Articles de revues : « Congo (Democratic Republic) - Languages »

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Eyssette, Jérémie. « The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s Linguistic Temptation : A Comparative Analysis with Rwanda’s Switch-to-English ». Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, n^o 4 (8 novembre 2019) : 522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619885974.

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The aim of this article is to assess whether the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) is likely to upgrade the status of English by constitutional or educational means. Indeed, neighboring countries such as Rwanda and Burundi adopted English as their official language in 1996 and 2014, but less writing in English is devoted to a potential linguistic transition in DR Congo, the most populous French-speaking country. This article will gauge DR Congo and Rwanda against the four criteria that arguably triggered Rwanda’s switch-to-English: historical factors in current linguistic trends; the role of charismatic leaders in sudden language policy changes; language-in-education policies; and economic incentives. The results of this interdisciplinary investigation into the language dynamics of the Great Lakes region indicate that, reflecting the vehicles of DR Congo’s domestic and regional evolutions, its leaders might be tempted to enhance the status of English as an official language in a way that, contrary to Rwanda’s radical switch-to-English, is more compatible with other languages.

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ADRIEN KASANGA, LUANGA. « English in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ». World Englishes 31, n^o 1 (22 février 2012) : 48–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.2011.01732.x.

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Mangulu, André Motingea. « Vers une écologie linguistique des anciens chasseurs-cueilleurs du bassin central congolais ». Anthropos 116, n^o 1 (2021) : 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2021-1-137.

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The article attempts to provide some sociolinguistic information about the former Hunter-Gatherers of the Central Congo Basin in the hope that they could arouse the same scientific interest as that which was carried out on the Bambuti Pygmies of Ituri and Aka of the borders of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, and Southern Cameroon. It emerges that all the questions raised and discussed so far in relation to the status of the languages spoken by these latter Pygmy tribes, their structure and their genetic affiliation also apply to the Pygmies of the Central Congo Basin. Thus, the article addresses, first and foremost, the problem of their near and distant origins and their current sociolinguistic situation, before going on to review the current state of linguistic research. A subclassification is then sketched based on common phonetic, morphosyntactic, and lexical characteristics to their languages as well as the traditions collected by the colonial administration.

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Donzo, Jean-Pierre Bunza. « Langues bantoues de l’entre Congo-Ubangi (RD Congo) : documentation, reconstruction, classification et contacts avec les langues oubanguiennes ». Afrika Focus 28, n^o 1 (26 février 2015) : 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02801008.

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This PhD thesis consists of the documentation, reconstruction and classification of ten Bantu langages (bolondó, bonyange, ebudzá, ebwela, libóbi, lingͻmbε, mondóngó, monyͻngͻ, mosángé, págaɓéte) spoken in the geographical area between the Congo and Ubangi Rivers in the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The study examines the interaction between these languages and seven neighboring Ubangian languages (gbánzírí, gͻbú, maɓó, mbānzā, monzͻmbͻ, ngbandi, ngbaka-mīnāgendē). By means of a lexicostatistical study which determines the degree of lexical similarity between the languages under study, a phylogenetic classification has been established which integrates these languages in the larger sample of 401 Bantu languages used by Grollemund et al. (2015). This quantitative approach has generated Neighbor-Net and Neighbor-Joining networks as well as Bayesian trees, which indicate the internal sub-groups of the Bantu family in general, and more specifically of the Bantu languages of the central Congo basin to which the Bantu languages spoken between the Congo and Ubangi Rivers belong. Subsequently, we have undertaken a descriptive and comparative study of the those languages as well as a study of regular sound correspondances with regard to Proto-Bantu. They possess certain foreign phonemes that have not been reconstructed to Proto-Bantu, such as implosives and labiovelar stops, which have the status of distinct phonemes. The study of these specific sounds suggests that they were borrowed from the neighboring Ubangian languages. The lexical comparison also revealed an interaction between Bantu and Ubangian languages. Certain lexical borrowings were transferred from Bantu to Ubangian, while others moved in the opposite direction. Through the comparative method, we have obtained a phonological reconstruction of the hypothetical ancestor language of these langues. This Proto-Congo-Ubangi Bantu split into two sub-branches, i.e. Proto-Congo Bantu and Proto-Ubangi Bantu.

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Kasanga, Luanga A. « English in advertising in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo ». World Englishes 38, n^o 3 (28 août 2019) : 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/weng.12424.

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Záhořík, Jan. « Languages in Sub-Saharan Africa in a broader socio-political perspective ». Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 11, n^o 2 (1 janvier 2010) : 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2010.3646.

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Charles University This study deals with language policies in Africa with a special focus on multi-ethnic and multi-lingual states including Sudan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Democratic Republic of Congo. The study will thus examine relations between state and minorities, the status of major and marginalized languages, the roles of European languages in politics as well as theoretical frameworks. Sub-Saharan Africa has undergone a remarkable process from linguistic imperialism to linguistic pluralism and revivalism. Until the 1960s the superior position of the European languages (English, French, and Portuguese) was evident, but after the Africanization of politics and society in many African countries, a strong accent on linguistic emancipation was initiated. Nowadays, many African countries follow the principle of linguistic pluralism where several languages enjoy the same rights and space in the media, administrative, education, etc. This study will discuss some important case studies and their specific language policies.

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Lydy, Mumbembe, Madoda Cekiso et Baba P. Tshotsho. « Language Factors Affecting the Katanga Language Spoken in the Democratic Republic of Congo ». Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology 7, n^o 4 (octobre 2016) : 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09766634.2016.11885718.

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Hamann, Silke, et Nancy C. Kula. « Bemba ». Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45, n^o 1 (30 mars 2015) : 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100314000371.

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Bemba (also called Cibemba or Icibemba; ISO 639-3 codebem) is a Niger-Congo language belonging to the Central Narrow Bantu branch (Zone M in Guthrie's 1948, 1967–71 classification). Bemba is spoken in Zambia (mainly in the Northern, Luapula and Copperbelt provinces) and the Southern Democratic Republic of Congo by approximately 3.3 million speakers (Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2013). Our data are based on Bemba spoken in Zambia.

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Mohr, Susanne, et Dunlop Ochieng. « Language usage in everyday life and in education : current attitudes towards English in Tanzania ». English Today 33, n^o 4 (6 juillet 2017) : 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078417000268.

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Tanzania is, like most countries in East Africa, extremely culturally and linguistically diverse. Language counts range from 125 (Lewis, Simons & Fennig, 2016) to 164 living languages mentioned by the ‘Languages of Tanzania project’ (2009). Given this extreme multilingualism, institutional languages had to be chosen on a national level after independence. Kiswahili is the proclaimed national language and lingua franca of the East African region, also spoken in Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, for instance, and is used as medium of instruction (MoI) in primary education. English, the former colonial language, is the de facto national working language and medium of instruction in secondary and higher education. However, English remains a minority language, spoken by approximately 5% of the population, most of whom are members of a higher social class (Tibategeza, 2010). This leads to English being an international rather than a second language as in other former British colonies (Schmied, 1990, 1991). Rubanza (2002: 45) goes so far as to argue that ‘the society Tanzanians work and live in does not demand the use of English’. That is why it has been claimed that English will never replace the African languages in Tanzania but remain an additional language in certain spheres (Schmied, 1991).

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Demolin, Didier, Hubert Ngonga-Ke-Mbembe et Alain Soquet. « Phonetic characteristics of an unexploded palatal implosive in Hendo ». Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32, n^o 1 (juin 2002) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100302000117.

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This paper describes the phonetic characteristics of an unexploded palatal implosive in Hendo, a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This sound is an allophone of a palatal affricate implosive. Consideration of acoustic, aerodynamic and articulatory data obtained from various methods give a precise description of this sound.

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Bickmore, Lee S. « A Grammar of Nzadi [B865] : A Bantu Language of Democratic Republic of Congo ». American Anthropologist 116, n^o 1 (mars 2014) : 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12085_15.

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Nassenstein, Nico, et Gerrit J. Dimmendaal. « Bunia Swahili and Emblematic Language Use ». Journal of Language Contact 12, n^o 3 (28 janvier 2020) : 823–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01203008.

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The present paper provides first insights into emblematic language use in Bunia Swahili, a variety of the Bantu language Swahili as spoken in and around the city of Bunia inIturi Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Structural variability in Bunia Swahili shows that this language variety consists of basilectal, mesolectal and acrolectal registers, which are used by speakers to express different social identities. Whereas the basilectal variety shows structural similarities with Central Sudanic languages, the mesolectal and acrolectal registers are closer to East Coast Swahili. We argue that these lectal forms are to be understood as fluid repertoires which are used by speakers as a form of adaption to different conversational settings and as indexical representations of their (ethnic) identity. We go on to describe the historical background to these diverging ways of speaking Bunia Swahili, which are due mainly to the long-lasting conflict between different groups in the area.

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Larysa, Oleksiienko A., Balanaieva V. Oksana, Trubitsyna M. Olga, Mamonova I. Olena et Polytsia D. Tetiana. « Interactive methods of teaching foreign languages in higher education institutions ». Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação 13, n^o 32 (13 décembre 2020) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v13i32.14960.

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This study investigates how family lineage descent groups influence the intergenerational transmission of education for the cohorts of 1940-1989 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The study applies both transition matrix and intergenerational persistence (IGP) methods, using the father's years of schooling as a proxy for parental education. The findings suggest a pronounced steady persistence in education for the estimated mean regression coefficient over a period of 49 years. Moreover, results by gender indicate that intergenerational persistence in education has significantly decreased for males in recent cohorts but slightly increased for females. Furthermore, findings suggest that intergenerational persistence has been decreasing in matrilineal descent groups in recent cohorts, while increasing for the patrilineal descent groups. The study gives a good sense of the relationship between family lineage descent and intergenerational transmission of education in DRC. In addition, it indicates that there is both substantial upward and downward intergenerational education mobility in the country.

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Dom, Sebastian, Guillaume Segerer et Koen Bostoen. « Antipassive/associative polysemy in Cilubà (Bantu, L31a) ». Studies in Language 39, n^o 2 (18 août 2015) : 354–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.2.03dom.

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Antipassive constructions are commonly associated with languages with a predominantly ergative alignment. In this article, we show that antipassive constructions can also occur in predominantly accusative languages such as Cilubà, a Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is expressed by the verbal suffix -angan-, deriving an intransitive clause from a transitive one by omitting the object noun phrase. This suffix functions canonically as a reciprocal marker and is also used to express sociativity/reciprocity and iterativity. An analysis of the suffix’ polysemy is provided on three levels: We argue that (i) plurality of relations is the underlying concept that semantically accounts for its different meanings, (ii) that its use in an antipassive clause is syntactically derived from its use as a canonical reciprocal marker by the demotion and omission of the second participant, and (iii) that the suffix is diachronically bimorphemic and originally consisted of two suffixes that still exist in Cilubà today, with the sum of its individual meanings not straightforwardly reflecting the synchronic polysemy of -angan-.

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Purkarthofer, Judith, et Guri Bordal Steien. « “Prétendre comme si on connaît pas une autre langue que le swahili” : Multilingual parents in Norway on change and continuity in their family language policies ». International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2019, n^o 255 (26 janvier 2019) : 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2018-2005.

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Abstract In this article, we examine how parents explain their choices of transmitting certain languages to their children, a key element of family language policies (FLP), in light of their dynamic linguistic repertoires and biographic experiences. Contributing to the framework of FLP, we focus in particular on parents’ memories, their narratives of multilingual upbringing in the past, and how these are used to construct present FLP. We analyze conversations where six multilingual parents in Norway talk about their experiences and intentions regarding FLP, and in particular, their reasons for the transmission of (some of their) languages to their children. The parents of three of the families are from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and in three others at least one of the parents migrated from Germany. We find that the parents align their decisions with both prior and new experiences. They relate to their language(s), their past and their current family life, and express the wish for continuity across the lifespan. At the same time, they demonstrate a certain flexibility and willingness to adapt to the constantly changing environments that they and their children experience and in which they navigate. Through their complex accounts, their memories and lived language experiences, we can understand parents’ manifold positions as regards their children’s linguistic repertoires.

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Zihindula, Ganzamungu, Anna Meyer-Weitz et Olagoke Akintola. « Lived Experiences of Democratic Republic of Congo Refugees facing Medical Xenophobia in Durban, South Africa ». Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, n^o 4 (11 août 2015) : 458–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615595990.

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This research was undertaken to explore experiences of xenophobia by refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) with the health care system in Durban, South Africa. The study adopted a qualitative methodology consisting of 31 in-depth interviews with refugees from the DRC. Framework analysis was conducted. The findings revealed that refugees face medical xenophobia during their encounter with health care workers with language barriers and documentation as the first stumbling block in efforts to seek health care services. The pervasiveness of xenophobia is also experienced in prejudice evident in ethnic slurs, unwelcome and insensitive comments and discriminatory practices, including denial of treatment, contributing to inequality in health care delivery.

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Tshotsho, Baba, Lydy Mumbembe et Madoda Cekiso. « Language Challenges Facing Students from the Democratic Republic of Congo in a University in South Africa ». International Journal of Educational Sciences 8, n^o 3 (mars 2015) : 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09751122.2015.11890281.

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Brabant, Justine. « Producing Journalistic Discourse on War ». Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 2, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2020) : 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.044.

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Based on the author’s experience as both a journalist and an independent researcher working regularly in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), this article examines the many constraints that journalists face in areas of armed conflict. It considers two unusual aspects of journalistic practice observed in the DRC: first, the reporters’ lexical dependence – that is, how the language journalists typically use to describe war is borrowed, sometimes unconsciously, from the war-related rhetoric developed in other fields – and second, journalists’ practical dependence on humanitarian organisations and how this might influence the articles they produce.

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McQuaid, Katie R. V. « “We raise up the voice of the voiceless” : Voice, Rights, and Resistance amongst Congolese Human Rights Defenders in Uganda ». Refuge : Canada's Journal on Refugees 32, n^o 1 (6 mai 2016) : 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40383.

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Amongst Uganda’s Congolese refugee population are a number of human rights defenders who actively resist the construction of refugees as dispossessed and displaced humanitarian aid recipients. Upon fleeing the complex and violent conflicts of the Democratic Republic of Congo, rather than supplicate to a humanitarian regime saturated with the language of human rights, these young men draw on human rights to “raise up the voice of the voiceless.” This article explores how defenders draw on human rights to understand, articulate, and resist the constraints of forced displacement into a humanitarian regime.

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Baka, Jean. « Problématique Pour une Meilleure Gestion Du Mul Tilinguisme Social de Type Afro-Européen en Afrique au Sud du Sahara ». Afrika Focus 18, n^o 1-2 (15 février 2005) : 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0180102007.

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Planning Policy on afro-european multilingualism in Sub-Saharian Africa Generally two types of multilinguism are distinguished: individual multilinguism and social multilinguism. This paper has a double aim: 1. The analysis of the solutions designed for the management of social multilinguism in general and afro-european multilinguism in particular. 2. The proposal of a language policy approach, which takes into account ethnic differences, cultural particularities and the importance of languages of mass communication. This approach will allow democratise the education system by an augmentation of school attendance rates, the limitation of failures and school desertion and annihilation of illiteracy and rural exodus. The approach offered is exemplified by the case of Republic of Congo.

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Muluwa, Joseph Koni, et Koen Bostoen. « immediate before the verb focus position in Nsong (Bantu B85d, DR Congo) ». ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (1 janvier 2014) : 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.422.

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Nsong is a western Bantu language spoken in the neighbourhood of Kikwit (5°2'28"S 18°48'58"E, Kwilu District, Bandundu Province, DRC) and encoded as B85d in the New Updated Guthrie List (Maho 2009). To this B80 or Tiene-Yanzi group also belongs Mbuun, encoded as B87 by Guthrie (1971: 39) and spoken in the wider vicinity of Idiofa (4°57'35"S 19°35'40", Kwilu District, Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo). Both languages are closely related. They share a high percentage of fundamental and other vocabulary as well as several rather atypical phonological innovations (Bostoen & Koni Muluwa 2014; Koni Muluwa 2014; Koni Muluwa & Bostoen 2012). Preliminary elicitation-based research on Mbuun has pointed out that the pre-verbal domain plays a crucial role in the marking of argument focus in Mbuun (Bostoen & Mundeke 2011, 2012). In this paper, we assess whether this is also the case in Nsong on the basis of a text corpus which the first author has been collecting, transcribing and annotating in 2013 and 2014 as part of an endangered language documentation project funded by the DoBeS program of the Volkswagen Foundation through a 3-year grant (2012-2015). More information on the project can be found on http://www.kwilubantu.ugent.be/. This Nsong text corpus exclusively consists of oral discourse and currently counts 48.022 tokens and 11.973 types. The team’s 2013 fieldwork aimed at documenting Nsong speech events in as many different cultural settings as possible. As a result, the corpus comprises different text genres, such as political speeches, historical traditions, folk music, tales, proverbs, hunting language, ceremonial language used during circumcision and twin rites, and popular biological knowledge. In line with previous research on Mbuun, we concentrate here on mono-clausal argument focus constructions, even if preliminary research has pointed out that bi-clausal focus structures are more common in the Nsong corpus.

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Fazili, Christian Koba, Brigitte Muteba Byamungu, Jacques Kyabula Katwe et Déogratias Ilunga Yolola Talwa. « Citizen Perceptions on Language and Dual Citizenship in the Democratic Republic of Congo : The Case of Goma City ». OALib 08, n^o 08 (2021) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106808.

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Msokwe, David. « The Challenges Facing the Management of Immigration in Tanzania and Zambia : A case of Tunduma and Nakonde ». Mkwawa Journal of Education and Development 2, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2018) : 72–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37759/mjed.2018.2.1.5.

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Immigration is a global development issue impacting on the development trajectories of all countries. Tanzania, for instance, has seen large numbers of illegal immigrants from Burundi, Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Somalia who flee their countries because of political unrest and economic difficulties. Consequently, illegal immigration has been increasing from time to time in Tanzania. This study examined the challenges facing the management of immigration in Tanzania. Specifically, the paper used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to explore the existence and flow of illegal immigrants, causes and the challenges facing the management of illegal immigration in Tanzania and Zambia. The study found the existence of illegal immigration between Zambia and Tanzania. The patterns of flow of illegal immigrants are mainly of Zambia to Tanzania. Such pattern is caused by sharing common and related languages, colonial legacies and trade. The challenges to controlling of illegal immigration include inadequate immigration personnel and immigration control equipment, poor cooperation between coercive apparatus and the civilians and the influx of large population of immigrants. The study concludes that addressing illegal immigration requires collaboration and cooperation between Tanzania and Zambia coercive apparatus and integrating the citizens who are living along the borders.

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Gick, Bryan, Douglas Pulleyblank, Fiona Campbell et Ngessimo Mutaka. « Low vowels and transparency in Kinande vowel harmony ». Phonology 23, n^o 1 (mai 2006) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675706000741.

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This paper addresses theoretical issues confronting cross-height harmony systems through an experimental study of Kinande, a Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Using a combination of acoustic analysis and lingual ultrasound imaging, we evaluate previous proposals concerning the phonetic correlates of the harmonic vowel feature and the transparency of low vowels. Results indicate that (i) although a multivalued scalar acoustic feature in F1/F2 space is not adequate to distinguish all vowel categories in Kinande, the cross-height feature does correlate acoustically with F1, (ii) the cross-height feature of Kinande involves systematic tongue-root articulations and (iii) low vowels in Kinande are not neutral to harmony in the way reported in earlier work, but exhibit significant and systematic tongue-root advancement and retraction according to the dictates of harmony.

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Büscher, Karen, Sigurd D'hondt et Michael Meeuwis. « Recruiting a nonlocal language for performing local identity : Indexical appropriations of Lingala in the Congolese border town Goma ». Language in Society 42, n^o 5 (11 octobre 2013) : 527–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404513000651.

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AbstractThis article describes discursive processes by which inhabitants of the Congolese border town Goma attribute new indexical values to Lingala, a language exogenous to the area of which most Goma inhabitants only possess limited knowledge. This creative reconfiguration of indexicalities results in the emergence of three “indexicalities of the second order”: the indexing of (i) being a true Congolese, (ii) toughness (based on Lingala's association with the military), and (iii) urban sophistication (based on its association with the capital Kinshasa). While the last two second-order reinterpretations are also widespread in other parts of the Congolese territory, the first one, resulting in the emergence of a Lingala as an “indexical icon” of a corresponding “language community,” deeply reflects local circumstances and concerns, in particular the sociopolitical volatility of the Rwandan-Congolese borderland that renders publicly affirming one's status as an “autochthonous” Congolese pivotal for assuring a livelihood and at times even personal security. (Lingala, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Goma, orders of indexicality, language community, autochthony, Kiswahili)*

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Loffman, Reuben. « Belgian Rule and its Afterlives : Colonialism, Developmentalism, and Mobutism in the Tanganyika District, Southeastern DR-Congo, 1885–1985 ». International Labor and Working-Class History 92 (2017) : 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547917000060.

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AbstractThe arrival of Belgian rule in the late nineteenth century initiated significant changes in the labor history of Tanganyika, a province in the southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), as well the discursive regimes used to legitimize these transformations. After the colonial conquests, unfree labor was justified by paternalistic rather than mythical discourses. Although unfree labor was less common in the postcolonial period, the state forced farmers to sell crops at low prices and build roads for no remuneration. In the Cold War context, the language and practice of developmentalism mediated the coercive practices of the independent Congolese state (known as Zaïre, 1971–1997). The floundering Zaïrian government expanded its presence in Tanganyika due to its partnership with USAID. USAID's rhetoric and practice was influenced by a “bottom up” approach to agricultural production, but the cuts to its funding in the 1980s meant it struggled to soften Mobutu's coercive administration.

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Myers-Scotton, Carol. « Ali A. Mazrui & ; Alamin M. Mazrui, The power of Babel : Language and governance in the African experience. Chicago : University of Chicago Press ; Oxford : James Currey ; Kampala : Fountain Publishers ; Nairobi : East African Educational Publishers ; Cape Town : David Philip, 1998. Pp. xii, 228. Hb $40.00, pb $15.25. » Language in Society 29, n^o 3 (juillet 2000) : 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500333048.

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To understand this book, a little background information helps. I first encountered Ali Mazrui in 1968–70 when I was the first lecturer in linguistics at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda; Mazrui, a member of the political science faculty, was already a famous orator, acknowledged by all as possessing “a golden tongue.” Since then, he has gone on to become probably the most famous African studies professor in the United States; he was the presenter of the nine-part BBC/PBS television series The Africans: A triple heritage, and he is the author of many books and articles on Africa. He has taught at many universities around the world, and is now director of the Institute of Global Cultural Studies and Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities at the State University of New York at Binghamton. His junior co-author (a relative?), Alamin M. Mazrui, was trained as a linguist and is an associate professor of Black studies at Ohio State University. Both are native speakers of Swahili from Mombasa, Kenya (they prefer to refer to the language as Kiswahili, with its noun class prefix, as it would be if one were speaking the language itself). Kiswahili, of course, is probably the best-known African language; many people in East Africa and other areas (e.g. the Democratic Republic of Congo) speak it as a second language. Furthermore, it is one of the few indigenous languages with official status in an African nation; it is the official language of Tanzania, and the co-official language in Kenya along with English. However, Kiswahili is spoken natively mainly along the East African coastline and on the offshore islands (e.g. Zanzibar), often by persons with a dual Arabic-African heritage similar to that of the Mazruis.

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Toyi, Marie-Thérèse. « Ethnic Conflict in Burundi ». Matatu 48, n^o 2 (2016) : 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-04802010.

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In spite of the laudable political and humanitarian efforts to tackle the cyclical ethnic-related conflicts in Burundi, the impact of the refugee and returnee phenomena on the culture, education, and economy of the country and beyond has not yet received its full due attention. This study aims at increasing awareness on this issue. It first identifies the refugee- and returnee-related new linguistic trends in Burundi, together with their subsequent impact on education. How many Burundians learned Kiswahili in exile in Tanzania or in the Democratic Republic of Congo, not only for educational or professional purposes but also for survival, but who, back in Burundi, saw their language of exile become an obstacle to the pursuit of a standard education? Why has their plight not attracted as much attention as did that of war orphans, widows, and former child soldiers? This study also surveys the cultural exchanges between Burundian refugees and returnees with their host country and their motherland.

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Godin, Marie. « Theatre and Photography as New Contentious Repertoires of Congolese Women in the Diaspora ». African Diaspora 9, n^o 1-2 (2016) : 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18725465-00901002.

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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and in particular the eastern part of the country, is characterized by a protracted conflict situation and is home to some of the world’s most horrific documented cases of sexual violence against women. For many years now Congolese women in the diaspora have been engaged in initiatives to raise awareness of the sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) of Congolese women back home, addressing the root causes of the conflict and promoting specific peace and conflict resolutions. This article examines ways of protesting using art as a political tool in addressing SGBV in the DRC. In doing so, it highlights two politico-artistic projects by Congolese women activists living in Belgium: Hearth of a mother, a theatre piece and Stand up my mother, a photographic exhibition. This article aims to analyse these particular projects in terms of Tilly’s ‘repertoires of contention’ (2006) as used by activists of the Congolese diaspora in order to make their voices heard.

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BATROS, BEN. « The Judgment on the Katanga Admissibility Appeal : Judicial Restraint at the ICC ». Leiden Journal of International Law 23, n^o 2 (27 avril 2010) : 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156510000075.

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AbstractThis article examines the judgment on Kantaga's appeal against the decision of Trial Chamber II of the International Criminal Court that the case against him was admissible. The Appeals Chamber rejected Katanga's appeal, and affirmed the admissibility of the case. However, it did not do so on the same basis as the Trial Chamber (that the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was unwilling). Rather, it looked at the plain language of Article 17, and found that at the time of the challenge the DRC was not investigating or prosecuting Katanga. This judgment can be seen as an example of judicial restraint. The Appeals Chamber dealt only with those questions which were necessary to dispose of the appeal. It did not engage in policy debates or seek to create new facts, but rather applied the Statute as drafted to the facts of the case before it. In doing this, the Appeals Chamber confirmed certain basic principles of the admissibility regime. The case also provides an insight into the relationship between admissibility and ‘positive complementarity’.

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Stark, Lindsay, Ilana Seff, Khudejha Asghar, Danielle Roth, Theresita Bakamore, Mairi MacRae, Cecile Fanton D’Andon et Kathryn L. Falb. « Building caregivers’ emotional, parental and social support skills to prevent violence against adolescent girls : findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial in Democratic Republic of Congo ». BMJ Global Health 3, n^o 5 (octobre 2018) : e000824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000824.

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IntroductionParenting programmes are increasingly popular for reducing children’s exposure to interpersonal violence in low/middle-income countries, but there is limited evidence on their effectiveness. We investigated the incremental impact of adding a caregiver component to a life skills programme for adolescent girls, assessing girls’ exposure to violence (sexual and others) and caregivers’ gender attitudes and parenting behaviours.MethodsIn this two-arm, single-blinded, cluster randomised controlled trial, we recruited 869 adolescent girls aged 10–14 and 764 caregivers in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Following a baseline survey, participants were divided into 35 clusters based on age, language and location. Eighteen clusters were randomised to the treatment arm and 17 clusters to the wait-list control arm. Adolescent girls in both arms received 32 life skills sessions; caregivers in the treatment arm received 13 complementary caregiver sessions. The primary outcome was girls’ self-reported exposure to sexual violence in the last 12 months; secondary outcomes included self-reports of specific forms of sexual violence, physical and emotional violence, transactional sex, child marriage for girls and parenting behaviours for caregivers. Intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were conducted.ResultsAt 12 months of follow-up, the intervention showed no impact on sexual violence (adjusted OR=0.95; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.37) or any secondary outcomes for girls. The intervention was associated with improved supportive parenting behaviours. Protocol adherence was also associated with improvements in these outcomes.ConclusionWhile the caregiver curriculum improved some parenting outcomes, additional programmatic adaptations may be needed to reduce adolescent girls’ violence exposure in humanitarian settings.Trial registration numberNCT02384642.

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Yang, Xiaodong. « IMMUNITY FOR INTERNATIONAL CRIMES : A REAFFIRMATION OF TRADITIONAL DOCTRINE ». Cambridge Law Journal 61, n^o 2 (24 juin 2002) : 239–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302221601.

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InArrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), decided on 14 February 2002, the International Court of Justice held that an incumbent Minister for Foreign Affairs was immune from criminal proceedings before a foreign domestic court, even if the charges involved crimes against humanity. Human rights advocates might well regard this decision as a serious setback. Decided against a widespread euphoria brought forth by, and largely due to a neglect of an important dictum in, the historic holding in Pinochet No. 3 [2000] 1 A.C. 147, the case serves further to clarify a crucial point of State immunity in current international law. The Pinochet case dealt with the immunity of a former, as opposed to a serving, Head of State. While the majority of the Law Lords only mentioned in passing that the immunity enjoyed by a serving Head of State ratione personae was absolute, the International Court of Justice stated, in unambiguous language, that: … in international law it is firmly established that, as also diplomatic and consular agents, certain holders of high-ranking office in a State, such as the Head of State, Head of Government and Minister for Foreign Affairs, enjoy immunities from jurisdiction in other States, both civil and criminal.

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Makenga Bof, Jean-Claude, Paul Mansiangi, Horlyne Nsangi, Éric Mafuta, Isabelle Aujoulat et Yves Coppieters. « Community Participation in and Perception of Community-Directed Treatment with Ivermectin in Kinshasa, DRC ». Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, n^o 3 (19 juillet 2019) : 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4030109.

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The success of community-directed treatment with Ivermectin (CDTI) depends on active community participation. We conducted a case study nested in a cross-sectional study in the Binza Ozone Health Zone (ZS) in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, in order to investigate community’s knowledges and perceptions of onchocerciasis and on all CDTI’s aspects. We interviewed 106 people aged 20 and over, purposively selected, through eight individual interviews and 12 focus groups. Themes used for collecting data were drawn for the Health Belief Model and data were analyzed using a deductive thematic approach. The term onchocerciasis was unknown to participants who called it “Mbitiri”, the little black fly, in their local language. This disease is seen as curse put on the sufferer by a witch and perceived as a threat because of the “Mbitiri” bites. The afflicted participants were reluctant to seek treatment and preferred traditional practitioners or healers. CDTI is considered devastating because of adverse effects of ivermectin as well as inefficient after occurrence of deaths. This explains the low level of community adhesion and participation to this strategy. Recruitment procedures for community distributors are poorly understood and awareness and health education campaigns are either non-existent or rarely carried out. Nevertheless, the latter should be regularly done.

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Fauré, Bertrand, François Cooren et Frédérik Matte. « To speak or not to speak the language of numbers : accounting as ventriloquism ». Accounting, Auditing & ; Accountability Journal 32, n^o 1 (15 janvier 2019) : 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-07-2017-3013.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend the literature on accounting’s performativity by developing a ventriloquial perspective that directs the attention to the reciprocity between the accounting signs and the accountants: they both do things by making each other speak. This oscillation explains where accounting number’s authority, materiality and resistance come from. Design/methodology/approach In order to show the relevance of this approach, the authors examine various ways numbers manage to speak or do things in the context of video-recorded conversations taken from fieldwork completed with Médecins sans frontières (also known as Doctors without Borders) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Findings The analyses show how this ventriloquial perspective can inform the way the authors interpret what happens: when numbers do not say the same thing; when numbers are competing with other figures; and when numbers backfire on their own promoters. Research limitations/implications Even if some of the numbers studied are sometimes far from accounting per se, it shows how the absence or presence of accounting can make a difference. Practical implications The authors then discuss the implications of this research for accounting social innovation through accounting inscriptions. Social implications This perspective helps to understand that numbers can give great power, but that everything cannot be told with numbers. This is why making numbers speak is a great talent. Originality/value This refreshing perspective on accounting could be extended to other fields such as auditing and auditing.

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Storchi, Alessandro. « Sexual Slavery as a War Crime : A Reform Proposal ». Michigan Journal of International Law, n^o 42.2 (2021) : 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.36642/mjil.42.2.sexual.

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For the first time in the history of international criminal law, the ICC Elements of Crimes included a statutory definition of sexual slavery as a war crime and as a crime against humanity. Such definition is derived from, and in fact almost identical to, the definition of enslavement in the same text. In July 2019, that language for the first time was adopted and applied in the conviction of general Bosco Ntaganda, the first ever conviction for sexual slavery as a war crime and as a crime against humanity at the ICC, as part of the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This note argues for a reform in the language of the crime of sexual slavery as present in the ICC Elements of Crimes. The present formulation of such crime fails to correctly provide an independent standing for sexual slavery: that is, it does not adequately characterize the sexual nature of the crime as opposed to the broader category of enslavement. The note will focus on the drafting history that led to the present language, as well as on the problems arising from the Ntaganda decision. The note highlights the theoretical and practical limits of the present formulation, and it will address the academic critiques the language already received. It will then provide for an alternative wording for the first element of the crime, a wording that is more reflective of the purpose arising from the negotiating history at Rome and that emphasizes the sexual nature of the offense.

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Human Rights Law in Africa, Editors. « DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO ». Human Rights Law in Africa Online 2, n^o 1 (2004) : 1024–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160604x01197.

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Human Rights Law in Africa, Editors. « DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO ». Human Rights Law in Africa Online 3, n^o 1 (1998) : 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160698x00348.

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Kabemba, Claude. « Democratic republic of Congo ». South African Journal of International Affairs 12, n^o 1 (juin 2005) : 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10220460509556748.

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Bowell, Rob, et Robert B. Cook. « Cuprosklodowskite:Musonoi, Democratic Republic of Congo ». Rocks & ; Minerals 84, n^o 2 (mars 2009) : 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/rmin.84.2.144-149.

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FRIMAN, HÅKAN. « THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO ». African Security Review 10, n^o 3 (janvier 2001) : 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2001.9628115.

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ALUSALA, NELSON. « THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO ». African Security Review 13, n^o 1 (janvier 2004) : 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2004.9627275.

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David Shook. « Goma : Democratic Republic of the Congo ». World Literature Today 88, n^o 5 (2014) : 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7588/worllitetoda.88.5.0005.

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Donzo, Jean-Pierre Bunza. « Langues bantoues de l’entre Congo- Ubangi (RD Congo) : documentation, reconstruction, classification et contacts avec les langues oubanguiennes ». Afrika Focus 28, n^o 1 (16 février 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v28i1.4745.

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This PhD thesis consists of the documentation, reconstruction and classfication of ten Bantu languages (bolondo , bonyange, ebudzà , ebwela, lib bi, ling mb , mond ng , mony ng , mos ngé, pagabéte) spoken in the geographical area between the Congo and Ubangi Rivers in the north- western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The study examines the interaction between these languages and seven neighboring Ubangian languages (gb nz r , g b , ma , mb nz , monz mb , ngbandi, ngbaka-m n gend ). By means of a lexicostatistical study which determines the degree of lexical similarity between the languages under study, a phylogenetic classi cation has been established which integrates these languages in the larger sample of 401 Bantu languages used by Grollemund et al. (2015). This quantitative approach has generated Neighbor-Net and Neighbor-Joining networks as well as Bayesian trees, which indicate the in- ternal sub-groups of the Bantu family in general, and more speci cally of the Bantu languages of the central Congo basin to which the Bantu languages spoken between the Congo and Ubangi Rivers belong. Subsequently, we have undertaken a descriptive and comparative study of the those languages as well as a study of regular sound correspondances with regard to Proto-Bantu. They possess certain foreign phonemes that have not been reconstructed to Proto-Bantu, such as im- plosives and labiovelar stops, which have the status of distinct phonemes. The study of these spe- ci c sounds suggests that they were borrowed from the neighboring Ubangian languages. The lexical comparison also revealed an interaction between Bantu and Ubangian languages. Certain lexical borrowings were transferred from Bantu to Ubangian, while others moved in the opposite direction. Through the comparative method, we have obtained a phonological reconstruction of the hypothetical ancestor language of these langues. This Proto-Congo-Ubangi Bantu split into two sub-branches, i.e. Proto-Congo Bantu and Proto-Ubangi Bantu.

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Batumona Adi, Gilbert Kadima. « Etude de la néologie terminologique en Bantu : cas de la cilubalisation des termes français des équipements et matériels de bureau ». Afrika Focus 26, n^o 1 (11 février 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v26i1.4933.

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The Democratic Republic of Congo, like many African countries, has an important public and private administration, but one whose performance and productivity are generally considered to be low. Numerous efforts to modernize and improve the productivity of this administration have been made, notably by recourse to modern office equipment and supplies. In this doctoral study we label the equipment and supplies under the denomination of western technologies which signals their provenance. A close examination of the documents which catalogue and describe the functioning of these technologies, reveals that the overwhelming majority of these documents are written in either French or in English. In other words, the western technologies which are used in the Congolese public administration are denominated in the idioms of theirs designers and their operations are described in the same idioms. These technologies which range from simple to sophisticated tools (equipment for word processing or for electronic transmission of data) can be considered as the symbols of modern culture which generally is dominated by the western countries and some industrialized nations of Asia (Korea, Japan, Taiwan). The technologies are objects that are foreign to the cultures of Africa and the Congo. With regard to this situation, we argue that these imported western technologies must be localized when they arrive in African countries. To be localized means that the relevant documents be translated into the languages of the host countries in order to improve the efficiency with which the users are able to use the technologies. Our research demonstrates that when these imported technologies arrive in the Democratic Republic of Congo they are frequently under-utilized. This is because the occidental languages predominate in the operation documentation which are oriented for use within the social and legal contexts of western countries. Our analyses indicate that this under-utilization is essentially due to a terminological deficiency based on an assumption that the Congolese national languages are not sufficiently able to support the imported technologies. Our analyses also show that this assisted modernization of public administration in the Democratic Republic of Congo with the recourse to western technologies simultaneously poses organizational, economic and linguistic problems. Our conclusions not only point to operation difficulties but also to dif culties operators have nding the correct terms, which makes it more likely that items will be named in their own languages. It is in this context that we identify the link between economics and linguistics. From a linguistics position, the need of multilingual terminological research is clear, research that supports the users in the efforts to adapt their languages as languages of reception for these imported technologies. Eager to explore this eld in connection with the Bantu languages and cultures we began our research for the thesis. Our thesis is articulated around four following ac- tivities: (i) development of the nomenclature having to be used as a sample of the study; (ii) the globalization or the methodological route of the terminological appropriation of western technologies which are addressed by our research; (iii) the study of the denominating terms of the afore-mentioned technologies; (iv) the study of the mechanism of an apparatus with regard to technical terms in Ciluba. The four activities outlined above will be developed over a planned eight chapters which constitute our thesis. This approach provides the focus for our research objectives, all of which are informed by one overriding need: providing the ciluba with one specialized glossary of office equipment and supplies. Key words: Neology, terminology, translation, language planning, Bantu African languages, Ciluba, development of resourced languages, equipment and office supplies, applied linguistics

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Lydy, Mumbembe. « Language Factors Affecting the Katanga Language Spoken in the Democratic Republic of Congo ». JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 07, n^o 04 (8 octobre 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.31901/24566764.2016/07.04.02.

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Baka, Jean. « Planning Policy on afro-european multilingualism in Sub-Saharian Africa ». Afrika Focus 18, n^o 1-2 (22 août 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v18i1-2.5423.

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Generally two types of multilingualism are distinguished: individual multilingualism and social multilingualism. This paper has a double aim: 1. The analysis of the solutions designed for the management of social multilingualism in general and afro-european multilingualism in particular. 2. The proposal of a language policy approach, which takes into account ethnic differences, cultural particularities and the importance of languages of mass communication. This approach will allow democratise the education system by an augmentation of school attendance rates, the limitation of failures and school desertion and annihilation of illiteracy and niral exodus.The approach offered is exemplified by the case of Republic of Congo. Key Words: Multilinguialsm, Congo-Brazzaville, Language Policy, Language Education, Indigenous Development, Sub-Sahara Africa.

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Van't Klooster, Charlotte I. E. A., Vinije Haabo, Margot C. van den Berg, Piet Stoffelen et Tinde Van Andel. « African elements in Saramaccan Maroon plant names in Suriname ». Botany, 26 juillet 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2021-0066.

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The ancestors of the Saramaccan Maroons, who were brought as enslaved Africans to Suriname, used their ethnobotanical knowledge and native languages to name the flora in their new environment. Little is known about the influence of African languages on Saramaccan plant naming. We hypothesized that Saramaccan plant names were more influenced by Central African languages than found so far based on ethnobotanical research, because data of the Central African region was scarce. We compiled a new database on Saramaccan plant names and compared these names with an unpublished plant name database from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the earlier published NATRAPLAND database on Afro-Surinamese plant names to find comparable plant names for botanically related species in Africa. We further analyzed form, meaning, function, and categories of Saramaccan plant name components by means of dictionaries and grammars. In total, 39% of the Saramaccan plant names had an African origin, of which 44% were African retentions, 54% were innovations and 2% were misidentifications with botanical links to Africa via other plant species. Most retentions were of Central African origin (62%). The Bantu language that contributed most to Saramaccan plant names was Kikongo, followed by West African Kwa languages. Plant names reveal important information on the African origin of the Saramaccans, and deserve more scientific attention.

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Tshotsho, Baba. « Language Challenges Facing Students from the Democratic Republic of Congo in a University in South Africa ». INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES 08, n^o 03 (8 avril 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.31901/24566322.2015/08.03.17.

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Rossignoli, Domenico, Sara Balestri, Simona Beretta et Mario A. Maggioni. « International Child Sponsorship Improves School Performance : Evidence from Goma (DRC) ». Journal of African Economies, 6 mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejab007.

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Abstract This paper provides new evidence on the impact on educational attainment of an international child support (ICS) program, implemented in ten primary schools located in the peri-urban districts of the city of Goma (Democratic Republic of Congo). Using original micro data from a sample of 309 children (treated, 121; control, 188), we explore, through a difference-in-differences approach, whether the ICS program, which reduces the structural uncertainty faced by the targeted pupils and their families, impacts on a broad set of alternative educational outcomes—namely, performance scores in four different subjects (civic education and religion, French languages, national languages and mathematics), total score, failure and school drop-out rates. The results show that sponsored children report lower drop-out and failure rates in comparison to their control peers and that they succeed in catching up in all subjects in two school years. Results are robust to the implementation of a coarsened exact matching procedure, exploiting the data structure to produce unbiased estimates along with bounded ex-post balancing.

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Tripp, Katie, Svenja Jungjohann, Heather Clayton, Simeon Nanama, Fanny Sandalinas, Winnie Mujinga, Cristina Palma et al. « Formative Work to Design the Packaging of a Lipid-based Nutrient Supplement for a Home Fortification Program in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ». European Journal of Nutrition & ; Food Safety, 14 août 2015, 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2015/21004.

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Objectives: To determine a culturally appropriate product name and package design that would communicate important usage instructions for a lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) for a target population with diverse languages and low literacy. Methods: Formative work was conducted in two locations in Katanga region, DRC: Mabaya, a rural village and Kipushi, a peri-urban area. In each site, focus group discussions with parents of children aged 0-24 months (3 with mothers, and 1 with fathers) were conducted. Additionally, two key informant interviews with mothers and health workers were conducted in each location. Two sets of 7 images, one for each LNS sachet in the strip, were tested to assess perceptions of use. Different color options and product names were tested to identify culturally appropriate packaging. Results: The majority of participants read the different images on the multi sachet strip as a story line. Participants retained the main messages that the strip should convey: Optimal child feeding and care, product use, target group and potential product benefits. All participants recognized the mother and children in the images as "Congolese". Green and brown were identified as suitable colors for the packaging and were associated with qualities such as growth, and healthy development. The names Kulazuri (eating well) and Afiabora (good health) were preferred. A combination of the first two name proposals "Kulabora" (eating better) was decided upon. Conclusions: The results from this formative assessment were used to finalize the design of the LNS product, which is currently being distributed in Kasenga health zone.

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