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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Contagious behavior »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 4 juin 2021
Mis à jour le 6 février 2022

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1

Norscia, Ivan, Lucia Agostini, Alessia Moroni, et al. "Yawning Is More Contagious in Pregnant Than Nulliparous Women." Human Nature 32, no. 2 (2021): 301–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-021-09404-w.

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AbstractContrary to spontaneous yawning, which is widespread in vertebrates and probably evolutionary ancient, contagious yawning—yawning triggered by others’ yawns—is considered an evolutionarily recent phenomenon, found in species characterized by complex sociality. Whether the social asymmetry observed in the occurrence of contagious yawning is related to social and emotional attachment and may therefore reflect emotional contagion is a subject of debate. In this study we assessed whether yawn contagion was enhanced in pregnant women, a cohort of subjects who develop prenatal emotional attachment in preparation for parental care, via hormonal and neurobiological changes. We predicted that if yawn contagion underlies social and emotional attachment, pregnant women would be more likely to contagiously yawn than nonpregnant, nulliparous women of reproductive age. We gathered data in two different settings. In the experimental setting, 49 women were exposed to video stimuli of newborns either yawning or moving their mouth (control) and we video-recorded the women during repeated trials to measure their yawning response. In the naturalistic setting, 131 women were observed in a social environment and their yawning response was recorded. We tested the factors influencing the yawning response, including the reproductive status (pregnant vs. not pregnant). In both settings, yawn contagion occurred significantly more in pregnant than nonpregnant women. By showing that pregnant women were most likely to respond to others’ yawns, our results support the hypothesis that the social variation observed in yawn contagion may be influenced by emotional attachment and that yawning in highly social species might have been coopted for emotional contagion during evolution.
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Franzese, Robert J., Jude C. Hays, and Aya Kachi. "Modeling History Dependence in Network-Behavior Coevolution." Political Analysis 20, no. 2 (2012): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr049.

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Spatial interdependence—the dependence of outcomes in some units on those in others—is substantively and theoretically ubiquitous and central across the social sciences. Spatial association is also omnipresent empirically. However, spatial association may arise from three importantly distinct processes:common exposureof actors to exogenous external and internal stimuli, interdependence of outcomes/behaviors across actors (contagion), and/or the putative outcomes may affect the dimensions along which the clustering occurs (selection). Accurate inference about any of these processes generally requires an empirical strategy that addresses all three well. From a spatial-econometric perspective, this suggests spatiotemporal empirical models with exogenous covariates (common exposure) and spatial lags (contagion), with the spatial weights being endogenous (selection). From a longitudinal network-analytic perspective, the same three processes are identified as potential sources of network effects and network formation. From that perspective, actors' self-selection into networks (by, e.g., behavioralhomophily) and actors' behavior that is contagious through those network connections likewise demands theoretical and empirical models in which networks and behaviorcoevolveover time. This paper begins building such models by, on theoretical side, extending a Markov type-interaction model to allow endogenous tie-formation, and, on empirical side, merging a simplespatial-laglogit model of contagious behavior with a simplep*-logit model of network formation. One interesting consequence of network-behavior coevolution—identically, endogenous patterns of spatial interdependence—emphasized here is how it can produce history-dependent political dynamics, including equilibriumphatand path dependence (Page 2006). The paper concludes with an illustrative application to alliance formation and conflict behavior among the great powers in the first half of the twentieth century.
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JONES, MARSHALL B., and DONALD R. JONES. "THE CONTAGIOUS NATURE OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR." Criminology 38, no. 1 (2000): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00882.x.

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Provine, Robert R. "Contagious behavior: An alternative approach to mirror-like phenomena." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 2 (2014): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13002458.

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AbstractContagious behaviors such as yawning and itching/scratching have mirror-like properties and clearly defined stimulus and motor parameters; they are also relatively easy to study and should be part of the debate about mirror neurons and the neurological mechanisms of social behavior. The broadly tuned, multimodal stimuli of contagious behavior challenge present accounts of mirror mechanisms that focus on specific, mirrored acts.
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Gu, Jiafeng, Tiyan Shen, and Jiadong Zhang. "Can Financial Shortages in China’s Education Be Contagious?" Journal of Systems Science and Information 3, no. 3 (2015): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jssi-2015-0193.

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AbstractThe full models are estimated by spatial econometric models using county-level data from 1513 Chinese counties. The results indicate the existence of spatial contagion effects among local governments with respect to spending on local education. Financial shortages in education tend to be contagious; they affect counties or regions in geographic proximity. Contagion occurs due to three different fundamental causes: Intergovernmental competition, political economy and neighborhood watch. The possibility of contagion depends strongly on education investment, financial and economic conditions, cultural diversity, urban/rural distribution, and population structure. Poor counties are much more likely to become “infected” by neighboring financial behavior in education. The empirical evidence suggests that the speed of contagion is faster in economically underdeveloped areas than in economically developed areas.
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Ariel, Barak, Alex Sutherland, Darren Henstock, et al. "“Contagious Accountability”." Criminal Justice and Behavior 44, no. 2 (2016): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816668218.

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The use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) by the police is rising. One proposed effect of BWCs is reducing complaints against police, which assumes that BWCs reduce officer noncompliance with procedures, improve suspects’ demeanor, or both, leading to fewer complaints. We report results from a global, multisite randomized controlled trial on whether BWC use reduces citizens’ complaints. Seven discrete tests ( N = 1,847 officers), with police shifts as the unit of analysis ( N = 4,264), were randomly assigned into treatment and control conditions. Using a prospective meta-analytic approach, we found a 93% before–after reduction in complaint incidence ( Z = −3.234; p < .001), but no significant differences between trial arms in the studies ( d = .053, SE = .11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [−.163, .269]), and little between-site variation ( Q = 4.905; p = .428). We discuss these results in terms of an “observer effect” that influences both officers’ and citizens’ behavior and assess what we interpret as treatment diffusion between experimental and control conditions within the framework of “contagious accountability.”
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Sandman, Curt A., Paul Touchette, Sarah Marion, Mohammed Lenjavi, and Aleksandra Chicz-Demet. "Disregulation of proopiomelanocortin and contagious maladaptive behavior." Regulatory Peptides 108, no. 2-3 (2002): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00097-6.

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Arehart-Treichel, Joan. "Antisocial Behavior Contagious For Some Married Couples." Psychiatric News 38, no. 3 (2003): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.38.3.0026a.

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Alrashed, Mohammed, and Jeff Shamma. "Agent Based Modelling and Simulation of Pedestrian Crowds in Panic Situations." Collective Dynamics 5 (August 12, 2020): A100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17815/cd.2020.100.

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The increasing occurrence of panic stampedes during mass events has motivated studying the impact of panic on crowd dynamics. Understanding the collective behaviors of panic stampedes is essential to reducing the risk of deadly crowd disasters. In this work, we use an agent-based formulation to model the collective human behavior in such crowd dynamics. We investigate the impact of panic behavior on crowd dynamics, as a specific form of collective behavior, by introducing a contagious panic parameter. The proposed model describes the intensity and spread of panic through the crowd. The corresponding panic parameter impacts each individual to represent a different variety of behaviors that can be associated with panic situations such as escaping danger, clustering, and pushing. Simulation results show contagious panic and pushing behavior, resulting in a more realistic crowd dynamics model.
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Busching, Robert, and Barbara Krahé. "The Contagious Effect of Deviant Behavior in Adolescence." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 7 (2017): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617725151.

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This article investigated how the development of deviant behavior in adolescence is influenced by the variability of deviant behavior in the peer group. Based on the social information-processing (SIP) model, we predicted that peer groups with a low variability of deviant behavior (providing normative information that is easy to process) should have a main effect on the development of adolescents’ deviant behavior over time, whereas peer groups in which deviant behavior is more variable (i.e., more difficult to process) should primarily impact the deviant behavior of initially nondeviant classroom members. These hypotheses were largely supported in a multilevel analysis using self-reports of deviant behavior in a sample of 16,891 adolescents in 1,308 classes assessed at two data waves about 1-year apart. The results demonstrate the advantages of studying cross-level interactions to clarify the impact of the peer environment on the development of deviant behavior in adolescence.
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Galoni, Chelsea, Gregory S. Carpenter, and Hayagreeva Rao. "Disgusted and Afraid: Consumer Choices under the Threat of Contagious Disease." Journal of Consumer Research 47, no. 3 (2020): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaa025.

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Abstract Consumers regularly encounter cues of contagious disease in daily life—a commuter sneezes on the train, a colleague blows their nose in a meeting, or they read recent headlines about the dangerous spread of a disease. Research has overwhelmingly argued that the dominant response to these cues is disgust—an emotion that leads to a desire to reject and avoid potential contamination. We argue, however, that contagious disease cues can also elicit fear. Across four experiments and two large empirical data analyses of the presence of contagious disease on actual consumption behavior, we find that cues of contagious disease increase both fear and disgust, and these emotions together form a unique behavioral tendency with respect to consumer behavior. Relative to either emotion alone, disgust and fear increase preference for more-familiar products asymmetrically over less-familiar ones. These results contribute theoretically to research on complex emotional states and the behavioral tendencies of emotions, document a systematic and consequential impact of contagious disease cues on real consumption behavior, and have significant practical implications for marketers.
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NICKERSON, DAVID W. "Is Voting Contagious? Evidence from Two Field Experiments." American Political Science Review 102, no. 1 (2008): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055408080039.

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Members of the same household share similar voting behaviors on average, but how much of this correlation can be attributed to the behavior of the other person in the household? Disentangling and isolating the unique effects of peer behavior, selection processes, and congruent interests is a challenge for all studies of interpersonal influence. This study proposes and utilizes a carefully designed placebo-controlled experimental protocol to overcome this identification problem. During a face-to-face canvassing experiment targeting households with two registered voters, residents who answered the door were exposed to either a Get Out the Vote message (treatment) or a recycling pitch (placebo). The turnout of the person in the household not answering the door allows for contagion to be measured. Both experiments find that 60% of the propensity to vote is passed onto the other member of the household. This finding suggests a mechanism by which civic participation norms are adopted and couples grow more similar over time.
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Zhao, Laijun, Jingjing Cheng, Ying Qian, and Qin Wang. "USEIRS model for the contagion of individual aggressive behavior under emergencies." SIMULATION 88, no. 12 (2012): 1456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549712451164.

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Individual aggressive behavior under emergencies is contagious, and often leads to collective aggressive behavior. In this paper, we apply the epidemic model to investigate the contagion of individual aggressive behavior under emergencies, extending the SEIRS (Susceptible–Exposed–Infected–Recovered–Susceptible) model by adding a new group of people – uninducible individuals. Thus, a new dynamic model USEIRS (Uninducible–Susceptible–Exposed–Infected–Recovered–Susceptible) is developed. The threshold of individual aggressive behavior contagion is deduced from the USEIRS model through the analysis of the eliminating and prevailing stabilities and equilibrium of aggressive behavior contagion. The numerical solutions of the USEIRS model show that a higher number of initial uninducible individuals can reduce the number of people with aggressive behavior. However, the decrease in the number of aggressive individuals will be insignificant if the uninducible individuals have little influence on the public. A higher uninducible rate can reduce the number of individuals with aggressive behavior. However, some people will still inevitably behave aggressively at the beginning. The effect of higher uninducible rate has an accelerating feature, which becomes more obvious with the development of emergency. Providing information and education to increase the uninducible population, or more communication between experts, government officials and the general public to increase the uninducible rate are strategies for reducing individual aggressive behavior.
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Franzen, Axel, Sebastian Mader, and Fabian Winter. "Contagious yawning, empathy, and their relation to prosocial behavior." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147, no. 12 (2018): 1950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000422.

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Hu, Mandy Mantian, Sha Yang, and Daniel Yi Xu. "Understanding the Social Learning Effect in Contagious Switching Behavior." Management Science 65, no. 10 (2019): 4771–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3173.

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Epstein, Joshua M., Erez Hatna, and Jennifer Crodelle. "Triple contagion: a two-fears epidemic model." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, no. 181 (2021): 20210186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0186.

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We present a differential equations model in which contagious disease transmission is affected by contagious fear of the disease and contagious fear of the control, in this case vaccine. The three contagions are coupled. The two fears evolve and interact in ways that shape distancing behaviour, vaccine uptake, and their relaxation. These behavioural dynamics in turn can amplify or suppress disease transmission, which feeds back to affect behaviour. The model reveals several coupled contagion mechanisms for multiple epidemic waves. Methodologically, the paper advances infectious disease modelling by including human behavioural adaptation, drawing on the neuroscience of fear learning, extinction and transmission.
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Nowland, John, and Andreas Simon. "Is poor director attendance contagious?" Australian Journal of Management 43, no. 1 (2017): 42–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896217702426.

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Recent corporate governance guidelines have focused on the structure of the board of directors, with little recognition of the importance of director attendance at board and committee meetings. Director attendance is vital as prior studies show that director absences result in weaker monitoring of management and lower firm performance. This study examines whether directors learn from the attendance behavior of their board colleagues, thereby magnifying the scope and potential consequences of good or poor attendance practices. We find that director attendance is significantly positively related to their board colleagues attendance, including colleagues in the same firm and colleagues in other firms where the director holds other directorships. For policymakers, these results indicate that ongoing attention needs to be paid to the attendance practices of directors, with intervention required to ensure poor attendance practices do not become contagious.
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Bian, Yuetang (Peter), Yu Wang, and Lu Xu. "Systemic Risk Contagion in Reconstructed Financial Credit Network within Banking and Firm Sectors on DebtRank Based Model." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (December 10, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8885657.

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This paper is dedicated to building a multilayer financial network within banking sectors and firm sectors (nonbanking) on the balance sheet of two types of agents and to assessing systemic risk contagion in the reconstructed network. Two propagation channels due to interbank credit and counterparty risk via banks’ loans to firms are comprehensively taken into account in systemic risk contagion assessment, which is based on the DebtRank model by analyzing the relative loss of each bank’s equity and the vulnerability of the network. The computational simulation on how systemic risk contagious process evolves has been conducted, where the possible influential factors of network structure, agent’s initial risk status, external shock ratio, liquidity flow rate, and different layers of the network are considered. The findings show that the reconstructed network is absolutely vulnerable under the assumed market circumstance without any bailouts and the risk contagion process shows nonlinear behavior. Specifically, when the average degree of the network and the external shock ratio increases, the risk contagion speed becomes relatively high and the resulting negative effects on the network are more intense. Besides, risks originating from the failed firms in bank-firm layer should place more negative effect on the financial system than that only happening in interbank market. Different liquidity rates in financial market could lead to obvious discrepancy of the risk contagion speed and the extent of asset loss. Additionally, the two layers of the network have diverse influences on risk contagious process resulting in totally different banks’ status in each layer.
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Provine, Robert R. "Contagious yawning and laughing: Everyday imitation- and mirror-like behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, no. 2 (2005): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05390030.

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Yu, Yao-Qing, Devin M. Barry, Yan Hao, Xue-Ting Liu, and Zhou-Feng Chen. "Molecular and neural basis of contagious itch behavior in mice." Science 355, no. 6329 (2017): 1072–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aak9748.

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McDonald, M. D. "IS SEXUAL MATURATION CONTAGIOUS?" Journal of Experimental Biology 209, no. 15 (2006): v. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02407.

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Villavicencio Navarro, Víctor. "La pandemia de gripe española de 1918 en México: apuntes para un análisis comparativo." Estudios: filosofía, historia, letras 19, no. 137 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5347/01856383.0137.000299734.

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The so-called "Spanish flu" appeared suddenly in North America in 1918, spread throughout the world and caused around 30 million deaths. In Mexico, its outbreak caused various complications amid an already difficult panorama, since the country was in the last stage of the revolutionary movement. The measures adopted by the government and the way in which the press reported the news of the contagions and deaths caused by the disease, as well as the impact caused in society, show the progress of the medical science in Mexico, the changes in social behavior in the face of a highly contagious disease, and the way in which a phenomenon of this nature is treated by the national press.
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Kasheer, Muhammad, and Myungwoo Nam. "The influence of contagious disease threat on general risk-taking tendency." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 49, no. 8 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8133.

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We conducted two studies to investigate the effects of the threat of a contagious disease on people's tendency to engage in risk-taking behaviors that are not directly related to the disease, such as investment decisions. In Study 1 we demonstrated that individual differences in germ aversion influenced risk-taking tendency. Participants with relatively high germ aversion were less likely than were those with relatively low germ aversion to engage in risk-taking behaviors encompassing the ethical, investment, gambling, recreational, health, and social domains. In Study 2 we replicated the results of Study 1 in a different setting and examined the underlying process by which perceived disease threat inhibits risk taking. The findings suggest that the threat of disease-induced negative affect decreased risk-taking tendencies. This implies that precautionary behavior activated by disease-threat salience can extend beyond the health domain to a broader range of situations.
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TELLI, DENISE, LÉLIS BALESTRIN ESPARTEL, CLECIO FALCAO ARAUJO, and KENNY BASSO. "DISHONESTY IS CONTAGIOUS: INVESTIGATING THE DOMINO EFFECT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL CUSTOMER BEHAVIORS." Revista de Administração de Empresas 60, no. 1 (2020): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-759020200103.

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ABSTRACT The interaction between dysfunctional customers and other customers can cause the domino effect (i.e., the dissemination of a dysfunctional client’s behavior to other nearby clients). However, it is not understood if this effect will manifest under certain levels of damage to the company. This study thus aims to verify if the amount of damage from the dysfunctional behavior can affect the probability of the domino effect. Through five experimental studies, we prove that the amount of damage influences the likelihood of dysfunctional behavior replication. Moreover, we found that this effect is explained by the acceptability of the dysfunctional behavior. We also identify that a consumer’s ethics level, perception of risk in replicating the behavior, and social distance acts as boundary conditions of the amount of damage effect on the probability of replicating the dysfunctional behavior.
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Gontijo, Terezinha Abreu, and Denize Junqueira Domingos. "Guild distribution of some termites from cerrado vegetation in south-east Brazil." Journal of Tropical Ecology 7, no. 4 (1991): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400005897.

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ABSTRACTThe distributional patterns and food preferences of some cerrado vegetation termites were studied in an area of 2500 m2 in south-east Brazil. All the termitaria were mapped and opened for identification of the species present. Their spatial distribution was studied using the nearest neighbour method (Clark & Evans 1954). We found 46 termite species in 450 nests. The majority of them were wood feeders. The general distribution of termitaria was regular. The distributional patterns of grass and litter feeders were not significantly different from a random distribution. Soil and organic matter feeders were contagiously distributed. The distribution of wood feeders was also contagious. Their spatial distribution was largely influenced by the distribution of the species Nasutitermes sp. 1 and Armitermes euamignathus. These two species occurred in two distinct patches, suggesting resource partitioning.
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Liljencrantz, Jaquette, Mark H. Pitcher, Lucie A. Low, Lucy Bauer, and M. Catherine Bushnell. "Comment on “Molecular and neural basis of contagious itch behavior in mice”." Science 357, no. 6347 (2017): eaan4749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan4749.

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Morelli, Federico, Yanina Benedetti, Mario Díaz, et al. "Contagious fear: Escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 10 (2019): 6096–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5193.

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Yu, Fangtian, Zhengqiu Yuan, Tao Yang, and Bin Qian. "Contagious degradation of a chemically active surface on the cathodes of lithium-ion batteries." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 28 (2018): 19195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp03537g.

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A new physicochemical model has been built based on the contagious degradation of the chemically active surface to study the quantitative behavior and unravel the mechanism of the decrease in the durability of lithium-ion batteries.
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Reddy, Rachna B., Christopher Krupenye, Evan L. MacLean, and Brian Hare. "No evidence for contagious yawning in lemurs." Animal Cognition 19, no. 5 (2016): 889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-0986-1.

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Adriaense, Jessie E. C., Jordan S. Martin, Martina Schiestl, Claus Lamm, and Thomas Bugnyar. "Negative emotional contagion and cognitive bias in common ravens (Corvus corax)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 23 (2019): 11547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817066116.

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Emotional contagion is described as an emotional state matching between subjects, and has been suggested to facilitate communication and coordination in complex social groups. Empirical studies typically focus on the measurement of behavioral contagion and emotional arousal, yet, while highly important, such an approach often disregards an additional evaluation of the underlying emotional valence. Here, we studied emotional contagion in ravens by applying a judgment bias paradigm to assess emotional valence. We experimentally manipulated positive and negative affective states in demonstrator ravens, to which they responded with increased attention and interest in the positive condition, as well as increased redirected behavior and a left-eye lateralization in the negative condition. During this emotion manipulation, another raven observed the demonstrator’s behavior, and we used a bias paradigm to assess the emotional valence of the observer to determine whether emotional contagion had occurred. Observers showed a pessimism bias toward the presented ambiguous stimuli after perceiving demonstrators in a negative state, indicating emotional state matching based on the demonstrators’ behavioral cues and confirming our prediction of negative emotional contagion. We did not find any judgment bias in the positive condition. This result critically expands upon observational studies of contagious play in ravens, providing experimental evidence that emotional contagion is present not only in mammalian but also in avian species. Importantly, this finding also acts as a stepping stone toward understanding the evolution of empathy, as this essential social skill may have emerged across these taxa in response to similar socioecological challenges.
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Oh, Jinuk, and Nita Chhinzer. "Is turnover contagious? The impact of transformational leadership and collective turnover on employee turnover decisions." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 42, no. 7 (2021): 1089–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-12-2020-0548.

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PurposeThis study addresses three research questions related to employee turnover: (1) does transformational leadership act as a pull-to-stay factor for employees? (2) How well does turnover intention predict actual turnover behavior? (3) Does collective turnover moderate the link between turnover intentions and turnover behaviors?Design/methodology/approachLatent moderated structural equation modeling was employed with longitudinal and multi-source data from car dealerships located in the Seoul Capital Area, South Korea.FindingsThe results indicate a negative relationship between transformational leadership and turnover intentions and a positive relationship between turnover intentions and turnover behavior. Furthermore, the results provide empirical support for turnover contagion as a mechanism triggering turnover intentions into turnover behavior in the workplace.Originality/valueThis study provides a timely and novel contribution to the areas of leadership and employee turnover due to the underexplored research area of transformational leadership, the growing body of literature that questions the fixed assumption in employee turnover studies and the increasing interest in collective turnover. Importantly, existing research has examined the concept of collective turnover from a quantity perspective, aggregating individual turnover to group levels. This study provides a more nuanced, comprehensive evaluation of the quality of turnover, by considering the impact of performance contribution aspects of turnover at the business unit level.
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Petersen, James H., and Donald L. DeAngelis. "Functional Response and Capture Timing in an Individual-based Model: Predation by Northern Squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) on Juvenile Salmonids in the Columbia River." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 12 (1992): 2551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-282.

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The behavior of individual northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) preying on juvenile salmonids was modeled to address questions about capture rate and the timing of prey captures (random versus contagious). Prey density, predator weight, prey weight, temperature, and diel feeding pattern were first incorporated into predation equations analogous to Holling Type 2 and Type 3 functional response models. Type 2 and Type 3 equations fit field data from the Columbia River equally well, and both models predicted predation rates on five of seven independent dates. Selecting a functional response type may be complicated by variable predation rates, analytical methods, and assumptions of the model equations. Using the Type 2 functional response, random versus contagious timing of prey capture was tested using two related models. ln the simpler model, salmon captures were assumed to be controlled by a Poisson renewal process; in the second model, several salmon captures were assumed to occur during brief "feeding bouts", modeled with a compound Poisson process. Salmon captures by individual northern squawfish were clustered through time, rather than random, based on comparison of model simulations and field data. The contagious-feeding result suggests that salmonids may be encountered as patches or schools in the river.
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Secaria, Bhirawa Odie Prino, Lilis Sulistyorini, and Soedjajadi Keman. "Influence of Student Behavior on Hepatitis A Incidence and Prevalence in Islamic Boarding School “Sidogiri”." Health Notions 2, no. 6 (2018): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33846/hn20614.

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Islamic boarding school Sidogiri is one of the school which has 8.400 male students. The sanitary conditions of Islamic boarding school are closely related to the contagion rate of contagious environment-based diseases, one of which is Hepatitis A. Islamic boarding school Sidogiri experiencing Hepatitis A outbreak in 2014, attacked as many as 111 students. This research was conducted to find out the correlation between students behavior (knowledge, attitude, and action) with incident and prevalence of Hepatitis A. The type of research was analytic observational research by analyzing behavior with the occurrence of Hepatitis A (IgG and IgM). The study was conducted in Islamic boarding school Sidogiri Kraton subdistrict in Pasuruan district from July 2017 until March 2018. The population in this study were all students in Islamic boarding school Sidogiri. Sample selection was done randomly so that got sample amount 38 people. The result of this research mentioned that attitude and action factor have significant influence to the occurrence of hepatitis A (IgG) with p-value equal to 0.017. The lower the attitudes and actions, the higher the prevalence of IgG. While the action factor has a significant effect on the incidence of Hepatitis A (IgM) with p value of 0.001. The lower the action, the higher the prevalence of IgM. Socialization, promotion and health education needs to be done to reduce the risk of contracting hepatitis A.
 
 Keywords: Islamic boarding school; students behaviour; hepatistis A; IgG; IgM
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Mathieu-Bolh, Nathalie. "COULD OBESITY BE CONTAGIOUS? SOCIAL INFLUENCE, FOOD CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR, AND BODY WEIGHT OUTCOMES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 24, no. 8 (2019): 1924–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100519000051.

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This paper contributes to explaining the obesity epidemic and finding a potential remedy. We build a theoretical model of food consumption decisions that accounts for social influence. In our model, individuals’ rationality is affected by an endogenous social weight norm, which influences their calorie consciousness and perceived survival chances. Individuals are conformist, and the degree of conformism describes the extent to which individuals’ discounted utility is influenced by the social weight norm. With an endogenous social weight norm reflecting a heavier and heavier average body weight, we show that a high degree of conformism to the social norm could explain the obesity epidemic. In this environment, a government intervention decreasing energy density is ineffective at reducing steady-state body weight. This result could explain why this type of government dietary intervention seems to have had no effect on obesity, and suggests that the same type of intervention through the Food Stamps Program would be ineffective on its own. We also find that in the steady state, individuals can be overweight or underweight depending on their degree of conformism relative to the education they receive about the healthy weight. While education programs focusing on either diet or exercise have had moderate success, we show that focusing on healthy weight education could combat social influence and reduce obesity.
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Sy, Thomas, and Jin Nam Choi. "Contagious leaders and followers: Exploring multi-stage mood contagion in a leader activation and member propagation (LAMP) model." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 122, no. 2 (2013): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.06.003.

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Céspedes Garzón, Karent. "Valores y antivalores formados en los jóvenes a través de los procesos de socialización/ And negative values in young people formed through socialization processes." Hexágono Pedagógico 3, no. 1 (2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22519/2145888x.285.

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Cuando se hacen visitas a las escuelas, sobre todo las del sector oficial, se observa la falta de tolerancia y respeto que tienen los jóvenes los unos a los otros, fomentándose la indisciplina y el desorden. Este tipo de comportamientos se han comenzado a ver generalizados, se ha vuelto contagioso, parece epidemia. Niños “sanos” se han convertido en indisciplinados. En esta investigación se pretende describir cómo se da la formación de valores y antivalores de los jóvenes a través de los procesos de socialización.ABSTRACT:When making visits to schools, especially the government sector, there is a lack of tolerance and respect that young people take to each other, thus promoting indiscipline and disorder. This type of behavior have begun to see widespread, it has become contagious, it seems epidemic. "Healthy" children have become unruly. In this research to describe how there is the formation of values and anti-youth through socialization processes.
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Kwit, Charles, Douglas J. Levey, and Cathryn H. Greenberg. "Contagious seed dispersal beneath heterospecific fruiting trees and its consequences." Oikos 107, no. 2 (2004): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13388.x.

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Queirogas, Vera Lúcia de, Liliane Martins de Oliveira, Renata Leal Marques, Diego Silva Freitas Oliveira, and Matias Pablo Juan Szabó. "Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on domestic dogs in Serra de Caldas Novas State Park, Goiás: epidemiological aspects." Biota Neotropica 10, no. 1 (2010): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032010000100032.

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We herein report tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestation of four domestic dogs wandering inside Serra de Caldas Novas State Park, Goiás. Twenty seven ticks were collected from these hosts along nine days in November 2008. Ticks were identified as adults of Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma tigrinum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus as well as Amblyomma spp. nymphs. One of the dogs displayed facial myoclonus, a symptom of canine distemper. Such disease is a serious viral and contagious disease of dogs and also of several wild animals. Overall tick species found on dogs clearly showed the transit of these hosts between the natural areas of the park and anthropic areas, urban or rural. Such situation illustrates the potential of dogs to transmit contagious and vector-borne diseases to wild canids. Our results reinforce the importance of control of dogs living free without responsible owner, to the Brazilian fauna conservation, particularly close to conservation units.
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Engelstädter, Jan, Christoph Sandrock, and Christoph Vorburger. "CONTAGIOUS PARTHENOGENESIS, AUTOMIXIS, AND A SEX DETERMINATION MELTDOWN." Evolution 65, no. 2 (2010): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01145.x.

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Paland, Susanne, John K. Colbourne, and Michael Lynch. "EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF CONTAGIOUS ASEXUALITY IN DAPHNIA PULEX." Evolution 59, no. 4 (2005): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/04-421.

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Paland, Susanne, John K. Colbourne, and Michale Lynch. "EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF CONTAGIOUS ASEXUALITY IN DAPHNIA PULEX." Evolution 59, no. 4 (2005): 800–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01754.x.

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Borovkov, K. "On the Asymptotic Behavior of a Dynamic Version of the Neyman Contagious Point Process." Stochastic Models 30, no. 3 (2014): 344–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15326349.2014.927318.

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Ball, Kylie, Robert W. Jeffery, Gavin Abbott, Sarah A. McNaughton, and David Crawford. "Is healthy behavior contagious: associations of social norms with physical activity and healthy eating." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 7, no. 1 (2010): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-86.

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Mariscal, Michael G., Ozge Oztan, Sophie M. Rose, et al. "Blood oxytocin concentration positively predicts contagious yawning behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder." Autism Research 12, no. 8 (2019): 1156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2135.

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Barry, Devin M., Yao-Qing Yu, Yan Hao, Xue-Ting Liu, and Zhou-Feng Chen. "Response to Comment on “Molecular and neural basis of contagious itch behavior in mice”." Science 357, no. 6347 (2017): eaan5000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan5000.

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Verheggen, F. J., M. C. Mescher, E. Haubruge, C. M. Moraes, and E. G. Schwartzberg. "Emission of Alarm Pheromone in Aphids: a Non-Contagious Phenomenon." Journal of Chemical Ecology 34, no. 9 (2008): 1146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9528-x.

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Bauer, Michal, Jana Cahlíková, Julie Chytilová, and Tomáš Želinský. "Social contagion of ethnic hostility." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 19 (2018): 4881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720317115.

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Interethnic conflicts often escalate rapidly. Why does the behavior of masses easily change from cooperation to aggression? This paper provides an experimental test of whether ethnic hostility is contagious. Using incentivized tasks, we measured willingness to sacrifice one’s own resources to harm others among adolescents from a region with a history of animosities toward the Roma people, the largest ethnic minority in Europe. To identify the influence of peers, subjects made choices after observing either destructive or peaceful behavior of peers in the same task. We found that susceptibility to follow destructive behavior more than doubled when harm was targeted against Roma rather than against coethnics. When peers were peaceful, subjects did not discriminate. We observed very similar patterns in a norms-elicitation experiment: destructive behavior toward Roma was not generally rated as more socially appropriate than when directed at coethnics, but the ratings were more sensitive to social contexts. The findings may illuminate why ethnic hostilities can spread quickly, even in societies with few visible signs of interethnic hatred.
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Gamma, Anna E., Jurgita Slekiene, and Hans-Joachim Mosler. "The Impact of Various Promotional Activities on Ebola Prevention Behaviors and Psychosocial Factors Predicting Ebola Prevention Behaviors in the Gambia Evaluation of Ebola Prevention Promotions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (2019): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112020.

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The outbreak of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) from 2014 to 2016 is over. However, several outbreaks of contagious diseases have already arisen and will recur. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of EVD prevention promotions in the Gambia and to assess the psychosocial factors that steer three behaviors: handwashing with soap, calling the Ebola Hotline, and not touching a person who might be suffering from EVD. In 2015, data were gathered from 498 primary care providers. The questionnaire was based on psychosocial factors from the risks, attitudes, norms, abilities, and self-regulation (RANAS) model. Three promotional activities were significantly associated with psychosocial factors of handwashing and, thus, with increased handwashing behavior: the home visit, posters, and info sheets. Norm factors, especially the perception of what other people do, had a great impact on handwashing with soap and on calling the Ebola Hotline. The perceived certainty that a behavior will prevent a disease was a predictor for all three protection behaviors. Commitment to the behavior emerged as especially relevant for the intention to call the Ebola Hotline and for not touching a person who might be suffering from EVD. Health behavior change programs should rely on evidence to target the right psychosocial factors and to maximize their effects on prevention behaviors, especially in emergency contexts.
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Fedriani, José M., and Thorsten Wiegand. "Hierarchical mechanisms of spatially contagious seed dispersal in complex seed-disperser networks." Ecology 95, no. 2 (2014): 514–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-0718.1.

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Ferraz, D. F., and L. H. A. Monteiro. "The impact of imported cases on the persistence of contagious diseases." Ecological Complexity 40 (December 2019): 100788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100788.

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