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1

Elżanowski, Marek Z., and Serge Preston. "Continuously defective crystals with a prescribed dislocation density." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 11, no. 09 (2014): 1460034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887814600342.

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We analyze some aspects of the kinematic theory of non-uniformly defective elastic crystals. Concentrating on the problem of identifying continuous defective lattices possessing the given defectiveness, as defined by the dislocation density tensor, we investigate the relation between the dislocation density tensor and the Lie algebra of vector fields associated with a defective lattice.
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2

J., K. Mandal, and Lutful Hassan Khondekar. "A NOVEL TECHNIQUE TO DETECT INTRUSION IN MANET." International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA) 5, no. 5 (2013): 179–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5602381.

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In this paper a novel technique has been proposed for intrusion detection in MANET, where agents are fired from a node for each node randomly and detect the defective nodes. Detection is based on triangular encryption technique (TE)[9,10], and AODV[1,2,3,8] is taken as routing protocol. The scheme is an ‘Agent’ based intrusion detection system. This technique is applied on two types of defective nodes namely packet sinking and black hole attack. For simulation purpose we have taken NS2 (2.33) and three type of parameters are considered. These are number of nodes, percentage of node mobility and type of defective nodes. For analysis purpose 20, 30, 30, 40, 50 and 60 nodes are taken with variability. Percentage of defectiveness as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%.Packet sink and black hole attack are considered as defectiveness of nodes. We have considered generated packets, forward packets, average delay and drop packets as comparisons and performance analysis parameters.
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Dreyer, Stephan, Viola Paulus-Hock, Eirini-Maria Lampraki, Peter Bailey, David Kuang-Fu Chang, and Andrew Biankin. "Defining DDR defectiveness in pancreatic cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (2017): 4115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.4115.

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4115 Background: Recent whole genome sequencing analysis of Pancreatic Cancer (PC) revealed that up to 24% of PC may harbor defects in DNA damage response (DDR). There is increasing evidence that DDR defective tumors preferentially respond to DNA damaging agents, representing novel therapeutic strategy for PC using a synthetic lethality approach. The aim of this study is to define and refine DDR defective phenotypes in PC using next-generation preclinical model systems. Methods: From a panel of 40 patient-derived cell lines (PDCL) and 64 patient-derived xenografts (PDX), generated and extensively characterized as part of the International Cancer Genome Initiative (ICGC), we identified DDR defective models using recently described putative biomarkers of DDR defectiveness. Cytotoxic viability assays were performed using a panel of DNA damaging agents and inhibitors of key molecules in DDR pathway, including Cisplatin, PARP inhibitors, ATR inhibitor (AZD6738); and ATM inhibitor (AZD0156). Appropriate subcutaneous PDX models were also generated to test the hypothesis using various therapeutic regimens. Results: DDR defective PDCLs were selected based on a combination of an unstable genome, and/or a high BRCA mutational signature, and/or deleterious mutations in BRCA1/2, PALB2 or ARID1A. DDR defective PDCLs were significantly more sensitive to Cisplatin, PARP and ATR inhibitors. The ATR inhibitor AZD6738, and ATM inhibitor AZD0156 sensitized PDCLs with no putative biomarkers of DDR defectiveness to Cisplatin, demonstrating a ‘fabricated’ synthetic lethality. A BRCA1 mutant PDX model responded exceptionally to Cisplatin and the PARP inhibitor Olaparib monotherapy. Conclusions: This study provides proof of concept data that DDR deficiency represents an attractive segment to target in PC using a variety of DNA damaging agents and novel agents targeting key molecules of the DDR pathway in PC. In addition, the DDR defective segment may be significantly larger than just germline BRCA1/2 mutants, which is current clinical trial recruitment criteria. Robust molecular assays with clinical utility to define DDR defectiveness is urgently needed.
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Alifin, Fakhri Ikhwanul, Rana Ardila Rahma, Ikhwanussafa Sadidan, and Risma Fitriani. "Quality improvement of food products using taguchi method: a study in a bread product SME." Operations Excellence: Journal of Applied Industrial Engineering 15, no. 2 (2023): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/oe.2023.v15.i2.078.

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Quality is one of the most crucial factors for manufactured products. Good product quality will increase customer loyalty and hence, higher profit for the company. SR company is a local Small Medium Enterprise (SME) in Bandung that produces bread products. Among various kinds of bread, Kadet is the main product with an average production of approximately 1000 pcs per day. In addition, Kadet bread has numerous defective products with an average of 3%-5% per 1000 pcs. Moreover, Kadet is a product baked at high temperatures, and hence, the timing of the production staff is crucial to prevent defectiveness. In this work, we use the Taguchi method to obtain factors that produce defectiveness and the combination of the optimal production factors. Furthermore, using the Analysis of Variance, the results show the optimal process design for minimum defective Kadet bread products as the process evaluation for better product quality.
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Chan, L. Y., M. Xie, and T. N. Goh. "Two-Stage Control Charts for High Yield Processes." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 04, no. 02 (1997): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539397000114.

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In this paper, a two-stage control chart for monitoring the defective rate of high-yield processes is proposed and studied. The Cumulative Count of Conforming control chart is generalized by using the number of items inspected until two defective items are observed. As this will increase the time to alarm, a two-stage approach combining both schemes is proposed. The occurrence of a defective within n1 items inspected in the first stage indicates that the process is out of control. If no defective occurs within n1 items inspected, the occurrence of two defectives within the next n2 - n1 in the second stage also indicates that the process is out of control. The probability of making a false alarm at the first and second stages are equal to α1 and α2, respectively. This procedure improves the sensitivity of the control chart in detecting shifting of the process defective rate p when p is at the parts-per-million order of magnitude.
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6

Damrongseree, Keeratipan, and Wipawee Tharmmaphornphilas. "Defective Reduction in an In-House Recycle Process of Hard Disk Drive Media." Applied Mechanics and Materials 627 (September 2014): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.627.304.

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This paper aims to reduce defectives in an in-house recycle process of hard disk drive media. The Six Sigma approach is applied to find out the factors which affect the sunray defect statistically and to obtain the optimal setting of each factor. Currently, defective rate is 23% and a sunray defect on media is identified as a major problem with 9.64% defective rate. It is found that a minimal defective rate of sunray defect is achieved with the setting of the load of rubber pusher at 106.5 gram, the spindle speed during tape move up at 2,500 rpm and the traverse speed of tape at 70 cm/min. Finally, the process with the optimal machine settings is implemented along with applying work instruction and training. It can reduce the defective rate from 9.64% to 3.2%.
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7

Robertson, Christian. "Defective Construction CGL Coverage: The Subcontractor Exception." Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review, no. 7.1 (2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.36639/mbelr.7.1.defective.

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In the construction industry, commercial general liability (CGL) insurance is the standard policy for managing property damage risks. Historically, CGL policies do not cover an insured’s own defective construction because the insured controls its own work and can reasonably foresee the damage that may result from defective work. But what about the defective work of an insured’s subcontractor? Practical considerations limit an insured's effective control of every aspect of a subcontractor’s work, and this limitation complicates the insured’s ability to foresee future risks. In 1986, the increasing involvement of subcontractors led general contractors to insist upon protection from subcontractor work risks in CGL policies. The insurance industry agreed upon and created the subcontractor exception. Insurers, however, have claimed that CGL policies exclude coverage for any defective work, including the work of a subcontractor. This Note discusses court decisions rejecting the categorical denial of coverage for any defective work and how courts have found coverage exists where a subcontractor’s defective work is beyond the insured’s effective control and not foreseeable. Over the past 15 years, 23 state supreme courts have ruled that CGL policies cover the defective workmanship of an insured’s subcontractor. To illustrate the trend toward coverage, the Note summarizes a recent Ohio appellate court decision as a case study of the issue.
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Pshinko, O. M., and I. V. Sal’nikova. "Determining the degree of damage for reinforced concrete spans of railway bridges." Science and Transport Progress, no. 41 (August 25, 2012): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2012/8924.

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The authors have considered an important issue, i.e. determining the degree of defectiveness and creating the maintenance schedule for the artificial structures to keep them in safe conditions during the exploitation. The main goal is to minimize the impact of human factors on prioritization of repairs among defective artificial structures by using the given method elaborated in the article.
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9

Mironchenko, V. I. "Search group control method of a batch of products." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 10 (December 9, 2024): 22–33. https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-10-22-33.

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A brief overview of group control methods is given, which allow you to simultaneously control several products according to one or more parameters with one control tool. To reduce the time of control of a batch of products in comparison with its piece-by-piece control, a group control search method was developed and studied. It is based on an approach used to find hidden faults in radio equipment by dividing the circuit into parts and then monitoring them. The requirements that the controlled products must satisfy are determined, and the conditions for the advantage of the method are established. The influence of the volume and level of defectiveness of a batch, the distribution of defective products throughout the batch on the time of its inspection was studied. It has been proven: uniform distribution of defective products throughout the batch leads to the longest inspection time; the time of batch control by this method is significantly reduced with a decrease in the level of its defectiveness. The conditions for the feasibility of using the method in terms of batch volume and the level of its defectiveness have been established, under which it has an advantage over pieceby- piece inspection methods. A device for implementing the method is described. The efficiency of the search method of group control of a batch of products is calculated when applied in specific conditions. The obtained results can be used by technologists in various industries when developing processes for controlling batches of products.
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10

Sittitrai, Pongpat, Wannapol Pimpasalee, and Kittikorn Nakprasit. "(2, 4)-Colorability of Planar Graphs Excluding Cycles with 3, 4, and 6 Vertices." Mathematics 13, no. 11 (2025): 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13111762.

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A defectivek-coloring is a coloring on the vertices of a graph with colors 1,2,…,k where adjacent vertices may have the same color. A (d1,d2)-coloring of a graph G is a defective two-coloring such that each vertex colored by i has at most di adjacent vertices of the same color, where i=1,2. A graph G is (d1,d2)-colorable if it admits (d1,d2)-coloring. For planar graphs excluding cycles with three, four, and six vertices, Dross and Ochem, and additionally Sittitrai and Pimpasalee, have studied their defective 2-coloring. They showed that such graphs are (0,6)- and (3,3)-colorable, respectively. We show in this work that these graphs are also (2,4)-colorable.
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Najim, Dr Fariz Abdallah Hasan, and Dr Mohammed Kamel As'ad Abdelhadi. "Interpolated Hadith (Rules and regulations)." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 227, no. 2 (2018): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v227i2.713.

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This research tackled and important subject, and that is the interpolated Hadith. This importance appears from the fact that the interpolated Hadith is one of the weak (daif) or defective hadith (moutal) .The interpolated is considered one of the reasons of defectiveness. The science of defectiveness as it is known is considered one of the must exact and difficult science of hadith. It is the top of the exact critical approach among the scholars of hadith. Therefore this research came to disclose to us all what is related to the interpolated Hadith. It also came with exact and pure scientific benefits. It shall - if god’s will - not be necessary to refer to its various resources, to reap its fruits and to harvest its flowers
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12

Orlova, L. V., and P. V. Zobov. "MEASURES TO REDUCE THE DEFECTIVENESS OF AVIATION PRODUCTS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 12 (February 3, 2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-12-70-75.

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The article considers the problems of reducing the quality of aviation products, leading to the loss of competitiveness of finished products and an increase in cost price. In the course of the study, the authors analysed the reasons for the appearance of defective products at an aviation manufacturing enterprise. Based on the information received using modern data processing methods, the paper determines the main weaknesses of the considered technological stage of aviation products. Having studied modern international quality standards in the field of aviation construction, the authors proposed measures that would reduce the number of defective products and increase the reliability and competitiveness of finished products. The article presents separately the model for evaluating the effectiveness of measures to reduce the defectiveness of aviation products. The paper carries out assessment of the proposed tactical measures to reduce the level of defective products, which will increase the economic performance of production activities in certain areas of production.
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13

Liivak, Taivo. "What Safety are We Entitled to Expect of Self-driving Vehicles?" Juridica International 28 (November 13, 2019): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/ji.2019.28.11.

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A manufacturer of self-driving vehicles could face claims involving assertions of the product’s defectiveness. Under the Product Liability Directive, a product is deemed defective when it does not provide the safety that a person is entitled to expect. Efforts to ascertain the possibility of defectiveness connected with a self-driving vehicle could necessitate evaluating the design of the vehicle, matters of human–machine interaction, and the role of the human in the relevant incident of damage. This article lays groundwork by considering the capabilities of self-driving vehicles, the role and expectations of human beings, and legislation aimed at ensuring safety and preventing damage. This discussion concretely situates the concept of the safety of self-driving vehicles in the context of product liability law, which is inherently preoccupied mainly with the consequences.
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Rojanarowan, Napassavong, and Angsumalin Senjuntichai. "Development of Efficient Washing System for Reduction of Oil Contamination on Machining Parts." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1545.

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The objective of this study is to develop an efficient washing system to remove cutting oil from machining part surface. The proposed washing system consists of two processes: the dipping process and the modified automatic ultrasonic washing process. The automatic ultrasonic washing process is redesigned and developed to reduce operating cost and increase productivity from the previously developed machine. For this proposed system, experiments have been performed to determine the washing conditions that yield satisfactory proportion of defectives due to oil contamination. Under the suggested operating conditions, the proportion of defectives due to oil contamination is reduced from 12.8% to 1.78%, which leads to $16,800 defective cost reduction. The proposed washing system yields 42.9% increase in washing productivity. Furthermore, it as has more standard procedure than the current washing process.
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15

CHIBIROVA, F. KH. "MAGNETIC STRUCTURAL EFFECT IN NONEQUILIBRIUM DEFECTIVE SOLIDS." Modern Physics Letters B 19, no. 23 (2005): 1119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984905009018.

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Scientific study of the effect of structural memory of nonequilibrium defective solids about the processing in magnetic field (the magnetic structural effect (MSE)) was continued in this paper. The study was aimed to reveal the universal nature of the MSE, which was investigated in several new nonequilibrium defective solids. The results of investigation of the processing in the vortical magnetic field (PVMF) and its effect on the structure of the natural magnetite Fe 3 O 4 and the SnO 2 films were presented. The methods of Mössbauer and X-ray spectroscopy were used. The PVMF reduction of a defectiveness of Fe 3 O 4 structure in the magnetite was detected. The MSE was also observed in the Mössbauer spectra of diamagnetic tin oxide SnO 2 films after the PVMF. One of the possible explanations of the MSE was given in the paper.
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HE, QI-MING, YIGAL GERCHAK, and ABRAHAM GROSFELD-NIR. "OPTIMAL INSPECTION ORDER WHEN PROCESS’ FAILURE RATE IS CONSTANT." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 03, no. 01 (1996): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539396000041.

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Suppose that a lot has been produced by a process with a constant failure rate. So either the entire lot is good, or all units up to some point are good and from that point on are all defective. We wish to determine the order in which units in such lot should be inspected so as to minimize the expected number of inspections needed to identify all defectives. Unlike previous work in this area, we do not a priori assume that the last unit in the lot is defective, and that key difference turns out to dramatically influence the nature of the optimal inspection policy and the expected number of units inspected. After analyzing the optimal policy, we suggest a very simple and intuitive heuristic, which turns out to perform extremely well. Numerical results are provided.
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Alonzi, Tonino, Diego Maritano, Barbara Gorgoni, Gabriella Rizzuto, Claude Libert, and Valeria Poli. "Essential Role of STAT3 in the Control of the Acute-Phase Response as Revealed by Inducible Gene Activation in the Liver." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 5 (2001): 1621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.5.1621-1632.2001.

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ABSTRACT We generated mice carrying a STAT3 allele amenable to Cre-mediated deletion and intercrossed them with Mx-Cre transgenic mice, in which the expression of Cre recombinase can be induced by type I interferon. Interferon-induced deletion of STAT3 occurred very efficiently (more than 90%) in the liver and slightly less efficiently (about 70%) in the bone marrow. Analysis of the induction of liver acute-phase genes in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide unequivocally identifies STAT3 as a fundamental mediator of their induction. The different degrees of defectiveness displayed by the various genes allowed us to differentiate them into three separate groups according to their degree of dependence on STAT3. Induction was totally defective for group I genes, defective at 24 h but almost normal at earlier time points for group II genes, and only slightly defective for group III genes. This division was in good agreement with the known structures of the respective promoters. We also found that the overall induction of the transcription factors C/EBPβ and -δ was only minimally defective in the absence of STAT3. Finally, even though corticosterone levels and action were found to be normal in the conditional-mutant mice, production of both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines was increased and prolonged, probably as a result of STAT3 deletion in macrophages.
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Svalina, Ilija, Dražen Turinski, Ivan Grgić, and Sara Havrlišan. "Possibilities of Evaluating the Dimensional Acceptability of Workpieces Using Computer Vision." Tehnički glasnik 17, no. 1 (2023): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20221109143423.

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This paper discusses the possibilities of an automated solution for determining dimensionally accurate and defective products using a computer vision system. In a real industrial environment, research was conducted on a prototype of a quality control machine, i.e. a machine that, based on product images, evaluates whether the product is accurate or defective using computer vision. Various geometric features are extracted from the obtained images of products, on the basis of which a fuzzy inference system based on Fuzzy C-means clustering features is created. The extracted geometric features represent the input variables, and the output variable has two values - true and false. The root mean square error in the evaluation of the accuracy and defectiveness of products ranges between 0.07 and 0.16. Through this research, valuable findings and conclusions were reached for the future research, since this topic is poorly examined in the most renowned databases.
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Strugalski, Tomasz. "Dualizm środków zaskarżenia wadliwych uchwał wspólników w spółce z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością." Ius et Administratio 47, no. 2 (2023): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/iuseta.2022.2.3.

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The article deals with the problem of dualism of means of challenging defective shareholder resolutions in a limited liability company. The overall objective of the article is to compare legal effects of the action to declare the invalidity of a resolution with action for its revoking. Therefore, it is needed to look deeper into defectiveness of the legal act regulations. The main conclusion of the legal discussion is that our domestic regulations (Art. 249 and 252 Polish Commercial Companies Code) provide two separate actions which have identical legal effects.
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Bierć, Andrzej. "W kierunku ograniczonej normatywnie sankcji sędziowskiej jako proporcjonalnej reakcji na wadliwość czynności prawnych (umów) w nowoczesnym obrocie prawnym." Studia Prawnicze, no. 5 (December 31, 2018): 15–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6246277.

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The main objective of the theoretical and legal considerations is to indicate the direction of modernization of the legality control mechanism in modern legal transactions, which is still based on the traditional, dogmatic sanction of invalidity by operation of law (ex lege) of the legal consequences of a defective legal act (contract), as a non-compliant act with the law or moral norms Because of the disproportionate and ineffective nature of this sanction in the new conditions, jurisprudence and legislation aptly direct their attention towards the normatively limited structured discretion derived from the common law tradition as a proportional and flexible response to the defectiveness of a legal act (contract). The statutory judicial sanction, which became the basis for the judicial system’s reform in common law countries, also found expression in the EU model law (PECL, DCFR), and also influenced the construction of sanctions for the defectiveness of legal acts (contracts) in the new projects of the civil code.
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Grigoriev, Sergey N., Marina A. Volosova, Anna A. Okunkova, and Sergey V. Fedorov. "Influence of Defects in Surface Layer of Al2O3/TiC and SiAlON Ceramics on Physical and Mechanical Characteristics." Ceramics 6, no. 2 (2023): 818–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6020047.

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The paper studies the influence of diamond grinding, lapping, and polishing on the surface layer and defectiveness of the Al2O3/TiC and SiAlON ceramic samples. The index of defectiveness ID, which is the product of the defect density and the defective layer’s thickness (Rt), and a method for its evaluation are proposed to quantify the defectiveness of the ceramic surfaces. Lapping reduces the Rt parameter by 2.6–2.7 times when the density of defects was decreased by 2 times. After polishing, the Rt parameter decreases to 0.42 μm for Al2O3/TiC and 0.37 μm for SiAlON samples. The density of defects decreases many times after polishing: up to 0.005 and 0.004, respectively. The crack resistance of the polished samples increased by 5–7%. The volumetric wear of polished samples decreased by 1.5–1.9 times compared to the ground ones after 20 min of abrasion wear. The polished samples show a decrease in the coefficient of friction at 800 °C and a decrease in the volumetric wear by 1.5 and 1.3 times, respectively, compared to the ground ones after 200 m of friction distance. The volumetric wear at high-temperature friction of sliding for polished specimens was 55% and 42% less than for the ground ones, respectively.
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Kurama, S., E. Eren, and R. Janssen. "Ultrasonic characterization of defective porcelain tiles." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 51, no. 4 (2012): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.302012.

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Петрова, Елена, Elena Petrova, Наталья Чернопольская, Natal'ya Chernopol'skaya, Надежда Маркова, and Nadezhda Markova. "APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS OF CONTROL FOR ESTIMATION OF STABILITY OF DAIRY PRODUCTION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, no. 4 (2018): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a5f0c5a0a0a66.83025820.

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The article presents the results of an estimation of defectiveness level of sour-milk production (on an example kefir), developed on one of dairy factories of region. To assess the level of defect, statistical methods of control are used - a checklist for the registration of defective products, a control p-chart and Ishikava diagram. The initial data were obtained at the stage of quality control of finished product and entered in the developed form of the control sheet for product defects. The most common defect in the production is established - the leakage of the package, which can be assessed visually, and not with the help of measuring instruments. For evaluation and subsequent analysis of the reasons for the appearance of the established defect, a control p-chart was used on an alternative basis, which makes it possible to control the quality of manufactured products by the number of defective products. As a result of the analysis of the obtained data, it was established that the technological process, from the point of view of statistical forecasting, is acceptable, but this does not mean a high production stability and does not exclude the appearance of defective products. The analysis of the main reasons for the emergence of unsealed packaging products, among them the qualification of personnel, the quality of the used materials and the conditions for their storage, the production environment, compliance with production technology, and others. A subsequent study of the impact of each of these factors will prevent the appearance of defective products and ensure the production of consistently high quality products.
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Melnyk, Roman, and Pavlo Viazovskyy. "Image Processing and Machine Learning for the Detection of Defects in PCB Images." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 21 (February 13, 2025): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.37394/232014.2025.21.1.

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The presented work considers three approaches to detecting defects in printed circuit boards. Each combines two components: algorithmic and software for image processing and machine learning based on image features identified in the first step. The approaches are as follows: division of boards into correct and defective boards without indicating the types of defects, determination of connection defects and redundant or missing components, and determination of defectiveness of tracks and contacts by analyzing individual components of the board. Color manipulation algorithms and additional image processing tools have been developed. Neural networks of artificial intelligence, which are available on the Internet, were used in the work.
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Polančec, Jurica. "VIDSKI NEUPARENI GLAGOLI U HRVATSKOM JEZIKU." Croatica : časopis za hrvatski jezik, književnost i kulturu 46, no. 66 (2022): 105–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/croatica.66.5.

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Gautam, Prerna, Sumit Maheshwari, Ahmad Hasan, Amrina Kausar, and Chandra K. Jaggi. "Optimal inventory strategies for an imperfect production system with advertisement and price reliant demand under rework option for defectives." RAIRO - Operations Research 56, no. 1 (2022): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021188.

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Every industrial sector emits carbon emissions during production, which is always a major concern for environmental practitioners. To resolve this, innovative and smart ways are required that are not only cost-effective but also environmentally savvy. Moreover, the production processes are also prone to various imperfections, and thus the production of defectives is quite pragmatic. The handling of such defective products varies from industry to industry and type of products. The present study constructs an inventory model to handle the defective products via a proficient rework strategy that makes the product fit to be sold at the primary price. Here, the demand for the product is assumed to be dependent on the selling price and advertisements. The model also considers the energy usage during the production and the cost of carbon emissions while optimizing the production batch size and selling price. Optimality is proved graphically by using the software Mathematica 11.3.0. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis for all the parameters is performed to impart managerial insights and robustness to the model.
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Gandhiya Vendhan, S., and K. Chitraleka. "Theory of Runs Sampling Plan through Maximum Allowable Percent Defectives." YMER Digital 21, no. 06 (2022): 1133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.06/a9.

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In this paper, Statistical Quality Control of acceptance sampling plan approaches and their applications-oriented articles are considered. In this study on a new design of the theory of runs sampling plan concerning a single sampling plan through maximum allowable percent, defective is used. This plan is used to introduce a new product in the first trial item inspection. The product trial is very important for the sustainability of the product in the long run. This design is used to inspect each item one by one, and fraction defectives have to be much less than or equal to 1%. Then the product is get accepted and the process is continued. The main aim of this design is to make the producer gives the product and the consumer buy it with maximum quality and a minimum of risk. Product quality and consumer satisfaction are vital as far as a product is concerned. So, it helps to save money and time, and the item level will be increased. Producer risk level and consumer risk level will be minimized. Keywords: Theory of Runs, Maximum Allowable Percent Defective (MAPD), Poisson distribution, producer and consumer risk.
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Kadir, Dler H., and Abdul Rahim K. Rahi. "Applying the Bayesian Technique in Designing a Single Sampling Plan." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 7, no. 2 (2023): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v7n2y2023.pp17-25.

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The Bayesian sampling plans for production inspection are considered a technique of sampling inspection techniques for determining the characteristics of the sampling plan based on the assumption that the rate of defectives is a random variable that varies from one production batch to the next, resulting in a probability distribution f(p) that could be determined based on experience and the available quality information available. As part of this study, the parameters of a single Bayesian sampling plan (n,c) were derived by using the Beta-Binomial distribution and compared with those of other single sampling plans. Researchers have identified (ALA company for soft drinks), which handles product quality control. 120 production batches were selected, and the size of the batch and the number of defective items were used to determine the proportion of defective items, given that the variable varies randomly from one production batch to the next. Bayesian and decision-making models can be implemented to create a single sampling inspection process that is close to the actual quality level. The researchers discovered that when the decision-making model was used, the sample size was minimal compared to other inspection plans, leading to a low inspection cost.
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Ramkumar.T.B, Ramkumar T. B. "Maximum Allowable Proportion Defective (MAPD) --- A Quality Measure." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 6 (2011): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2013/176.

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dos Santos Silva, Marta, Duncan Fairgrieve, Eleonora Rajneri, et al. "Relevance of Risk-benefit for Assessing Defectiveness of a Product: A Comparative Study of Thirteen European Legal Systems." European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 1 (2021): 91–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021005.

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Under Council Directive 85/374/EEC, liability of a producer crucially depends upon the proof of a product’s defectiveness. This central notion of the Directive has however long been the source of debate regarding the extent to which it is grounded in a solely safetybased approach, or whether a risk-benefit approach may be admitted. The defectiveness concept is now subject to a growing body of case law. This article examines how the courts in a selection of Member States (MS) approach the notion of defect and take account of riskbenefit considerations in determining whether a product is defective. It aims, first, at lowering the level of complexity which was added to the definition of defect in theDirective by the discretion given to national courts on the applicable standard of liability. Second, it means to show the real level and scope of harmonization of the product liability law in the EU by revealing differences that still exist in the interpretation of seemingly harmonized laws. Third, it aims to contribute to the clarification of whether the risk-benefit test is compliant with the spirit of the Directive, and thereby informing policy makers at a time where the guidelines of interpretation of the Directive are being prepared.
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Grigoriev, Sergey N., Marina A. Volosova, Maxim A. Lyakhovetsky, Artem P. Mitrofanov, Nataliya V. Kolosova, and Anna A. Okunkova. "Technological Principles of Complex Plasma-Beam Surface Treatment of Al2O3/TiC and SiAlON Ceramics." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 6 (2023): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7060205.

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Thermomechanical action during high-performance diamond grinding of sintered cutting Al2O3/TiC and SiAlON ceramics leads to increased defectiveness of the surface layer of the deposited TiZrN and CrAlSiN/DLC coatings. It predetermines the discontinuous and porous coatings and reduces its effectiveness under abrasive exposure and fretting wear. The developed technological approach is based on “dry” etching with beams of accelerated argon atoms with an energy of 5 keV for high-performance removal of defects. It ensures the removal of the defective layer on ceramics and reduces the index of defectiveness (the product of defects’ density per unit surface area) by several orders of magnitude, compared with diamond grinding. There are no pronounced discontinuities and pores in the microstructure of coatings. Under mechanical loads, the coatings ensure a stable boundary anti-friction film between the ceramics and counter body that significantly increases the wear resistance of samples. The treatment reduces the volumetric wear under 20 min of abrasive action by 2 and 6 times for TiZrN and CrAlSiN/DLC coatings for Al2O3/TiC and by 5 and 23 times for SiAlON. The volumetric wear under fretting wear at 105 friction cycles is reduced by 2–3 times for both coatings for Al2O3/TiC and by 3–4 times for SiAlON.
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Mayrhofer, Ann-Kristin. "Product liability in the age of AI — Proposal for a “two track” solution." Revista Electrónica de Direito 33, no. 1 (2024): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2024-0001_0005.

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In 1985 the Council of the European Communities adopted the Directive 85/374/EEC to harmonise product liability within Europe. In 2024, this directive will most likely be replaced by a new Product Liability Directive designed to reflect the technical developments of the last 40 years. The new Directive contains some significant changes. However, regarding the overarching concept of product liability, it remains faithful to the old Directive: Manufacturers are still not liable for all damage caused by their products, but only for damage caused by a “defect” in a product. This defect-based approach is problematic. When it comes to new digital technologies, especially Artificial Intelligence, it is difficult for courts to assess a product’s defectiveness. Moreover, in many cases, the defect-based approach is insufficient to provide liability solutions that are both efficient and fair. This paper seeks to lay the foundations for a more comprehensive reform: The current product liability for defective products should be complemented by a second “track” of product liability. In the case of particularly dangerous products, such as autonomous cars and medical devices, manufacturers should compensate victims regardless of whether their products are defective or not. Such “truly” strict liability could partially relieve courts of the burden of assessing a product’s defectiveness and would lead to fair and efficient prevention and distribution of damages. Damage costs would be allocated to manufacturers as the cheapest cost avoiders. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of dangerous products would be more evenly distributed among manufacturers, users, consumers and “innocent bystanders”. However, to avoid over-deterrence and stifling of innovations strict liability should be limited to particularly dangerous products. Legislators should introduce a general clause of truly strict liability, which would allow courts to assess whether a product is particularly dangerous or not. A general clause is preferable to a list of particularly dangerous products because it would provide for the flexibility needed to deal with rapidly developing technologies.
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Bierć, Andrzej. "Towards normatively limited judicial sanction [structured discretion] as a proportional response to the defectiveness of legal action (contract) in modern legal transactions." Studia Prawnicze 220, no. 4 (2020): 7–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3694842.

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The primary purpose of the legal considerations herein is to indicate the direction of the modernization of the legality of control mechanisms in modern legal transactions. At the base of these transactions there is still the traditional, dogmatic sanction of nullity (invalidity) regulated by law (ex lege), and the legal effects of a defective legal action (contract), i.e. an action contrary to law or moral norms. In consideration of disproportionality and ineffectiveness of the nullity sanction under new conditions, jurisprudence and legislation have directed their attention to the limited judicial sanction (structured discretion) originating from the common law tradition as a proportional and flexible response to the defectiveness of legal action (contract). The statutory judicial sanction, which became the basis of the reform on the concept of illegality in common law countries, have found expression in the model rule of European private law. The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), the latter of which revises and updates the PECL, are the primary references for the model rules of contract law in the EU. The PECL and the DCFR have affected the concept of the defective sanction of legal action (contract) in the new Civil Code, drafted by the Polish Civil Law Codification Commission.
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Рудык, Н. Н., О. И. Ильин, М. В. Ильина, С. А. Хубежов, А. А. Федотов та О. А. Агеев. "Влияние параметров метода PECVD на рост углеродных нанотрубок для устройств нанопьезотроники". Журнал технической физики 91, № 10 (2021): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2021.10.51365.96-21.

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The results of experimental studies of the influence of the growth temperature and the thickness of the catalytic layer on the geometric and structural parameters of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are presented. It is shown that the use of a TiN-based sublayer makes it possible to provide a low resistivity during the direct growth of CNTs on a conducting contact. It was found that for the formation of the best piezoelectric response, it is necessary to form the most defective CNTs. It is shown that the degree of defectiveness of CNTs can be controlled during their growth. A relationship has been established between the geometric and structural parameters of CNTs that affect the piezoelectric response. The potential applicability of CNTs for the creation of nanopiezotronic devices (nanogenerators, energy nanocarvesters) on their basis is shown.
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Johnson, Walter H., Fred A. Sunahara, and Jack P. Landolt. "Importance of the vestibular system in visually induced nausea and self-vection." Journal of Vestibular Research 9, no. 2 (1999): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1999-9202.

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The objective of this study was to determine the importance, if any, of the non-auditory labyrinth of the inner ear in visually induced nausea and self-vection in subjects exposed to a moving visual field with and without concomitant pitching head movements. Subjects teated were 15 normals, 18 unilateral labyrinthectomies and 6 bilateral labyrinthectomies. The findings show a higher incidence of pseudo-Coriolis induced nausea in normal subjects compared to unilateral and bilateral labyrinthectomized subjects. When the subjects were exposed to the moving visual field only (no head movement), pronounced self-vection occurred in all subjects, but with earlier onset in the bilateral labyrinthine defective subjects as compared to normal and unilateral defective subjects. The subjective intensities of self-vections reported by labyrinth-defectives were much more pronounced as compared to normal subjects, and it is apparent that visual input in these subjects achieves much more importance in maintaining compensatory eye movements, and the gain of neck reflexes is enhanced. The findings that visual stimulation is more effective in producing the disabling effects after labyrinthine destruction could possibly be explained by enhancement of vision after loss of labyrinthine sensory input, and the gain in neck reflexes is also enhanced after labyrinthectomy.
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Tam, Thomas Ho Yuen, Bruno Catarino, and Liam Dolan. "Conserved regulatory mechanism controls the development of cells with rooting functions in land plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 29 (2015): E3959—E3968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416324112.

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Land plants develop filamentous cells—root hairs, rhizoids, and caulonemata—at the interface with the soil. Members of the group XI basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors encoded by LOTUS JAPONICUS ROOTHAIRLESS1-LIKE (LRL) genes positively regulate the development of root hairs in the angiosperms Lotus japonicus, Arabidopsis thaliana, and rice (Oryza sativa). Here we show that auxin promotes rhizoid and caulonema development by positively regulating the expression of PpLRL1 and PpLRL2, the two LRL genes in the Physcomitrella patens genome. Although the group VIII bHLH proteins, AtROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE6 and AtROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE1, promote root-hair development by positively regulating the expression of AtLRL3 in A. thaliana, LRL genes promote rhizoid development independently of PpROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE1 and PpROOT HAIR DEFECITVE SIX-LIKE2 (PpRSL1 and PpRSL2) gene function in P. patens. Together, these data demonstrate that both LRL and RSL genes are components of an ancient auxin-regulated gene network that controls the development of tip-growing cells with rooting functions among most extant land plants. Although this network has diverged in the moss and the angiosperm lineages, our data demonstrate that the core network acted in the last common ancestor of the mosses and angiosperms that existed sometime before 420 million years ago.
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LUTZE, MARGARET, JOEL POKORNY, and VIVIANNE C. SMITH. "Achromatic parvocellular contrast gain in normal and color defective observers: Implications for the evolution of color vision." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 3-4 (2006): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806233078.

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The PC pathway conveys both chromatic and achromatic information, with PC neurons being more responsive to chromatic (L−M) than to achromatic (L+M) stimuli. In considering the evolution of color vision, it has been suggested that the dynamic range of chromatic PC-pathway processing is tuned to the chromatic content of the natural environment. Anomalous trichromats, with reduced separation of their L- and M-cone spectral sensitivities, have diminished chromatic input to PC-pathway cells. Dichromats, with absent L or M cones, should have no chromatic input to PC-pathway cells. Therefore, the PC-pathway dynamic range of color defectives should be released from any constraint imposed by the chromatic environment. Here we ask whether this results in compensatory enhancement of achromatic PC-pathway processing in color defectives. This study employed a psychophysical method designed to isolate PC-pathway processing using achromatic stimuli. In a pulsed-pedestal condition, a four-square stimulus array appeared within a uniform surround. During a trial, one of the test squares differed from the other three, and the observer's task was to choose the square that was different. A four-alternative, forced-choice method was used to determine thresholds as a function of the contrast of the four-square array to the surround. Seven color defective and four normal observers participated. Results showed no systematic differences between normals and color defectives. There was no enhancement of achromatic processing as compensation for reduced chromatic processing in the PC-pathway system in color defectives. From physiological recordings, PC-pathway achromatic contrast gains of dichromatic and trichromatic New World primates and trichromatic Old World macaques have also been shown to be similar to each other. Our study and the animal studies imply that PC-pathway contrast gain parameters were regulated by factors other than the environmental chromaticity gamut, and may have arisen in a nontrichromatic common ancestor to both Old and New World primates.
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Lodi, Giovanni. "Defective." Dental Cadmos 92, no. 04 (2024): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.19256/d.cadmos.04.2024.01.

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McQueen, Cydney E. "Dietary Supplements: Defective Products, Defective Standards." Hospital Pharmacy 51, no. 3 (2016): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/hpj5103-195.

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Wnukiewicz-Kozłowska, Agata, and Urszula Dorota Drozdowska. "Causal Effect Relationship in Medical Cases. An Old Problem in a New Scenario. Commentary to CJEU Judgment (Second Chamber) of 21 June 2017, N.W. & Others V. Sanofi Pasteur MSD & Others, Case C-621/15, EU:C:2017:484. Approbative Gloss." Review of European and Comparative Law 46, no. 3 (2021): 263–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.12264.

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This commentary evaluates the problem in assessing the role of a causal connection between damage and the use of a defective medical product, specifically a vaccine. The judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the Sanofi Pasteur Case, which allowed the possibility of recognizing damage claims, even in cases where the prevailing scientific theory claims that there is no scientific evidence of a causal link between a vaccination and the disease, became a base for consideration. Consequently, procedural solutions (such as the standard of proof required, the admissibility of prima facie evidence reasoning and other solutions in cases of an uncertain causation) remain to be decided by national law. The authors assessed two legal systems: the French and Polish legal systems in the context of how to resolve these dilemmas and to describe the impact of the above-mentioned judgment on the case-law of French and Polish courts as regards the application of Directive 85/374/EEC. As a result, they concluded that the most important interpretative motive has become the individual interest of the vaccination’s victim as a consumer of medical services. It seems to be in accordance with Directive 85/374/EEC, which is motivated by the necessity of approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning the liability of the producer for damage caused by the defectiveness of his products. However, since the existing divergences may distort competition and affect the movement of goods within the common market and entail a differing degree of protection of the consumer against damage caused by a defective product to his health or property, in countries belonging to the European Union, the authors wonder how the commented judgment will affect the further development of consumers protection against defective vaccines.
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Chen, B., X. D. Hu, and F. K. Hwang. "Optimal Binomial Group Testing with a Test History." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 4, no. 4 (1990): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964800001807.

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The classical binomial group-testing problem considers the use of a minimal number of group tests to identify all defectives in a set of items, each of which independently has probability p of being defective. The minimization problem is very difficult, and the only major result is that for p ≥ (3 - □ root;5) /2, Unger proved that one-by-one testing is the best. Recently, to study the complexity of the group-testing problem, researchers have considered the more general case in which the items have already been tested. Interestingly, Unger's result still holds in this case. However, since the items are no longer equivalent (nor independent), the sequencing of items of testing becomes a legitimate problem, one that did not arise in the classical case. In this paper, we give optimal sequencing under general conditions on the test history.
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Xu Guobin, 徐国彬, 于艺铭 Yu Yiming, 李洁 Li Jie, 王小菊 Wang Xiaoju, 陈茜 Chen Xi та 王琪 Wang Qi. "基于改进BSCB算法的缺陷国画类数字图像修复研究". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, № 10 (2022): 1010002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.1010002.

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Bonewald, Lynda F. "Does Defective Bone Lead to Defective Muscle?" Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 30, no. 4 (2015): 593–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2491.

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ABDULLAH, AMIRALI, JOHN MOELLER, and SURESH VENKATASUBRAMANIAN. "APPROXIMATE BREGMAN NEAR NEIGHBORS IN SUBLINEAR TIME: BEYOND THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 23, no. 04n05 (2013): 253–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195913600066.

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Bregman divergences are important distance measures that are used extensively in data-driven applications such as computer vision, text mining, and speech processing, and are a key focus of interest in machine learning. Answering nearest neighbor (NN) queries under these measures is very important in these applications and has been the subject of extensive study, but is problematic because these distance measures lack metric properties like symmetry and the triangle inequality. In this paper, we present the first provably approximate nearest-neighbor (ANN) algorithms for a broad sub-class of Bregman divergences under some assumptions. Specifically, we examine Bregman divergences which can be decomposed along each dimension and our bounds also depend on restricting the size of our allowed domain. We obtain bounds for both the regular asymmetric Bregman divergences as well as their symmetrized versions. To do so, we develop two geometric properties vital to our analysis: a reverse triangle inequality (RTI) and a relaxed triangle inequality called μ-defectiveness where μ is a domain-dependent value. Bregman divergences satisfy the RTI but not μ-defectiveness. However, we show that the square root of a Bregman divergence does satisfy μ-defectiveness. This allows us to then utilize both properties in an efficient search data structure that follows the general two-stage paradigm of a ring-tree decomposition followed by a quad tree search used in previous near-neighbor algorithms for Euclidean space and spaces of bounded doubling dimension. Our first algorithm resolves a query for a d-dimensional (1 + ε)-ANN in [Formula: see text] time and O(n log d-1 n) space and holds for generic μ-defective distance measures satisfying a RTI. Our second algorithm is more specific in analysis to the Bregman divergences and uses a further structural parameter, the maximum ratio of second derivatives over each dimension of our allowed domain (c0). This allows us to locate a (1 + ε)-ANN in O( log n) time and O(n) space, where there is a further (c0)d factor in the big-Oh for the query time.
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Jo, Heeyeon, and Jeongtae Kim. "Regularized Auto-Encoder-Based Separation of Defects from Backgrounds for Inspecting Display Devices." Electronics 8, no. 5 (2019): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050533.

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We investigated a novel method for separating defects from the background for inspecting display devices. Separation of defects has important applications such as determining whether the detected defects are truly defective and the quantification of the degree of defectiveness. Although many studies on estimating patterned background have been conducted, the existing studies are mainly based on the approach of approximation by low-rank matrices. Because the conventional methods face problems such as imperfect reconstruction and difficulty of selecting the bases for low-rank approximation, we have studied a deep-learning-based foreground reconstruction method that is based on the auto-encoder structure with a regression layer for the output. In the experimental studies carried out using mobile display panels, the proposed method showed significantly improved performance compared to the existing singular value decomposition method. We believe that the proposed method could be useful not only for inspecting display devices but also for many applications that involve the detection of defects in the presence of a textured background.
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Barguma, Wilson Simon, and Okpanachi Achimugu. "Numerical Assessment of Water Quality Using Quality Control - A Case Study of Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics 24, no. 2 (2023): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2023/v24i2521.

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This research seeks to apply "numerical assessment of water quality using quality control - A case study of Idah, Kogi state, Nigeria.” Secondary data of 500 bags of Idah factory water produced over period of 23 days were analyzed using control chart for fraction and number defectives to monitor the proportions of defective and number of defects in the factory water. It was found using P-CHART that central line (CL), upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL) were 0.04, 0.07, and 0.01 respectively. Similarly, the result obtained using NP-CHART in monitoring number of defects in Idah factory water production indicated that , lower control limit (LCL), central line and upper control limit (UCL) were 8, 22 and 36 respectively. In both cases all the points were within the control limits. This implies that the production process is in a state of statistical control. It was therefore, recommended that the current components of the production process should be sustained among other things.
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Ding Jianwen, 丁剑雯, 周文静 Zhou Wenjing та 于瀛洁 Yu Yingjie. "数字全息内窥技术实现耳膜病态下的振动模态研究". Chinese Journal of Lasers 50, № 15 (2023): 1507204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl230492.

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Cooper, Barry. "Defective Notions." Musical Times 132, no. 1782 (1991): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/965881.

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Gerstner, Ed. "Defective quality." Nature 425, no. 6961 (2003): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425912b.

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RAWORTH, TOM. "Defective definitions." Critical Quarterly 36, no. 4 (1994): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1994.tb00534.x.

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