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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Defense stimulator »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 juin 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Defense stimulator"

VadeBoncouer, Timothy R., et Francis X. Riegler. « In Defense of the Nerve Stimulator ». Regional Anesthesia & ; Pain Medicine 23, n^o 2 (mars 1998) : 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-00115550-199823020-00021.

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&NA;. « In Defense of the Nerve Stimulator ». Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 23, n^o 2 (mars 1998) : 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00115550-199823020-00021.

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Koçi, Rromir, Fabrice Dupuy, Salim Lebbar, Vincent Gloaguen et Céline Faugeron Faugeron Girard. « A New Promising Plant Defense Stimulator Derived from a By-Product of Agar Extraction from Gelidium sesquipedale ». Horticulturae 8, n^o 10 (16 octobre 2022) : 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100958.

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Stimulation of plant defenses by elicitors is an alternative strategy to reduce pesticide use. In this study, we examined the elicitor properties of a by-product of the industrial extraction of agar from the red alga Gelidium sesquipedale. Agar extraction process leads to the formation of an alkaline residue which is poorly valorized. This by-product has been analyzed for its chemical composition. It contains 44% minerals and, among the organic compounds, sugars are the most represented and encompass 12.5% of the dry matter. When sprayed on tomato plants, this by-product enhanced the levels of defense markers such as peroxidase or phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities. Furthermore, this treatment increased the expression levels of the pathogenesis-related gene, PR9 encoding peroxidase. A field trial conducted on grapevine revealed that spraying treatment with this by-product resulted in a reduction of the macroscopic disease symptoms induced by Plasmospora viticola, with 40 to 60% efficacy. These results indicate that this agar extraction by-product could be used as a plant defense stimulator.

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Ahn, Jeonghyun, et Glen N. Barber. « STING signaling and host defense against microbial infection ». Experimental & ; Molecular Medicine 51, n^o 12 (décembre 2019) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-019-0333-0.

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AbstractThe first line of host defense against infectious agents involves activation of innate immune signaling pathways that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Key triggers of innate immune signaling are now known to include microbial-specific nucleic acid, which is rapidly detected in the cytosol of the cell. For example, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) have evolved to detect viral RNA species and to activate the production of host defense molecules and cytokines that stimulate adaptive immune responses. In addition, host defense countermeasures, including the production of type I interferons (IFNs), can also be triggered by microbial DNA from bacteria, viruses and perhaps parasites and are regulated by the cytosolic sensor, stimulator of interferon genes (STING). STING-dependent signaling is initiated by cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) generated by intracellular bacteria following infection. CDNs can also be synthesized by a cellular synthase, cGAS, following interaction with invasive cytosolic self-DNA or microbial DNA species. The importance of STING signaling in host defense is evident since numerous pathogens have developed strategies to prevent STING function. Here, we review the relevance of STING-controlled innate immune signaling in host defense against pathogen invasion, including microbial endeavors to subvert this critical process.

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Bodin, Enora, Anthony Bellée, Marie-Cécile Dufour, Olivier André et Marie-France Corio-Costet. « Grapevine Stimulation : A Multidisciplinary Approach to Investigate the Effects of Biostimulants and a Plant Defense Stimulator ». Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68, n^o 51 (14 décembre 2020) : 15085–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05849.

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Bouissil, Soukaina, Claire Guérin, Jane Roche, Pascal Dubessay, Zainab El Alaoui-Talibi, Guillaume Pierre, Philippe Michaud, Said Mouzeyar, Cédric Delattre et Cherkaoui El Modafar. « Induction of Defense Gene Expression and the Resistance of Date Palm to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis in Response to Alginate Extracted from Bifurcaria bifurcata ». Marine Drugs 20, n^o 2 (20 janvier 2022) : 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20020088.

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In many African countries, the Bayoud is a common disease spread involving the fungus Fusarium oxusporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa). The induction of plant natural defenses through the use of seaweed polysaccharides to help plants against pathogens is currently a biological and ecological approach that is gaining more and more importance. In the present study, we used alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from a brown algae Bifurcaria bifurcata, to activate date palm defenses, which involve phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism. The results obtained showed that at low concentration (1 g·L−1), alginate stimulated PAL activity in date palm roots 5 times more compared to the negative control (water-treated) after 24 h following treatment and 2.5 times more compared to the laminarin used as a positive stimulator of plant natural defenses (positive control of induction). Using qRT-PCR, the expression of a selection of genes involved in three different levels of defense mechanisms known to be involved in response to biotic stresses were investigated. The results showed that, generally, the PAL gene tested and the genes encoding enzymes involved in early oxidative events (SOD and LOX) were overexpressed in the alginate-treated plants compared to their levels in the positive and negative controls. POD and PR protein genes selected encoding β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases in this study did not show any significant difference between treatments; suggesting that other genes encoding POD and PR proteins that were not selected may be involved. After 17 weeks following the inoculation of the plants with the pathogen Foa, treatment with alginate reduced the mortality rate by up to 80% compared to the rate in control plants (non-elicited) and plants pretreated with laminarin, which agrees with the induction of defense gene expression and the stimulation of natural defenses in date palm with alginate after 24 h. These results open promising prospects for the use of alginate in agriculture as an inducer that triggers immunity of plants against telluric pathogens in general and of date palm against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in particular.

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Xia, Tianli, Takayuki Abe, Ai Harashima, Hiroyasu Konno, Keiko Konno, Alejo Morales, Jeonghyun Ahn, Delia Gutman et Glen Barber. « STING recognition of cytoplasmic DNA instigates cellular defense (P1393) ». Journal of Immunology 190, n^o 1_Supplement (1 mai 2013) : 57.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.57.8.

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Abstract How the cell recognizes cytosolic DNA including DNA based microbes to trigger host defense related gene activation remains to be fully resolved. Here, we demonstrate that STING (for Stimulator of Interferon Genes), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocon associated transmembrane protein, acts to detect cytoplasmic DNA species. STING homodimers were able to complex with self (apoptotic, necrotic) or pathogen related ssDNA and dsDNA and were indispensible for HSV-1-mediated transcriptional activation of a wide array of innate immune and pro-inflammatory genes in addition to type I IFN. Our data indicates that STING instigates cytoplasmic DNA-mediated cellular defense gene transcription and facilitates adoptive responses that are required for protection of the host. In contrast, chronic STING activation may manifest inflammatory responses and possibly autoimmune disease triggered by self-DNA.

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de Mezer, Mateusz, Jan Rogaliński, Stanisław Przewoźny, Michał Chojnicki, Leszek Niepolski, Magdalena Sobieska et Agnieszka Przystańska. « SERPINA3 : Stimulator or Inhibitor of Pathological Changes ». Biomedicines 11, n^o 1 (7 janvier 2023) : 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010156.

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SERPINA3, also called α-1-antichymotrypsin (AACT, ACT), is one of the inhibitors of serine proteases, one of which is cathepsin G. As an acute-phase protein secreted into the plasma by liver cells, it plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory response and antiviral response. Elevated levels of SERPINA3 have been observed in heart failure and neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease or Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Many studies have shown increased expression levels of the SERPINA3 gene in various types of cancer, such as glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma. In this case, the SERPINA3 protein is associated with an antiapoptotic function implemented by adjusting the PI3K/AKT or MAPK/ERK 1/2 signal pathways. However, the functions of the SERPINA3 protein are still only partially understood, mainly in the context of cancerogenesis, so it seems necessary to summarize the available information and describe its mechanism of action. In particular, we sought to amass the existing body of research focusing on the description of the underlying mechanisms of various diseases not related to cancer. Our goal was to present an overview of the correct function of SERPINA3 as part of the defense system, which unfortunately easily becomes the “Fifth Column” and begins to support processes of destruction.

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York, Autumn, Ann-Jay Tong, Joseph Argus, Elizabeth Gray, Nicholas Wu, Anjie Zhen, Scott Kitchen, Stephen Smale, Daniel Stetson et Steven Bensinger. « Limiting cholesterol biosynthesis acts as a danger signal that engages STING-dependent inflammation (INM2P.349) ». Journal of Immunology 194, n^o 1_Supplement (1 mai 2015) : 126.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.126.2.

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Abstract Pathogen invasion alters host lipid metabolism, however the mechanisms underlying this remain poorly understood. Here, we show that transcriptional repression of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis is driven by TRIF-dependent danger signals. Unexpectedly, decreasing cholesterol biosynthesis induces type I interferon (IFN)-mediated inflammation in the absence of conventional danger signals, resulting in resistance to pathogens. Spontaneous induction of inflammation was traced to a reduction in cellular cholesterol levels, and normalizing cholesterol attenuated IFNb and interferon stimulated gene expression. Epistasis studies indicate that the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) links cellular cholesterol balance to type I IFN-mediated inflammation. These findings reveal that perturbing cholesterol homeostasis acts as an independent “danger” signal sensed by host defense machinery, and provides mechanistic insights as to how lipid metabolism influences inflammation.

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Krawczyk, Eric, Chase Kangas et Bin He. « HSV Replication : Triggering and Repressing STING Functionality ». Viruses 15, n^o 1 (13 janvier 2023) : 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010226.

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has persisted within human populations due to its ability to establish both lytic and latent infection. Given this, human hosts have evolved numerous immune responses to protect against HSV infection. Critical in this defense against HSV, the host protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) functions as a mediator of the antiviral response by inducing interferon (IFN) as well as IFN-stimulated genes. Emerging evidence suggests that during HSV infection, dsDNA derived from either the virus or the host itself ultimately activates STING signaling. While a complex regulatory circuit is in operation, HSV has evolved several mechanisms to neutralize the STING-mediated antiviral response. Within this review, we highlight recent progress involving HSV interactions with the STING pathway, with a focus on how STING influences HSV replication and pathogenesis.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Defense stimulator"

Chuberre, Coralie. « Les microalgues : nouvelles sources de molécules élicitrices pour la santé et la defense des plantes ». Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR079.

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La protection intégrée, qui vise à réduire l’usage des pesticides, est un défi majeur pour l’agriculture du XXIème siècle. Le développement de nouvelles approches agronomiques qui concilient environnement et agriculture est une condition indispensable pour l’agriculture de demain. Dans ce contexte, l’utilisation d’éliciteurs capables de mimer une attaque pathogène et de promouvoir un état de résistance chez les plantes face à des maladies représente une alternative naturelle à la lutte chimique. Ces éliciteurs sont nommés les stimulateurs de défense des plantes (SDP). Ils peuvent provenir de différentes sources et être extraits à partir de macroalgues comme c’est le cas des SDP à base de polysaccharides d’algues tels que la laminarine utilisée pour stimuler l’immunité de plantes agronomiques. Toutefois, l’exploitation de ces ressources dans leur milieu naturel et les difficultés de production liées à leur cycle de développement constituent des freins à leur utilisation. La valorisation des microalgues comme source de SDP pourrait permettre de s’affranchir de ces contraintes. Cependant la recherche et de molécules SDP chez les microalgues est encore peu abordée. Au cours de ce travail, le potentiel d’une culture de microalgue, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, à induire des réactions de défense chez les plantes a été évalué. Un broyat cellulaire a été appliqué sur des plantules d’Arabidopsis thaliana. Le caractère éliciteur de ce broyat a été testé et caractérisé par des approches microscopiques, physiologiques et moléculaires. Les résultats ont montré que les plantes traitées présentaient des niveaux d’expression des gènes PR-1, PAD3, ACS6 et WRKY40 et un niveau de protection contre la bactérie Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 (Pst) plus élevés que les plantes non traitées. De plus, un effet bactéricide in vitro sur la bactérie Pst a été observé. Ces résultats offrent de nouvelles perspectives pour le développement de produits SDP d’origine naturelle capables de protéger les cultures
Integrated plant protection, which aims to reduce the use of pesticide, is a major challenge for the agriculture of the 21st century. The development and application of new agronomic approaches is a prerequisite for crop protection in a sustainable agriculture system. In this context, the use of elicitors capable of mimicking a pathogenic attack and promoting a plant resistance state against diseases is a natural alternative to the use of agro-chemicals. These elicitors are also called plant defense stimulators (PDS). These can be obtained from different sources including macroalgae as it the case for the polysaccharide-based PDS laminarin that is currently used for the protection of a number of crops. However, the exploitation of these natural resources and the difficulties of their production due to their development cycle do hamper their use at a large scale. One of the possibilities to overcome these difficulties is the use of microalgae as a source of PDS. But this possibility and the potential of microalgaederived PDS for crop protection are currently under investigated. In the present work, we have used a cell extract from the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum and assessed its defense response-eliciting activities on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by using microscopic, physiological and molecular approaches. The results show that treated plants exhibit higher levels of expression of the PR-1, PAD3, ACS6 and WRKY40 genes and a higher level of protection against the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 (Pst) than nontreated plants. An In vitro antibacterial activity on the Pst bacteria was also observed. Our findings suggest that P. tricornutum cell extracts are able to activate plant immune responses and offer new perspectives for the development of novel plant defense stimulators

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Koçi, Rromir. « Valorisation d'un co-produit d'extraction de l'agar à partir de l'algue rouge Gelidium sesquipedale en tant que stimulateur de défenses de plantes. Caractérisation chimique et évaluation de ses propriétés en vue d'applications en biocontrôle ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LIMO0007.

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Les co-produits industriels de la première étape d’extraction d’agar (de l’algue rouge Gelidium sesquipedale) constituent au sein de l’entreprise SETEXAM des volumes importants potentiellement valorisables. L’objectif de ce travail est de démontrer qu’ils peuvent être utilisés en tant qu‘éliciteur, ou stimulateur des défenses naturelles (SDN). D’abord, la composition élémentaire du co-produit alcalin a révélé une teneur en minéraux de 44 % (Na, K éléments majeurs) avec des traces de métaux lourds, mais en dessous de la limite autorisée. Les principaux composés organiques détectés sont des glucides (12,5 %) et une fraction riche en floridoside a été obtenue. Ce composé a été identifié par une méthode originale, la CPG-MS. Le co-produit alcalin, recyclé au cours du procédé industriel, voit sa teneur en glucides diminuer avec l’augmentation du nombre de cycles. Ces co-produits, appliqués sur des plants de tomates cultivées en serre sous stress biotique, sont capables de stimuler des réponses de défense (activités enzymatiques, expression des gènes). La dose optimale (50 mg.L-1) a été déterminée ainsi que les conditions d’applications et la durée d’activation des réponses. En plein champ, les co-produits ont été testés sur vigne et sur tomate, pour leur capacité à réduire les symptômes du mildiou, ou de la cladosporiose. Des résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus comparés à des éliciteurs déjà commercialisés, en conditions de pression modérée. Le co-produit issu de la première étape d’extraction industrielle d’agar a montré une activité comme SDN et peut constituer une solution de protection des cultures permettant une réduction des pesticides pour une agriculture durable et plus respectueuse de l’environnement. Ce travail constitue une base pour un dossier d’homologation du produit qui transformerait ces co-produits de coût en ressource pour l’entreprise
The industrial by-products of the first step of agar extraction (from red alga Gelidium sesquipedale) constitute large volumes at SETEXAM company that might be valorized. The objective of this work is to prove that they can be used as elicitor, or plant defense stimulator (PDS). Firstly, the elemental composition of the alkaline by-product revealed a mineral content of 44% (Na, K major components) with heavy metal traces, but under authorized limits. The principal organic components detected are carbohydrates (12.5%) and a fraction rich in floridoside was obtained. This molecule was identified with an original method, through GC-MS. The alkaline by-product, recycled through the industrial process, has its carbohydrate content diminished as the number of cycles increases. These by-products, applied on tomato plants grown in greenhouse under biotic stress, are capable of stimulating defense responses (enzymatic activities, gene expression). The optimal dose (50 mg.L-1) was determined together with the application conditions and time span of responses. In field, the by-products were tested on grapevine and on tomato, for their capacity to reduce downy mildew, or leaf mold symptoms. Promising results were obtained compared to already commercialized elicitors, for moderate disease pressure. The by-product obtained from the first step of industrial agar extraction showed a PDS activity and can be a solution for culture defense allowing a reduction of pesticides for a durable and environmentally friendly agriculture. This work is a base for a homologation file of the product that would transform these by-products from cost to resource for the company

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Planchon, Aline. « Le pathosystème Lin (Linum usitatissimum) - Fusarium oxysporum : Impact du champignon et d'un agent de biocontrôle sur des réponses moléculaires de la plante et le développement de la fusariose ». Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR122.

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Le lin, principale plante à fibres cultivée en France possède un intérêt industriel pour la qualité de ses fibres. Les cultures de lin sont régulièrement attaquées par un champignon tellurique, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini (Fol), responsable des plus grandes pertes dans les cultures de lin. Les PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) sont des bactéries réputées pour leurs capacités à améliorer la croissance et le développement des plantes, mais également pour leur pouvoir compétiteur au sein de la rhizosphère et leur aptitude à induire une réponse immunitaire chez les plantes. Parallèlement, l’utilisation de SDP (Stimulateur des Défenses des Plantes), molécules capables d’éliciter les mécanismes de défenses des plantes est une autre alternative pour limiter l’utilisation des pesticides. Dans le cadre de ce projet mené sur deux variétés de lin, Aramis et Mélina, il a pu être montré que Fol induisait un remodelage de la paroi au niveau des racines et des tiges, impliquant les hémicelluloses et les pectines, seulement deux jours après inoculation avec le champignon. L’utilisation de la souche ATCC 6633 de Bacillus subtilis comme agent de biocontrôle a permis de réduire de façon significative l’apparition des symptômes de la fusariose. Il a également été montré qu’en plus d’avoir un effet fongicide sur Fol, cette bactérie est capable d’induire l’expression de deux gènes de défense (Pathogenesis-Related) codant pour une β-(1,3)-glucanase (PR-2) et codant pour une chitinase-like (CTL-10), de gènes impliqués dans la voie des phénylpropanoïdes (PHENYLALANINE AMONIA LYASES, PAL-3 et PAL-4) et dans le remodelage pariétal (PECTIN METHYLESTERASE-3, PME-3) au niveau racinaire. Des analyses biochimiques ont également permis de montrer que B. subtilis provoque des modifications se traduisant par un renforcement pariétal au niveau des tiges chez les deux variétés. Enfin, l’association de la PGPR avec une molécule élicitrice (pregnénolone sulfate) a eu un effet synergique sur l’expression de gènes de défense
In France, flax (Linum usitatissumum) is a principal fibers crop. Fusarium oxysporum f sp lini (Fol), a soil-borne fungus, is responsible for the major losses in crop yield. PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) are known for their abilities to promote plant growth and health. These bacteria are also good competitors in the rhizosphere and can induce a plant defense response. The use of compounds able to elicit plant defense mechanisms is also an alternative to limit the use of pesticides. In this project, it has been shown that F. oxysporum f. sp. lini induces only two days after inoculation cell wall remodeling in the root and the stem involving hemicelluloses and pectins on two flax varieties, Aramis and Mélina, . The use of the Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 6633 as biocontrol agent significantly reduced fusarium wilt appearance. In addition to its antifungal effect against Fol, this bacteria is able to induce the expression of two Pathogenesis-Related genes coding for a β-(1,3)-glucanase (PR-2) and a chitinase-like (CTL-10), genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway (PHENYLALANINE AMONIA LYASES, PAL-3 and PAL-4) and also in cell wall remodeling (PECTIN METHYLESTERASE-3, PME-3) in the root. Biochemical analyses show that B. subtilis causes modifications resulting in cell wall reinforcement in the stem in both varieties. Finally, the association of B. subtilis with an elicitor (pregnenolone sulfate) had a synergistic effect on the expression of defense-related genes

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Vianna, Daniel Machado Luiz. « Organização do sistema neural mesencefálico responsável pela resposta de congelamento ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-25042003-203921/.

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O congelamento a um contexto previamente associado ao choque nas patas é atenuado pela lesão da matéria cinzenta periaquedutal ventrolateral (MCPvl). Por outro lado, a estimulação elétrica ou microinjeção de compostos que diminuem a neurotransmissão GABAérgica na matéria cinzenta dorsolateral (MCPdl) provocam congelamento e fuga. O presente estudo examinou a possibilidade deste congelamento provocado pela estimulação da MCPdl ser resultado da ativação indireta da MCPvl. Ratos com lesão da MCPvl ou falsooperados foram eletricamente estimulados na MCPdl para a aferição dos limiares de resposta para o congelamento e a fuga. Os mesmos animais foram também submetidos ao condicionamento aversivo ao contexto através de choque nas patas, visando a validação de nossas condições experimentais. Um segundo grupo de ratos lesados e falso-operados receberam microinjeções de semicarbazida, um bloqueador da síntese do GABA, na MCPdl. Os resultados mostram que a lesão da MCPvl atenua o congelamento condicionado ao contexto, mas é ineficaz em alterar os efeitos da estimulação elétrica ou química da MCPdl sobre o congelamento e a fuga. A MCPvl é o alvo preferencial do núcleo central da amígdala na MCP, enquanto que a MCPdl recebe aferências principalmente dos núcleos do hipotálamo relacionados à defesa. Estas evidências são coerentes com a participação da MCPvl nas respostas de defesa ao perigo potencial, e da MCPdl ao perigo imediato.
Freezing to a context previously associated to footshock is attenuated by ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) lesion. Moreover, electrical stimulation or microinfusion of compounds that interfere with GABA neurotransmission in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) provoke freezing and escape. The present study examined the possibility of this freezing being the result of an indirect activation of vlPAG through dlPAG stimulation. Rats bearing vlPAG or sham lesions were electrically stimulated at dlPAG sites to have their freezing and escape threshold currents measured. The same animals were also submitted to a contextual fear-conditioning paradigm through footshock to validate our experimental setting. A second group of vlPAG- and sham-lesion rats received infusions of semicarbazide, a GABA-synthesis blocker, in the MCPdl. The results obtained show that vlPAG lesions do attenuate conditioned freezing, but are ineffective against dlPAG-stimulation freezing and escape. The vlPAG is the main PAG target to central nucleus of amygdala projections, while the dlPAG receives afferents primarily from hypothalamic nuclei related to defense. This evidence is coherent with vlPAG mediating responses to potential danger, while dlPAG would be more related to immediate danger.

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Guedes, Mariana da Rocha Soares. « Mitochondria and peroxisomes : role within cellular antiviral defense ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12960.

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Mestrado em Biomedicina Molecular
The present paper presents a review and compilation of all the scientifically relevant bibliography to date, regarding the antiviral signalling pathways implicated in the cellular innate immune system in humans. Emphasizing the mitochondrial antiviral signalling adaptor (MAVS), this paper explores the special features of the signal transduction pathways and their components in two specific organelles: mitochondria and peroxisomes. These pathways, ultimately, result in the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which are primarily responsible for fighting against viral replication, viral particle assembly and virion release within the cell. In this paper, several proposals for further investigation are also presented, since there is still a lot to learn about the role of peroxisomes in the antiviral innate immune responses.
O presente trabalho propõe-se a rever e compilar toda a bibliografia cientificamente relevante até à data, no que respeita as vias de sinalização antivirais implicadas na imunidade celular inata em células humanas. Com ênfase na proteína adaptadora MAVS, este trabalho explora as particularidades das vias de transdução de sinal e respetivos intervenientes em dois organelos celulares específicos: mitocôndrias e peroxissomas. Estas vias, em última instância, resultam na expressão de genes estimulados por interferões (ISGs), principais responsáveis pelo combate celular eficaz contra a replicação viral, montagem de partículas virais e libertação de viriões na célula infetada. Neste trabalho são ainda apresentadas propostas para investigações futuras, uma vez que ainda muito pouco se sabe sobre o papel dos peroxissomas nas respostas imunitárias inatas contra infeções virais.

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Delaunois, Bertrand. « Protection de la vigne contre Botrytis cinerea via la stimulation des défenses : identification de marqueurs de protection et de potentialisation par approche protéomique ». Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMS037.

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La pourriture grise causée par Botrytis cinerea est l'une des principales maladies de la vigne. La principale solution pour faire face à cette maladie est l'utilisation de produits chimiques, mais la lutte chimique cause des dommages environnementaux et conduit au développement de souches de B. cinerea résistantes. Une stratégie alternative consiste à stimuler les mécanismes de défense naturelle de la vigne. Cependant, B. cinerea est connu pour contourner les défenses de la plante (El Oirdi et Bouarab, 2011) et à ce jour aucun éliciteur n'a montré d'effet protecteur probant contre B. cinerea. De plus, les résultats prometteurs observés au laboratoire se révèlent souvent décevants au vignoble et à ce jour aucun produit stimulateur de défense ne confère à la vigne une protection acceptable contre la pourriture grise. Pour développer des éliciteurs efficaces contre la pourriture grise, il s'avère donc essentiel de caractériser des marqueurs de protection qui permettraient de distinguer stimulation des défenses et protection efficace de la vigne contre B. cinerea. Pour ce faire des analyses comparatives ont été réalisées par 2D-PAGE afin de comparer au niveau protéique l'effet d'éliciteurs induisant une protection et l'effet d'éliciteur n'induisant pas une protection. Les recherches se sont concentrées sur l'apoplaste, qui est un réseau continu dans les plantes créant une interface avec l'environnement. Après la cuticule, l'apoplaste est ainsi la première barrière contre les attaques d'agents pathogènes (Agrawal et al., 2010). Afin d'obtenir un aperçu du protéome constitutif de l'apoplaste (secrétome), une méthode d'infiltration-centrifugation a été optimisée afin de recueillir le fluide apoplastique à partir de feuilles de vigne. Les profils protéiques apoplastiques ont ensuite été comparés aux profils protéiques de feuilles entières par 2D-PAGE et les protéines identifiées par spectrométrie de masse. Cette approche nous a permis d'établir une carte protéique des feuilles entières et du secrétome de la vigne. A notre connaissance, cette étude fournit la première carte protéique du secrétome de la vigne. Cette étude nous donne ainsi un aperçu des protéines les plus abondantes de l'apoplaste de feuilles de vigne. Une prédiction de la fonction des protéines nous a permis de conclure que l'apoplaste de vigne contient principalement (i) des protéines liées aux stress, (ii) des protéines impliquées dans le métabolisme de la paroi cellulaire et (iii) des protéases. Pour confirmer la qualité des extractions, l'analyse prédictionnelle de la sécrétion des protéines a révélé une forte proportion de protéines secrétées de manière classique et non classique (Leaderless Secreted Proteins, LSP). Cette approche offre un grand nombre de protéines candidates impliquées dans les diverses fonctions physiologiques de l'apoplaste. (…)Parallèlement cette étude présente les travaux préliminaires entrepris, également par 2D-PAGE, pour (i) mettre en évidence des marqueurs de potentialisation chez la vigne, (ii) mettre en évidence les bouleversements, au niveau protéique, causés par une infection de B. cinerea sur la vigne et (iii) comprendre comment un traitement avec un éliciteur protecteur pourrait limiter ces effets néfastes. La validation de ces marqueurs par différentes approches permettra d'améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de défense des plantes et le développement d'outils pour le criblage de nouveaux éliciteurs candidats pour leurs effets protecteurs contre la pourriture grise et pour le suivi des défenses de la vigne directement au vignoble
Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea infection is one of the main diseases affecting grapevine. The main solution to cope with this disease is the use of chemicals, but chemical control cause environmental damages and lead to the development of B. cinerea resistant strains. An alternative strategy to prevent diseases consists in stimulating plant defense mechanisms. Nevertheless B. cinerea is known to manipulate plant defenses (El Oirdi and Bouarab, 2011) and to date no elicitors have shown expected protective effect against B. cinerea even if they stimulate defense markers. Moreover despite that numerous studies showed an excellent efficacy of elicitors in laboratory conditions, in vineyard the obtained results are often disappointing.Thus it is necessary to distinguished elicitors inducing protection (protective elicitor) from elicitors inducing defense but no protection (non protective elicitors). For that it appears crucial to characterize markers which would enable to discriminate grapevine defense stimulation from effective protection against B. cinerea. To reach this goal, comparative analyses were performed by 2D-PAGE in order to compare the effect of protective elicitors from non protective elicitors against B. cinerea on grapevine apoplastic fluids. Those biomarkers could be defined as protection biomarkers.Researches were focused on the apoplast, which is a continuous network in plants and creates an interface with the environment. After the cuticle, apoplast is the first barrier against pathogen attacks (Agrawal et al., 2010). In order to obtain an overview of the constitutive apoplastic proteome (secretome), a vacuum-infiltration-centrifugation method was optimized to collect the apoplastic fluid from grapevine leaves. Apoplastic protein profiles were compared to whole-leaf protein profiles by 2D-PAGE and protein identifications were performed by tandem mass spectrometry. This approach allowed us to establish a well-defined proteomic map of whole-leaf and apoplastic leaf. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the apoplastic fluid is recovered from grapevine to characterize its protein content. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the most abundant proteins present in grapevine apoplast. Protein function prediction allowed us to conclude that the grapevine apoplast mainly contains a high proportion of (i) stress-related proteins, (ii) proteins involved in cell wall metabolism, (iii) proteases. To confirm quality of extractions, proteins secretion prediction tools revealed a high proportion of classical and non-classical secreted proteins namely Leaderless Secreted Proteins (LSP). This approach provides thus a large number of candidate proteins involved in physiological functions of the apoplast under various stresses.Differential analyses let us to highlight 7 putative markers, namely an aspartyl protease, a β-1,3 glucanase, an isoflavone reductase for induced markers and an another aspartyl protease, an another β-1,3 glucanase, a germin-like protein and a serine pyruvate amino transferase for repressed markers. This proteins could act in a concert manner to (i) regulate reactive oxygen species homeostasy and dercease programmed cell death, (ii) counteract B. cinerea virulence factors, (iii) increase plant cell wall stiffening, (iv) cause fungal membrane leakage and (v) participate in the induction of systemic defence responses.In addition, this study provides preliminary research performed to highlight (i) priming biomarkers in grapevine, (ii) damages caused by B. cinerea infection on grapevine proteome and (iii) how a protective elicitor treatment could limit those damages.Further functional analyses of these proteins will improve the understanding of plant defense mechanisms and tools development for large scale screening of new elicitors regarding their protective effects against grey mould disease and for following grapevine defenses in vineyard

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Wang, Hao [Verfasser], et P. [Akademischer Betreuer] Nick. « The TCM drug Gan Cao stimulates defence in grapevine / Hao Wang ; Betreuer : P. Nick ». Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190179032/34.

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Attitalla, Idress H. « Biological and Molecular Characteristics of Microorganism-Stimulated Defence Response in Lycopersicon esculentum –L ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4012.

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Prince, Christopher R. (Christopher Robin) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. « Plasma corticosterone variations associated with stressor controllability, prior aversive stimulation and innate defensive response styles ». Ottawa, 1990.

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SILVA, CARLOS EDUARDO BARROSO. « THE MEDIAL PRE FRONTAL CORTEX INVOLVEMENT IN DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOURS OF RATS AFTER ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF DPAG ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=21865@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Este estudo investiga o envolvimento do córtex pré-frontal medial ventral nos comportamentos de defesa inatos e aprendidos em paradigmas de condicionamento de medo e estimulação elétrica intracraniana em ratos. A lesão cortical aumentou significativamente o comportamento defensivo condicionado. No comportamento defensivo incondicionado, a lesão cortical diminuiu significativamente o congelamento pós-fuga dos animais. Os resultados replicam os dados da literatura científica a respeito do papel do córtex infralímbico como uma estrutura inibitória do estímulo condicionado em um circuito amidaloide de medo condicionado, e indicam uma participação do córtex pré-frontal na modulação dos comportamentos de defesa originários da estimulação da MCPd, em especial a sustentação do congelamento motor pós fuga.
This study investigates the role of the prefrontal cortex in the innate and conditioned defensive behaviors in rats during classical conditioning and intracranial electrical stimulation procedurals. It was found that the cortical lesion augmented the conditioned freezing behavior to contextual fear cues. On the other hand, the lesions impaired the motor freezing presented after the escaping provoked by dPAG stimulation. These results replicate the findings from the literature about a prefrontal cortex role as an inhibitory structure in the aversive classic conditioning circuitry, as well as presenting a role for it in modulating freezing behavior in a panic circuitry involving the dPAG, especially regarding its function as a possible short term memory device for innate fear expression.

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Livres sur le sujet "Defense stimulator"

Office, General Accounting. Contract management : DOD's profit policy provision to stimulate innovation needs clarification : report to the Honorable Tom Harkin, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013) : U.S. General Accounting Office, 2001.

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Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt et Michael P. Speed. Startling predators. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0011.

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Startling signals are secondary defences that occur after the focal prey individual has been singled out for attack. Startling signals involve stimulation of the predator’s senses that cause it to delay or break off an attack. The assumption is that even a delay in attack can confer a survival advantage to the prey. This might occur because delay gives the prey an added opportunity to flee, or added opportunity for some other event to occur (perhaps the arrival of a predator of the predator) that causes the predator to break off the attack permanently. Startle signals influence the predator’s behaviour primarily through sensory and/or cognitive manipulation and must be separate from other mechanisms that may also influence predators’ behaviour so as to curtail, delay, or diminish an attack. We first consider the empirical evidence for the existence of such signals, before discussing the evolution of startle signals, the ecological aspects of this defence, co-evolutionary considerations, and suggestions for future research.

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Myers, Victoria. Trial Literature. Sous la direction de David Duff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660896.013.19.

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The increasing visibility of trials in the press, at a time when changes in trial procedures and dispute over political reform occupied national attention, stimulated Romantic-era writers to give trials a prominent place in fictional works. The need for defence against law’s invidious fictions encouraged the incorporation of fictional strategies into trial writings, and into legal proceedings themselves. Scepticism about institutions, allied with a crisis in epistemological trust, encouraged writers like William Godwin to challenge inadequate representation of the accused, reliance on circumstantial evidence, and dominance of judges. Thomas Holcroft, William Hone, and Robert Watt used fictional techniques in their defence writings to recover control over representation of their intentions. Other writers such as Percy Shelley, Walter Scott, and Joanna Baillie, using a historical perspective in their fictions, attempted to avert revolutionary crisis by making trials the focus for training sympathetic discernment and thus promoting gradual reform.

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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng et Anne Bardsley. Prebiotics and probiotics in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0027.

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Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic commensal microorganisms with beneficial effects on the host organism; they improve and/or maintain intestinal flora balance by suppressing and displacing harmful bacteria. Prebiotics are nondigestible food components that stimulate growth or activity of these beneficial intestinal bacteria. Such microorganisms form an integral part of the intestinal mucosal defence system and are important for the development and maturation of the infant#amp;#x2019;s gastrointestinal tract. Maternal ingestion of probiotics and prebiotics from dietary sources during pregnancy, or by the infant at weaning, may enhance the development and maturation of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic foods may also help control insulin resistance and the development of gestational diabetes.

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Dambuza, Ivy M., Jeanette Wagener, Gordon D. Brown et Neil A. R. Gow. Immunology of fungal disease. Sous la direction de Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum et Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0009.

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Advances in modern medicine, such as organ transplantations and the appearance of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), have significantly increased the patient cohort at risk of developing chronic superficial and life-threatening invasive fungal infections. To tackle this major healthcare problem, there is an urgent need to understand immunity against fungal infections for the purposes of vaccine design or immune-mediated interventions. In this chapter, we give an overview of the components of the innate and adaptive immune system and how they contribute to host defence against fungi. The various cell types contributing to fungal recognition and the subsequent stimulation of phagocytosis, the activation of inflammatory and B- and T-cell responses, and fungal clearance are discussed using the major fungal pathogens as model systems.

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Loveless, Janet, Mischa Allen et Caroline Derry. Complete Criminal Law. 8^e éd. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192855947.001.0001.

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Complete Criminal Law offers a student-centred approach to the criminal law syllabus. Clear explanations of general legal principles are combined with fully integrated extracts from leading cases and a wide range of academic materials. This text aims to engage the reader in an active approach to learning and to stimulate reflection about the role of criminal law, offering a complete guide to the LLB/GDL criminal law syllabus with extracts from key cases, academic materials, and explanatory text integrated into a clear narrative. It provides a range of pedagogical features, including concise summaries, diagrams, and examples. Thinking points are included to facilitate and reinforce understanding. Students are referred to the social and moral context of the law, wherever relevant, to encourage them to engage fully with the topical subject matter. This new edition includes coverage of several recent cases of importance including: R v Aidid [2021] (voluntary intoxication), Barton and Booth [2020] (dishonesty), Broughton [2020] and Long, Bowers and Cole [2020] (involuntary manslaughter), Damji [2020] (strict liability: reasonable excuse), Dawson [2021] and Singh [2020] (loss of control), DPP v M [2020] (defence of compulsion), Ivor and Others v R [2021], Lawrance [2020], and Attorney-General’s Reference (Section 36 of the CJA 1972) (No 1 of 2020) [2020] (sexual offences), Lanning and Camille [2021] (joint venture: overwhelming supervening act), Martins [2021] (appropriation in robbery), MS [2021] (proximity in attempt), Pwr v DPP [2022] (strict liability), Thacker and others [2021] (necessity: political protest), Williams (Demario) [2020] (self-defence: defence of property) and the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 (coercive control, strangulation, consent).

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Loveless, Janet, Mischa Allen et Caroline Derry. Complete Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198848462.001.0001.

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Complete Criminal Law offers a student-centred approach to the criminal law syllabus. Clear explanation of general legal principles is combined with fully integrated extracts from the leading cases and a wide range of academic materials. This text aims to engage the reader in an active approach to learning and to stimulate reflection about the role of criminal law, offering a complete guide to the LLB/GDL criminal law syllabus with extracts from key cases, academic materials, and explanatory text integrated into a clear narrative. It provides a range of pedagogical features, including concise summaries, diagrams, and examples. Thinking points are included to facilitate and reinforce understanding. Students are referred to the social and moral context of the law, wherever relevant, to encourage them to engage fully with the topical subject matter. This new edition includes coverage of several recent cases of importance including: Highbury Poultry Farm Produce Ltd v CPS, Lane and Letts (strict liability); Tas, Crilly, Dreszer, Harper (secondary participation); Petgrave (duress of circumstances); Cheeseman, Wilkinson (self-defence); MK v R and Gega v R (modern slavery: compulsion); Taj [2018] EWCA Crim 1743 (intoxicated mistake and self-defence); Loake v Crown Prosecution Service [2017] EWHC 2855 (insanity); Offensive Weapons Act 2019; BM (consent in offences against the person).

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Pablo De La., Dr. Iglesia. Estimula Tu Inmunidad Natural/ Stimulate Your Natural Inmune System : Principios Sencillos Y Efectivos Para Estimular Las Defensas De Forma Efectiva Y Permanente (Obelisco Salud). Obelisco, 2006.

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Patterson, W. B. Scholar and Controversialist. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793700.003.0005.

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Fuller faced an uncertain future on his return to London in the wake of the royalist collapse. Friends assisted him, and he found convenient lodging at Sion College. In 1648 he was appointed minister of Waltham Abbey by James Hay, earl of Carlisle, the church’s patron. Fuller published a major work on the history and geography of the Holy Land, a collection of biographies of Protestant divines, and an edition of the debates in Parliament in 1628-9. He lamented the trial and execution of King Charles in a published sermon. He also defended in print practices of the Church that had been abolished or were being undermined by the ecclesiastical changes of the late 1640s and 1650s, especially under Oliver Cromwell. In this environment he published his major work, The Church-History of Britain (1655), in part to stimulate the nation’s memory of its religious heritage.

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Patterson, W. B. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793700.003.0011.

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Fuller’s books about England’s religious past helped to stimulate an outpouring of historical writing. Peter Heylyn wrote about some of the same subjects as Fuller, and so did Gilbert Burnet, Edward Stillingfleet, John Strype, and Jeremy Collier. Burnet, who looked for models for his history of the English Reformation, was sarcastic about Fuller, partly because of the latter’s “odd way of writing.” Fuller’s work was not highly regarded in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the nineteenth century Charles Lamb, Robert Southey, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge deeply admired him for his insights and praised him for his writing. Several nineteenth-century historians defended his work. His reputation has remained uncertain, despite fresh assessments in recent years. Coleridge was remarkably apt in his viewpoint. Fuller saw the broader significance of the events he described and was one of the most sensible scholars and writers of his time.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Defense stimulator"

Ali, Mamdouh M. « Germanium l-Cysteine Alpha-Tocopherol Complex as Stimulator to Antioxidant Defense System ». Dans Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins, 836–41. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_125.

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Forsyth, K. D. « Endothelial Cell Stimulation by Anti-CD9 Antibodies ». Dans Host Defense Dysfunction in Trauma, Shock and Sepsis, 437–41. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77405-8_51.

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Luther, P., H. Reutgen, I. Sehrt, H. Renner, K. Noack, K. H. Schubert et D. Werchan. « Orally Administered Lectin Stimulates Defence Mechanisms in Humans ». Dans Immunotherapeutic Prospects of Infectious Diseases, 227–31. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76120-1_30.

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Crawford, Robert M., David S. Finbloom, Junichi Ohara, William E. Paul et Monte S. Meltzer. « Regulation of Macrophage Effector Function by B Cell Stimulatory Factor-1 (BSF-1) ». Dans Host Defenses and Immunomodulation to Intracellular Pathogens, 223–29. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5421-6_22.

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Baue, A. E. « Clinical-Mediator Correlations of Multiple Organ Failure and Preventive/Therapeutic Strategies : To Block, Stimulate, or Replace ? That is the Question ». Dans Host Defense Dysfunction in Trauma, Shock and Sepsis, 881–89. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77405-8_118.

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Hentschel, Uwe, Manfred Kießling et Arn Hosemann. « Adaptation to Boredom and Stress : The Effects of Defense Mechanisms and Concept Formation on Attentional Performance in Situations with Inadequate Stimulation ». Dans The Concept of Defense Mechanisms in Contemporary Psychology, 234–49. New York, NY : Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8303-1_16.

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Moenne, Alejandra. « Marine Algae Oligo-carrageenans (OCs) Stimulate Growth and Defense Responses in Terrestrial Plants ». Dans Research Progress in Oligosaccharins, 41–49. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3518-5_4.

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Dwenger, A., M. L. Nerlich, E. Jonas, G. Schweitzer, J. A. Sturm et H. Tscherne. « Prostaglandin E1 Inhibits the Stimulation of Neutrophils In Vitro and In Vivo and Improves Cardio-Respiratory Functions in Multiply Traumatized Patients at Risk of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome ». Dans Host Defense Dysfunction in Trauma, Shock and Sepsis, 403–9. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77405-8_46.

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Azuma, Ichiro, Chiaki Ishihara, Joji Iida, Yung Choon Yoo, Kumiko Yoshimatsu et Jiro Arikawa. « Stimulation of Host-Defense Mechanism with Synthetic Adjuvants and Recombinant Cytokines Against Viral Infection in Mice ». Dans Microbial Infections, 253–63. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3434-1_26.

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Beermann, Christopher. « The Adaptive Defense Response : Physiological and Pathological Stimulatory Potential of Food Components in the Antigen-Specific Immune Response ». Dans Food and the Immune System, 99–125. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11523-3_4.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Defense stimulator"

Thiem, Keem B., et David B. Blake. « Joint Navy/Air Force infrared sensor stimulator (IRSS) development program ». Dans Aerospace/Defense Sensing and Controls, sous la direction de Wendell R. Watkins et Dieter Clement. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.243030.

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Jones, Stephen C., et Robert L. Hall. « Adaptive multispectral stimulator providing registered IR and RF data in a closed-loop environment ». Dans Defense and Security, sous la direction de Robert Lee Murrer, Jr. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.542497.

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Simmons, Onda D., Thomas W. Joyner, Matthew B. Weppner et Robert J. Makar. « Infrared sensor stimulator (IRSS) installation in the ACETEF, NAWC-AD, Patuxent River, MD ». Dans Aerospace/Defense Sensing, Simulation, and Controls, sous la direction de Robert Lee Murrer, Jr. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.438081.

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Tyler, William J., Joseph L. Sanguinetti, Maria Fini et Nicholas Hool. « Non-invasive neural stimulation ». Dans SPIE Defense + Security, sous la direction de Thomas George, Achyut K. Dutta et M. Saif Islam. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2263175.

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Miskon, Azizi, Uk Raai Chen et Siti Nooraya Mohd Tawil. « 2-channel defence Transcutaneous Electrical Stem Stimulator (DTES) ». Dans 2014 IEEE Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecbes.2014.7047469.

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Dogariu, Arthur, James B. Michael et Richard B. Miles. « Standoff stimulated emission in air ». Dans SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.919249.

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Miskon, Azizi, Suresh A. L. Thanakodi, Nurnabilah Zakaria, Uk Raai Chen, Siti Nooraya Mohd Tawil et Muhamad Abu Bakar. « 5-Channel defence transcutaneous electrical stem stimulator (5-channel DTES) ». Dans 2016 IEEE EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecbes.2016.7843528.

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Lincoln, William. « Stimulation and visualization of Martian rover ». Dans Aerospace/Defense Sensing and Controls, sous la direction de Nickolas L. Faust. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.242971.

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Scott, Andrew M. « Beam combining concepts using stimulated Brillouin scattering ». Dans SPIE Security + Defence, sous la direction de Harro Ackermann et Willy L. Bohn. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.981711.

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Heberlein, David, Bohdan Balko, Ira Kohlberg, John Biddle et John Franklin. « Ground target stimulation using a moving microwave source ». Dans SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, sous la direction de Russell S. Harmon, John H. Holloway, Jr. et J. Thomas Broach. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.883303.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Defense stimulator"

Gal-On, Amit, Shou-Wei Ding, Victor P. Gaba et Harry S. Paris. role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 in plant virus defense. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597919.bard.

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Objectives: Our BARD proposal on the impact of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (RDR1) in plant defense against viruses was divided into four original objectives. 1. To examine whether a high level of dsRNA expression can stimulate RDR1 transcription independent of salicylic acid (SA) concentration. 2. To determine whether the high or low level of RDR1 transcript accumulation observed in virus resistant and susceptible cultivars is associated with viral resistance and susceptibility. 3. To define the biogenesis and function of RDR1-dependent endogenous siRNAs. 4. To understand why Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) can overcome RDR1-dependent resistance. The objectives were slightly changed due to the unique finding that cucumber has four different RDR1 genes. Background to the topic: RDR1 is a key plant defense against viruses. RDR1 is induced by virus infection and produces viral and plant dsRNAs which are processed by DICERs to siRNAs. siRNAs guide specific viral and plant RNA cleavage or serve as primers for secondary amplification of viral-dsRNA by RDR. The proposal is based on our preliminary results that a. the association of siRNA and RDR1 accumulation with multiple virus resistance, and b. that virus infection induced the RDR1-dependent production of a new class of endogenous siRNAs. However, the precise mechanisms underlying RDR1 induction and siRNA biogenesis due to virus infection remain to be discovered in plants. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: We found that in the cucurbit family (cucumber, melon, squash, watermelon) there are 3-4 RDR1 genes not documented in other plant families. This important finding required a change in the emphasis of our objectives. We characterized 4 RDR1s in cucumber and 3 in melon. We demonstrated that in cucumber RDR1b is apparently a new broad spectrum virus resistance gene, independent of SA. In melon RDR1b is truncated, and therefore is assumed to be the reason that melon is highly susceptible to many viruses. RDR1c is dramatically induced due to DNA and RNA virus infection, and inhibition of RDR1c expression led to increased virus accumulation which suggested its important on gene silencing/defense mechanism. We show that induction of antiviral RNAi in Arabidopsis is associated with production of a genetically distinct class of virus-activated siRNAs (vasiRNAs) by RNA dependent RNA polymerase-1 targeting hundreds of host genes for RNA silencing by Argonaute-2. Production of vasiRNAs is induced by viruses from two different super groups of RNA virus families, targeted for inhibition by CMV, and correlated with virus resistance independently of viral siRNAs. We propose that antiviral RNAi activate broad-spectrum antiviral activity via widespread silencing of host genes directed by vasiRNAs, in addition to specific antiviral defense Implications both scientific and agricultural: The RDR1b (resistance) gene can now be used as a transcription marker for broad virus resistance. The discovery of vasiRNAs expands the repertoire of siRNAs and suggests that the siRNA-processing activity of Dicer proteins may play a more important role in the regulation of plant and animal gene expression than is currently known. We assume that precise screening of the vasiRNA host targets will lead in the near future for identification of plant genes associate with virus diseases and perhaps other pathogens.

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Droby, Samir, Michael Wisniewski, Martin Goldway, Wojciech Janisiewicz et Charles Wilson. Enhancement of Postharvest Biocontrol Activity of the Yeast Candida oleophila by Overexpression of Lytic Enzymes. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586481.bard.

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Enhancing the activity of biocontrol agents could be the most important factor in their success in controlling fruit disease and their ultimate acceptance in commercial disease management. Direct manipulation of a biocontrol agent resulting in enhancement of diseases control could be achieved by using recent advances in molecular biology techniques. The objectives of this project were to isolate genes from yeast species that were used as postharvest biocontrol agents against postharvest diseases and to determine their role in biocontrol efficacy. The emphasis was to be placed on the yeast, Candida oleophila, which was jointly discovered and developed in our laboratories, and commercialized as the product, Aspire. The general plan was to develop a transformation system for C . oleophila and either knockout or overexpress particular genes of interest. Additionally, biochemical characterization of the lytic peptides was conducted in the wild-type and transgenic isolates. In addition to developing a better understanding of the mode of action of the yeast biocontrol agents, it was also our intent to demonstrate the feasibility of enhancing biocontrol activity via genetic enhancement of yeast with genes known to code for proteins with antimicrobial activity. Major achievements are: 1) Characterization of extracellular lytic enzymes produced by the yeast biocontrol agent Candida oleophila; 2) Development of a transformation system for Candida oleophila; 3) Cloning and analysis of C.oleophila glucanase gene; 4) Overexpression of and knockout of C. oleophila glucanase gene and evaluating its role in the biocontrol activity of C. oleophila; 5) Characterization of defensin gene and its expression in the yeast Pichiapastoris; 6) Cloning and Analysis of Chitinase and Adhesin Genes; 7) Characterization of the rnase secreted by C . oleophila and its inhibitory activity against P. digitatum. This project has resulted in information that enhanced our understanding of the mode of action of the yeast C . oleophila. This was important step towards enhancing the biocontrol activity of the yeast. Fungal cell wall enzymes produced by the yeast antagonist were characterized. Different substrates were identified to enhance there production in vitro. Exo-b-1, 3 glucanase, chitinase and protease production was stimulated by the presence of cell-wall fragments of Penicillium digitatum in the growing medium, in addition to glucose. A transformation system developed was used to study the role of lytic enzymes in the biocontrol activity of the yeast antagonist and was essential for genetic manipulation of C . oleqphila. After cloning and characterization of the exo-glucanase gene from the yeast, the transformation system was efficiently used to study the role of the enzyme in the biocontrol activity by over-expressing or knocking out the activity of the enzyme. At the last phase of the research (still ongoing) the transformation system is being used to study the role of chitinase gene in the mode of action. Knockout and over expression experiments are underway.

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