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1
Schaaf, Robert W. « Convention on the Rights of the Child ». International Journal of Legal Information 20, no 1 (1992) : 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073112650001091x.
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The Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 44/25 on November 20, 1989 was last reported in this column in the Winter of 1990 (IJLI, v. 18, no. 3). As noted then, the Convention entered into force on September 2, 1990. The initial documentation of the States parties to the Convention and the Committee on the Rights of the Child now provide additional information. These documents carry the words “Convention on the Rights of the Child” on the upper left corner of the cover pages and the new symbol “CRC” on the top of the upper right corner. The first documents noted emanate from the first meeting of the States parties to the Convention which opened at UN headquarters on February 27, 1991. The initial document, a single-page item carrying the symbol CRC/SP/1, dated November 30, 1990, is the provisional agenda of the first meeting.
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Anderson, Joe, et Susan K. Williams. « Stanton Convention Centre ». CASE Journal 12, no 1 (4 janvier 2016) : 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-08-2015-0038.
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Synopsis Used hypodermic needles were found in Stanton Convention Centre. The Centre’s department heads suggested installing secure needle receptacles. June Patterson, General Manager, quickly learned this was a divisive issue. Heated arguments focussed on two opinions: first, the Centre owed employees a safe working environment and needles constituted a significant risk to safety. Second, other department heads believed that presence of needle boxes would diminish customers’ perceptions of the Centre. According to one, “You wouldn’t find needle boxes in nice restaurants or golf courses.” Having promised a decision by the next meeting, Patterson mulled the question over and wondered how to proceed. Research methodology This case was written based on information obtained in interviews with the manager described in the case. The manager’s name, the name of the organization, and the city where it is located have all been disguised. Relevant courses and levels The authors use this case as the first contact with cases for our incoming MBA cohort in the summer pre-session to acquaint them with the basics of case analysis. However, this compact case could be used in many management courses, graduate or undergraduate, to illustrate difficulties in management decision making for different stakeholder groups. Theoretical bases The concepts most central to our discussions of the case are management decision making and the influences of diverse stakeholder opinions on those decisions.
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Barsh, Russel Lawrence. « Revision Of ILO Convention No. 107 ». American Journal of International Law 81, no 3 (juillet 1987) : 756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202032.
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Meeting for 10 days in Geneva last September, a group of 15 experts convened by the International Labour Office recommended substantial changes in ILO Convention No. 107, which for nearly 30 years has been the only binding international instrument on the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples. Noting the importance placed on the right to self-determination by indigenous peoples, the experts concluded that the Convention’s original emphasis on integration “no longer reflects current thinking” and should be replaced by the principle of affording these peoples “as much control as possible over their own economic, social and cultural development.” The Organisation’s Board of Governors approved the experts’ report in November, and placed the revision on the agenda for the 1988 General Labour Conference.
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de La Fayette, Louise. « The OSPAR Convention Comes into Force : Continuity and Progress ». International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 14, no 2 (1999) : 247–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180899x00110.
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AbstractThe Ministerial Meeting of the OSPAR Commission held in Sintra on 22-23 July 1998 was a milestone in the protection of the marine environment of the north-east Atlantic, because it was the first meeting of the OSPAR Commission since the coming into force of the 1992 OSPAR Convention, and because Ministers adopted a number of important measures pursuant to the Convention. This article first analyses the provisions of the OSPAR Convention in the light of contemporary and subsequent international environmental law, and then outlines the measures adopted at Sintra, examining their history, their current significance and anticipated future developments.
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Blake, Janet. « The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage ». International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no 4 (octobre 1996) : 819–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300059716.
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In November 1995 a draft resolution was presented to the 28th General Conference of UNESCO which, among other matters, dealt with the organisation's future activities in the field of the underwater cultural heritage.1 In conjunction with this resolution, the text of a draft Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage prepared by the International Law Association (ILA) was presented to the General Conference as the possible basis for a new international convention on the subject.2 Annexed to this draft Convention text was the Charter for the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage prepared by the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)3 to accompany the ILA draft Convention and serve as a set of criteria of good practice to be applied by States parties to the Convention. The General Conference adopted the draft resolution without any change and this therefore forms the basis for future deliberations within UNESCO over this issue, the question whether to draft an international convention on the basis of the ILA draft text having been a central part of the deliberations. Subsequent to the adoption of the resolution, meetings have been held between UNESCO and various bodies with an interest in the issue (such as the International Maritime Organisation and the International Oceanographic Commission as well as the UN Law of the Sea office). Following these consultations, it was agreed to hold a joint meeting of representatives of these organisations with chosen experts in order to examine the ILA draft Convention along with any other material relevant to a new legal instrument for the protection of the underwater cultural heritage.
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Rynkowski, Michał. « Religious Liberty Under the European Convention on Human Rights ». Ecclesiastical Law Journal 10, no 2 (16 avril 2008) : 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x08001221.
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The eighteenth annual meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research took place in Nicosia, Cyprus, in November 2007, the only divided capital city in the world. It was devoted to the question of how national courts respect and apply the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), particularly Article 9, in their jurisprudence. The conference gathered representatives of 26 European Union States (all except Malta) and was hosted by Mr Achilles Emilianides of the Cyprus Institute for Church and State Research. The conference was inaugurated in a ceremonial way, by the President of the Republic of Cyprus, the President of the Supreme Court, the Attorney General and the President of the European Consortium, Professor S. Berlingó from Messina.
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Hicks, Alex, et Anne Hicks. « 105 Actually, it is easy being green : Ten years of the Canadian PAediatric Society Annual General Meeting viewed through a sustainability lens ». Paediatrics & ; Child Health 25, Supplement_2 (août 2020) : e43-e44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxaa068.104.
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Abstract Introduction/Background The Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) recently released the “Global climate change and health of Canadian Children” statement. As climate rapidly evolves from “change” to “crisis” there is an increasing pressure toward sustainable conferencing. Knowing the value of attending meetings, the growing body of literature evaluating travel-related carbon cost and convention sustainability can inform environmental harm minimization. Conferences can pressure venues to increase sustainability by choosing sites and venues wisely and communicating their requirements to rejected venues. They can also offer carbon offset purchase through credible companies (e.g. Gold Standard). Over the last 10 years the CPS has conducted its Annual General Meeting (AGM) at host cities that reflect Canada’s large geographic footprint. Venues included both hotel and standalone conference centers. There is no published evaluation of sustainable practices for CPS meetings. Objectives Evaluate the past 10 CPS Annual General Meetings (AGMs) for: Design/Methods Travel-related carbon cost was estimated with a round-trip calculator for economy seating the most direct available flights (https://co2.myclimate.org/en/offset_further_emissions). Cities of origin for attendee were the 11 CaRMS-matched pediatric residency training programs (https://www.carms.ca/match/psm/program-descriptions/). Venues were evaluated based on current publicly available self-reported information using conference sustainability criteria suggested through a literature review and public rating tools (Green Key, Quality Standards of the International Association of Convention Centres). Ground transportation from the airport was scored /3 by: public transport from airport (1), formal shared transport (1), fee deterrence for parking (1). Venue type was split by hotel-associated (H) and standalone convention centre (CC) meeting facilities. Sustainability of meeting facilities was divided into supports /2 (rentable supports, links to local vendors, catering and personnel) for exhibitors (1) and event planners (1), policies /3 by: sustainability, promotion of a green community (1), and waste management (1), and walkability from accommodation /1. Results The last 10 CPS AGMs were held in western (3; Vancouver 2010, Edmonton 2013, Vancouver 2017), eastern (1; Charlottetown 2016) and central (6; Quebec City 2011, London 2012, Montreal 2014, Toronto 2015, Quebec City 2018, Toronto 2019) provinces; in 2020 it is in Vancouver. Central Canada sites had the lowest air travel carbon cost per attendee. Average air travel-related carbon cost per attendee for different host cities ranged from 0.479 (London) to 0.919 (Vancouver) tonnes, with Ontario and Quebec sites averaging 0.518, Charlottetown 0.654 and Edmonton 0.756 tonnes. Ground transportation scores differed by city from Montreal (3/3 with public transit, formal transportation share and parking fees to dissuade driving) to London (0/3), with more favorable public transit options in larger cities. Venues differed when divided by hotel with meeting facilities (H) vs standalone conference center (CC), with CC outranking H for clearly posted sustainability plans (1.6 vs 1.2/2; 2=venue-specific, 1=company chain policy, 0=no plan), green and sustainable community building plans (1.6 vs 1.2/2; 2=greening local communities, 1=company chain policy, 0=no plan) and green waste management policies (1.2 vs 0/2; 2=venue-specific, 1=company chain policy, 0=no plan). Walkable accommodation was equal and present for all venues, with attached accommodation for all but one CC (Montreal), which had immediately adjacent hotels available. Conclusion As expected, the carbon cost of air transportation per attendee was lower in central provinces. Ground transportation from the airport was better in larger host cities. Standalone conference centres had more sustainable event support and locally focused policies regarding sustainability, environmentally friendly community building initiatives and waste management solutions, three major components of “greening” conferences. Based on the available resources across Canada, we recommend that the CPS considers these sustainability criteria in planning future events.
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Bamberger, John Eudes. « Excerpts from the International Thomas Merton Society General Meeting (2005) and the American Benedictine Academy Convention (2008) ». CrossCurrents 58, no 4 (décembre 2008) : 608–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3881.2009.00051_1.x.
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Griffith, Sidney H. « Excerpts from the International Thomas Merton Society General Meeting (2005) and the American Benedictine Academy Convention (2008) ». CrossCurrents 58, no 4 (décembre 2008) : 610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3881.2009.00051_2.x.
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Kurin, Richard. « U.S. Consideration of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention ». Ethnologies 36, no 1-2 (12 octobre 2016) : 325–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037612ar.
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UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, voted overwhelmingly at the biennial meeting of its General Conference in Paris on October 17, 2003 to adopt a new international Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. That Convention became international law on April 30, 2006. By the end of 2006 it had been ratified or accepted by 68 countries; today, that number is approaching universal acceptance with more than 160 nations having acceded to the convention. At the 2003 session, some 120 nation-members voted for the convention; more registered their support subsequently. No one voted against it; only a handful of nations abstained – Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States among them. Within some of those nations, debate over whether to ratify the treaty continues. In this paper, the author considers the convention and unofficially examines the U.S. government position with regard to why support for it was withheld in 2003, how deliberations have proceeded since then, and whether or not the U.S. might ultimately accept the treaty.
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de La Fayette, Louise. « The London Convention 1972 : Preparing for the Future ». International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 13, no 4 (1998) : 515–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180898x00337.
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AbstractThis article examines the accomplishments and the future of the London Convention 1972 after the adoption of the 1996 Protocol. The 1996 Protocol contains an entirely new convention including the recent amendments to the London Convention, as well as going several steps further in adopting a reverse listing approach and in providing incentives for developing countries to join the regime. The importance of the London Convention has been enhanced through the coming into force of the LOS Convention, which requires parties to adopt legislation on ocean dumping at least as effective as the provisions of the London Convention. As shown by the proceedings of the first Consultative Meeting of the Parties since the adoption of the Protocol, there is still much to be done to protect the marine environment from the possible deleterious effects of ocean dumping. Not only do the parties still have to adopt guidelines to assess the impact and acceptability of substances on objects still permitted to be dumped, but also there remains a possibility of restricting further items. OSPAR Conventions are more restrictive, for example, in prohibiting the dumping of vessels of offshore installations.
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Schaaf, Robert W. « New Convention on Nuclear Safety ». International Journal of Legal Information 22, no 3 (1994) : 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500024951.
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The first major legally binding international nuclear safety convention was adopted at the conclusion of a diplomatic conference held at the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, June 14-17, 1994. The draft convention had been developed by a group of legal and technical experts from more than 50 countries in the period since 1991 when the Agency's General Conference expressed support for the idea of such a convention. With the fall of communism in the former Soviet bloc, potential safety risks in aging reactors in that region were exposed. States that become parties to the new Convention will bind themselves to a number of important safety rules and accept the obligation of reporting to and participating in periodic peer review meetings to verify the implementation of the treaty obligations. The interval between review meetings is not to exceed three years, and reports of the meetings are to be made public through a document treating the issues discussed and conclusions reached during a session (articles 21 and 25).
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Henriques, Sasha. « Nuclear Safety Convention Meeting commits to learn lessons from Fukushima nuclear accident ». MRS Bulletin 36, no 6 (juin 2011) : 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2011.149.
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Brems, Eva. « Ethiopia Before The United Nations Treaty Monitoring Bodies ». Afrika Focus 20, no 1-2 (15 février 2007) : 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0200102004.
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Ethiopia before the United Nations Treaty Monitoring Bodies Among the many human rights conventions adopted by the UN, seven are known – together with their additional protocols – as the core international human rights instruments: ‒ The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; ‒ The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; ‒ The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; ‒ The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women; ‒ The Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; ‒ The Convention on the Rights of the Child; ‒ The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. The main international control mechanism under these conventions is what may be considered the standard mechanism in international human rights protection: state reporting before an international committee. An initial report is due usually one year after joining the treaty and afterwards, reports are due periodically (every four or five years). The international committees examine the reports submitted by the state parties. In the course of this examination they include information from other sources, such as the press, other United Nations materials or NGO information. They also hold a meeting with representatives of the state submitting the report. At the end of this process the committee issues 'concluding observations' or 'concluding comments'. This paper focuses on the experience of one state – Ethiopia – with the seven core human rights treaties. This should allow the reader to gain insights both into the human rights situation in Ethiopia and in the functioning of the United Nations human rights protection system.
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Oude Elferink, Alex. « Meeting of States Parties to the UN Law of the Sea Convention ». International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 23, no 4 (2008) : 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180808x353966.
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Madajczyk, Piotr. « Raphael Lemkin and West Germany’s Accession to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ». Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no 28 (17 décembre 2020) : 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2020.28.14.
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On 20 December 1950, the Secretary General of the United Nations invited the Federal Republic of Germany to accede to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December 1948. For several reasons the West German authorities treated the Convention as a tool to conduct foreign policy. The ratification of the Convention by West Germany and the form in which it was to take place were also important for Lemkin. Lemkin’s aforementioned fears explain why it was so important to him that the German language version of the Convention did not include phrases that distorted its original connotation and bring it closer to the Nuremberg principles. After a meeting of the Bundestag Law Committee on 3 May 1954, the West German justice minister informed Lemkin about the course of the discussions and also informed him that most of the proposed amendments and changes were accepted.
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Aldridge, Jerry, Gypsy Clayton et Rhoda Chalker. « AIDS Education and Policies among Southern Baptist Church Leaders in the State of Texas ». Psychological Reports 64, no 2 (avril 1989) : 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.2.493.
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A survey was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitudes of 67 preschool and children's directors of the Southern Baptist Convention of Texas during a statewide meeting on AIDS. Data on church policies regarding AIDS and AIDS education were also obtained from the participants.
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Khlestov, Nikolay. « Review Conference of the 1980 Weapons Convention ». International Review of the Red Cross 35, no 307 (août 1995) : 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400072910.
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The United Nations General Assembly welcomed, in its resolution 48/79 of 16 December 1993, the request made to the organization's Secretary-General by a State party to the 1980 Weapons Convention (France) to convene a conference to review, in accordance with Article 8(3), the provisions of that Convention. In paragraph 6 of the same resolution, the General Assembly encouraged the States party to ask the Secretary-General to set up a group of government experts to prepare such a conference. The States did so and the group of experts that was subsequently brought together held three meetings in 1994 and one in 1995. Pursuant to a decision by the group, the Review Conference is to be held in Vienna from 25 September to 13 October 1995.
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Rafferty, Barbara. « Second Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Nuclear Safety ». Journal of Radiological Protection 22, no 2 (1 juin 2002) : 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/22/2/703.
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Hosokawa, Mizuhiko, Elisa Felicitas Arias, Richard Manchester, Philip Tuckey, Demetrios Matsakis, Shougang Zhang et Vladimir Zharov. « DIVISION A COMMISSION 31 : TIME ». Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, T29A (août 2015) : 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316000648.
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Time is an essential element of fundamental astronomy. In recent years there have been many time-related issues, in scientific and technological aspects as well as in conventions and definitions. At the Commission 31 (Time) business meeting at the XXIX General Assembly, recent progress and many topics, including Pulsar Time Scales WG and Future UTC WG activities, were reviewed and discussed. In this report, we will review the progress of these topics in the past three years. There are many remarkable topics, such as Time scales, Atomic clock development, Time transfer, Future UTC and future redefinition of the second. Among them, scientific highlights are the progress of pulsar time scales and the optical frequency standards. On the other hand, as the social convention, change in the definition of UTC and the second is important.
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Lovett, Jon C. « Recent Developments ». Journal of African Law 48, no 2 (octobre 2004) : 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855304482072.
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At the 1999 International Botanical Congress held in St Louis, Missouri, the President of the Congress, Dr Peter Raven, presented a keynote address emphasizing the importance of plants to human existence and underlined concerns that the Earth is undergoing a human-induced extinction crisis. One of the resolutions of the congress was to establish a new co-ordinating body associated with the United Nations to monitor the status of plants throughout the world and take steps to conserve them. The resolutions were followed up with a meeting in Gran Canaria on 3–4 April, 2000 when leading botanists met to formulate a declaration which could be taken forward to the fifth Conference of the Parties (CoP5) to the Convention on Biological Diversity held in Nairobi in May 2000. CoP5 recognized that plant diversity is a common concern of humankind and an essential resource for the planet, with as many as two-thirds of the world's plant species in danger of extinction, and proposed that at the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP6) the establishment of a global strategy for plant conservation should be considered. A strategy with 16 targets was presented and adopted at the CoP6 meeting held in The Hague in April 2002. These targets differ from the normal approach adopted in the Convention on Biological Diversity of using general principles that can be interpreted by national policy, in that they are quantified.
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Perry, Alan T. « Joint Assembly of the Anglican Church of Canada and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada ». Ecclesiastical Law Journal 16, no 1 (13 décembre 2013) : 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x13000902.
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In 2001 the Anglican Church of Canada's General Synod and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada's National Convention, meeting concurrently in Waterloo, Ontario, agreed to a relationship of Full Communion. Readers will be familiar with the Porvoo Communion and the associated Declaration. The Waterloo Declaration is similar in effect and borrows some wording from the Porvoo Declaration, the key difference being that, in the Canadian context, Anglican and Lutheran churches share the same territory, which provides greater opportunity for day-to-day collaboration.
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Authier, J. Marc. « Conventional Form ». Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 20, no 1 (25 octobre 1994) : 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v20i1.1445.
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Taflan, S. S., S. N. Esatoglu, Y. Ozguler, B. Yurttas, M. Melikoglu et G. Hatemi. « AB0364 DO PATIENTS PARTICIPATING IN MEETINGS REPRESENT THE ACTUAL PATIENT POPULATION IN BEHÇET SYNDROME ? » Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19 mai 2021) : 1207.2–1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1643.
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Background:The importance of patient involvement in healthcare research is increasingly emphasized. Patients participate as research partners in designing studies and development of management recommendations, measurement tools and outcome measures. However, ensuring representation of the general patient population by specific patient groups may be challenging for multisystem diseases with heterogenous phenotype.Objectives:We aimed to evaluate whether patients with Behcet syndrome (BS) participating in a patient convention represent the actual patient population attending the clinic.Methods:A questionnaire was applied to 104 BS patients (Meeting group) attending the patient convention which was held during the Cerrahpasa Behcet Disease Symposium in Istanbul in February 2020. Patients had been invited to the convention through posters, advertisement on our website and social media. The questionnaire was conducted with a keypad given to the patients and it consisted of 21 items including age, gender, education level, working status, disease duration, BS manifestations, and treatment. The same questionnaire was filled by 97 consecutive patients (Clinic group) who attended our rheumatology outpatient clinic for their routine controls. Chi-square test was used to compare the groups.Results:Table 1 shows demographic and disease characteristics of the patient groups. The groups were similar in terms of sex and education level. There were more men in both groups, probably reflecting the more severe disease course among men in BS. There were significantly more patients who were >40 years of age and had a disease duration more than 20 years in the Meeting group. Although there were more patients who had a job in Clinic group, the difference was not significant. Central nervous system involvement, vascular involvement, genital ulcers, erythema nodosum, and arthritis were significantly more common in patients in the Meeting group compared with those in the Clinic group. The frequency of eye involvement, gastrointestinal involvement and papulopustular lesions were similar in the two groups. Cyclophosphamide use was significantly more common in Meeting group compared to the Clinic group.Table 1.Demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatments Meeting Group(n=104)(n/N, %) Clinic Group(n=97)(n, %)POral aphthous ulcers 88/97(91)94(97)0.13Genital ulcers86/104(83)68(70)0.045 Erythema nodosum77/103(75)47(48)0.0003 Papulopustular skin lesions 69/103(67)75(77)0.09Arthritis78/102(77)46(47)<0.0001Eye involvement51/103(50)53(55)0.48Vascular involvement42/98(43)25(26)0.036CNS involvement14/103(14)2(2)0.016GI involvement14/97(14)6(6)0.10Prednisolone - still using30/104(29)34(35)0.37Prednisolone - ever used88/104 (85)72(74)0.08Colchicine - still using43/100 (43)46(47)0.57Colchicine - ever used86/100(86)74(76)0.10AZA - still using45/100 (45)41(42)0.77AZA - ever used81/100 (81)74(76)0.49 CYC - still using1/96(1)0(0)NSCYC - ever used16/96(17)7(7)0.048bDMARDs - still using20/101(20) 26(27) 0.31bDMARDs - ever used28/101(28)32(33) 0.44* Adjusted P-values by Bonferroni correction were <0.001.BS: Behcet Syndrome, CNS: Central nervous system, GI: Gastrointestinal, AZA: Azathioprine, CYC: Cyclophosphamide; bDMARDs: Biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; NS: non-significantConclusion:Patients in the Meeting group had more severe disease compared to the Clinic group. Patients with all types of involvement were adequately represented in the Meeting group.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Oliver, Juan M. C. « Liturgia Latina ». Anglican Theological Review 101, no 4 (septembre 2019) : 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000332861910100402.
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The General Convention, meeting in July 2018, called for the inclusion of Latino liturgical resources in new BCP translations and revisions. Consequently, it seems right to reassess how we think about liturgy by, with, and among Latinos. In this article, the author proposes that liturgy entails, above all, signifying actions involving the whole congregation. Latinos are the people to whom these actions must signify, and worship must be incarnated or inculturated in Latino cultures in imitation of the incarnation, a theological foundation of liturgical theology and practice. The author concludes by pointing to the challenges in both practice and spirituality facing Anglicanism in the development of Latino Anglican liturgy.
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Beck, Peter J. « Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities : a major addition to the Antarctic Treaty System ». Polar Record 25, no 152 (janvier 1989) : 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400009943.
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AbstractIn June 1988, at the final session of the Fourth Special Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting in Wellington, New Zealand, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA) was adopted, bringing to a successful conclusion six years of negotiations. Christopher Beeby, chairman of the discussions, presented the convention as the most important political development affecting Antarctica since the 1959 treaty, especially as it established the ability of the Antarctic Treaty System to reach an internal accommodation even upon matters raising serious political, legal, environmental and other issues. There remain uncertainties regarding the future development of the Antarctic minerals question; for example, when will the minerals convention and the proposed institutional framework come into effect, will its ratification encourage mining, can the fragile Antarctic environment be adequately protected against mining, how will certain key terms and concepts be defined, and will the regime's operation bring latent tensions to the surface? It is also difficult to predict how other governments will react to the convention, in the light of recent UN resolutions on Antarctica. The convention is perceived within the Antarctic Treaty system as a significant development, but it will be some time before a considered evaluation of the Antarctic Minerals Regime can be conducted.
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Shugurov, Mark. « The Activity of the Convention Structures of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity to Promote Technology Transfer ». Legal Concept, no 4 (décembre 2019) : 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2019.4.2.
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Introduction: in the context of increasing the role of technology transfer in achieving the sustainable development goals, the importance of scientific and technological cooperation within the framework of the Convention cooperation is increasing. The aim of the study is to develop a comprehensive proposal on the systemic interaction of the Convention structures of the UN Convention on Biodiversity in promoting the transfer of biotechnologies for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The objectives of the study are: 1) to carry out a consistent analysis of the development perspective of technology transfer at the level of meetings of the Conference of the Parties, in the activities of the Executive Secretary, the Subsidiary body on scientific, technical and technological advice and the Clearing-House Mechanism; 2) to reveal promising areas of the Convention cooperation on facilitating the biotechnology transfer. Methods: the general scientific methods (systemic, structural and functional) and specific scientific methods (comparative law, dogmatic legal). Results: the Convention structures of the Convention on Biodiversity, treating the technology transfer as a multi-component process, develop and implement measures to promote it on the basis of taking into account the technological needs, creating an enabling environment and appropriate information exchange. The CBD Convention process is open to other Convention and non-Convention technology transfer initiatives governed by the Convention in order to achieve synergies. Conclusions: the CBD Convention Bodies play a crucial role in enhancing the cooperation among all stakeholders, as well as identifying the gaps and eliminating the duplication of the international biotechnology transfer initiatives in line with the objectives of the Convention.
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Song, Yann-huei. « Survey of Declarations or Statements Made by the Parties to the Law of the Sea Convention : 30 Years after Adoption ». International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28, no 1 (2013) : 5–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341266.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This article surveys the declarations or statements made by the States or entities under Articles 287, 298, and 310 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over the past thirty years when they signed, ratified, or acceded to the LOS Convention, or at any time thereafter, with regard to the interpretation and application of certain provisions contained in the Convention. This study shows that differences regarding the interpretation or application of the provisions of the Convention can be found in the declarations and statements made by States located in different geographical regions. The author suggests that a possible way to amend the Convention is to include an item for discussion in the agenda of future meetings of the UN General Assembly, the UN Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, or State Parties to the Convention.
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Ballard, Joseph, et Jonathan E. Forman. « Education, outreach and the OPCW : growing partnerships for a global ban ». Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no 2 (1 février 2017) : 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-0903.
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AbstractThe Chemical Weapons Convention remains a landmark international treaty. It was the first multilateral agreement to ban an entire class of weapons of mass destruction and include a strict verification regime to monitor compliance. Scientists were not only deeply engaged in the negotiation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, but have been central to the life of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) ever since it came into existence almost 20 years ago. Over that time, during which the OPCW focused primarily on its mission to oversee the destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles, the organization has relied on a very committed core of scientific expertise – from within and outside – to help guide it. As that core task comes to a close, the Organization faces a new challenge: ensuring that chemical weapons do not return. Meeting that challenge will require new approaches to the OPCW’s mission.
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Kuyper, Jonathan, Heike Schroeder et Björn-Ola Linnér. « The Evolution of the UNFCCC ». Annual Review of Environment and Resources 43, no 1 (17 octobre 2018) : 343–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-030119.
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This article takes stock of the evolution of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) through the prism of three recent shifts: the move away from targeting industrial country emissions in a legally binding manner under the Kyoto Protocol to mandating voluntary contributions from all countries under the Paris Agreement; the shift from the top-down Kyoto architecture to the hybrid Paris outcome; and the broadening out from a mitigation focus under Kyoto to a triple goal comprising mitigation, adaptation, and finance under Paris. This review discusses the implications of these processes for the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of the UNFCCC's institutional and operational settings for meeting the convention's objectives. It ends by sketching three potential scenarios facing the UNFCCC as it seeks to coordinate the Paris Agreement and its relationship to the wider landscape of global climate action.
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Subkhi, Syukron, et Harmiyati Harmiyati. « PERAN UNHCR (UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES) DALAM MENANGANI MASALAH PENGUNGSI SURIAH DI YUNANI (2014 – 2019) ». Paradigma : Jurnal Masalah Sosial, Politik, dan Kebijakan 24, no 1 (1 janvier 2020) : 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/paradigma.v24i1.5027.
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The internal conflict in Syria took place since March 23, 2011. The anti-government period held a large demonstration in Daraa, Syria. This demonstration started the internal conflict between the Syrian Government and the opposition. The opposition group is a community movement demanding the resignation of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. The role of the UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) is needed to provide protection, and effective long-term solutions for Syrian refugees in Greece. Greece is the only gateway for Syrian refugees to enter European territory, after the Balkan countries and several other European countries shut down to accept refugees. Based on this background, this research found one problem formulation, namely how the role of UNHCR in dealing with Syrian refugees in Greece. In general, UNHCR has played a role in dealing with Syrian refugees in Greece, UNHCR carried out its role as; Instrument, by enforcing the 1951 UN Convention on refugees to member states; Arena, organizes various meetings and conferences to solve refugee problems; and Independent Actors namely meeting basic needs, clothing, food and shelter as well as refugee supervision. The role of UNHCR which can be seen to be very significant in overcoming the problem of Syrian refugees in Greece is as an independent actor which from the year of UNHCR's involvement directly in the field, provided an increase in the quality of life for Syrian refugees. While the UNHCR's obstacle was in upholding UNHCR member countries' compliance with the 1951 UN Convention.
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Slawson, Douglas J. « The National Catholic Welfare Conference and the Church-State Conflict in Mexico, 1925-1929 ». Americas 47, no 1 (juillet 1990) : 55–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006724.
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Established in 1919 to be the Catholic voice of America, to look after church interests, and to offset the political influence of the Protestant Federal Council of Churches, the National Catholic Welfare Conference (NCWC) was a voluntary association of the American hierarchy meeting annually in convention. It implemented decisions through an administrative committee of seven bishops which operated a secretariat, also known as the NCWC, located in Washington, D.C. This headquarters had five departments (Education, Lay Activities, Legislation, Press, and Social Action) each with a director and all under the supervision of Reverend John J. Burke, C.S.P., the general secretary of the administrative committee and its representative at the capital.
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de La Fayette, Louise. « New Developments in the Disposal of Offshore Installations ». International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 14, no 4 (1999) : 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180899x00309.
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AbstractIn 1995, Greenpeace International protested the proposed ocean dumping of the offshore installation, Brent Spar. This protest prompted a strong public reaction which in turn led to the recycling of the Brent Spar on land and also to a reconsideration of the relevant legal regime under the OSPAR Convention. In July 1998, the OSPAR Commission meeting at the ministerial level adopted a ban on the disposal of offshore oil and gas installations at sea. Since that time, there have been further developments at the global, regional and national level. This article examines these developments at the OSPAR Commission, at the European Parliament, by the Scientific Group of the London Convention 1972, and in the United Kingdom, which is now implementing the OSPAR decision in its national regulatory regime.
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Nižić, Franjo, Vlado Frančić et Josip Orović. « Ships’ Solutions for meeting the International requirements regarding the reduction of Air Pollution ». Journal of Maritime & ; Transportation Science 53, no 1 (juillet 2017) : 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/5304.
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Large quantities of harmful substances, gases and particles are released from the ships into the air. This leads to many unwanted chemical processes having a harmful effect on the entire planet and on the human health as well. In most cases, these processes result in ozone depletion, acid rain, global warming, appearance of dermatological and respiratory diseases and other undesirable impacts on the entire ecosystem. Aiming to reduce the adverse impact on the environment, the international maritime community has decided to regulate and set rigorous requirements for ships by introducing and implementing the Annex 6 of the MARPOL Convention. On the bases of these requirements, ships and their owners will be subjected to more stringent conditions that are primarily related to adjustment of existing ships’ engines and/or the use of environmentally friendly fuels. This paper analyses air pollution deriving from ships in general and its negative effects on the atmosphere. It also presents possible methods and solutions of adapting ships to new and more stringent requirements as well as the advantages and disadvantages of relevant technical solution
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Kauffman, James M., Andrew L. Wiley, Jason C. Travers, Jeanmarie Badar et Dimitris Anastasiou. « Endrew and FAPE : Concepts and Implications for All Students With Disabilities ». Behavior Modification 45, no 1 (5 mars 2019) : 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445519832990.
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The opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Endrew case has implications for the education of all students with disabilities. Implications for several categories of disability are discussed: those with autism spectrum disorder and those with disabilities often considered high incidence, particularly those placed for a significant portion of their school day in general education. The aspects of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act most relevant to the Endrew case are also compared with Article 24 of the United Nations’s Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The opinion in Endrew may affect the course of special education and the role of behavior modification in meeting the needs of all students with disabilities.
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Dobson, Andy. « Monitoring global rates of biodiversity change : challenges that arise in meeting the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 2010 goals ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 360, no 1454 (28 février 2005) : 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1603.
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By agreeing to strive for ‘a significant reduction in the current rate of loss of biological diversity’ by the year 2010, political leaders at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (held in Johannesburg, South Africa) presented conservation scientists with a great opportunity, but also one of their most significant challenges. This is an extremely exciting and laudable development, but this reporting process could be made yet more powerful if it incorporates, from the outset, independent scientific assessment of the measures, how they are analysed, and practical ways of plugging key gaps. This input is crucial if the measures are to be widely owned, credible and robust to the vigorous external scrutiny to which they will doubtless be exposed. Assessing how rates of biodiversity loss have changed from current levels by 2010 will require that a given attribute has been measured at least three times; however, most habitats, species, populations and ecosystem services have not been assessed even once. Furthermore, the best data on which to base estimates of biodiversity loss are biased towards the charismatic vertebrate species; unfortunately, these supply minimal services to the human economy. We have to find ways to redress this taxonomic imbalance and expand our analyses to consider the vast diversity of invertebrate, fungal and microbial species that play a role in determining human health and economic welfare. In the first part of this paper I will use examples from local and regional monitoring of biological diversity to examine the desired properties of ‘ideal indicators’. I will then change focus and examine an initial framework that asks how we might monitor changes in the economic goods and services provided by natural ecosystems. I will use this exercise to examine how the set of possible indicators given by the Convention on Biological Diversity might be modified in ways that provide a more critical assay of the economic value of biological diversity. Here I will emphasize that we need not only to monitor these benefits, but also to significantly increase public awareness of human dependence upon the role that non-voting species play in driving the world's financial economy.
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Tranel, Bernard. « On the Status of Universal Association Conventions : Evidence from Mixteco ». Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 21, no 1 (25 juin 1995) : 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v21i1.1411.
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Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Historical Issues in Sociolinguistics/Social Issues in Historical Linguistics (1995)
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Keinan, Ehud. « The 85 th Annual Meeting of the Israel Chemical Society : February 18–19, 2020, The International Convention Center, Jerusalem, Israel ». Israel Journal of Chemistry 60, no 10-11 (15 avril 2020) : 1077–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.202000027.
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Hilgert, Jeffrey. « Deeming Laws and Practices as Violations of the Rights of People With Work-Acquired Disabilities in Canada ». NEW SOLUTIONS : A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 29, no 4 (12 novembre 2019) : 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291119887197.
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The Ontario Network of Injured Workers’ Groups in Canada is leading a multiyear campaign called Workers’ Comp is a Right to reform the provincial workers’ injury compensation system and to fight back against regressive changes made to the system over several decades. At their Annual General Meeting in Toronto held in June 2019, delegates voted unanimously to make this submission to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as a part of the regular supervisory process under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The subject is income deeming “phantom jobs” to injured worker claimants with income replacement benefits. The document illustrates how Canadian injured worker groups have activated a human rights lens and references international labor and human rights standards concerning social insurance and income replacement benefits for work-related injury and illness.
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Mitchell, Dann, Myles R. Allen, Jim W. Hall, Benito Muller, Lavanya Rajamani et Corinne Le Quéré. « The myriad challenges of the Paris Agreement ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no 2119 (2 avril 2018) : 20180066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0066.
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The much awaited and intensely negotiated Paris Agreement was adopted on 12 December 2015 by the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The agreement set out a more ambitious long-term temperature goal than many had anticipated, implying more stringent emissions reductions that have been under-explored by the research community. By its very nature a multidisciplinary challenge, filling the knowledge gap requires not only climate scientists, but the whole Earth system science community, as well as economists, engineers, lawyers, philosophers, politicians, emergency planners and others to step up. To kick start cross-disciplinary discussions, the University of Oxford's Environmental Change Institute focused its 25th anniversary conference upon meeting the challenges of the Paris Agreement for science and society. This theme issue consists of review papers, opinion pieces and original research from some of the presentations within that meeting, covering a wide range of issues underpinning the Paris Agreement. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The Paris Agreement: understanding the physical and social challenges for a warming world of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels'.
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BOSETTI, VALENTINA, et STEVEN K. ROSE. « Reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation : issues for policy design and implementation ». Environment and Development Economics 16, no 4 (13 juin 2011) : 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x11000143.
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There is a new international policy focus on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), as well as promoting forest conservation, the sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD-plus). The recent Conference of Parties meeting of 196 countries of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Cancun, Mexico (December 2010) was able to advance initiatives on REDD-plus even while there was limited progress on fossil fuel related aspects of an international climate change agreement. The Cancun meeting recognised that there was strong and broad support for REDD-plus and was able to agree to the development of a formal Mechanism under the UNFCCC for incentivizing REDD-plus activities. Implementing the Mechanism is another matter, and will require the development and coordination of country REDD-plus readiness and financing, including detailed consideration of country reference levels, measurement, reporting and verification methodologies, and sub-national and national program coordination.
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Liston, Gerry. « Enhancing the efficacy of climate change litigation : how to resolve the ‘fair share question’ in the context of international human rights law ». Cambridge International Law Journal 9, no 2 (1 décembre 2020) : 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/cilj.2020.02.07.
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The ambiguity surrounding what constitutes a State's fair share of the global burden of mitigating climate change has undermined the ability of domestic climate change litigation to bring about emissions reductions which are collectively capable of meeting the goal of the Paris Agreement. When confronted with challenges to the adequacy of States' mitigation efforts, domestic courts have also drawn on States' international human rights law obligations. This paper argues that when applying these obligations, the uncertainty surrounding the fair share question must be resolved so as to ensure individual mitigation obligations which are collectively consistent with the Paris Agreement. The analysis focuses on the obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights and outlines how general principles of law applicable in situations involving causal uncertainty could be invoked to address the fair share question.
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Moreira, Tiago, Carl May et John Bond. « Regulatory Objectivity in Action ». Social Studies of Science 39, no 5 (17 septembre 2009) : 665–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312709103481.
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In this paper, we investigate recent changes in the definition and approach to Alzheimer’s disease brought about by growing clinical, therapeutic and regulatory interest in the prodromal or preclinical aspects of this condition. In the last decade, there has been an increased interest in the biomolecular and epidemiological characterization of pre-clinical dementia. It is argued that early diagnosis of dementia, and particularly of Alzheimer‘s disease, will facilitate the prevention of dementing processes and lower the prevalence of the condition in the general population. The search for a diagnostic category or biomarker that would serve this purpose is an ongoing but problematic endeavour for research and clinical communities in this area. In this paper, we explore how clinical and research actors, in collaboration with regulatory institutions and pharmaceutical companies, come to frame these domains as uncertainties and how they re-deploy uncertainty in the ‘collective production’ of new diagnostic conventions and bioclinical standards. While drawing as background on ethnographic, documentary and interview data, the paper proposes an in-depth, contextual analysis of the proceedings of an international meeting organized by the Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drug Advisory Committee of the US Food and Drug Administration to discuss whether or not a particular diagnostic convention — mild cognitive impairment — exists and how best it ought to be studied. Based on this analysis we argue that the deployment of uncertainty is reflexively implicated in bioclinical collectives’ search for rules and conventions, and furthermore that the collective production of uncertainty is central to the ‘knowledge machinery’ of regulatory objectivity.
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Bock, Walter J. « A How-to-Plan-a-Convention Guide Organizing Scientific Meetings August Epple ». BioScience 47, no 10 (novembre 1997) : 713–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313214.
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Aikman, Colin. « New Zealand and the origins of of Universal Declaration ». Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, no 1 (1 janvier 1999) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i1.6052.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dr Aikman here provides a personal perspective on the New Zealand's role at the United Nations Conference on International Organisation, held at San Francisco in 1945, and at the time of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, held in Paris in 1948. Dr Aikman was adviser to the member of the New Zealand delegation who presented the New Zealand case at the Paris meeting of the UN General Assembly in September 1948. The author provides New Zealand's positions on economic and social rights, trade unions, and the right to petition. The author then discusses the adoption of the Declaration, and core conventions which were later adopted. The author concludes with a discussion on the legal status of the Declaration, as well as its Māori translation.
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Kondratov, Ilya, Tatiana Sitnikova, Irina Kaygorodova, Natalia Denikina, Vadim Annenkov, Igor Khanaev, Sergei Kirilchik, Ivan Nebesnykh et Elena Dzyuba. « Amazing Discoveries of Benthic Fauna from the Abyssal Zone of Lake Baikal ». Biology 10, no 10 (27 septembre 2021) : 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10100972.
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Lake Baikal is a natural laboratory for the study of species diversity and evolution, as a unique freshwater ecosystem meeting the all of the main criteria of the World Heritage Convention. However, despite many years of research, the true biodiversity of the lake is clearly insufficiently studied, especially that of deep-water benthic sessile organisms. For the first time, plastic waste was raised from depths of 110 to 190 m of Lake Baikal. The aim of this study was to examine the biological community inhabiting the plastic substrate using morphological and molecular genetic analysis. Fragments of plastic packaging materials were densely populated: bryozoans, leeches and their cocoons, capsules of gastropod eggs, and turbellaria cocoons were found. All the data obtained as a result of an analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the standard bar-coding fragment of the mitochondrial genome turned out to be unique. Our results demonstrate the prospects for conducting comprehensive studies of artificial substrates to determine the true biodiversity of benthos in the abyssal zone of Lake Baikal.
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Beck, Peter J. « Antarctica, Viña del Mar and the 1990 UN debate ». Polar Record 27, no 162 (juillet 1991) : 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400012596.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThe Xlth Antarctic Treaty Special Consultative Meeting in Viña del Mar, Chile (19 November to 6 December 1990) aired the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties' views on conservation, following the collapse of support for the minerals convention. Almost simultaneously at the United Nations Assembly in New York, the eighth successive annual discussion on Antarctica included the usual critique of the Treaty System's political and legal framework. The conservationist emphasis apparent in 1989 continued in 1990, accompanied by an attack on Antarctic science. Particular emphasis was placed on adverse environmental impacts from the crowding together of scientific stations. Treaty parties countered with their long-standing opposition to UN interference in Treaty matters. Resolutions on Antarctica sought to exclude South Africa from ATS activities and to consider the establishment of a UN international research station. The 1990 discussions showed that the Treaty System at its 30th anniversary fails to enjoy universal support, and contributed to an emerging debate on the merits of Antarctic science.
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Tanaka, Hiromasa. « Politeness in a Japanese intra-organisational meeting ». Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 21, no 1 (16 mars 2011) : 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.21.1.04tan.
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This paper examines data collected during an intra-organisational meeting in a Japanese company. It illustrates how, in a situation involving potential conflicts, some Japanese managers switch between different linguistic codes in order to construct situational meaning. The interlocutors’ code-switch indicates constant vertical and horizontal change of their footing by sometimes strengthening solidarity with subordinates and mitigating potential face threatening acts (FTAs). This finding indicates that the use of honorifics and other social indexical forms in Japanese is not pre-determined by existing social conventions; but rather it is subject to situational evaluation of the fluid local context where relationships are constructed and negotiated.
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Huntingford, Chris, Hui Yang, Anna Harper, Peter M. Cox, Nicola Gedney, Eleanor J. Burke, Jason A. Lowe et al. « Flexible parameter-sparse global temperature time profiles that stabilise at 1.5 and 2.0 °C ». Earth System Dynamics 8, no 3 (14 juillet 2017) : 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-617-2017.
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Abstract. The meeting of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015 committed parties at the convention to hold the rise in global average temperature to well below 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels. It also committed the parties to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5 °C. This leads to two key questions. First, what extent of emissions reduction will achieve either target? Second, what is the benefit of the reduced climate impacts from keeping warming at or below 1.5 °C? To provide answers, climate model simulations need to follow trajectories consistent with these global temperature limits. It is useful to operate models in an inverse mode to make model-specific estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration pathways consistent with the prescribed temperature profiles. Further inversion derives related emissions pathways for these concentrations. For this to happen, and to enable climate research centres to compare GHG concentrations and emissions estimates, common temperature trajectory scenarios are required. Here we define algebraic curves that asymptote to a stabilised limit, while also matching the magnitude and gradient of recent warming levels. The curves are deliberately parameter-sparse, needing the prescription of just two parameters plus the final temperature. Yet despite this simplicity, they can allow for temperature overshoot and for generational changes, for which more effort to decelerate warming change needs to be made by future generations. The curves capture temperature profiles from the existing Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP2.6) scenario projections by a range of different Earth system models (ESMs), which have warming amounts towards the lower levels of those that society is discussing.
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Beck, Peter J. « Antarctica at the UN 1988 : seeking a bridge of understanding ». Polar Record 25, no 155 (octobre 1989) : 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400019525.
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ABSTRACTThe struggle between Antarctic Treaty Parties and their UN critics regarding the management of Antarctica was resumed in November 1988 when, for the sixth successive year, the United Nations discussed the 'Question of Antarctica'. This year the UN adopted two further resolutions reaffirming demands of 1987 for wider participation in the minerals negotiations, the involvement of the UN Secretary-General in Antarctic Treaty System operations, and the exclusion of South Africa from treaty meetings. The Treaty Parties seem unlikely to heed these resolutions. Reforms within the Treaty System are the most likely means of progress for the critics, althoough Australia's critique of the Minerals Convention has introduced an element of uncertainty.