated from the lesions, thus completing Koch's postulates. Water-treated plants remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a disease caused by B. cinerea on blueberry in Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Entre Ríos provinces of Argentina. References: (1) M. V. Ellis and J. M. Waller. Sclerotinia fuckeliana (conidial state: Botrytis cinerea) No. 431 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1974.

O Direito Antitruste experimenta hoje uma verdadeira era dourada na qual a cooperação internacional entre os órgãos de defesa da concorrência e a aplicação de suas leis alcançaram níveis jamais vistos. Como efeito colateral do fenômeno globalização, o qual marcou as últimas décadas pela expansão da economia de mercado, veio a internacionalização dos acordos entre concorrentes com vistas a limitar a concorrência. Os chamados cartéis, antes nacionais, passam a ter a dimensão dessa nova dinâmica da economia, a mundial. E os danos ao mercado, antes limitados a um território, passam a poder atingir dezenas de jurisdições. A partir desse introito, o objetivo dessa dissertação é oferecer ao leitor um quadro compreensivo da evolução da atuação das autoridades antitruste brasileiras na cooperação internacional de combate aos cartéis transnacionais, em termos normativos e na utilização na prática, considerando, sobretudo, o contexto do recente recrudescimento do instrumental persecutório das autoridades brasileiras de defesa da concorrência no combate às práticas anticompetitivas. Por meio de uma análise comparativa entre os acordos internacionais de cooperação mais sofisticados e os instrumentos cooperacionais existentes no Brasil à luz da sua florescente experiência, a dissertação procura identificar os elementos necessários para o aprofundamento da técnica cooperativa brasileira de combate aos cartéis transnacionais. Ou seja, intenta trazer elementos para a reflexão dos mecanismos cooperativos brasileiros para um combate mais efetivo à mais danosa infração à livre concorrência. Para tal análise comparativa, o centenário direito antitruste estadunidense é paradigma de direito estrangeiro, em especial porque alia a longa experiência jurídica nessa matéria a mecanismos bastante inovadores em relação ao sistema jurídico nacional. O presente trabalho tem também por escopo tratar dos principais temas que permeiam a discussão da cooperação internacional entre as agências de defesa da concorrência, passando pelo estudo dos conceitos de cooperação jurídica internacional; princípios do direito internacional público que regem a competência internacional dos Estados, incluindo a delimitação do escopo da cooperação em sede da aplicação extraterritorial do direito antitruste, noções de direito concorrencial, os instrumentos e mecanismos de cooperação internacional existentes, as melhores práticas, entre outros. Os desdobramentos das questões analisadas nesta reflexão se expressam em problemas jurídicos tanto de caráter geral quanto de ordem específica. De forma geral, impõe-se uma avaliação recapitulativa e analítica da natureza jurídica dos acordos de cooperação assinados pelo Brasil, de suas características e de sua utilização. Também se pretende avaliar o tratamento normativo dado aos cartéis e à questão da incidência extraterritorial da legislação antitruste brasileira e da legislação comparada, bem como do entendimento da jurisprudência (especialmente do CADE) sobre os principais temas que permeiam a pesquisa. No âmbito dos objetivos específicos, é necessário responder às seguintes perguntas: como a cooperação entre as agências de defesa da concorrência pode efetivamente auxiliar na aplicação de suas leis?; quais os limites e obstáculos dessa cooperação?; quais os tipos de cooperação disponíveis e quais deles fariam sentido para o Brasil na persecução de cartéis internacionais?; como o Brasil pode aperfeiçoar seu modelo jurídico-institucional de cooperação?
The Antitrust Law faces today a true golden age in which international cooperation among antitrust authorities and its enforcement have reached levels never seen before. As a side effect of the \"globalization\", the phenomenon that marked the past few decades by the world expansion of the economy, it came along the internationalization of agreements among competitors to restrain competition. Prior to that, the so-called cartels had then a national dimension, but along with the globalization, they now operate at a worldwide scale in this new dynamic of the world economy. And, the damages to the market, which was before limited to a single territory, now, reach dozens of jurisdictions. With that preamble into consideration, the goal of the present dissertation is offering the reader a comprehensive picture of the evolution of the Brazilian antitrust authorities on international cooperation in the fight of transnational cartels, both, in normative terms and in practice. That picture is especially important in light of the context of the recently enhanced Brazilian authorities instrumental competition in combating anti-competitive practices. Through a comparative assessment between the more sophisticated cooperation international agreements and the Brazilian cooperational instruments, the dissertation attempts to identify the essentials for the improvement of the Brazilian cooperative techniques in combating transnational cartels. That is, it brings elements to the reflection of the Brazilian cooperative mechanisms for a more effective combat of such damaging infringement to free competition. For the elaboration of said comparative assessment, the centennial USA antitrust law is the foreign law paradigm chosen, in particular because it combines the long legal experience in the matter and fairly innovative mechanisms in relation to the Brazilian legal system. The present work also deals with the most relevant themes that permeate the discussion of international cooperation among antitrust agencies, such as, the study of concepts of international legal cooperation; the public international law principles which govern the international jurisdiction of the States, including the extraterritorial application of antitrust law, relevant notions of competition law, international instruments and existing mechanisms for cooperation, best practices, among others. The unfolding of these relevant matters which are examined in the herewith reflection are expressed in legal problems of both general and specific orders. Generally, the work presents a summary and an analytical assessment of the legal nature of the cooperation agreements signed by Brazil, its characteristics, and its use. The work also aims at evaluating the regulatory treatment given to cartels and at addressing the question of the extraterritorial application of the Brazilian antitrust legislation and of comparative law, as well as at understanding the national case law (especially of CADE) on the main matters. With the specific objectives in mind, the present work deems necessary to respond to the following questions: How cooperation among the antitrust agencies can effectively enforce competition laws? What are the limits and obstacles of this cooperation? What types of cooperation are available and which ones make sense for Brazil in the prosecution of international cartels? How can Brazil enhance its legal and institutional model of cooperation?

L'espace OHADA bénéficie depuis 13 ans d'un Acte Uniforme portant organisation des procédures collectives, qui détermine le régime juridique d'une nouvelle procédure collective appelée le règlement préventif. Le règlement préventif est une procédure destinée à éviter la cessation des paiements. Il permet l'apurement du passif de l'entreprise au moyen d'un concordat préventif. Il est inspiré de la procédure de suspension des poursuites instituée par la loi française du 23 septembre 1967 que certains Etats africains avaient repris dans leurs législations sans modification et le règlement amiable de la loi française du 1er mars 1984. La présence de cette procédure quoique salutaire n'a malheureusement pas résolu le problème des difficultés des entreprises. La demande est souvent effectuée lorsque l'entreprise a dépassé le "seuil clinique" d'ouverture de la procédure. Les dispositions de l'article8 de l'AUPOCPAP en permettant la suspension immédiate des poursuites, favorise l'utilisation du règlement préventif à titre dilatoire. Raison pour laquelle, il devient urgent d'analyser son déroulement et son dénouement. L'étude fait ressortir que les conditions d'ouverture de cette procédure doivent être étendues afin de permettre aux agriculteurs, artisans, professionnels indépendants et secteur informel d'en bénéficier
For 13 years, the OHADA legal framework has taken advantage of a "Acte Uniforme" ruling their common procedures. The latter sets up and determines the legal system of a new cammon procedure called the Preventive Rule. It aims at avoiding the suspension of payments. In addition, it allows the discharge thanks to a preventive composition. The new common system is inspired by the french law of the 23rd of september 1967 on the suspension of legal proceedings that some African countries had copied and put in their legislations,without changing anything. And it is also inspired by the French law of the 1st of march 1984 on the amical settlement. However, the preventive rule, althougt beneficial,has not resolved the enterprises issues, hence the necessity to analyse its unfoldind and its outcome. At the end, the conditions to open and to use the new procedure have to lie down to farmers, craftsmen, professionnal persons and to those of the informal sectors in order to allow them to also take advantage of it