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Thèses sur le sujet « Detr »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 1 mars 2025

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1

Senthivel, Tharsan. « Vers des transformers plus performants pour la détection et le suivi d'objets ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1347.

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La détection et le suivi d'objets représentent des défis majeurs en vision par ordinateur, essentiels dans des applications variées telles que la surveillance, les véhicules autonomes et la robotique. L'introduction des modèles Transformer, surpassant les réseaux de neurones convolutionnels (CNN) grâce à leur capacité à modéliser le contexte à longue portée, a conduit à de nombreuses avancées dans ces domaines. Cependant, certains composants des Transformers restent encore sous-explorés, freinant leur adoption à grande échelle.Nous revisitons le modèle Detection Transformer (DETR) et ses requêtes d'objets en proposant des méthodes plug-and-play adaptées à différentes architectures DETR. Celles-ci s'attaquent à la redondance, aux requêtes négatives et à leur mise à jour.D'abord, nous constatons que les requêtes d'objets apprennent des informations redondantes à cause des composants du décodeur Transformer, limitant ainsi leurs performances. Pour remédier à cela, nous proposons DOQ-DETR (Diversified Object Queries DETR), une approche qui encourage l'apprentissage de représentations diversifiées et non redondantes, augmentant ainsi la capacité et l'efficacité du modèle.Ensuite, nous avons observé que certaines requêtes d'objets, bien que de faible confiance (négatives), peuvent fournir de meilleurs résultats d'intersection sur l'union que les requêtes positives. Contrairement aux méthodes conventionnelles qui augmentent le nombre de requêtes, SG-DETR (Subgroup DETR) crée des sous-groupes de requêtes à partir du nombre initial. Pour éviter la redondance entre sous-groupes, DOQ-DETR est appliqué pour diversifier les représentations de chaque sous-groupe, permettant ainsi d'obtenir plusieurs prédictions par objet, avec sélection de la meilleure.Enfin, nous postulons que la mise à jour systématique de toutes les requêtes d'objets n'est pas toujours nécessaire à cause du partage d'informations redondantes. À cet effet, nous introduisons QR-DETR (Query Routing for DETR), un modèle de routage de requêtes qui permet de contourner certaines couches du décodeur Transformer, évitant ainsi l'intégration de connaissances redondantes et favorisant des représentations plus variées.Dans le cadre du suivi d'objets, notamment du suivi d'objet unique, nous proposons une approche différente des trackers classiques. Plutôt que d'éliminer des tokens pour accélérer la recherche, risquant ainsi la perte d'informations pertinentes, nous introduisons TomeTrack, une méthode de fusion de jetons. Cette technique permet de conserver toutes les informations tout en optimisant l'efficacité du suivi et réduisant les coûts de calcul.Des tests approfondis sur des ensembles de données de référence ont démontré les gains de performance obtenus par nos méthodes, tout en répondant à des limitations non résolues par les modèles basés sur Transformers, prouvant ainsi leur efficacité
Object detection and tracking are fundamental challenges in computer vision, crucial for applications like surveillance systems, autonomous vehicles, and robotics. The advent of Transformer models, which excel at modeling long-range context, has provided a powerful alternative to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for these tasks. Despite their promising performance, many aspects of Transformer-based models remain not fully understood, and several issues continue to hinder their complete utilization.Regarding Transformer-based detectors, we revisit the recent **Detection Transformer (DETR)** model and its object queries, proposing adaptable plug-and-play methods to enhance various DETR architectures. These approaches address issues related to redundancy, negative queries, and query updates.First, our analysis indicates that object queries often capture redundant information due to the Transformer decoder components, resulting in overlapping features that limit their effectiveness. To address this, we introduce DOQ-DETR (Diversified Object Queries DETR), a redundancy reduction training scheme that encourages object queries to learn diverse and non-overlapping representations, thereby maximizing model capacity and improving performance.Second, we observe the presence of queries with lower predicted confidence outperforming those with higher predicted confidence when evaluated only using intersection over union. While conventional methods use query groups, only one group is retained for inference, limiting the model's potential. In contrast, we propose SG-DETR (Subgroup DETR), which creates subgroups of queries to leverage the full potential of all object queries. Additionally, we introduce the DOQ-DETR redundancy reduction scheme among subgroups, promoting diversity between query subgroups.Third, we hypothesize that not all object queries should be updated due to potential redundant information sharing. To tackle this, we propose QR-DETR (Query Routing DETR), a learnable query routing model integrated with the Transformer decoder blocks. This routing mechanism allows queries to selectively bypass specific layers, reducing the risk of redundant knowledge transfer and promoting diverse, non-overlapping representations.Regarding Transformer-based trackers, notably in the context of single-object tracking, we focus on one-stream trackers. We introduce an alternative approach to current one-stream trackers, emphasizing token merging instead of token dropping. Our approach, Tome-Track, processes the search sequence by retaining all information within the sequence while accelerating model processing. We achieve this by merging tokens and providing a condensed search sequence representation without discarding potentially relevant information, thereby enhancing tracking performance and computational efficiency.Extensive testing was conducted for each proposed method using specific datasets from the research community. These tests often demonstrated improvements over baseline results while addressing previously unresolved issues within the Transformer framework, highlighting the significant success of our methods
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Santos, Haline Costa dos. « O agrominerador familiar ?Por detr?s da Serra ? de Parelhas, Serid ? do Rio Grande do Norte ». Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20512.

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As condi??es clim?ticas desfavor?veis ? agricultura familiar, associada ? dificuldade legal de aposentadoria para trabalhadores que atuam exclusivamente na minera??o, s?o indica??es fornecidas que norteiam sobre a combina??o entre a ocupa??o agr?cola e a extra??o mineral de um grupo que decidimos titular ?agromineradores?, localizados ?Por detr?s da Serra? da Princesa, no munic?pio de Parelhas, Serid? do RN. Contudo, para al?m desses aspectos, a pesquisa enseja uma an?lise e verifica??o aprofundada de outros fatores que vinculam essas fam?lias a tal associa??o laboral. Os conceitos de Habitus, campo e trajet?ria de Pierre Bourdieu, assim como o de Institui??es de Geoffey Hodgson s?o fundantes neste trabalho para explicar a inser??o desses agricultores em um ambiente institucional moldado por estruturas sociais que influenciam nas escolhas e comportamentos individuais e coletivos e que assinalam para a relev?ncia das estruturas de poder existentes dentro e fora da fam?lia e para o papel das pol?ticas p?blicas direcionadas aos agricultores familiares e garimpeiros. A an?lise dos dados demonstrou que existe uma estrutura cristalizada e que se manifesta h? anos nesse campo, comprovando o enlace que h? entre esses agentes e as institui??es que os rodeiam na composi??o de comportamentos e rotiniza??o de pr?ticas.
Unfavorable climatic conditions to family farming associated to the legal difficulty of retirement for workers who work exclusively in mining are indications provided by previous papers on this topic and guiding of such joint activities in a group that we have decided to call ?agromineradores?, who are located ?Behind de mountain? of Princess at Parelhas, Serid? do RN. However, in addition to these aspects, the research provides comprehensive analysis and thorough examination of other factors that link these families to such labor association. The theories of Habitus, field and trajectory from Pierre Bourdieu as well as the concept of institutions from Geoffrey Hodgson are central in this paper to explain the inclusion of these part-time farmers in an institutional environment shaped by social structures that influence in the choices of individual and collective behavior and leading to the relevance of the power structures within and outside the family, along with the role of public policies directed to family farmers and miners. The data analyzed showed that there is a crystallized structure that manifests themselves for years in this field, proving the link that exists between these agents and institutions that surround them in the composition of behaviors and routinizing of practices.
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3

Hervert, John Joseph. « Mule deer use of water developments in Arizona ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_270_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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4

Merkt, Juan R. « Social structure of Andean deer (Hippocamelus antisensis) in southern Peru ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24864.

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The taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis) is the only deer species found permanently in rugged mountainous habitat above the tree line. I studied the social organization of this deer in relation to its reproductive cycle and habitat use in the high Andes of southern Peru. Tarucas bred seasonally. Most fawns were observed towards the end of the rainy season between February and April. Mating was most common in June, during the dry season, and antler-shedding in males occurred in September/October, at the onset of the rainy season. The deer lived in social groups and, unlike most seasonally breeding cervids, formed large mixed-sex groups nearly all year. During the birth season, however, all pregnant females segregated to form female associations. At this time, adult males were found equally in mixed-sex groups or in small all-male groups. These groups differed in their habitat use. Female groups used areas of higher elevation, steeper slopes, and greater rock-cover than either male or mixed-sex groups. I suggest that selection of more rugged and concealed habitats by lactating females is primarily an antipredator strategy to reduce risk of predation on fawns. Tarucas are compared with other social Cervidae and with their ecological counterpart: the mountain Caprinae. The social structure of Hippocamelus resembles that of wild goats (Capra spp) and other Caprinae of similar ecology but it differs from that of wild sheep (Ovis spp).
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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5

Ebersole, Regina L. « Efficacy of a controlled hunt for managing white-tailed deer on Fair Hill Natural Resource Management Area, Cecil County, Maryland ». Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company ; downloadable PDF file, 66 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1253509781&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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6

Hu, Qinglin. « Temporal variation and inter-relationship of movement and resource selection of red deer (Cervus elaphus) with respect to climate : a case study : a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Environmental Science) at the University of Canterbury / ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Environmental Science, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1299.

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Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of at least 31 herbivorous exotic mammals existing in New Zealand. All of these species have the potential to affect environmentral and production values. Reducing their impacts on their values, strengthening effective managements are important issues to a variety of agencies within New Zealand including the Department of Conservation (DOC), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), local and regional governments. This research studied animal movement pattern and habitat use of 2 GPScollared red deer in the Canterbury high country and found (1) deer movement was affected by climatic variables such as rainfall and temperature, which had positive or negative effect on it, and had seasonal variation; (2) deer had dominant landcover use categories, depending on climate, season, and individual characteristics (3) deer had different movement patterns in terms of hourly distances. The purpose of the study is to draw accurate inferences from spatially explicit data for biosecurity managers and policy-makers through: (1) using global positioning system (GPS) as a tool to elucidate the application of GPS on red deer in wildlife management; (2) Animal Movement Analysis Arc View® 3.2 Extension under Arc View® Geographic Information System (GIS); (3) Animal movement analysis which used Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) to show how the movement of red deer was affected by different periods of time, seasons months and climatic variables (for example, rainfall and temperature).
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Holtfreter, Robert W. Ditchkoff Stephen S. « Spatial ecology of male white-tailed deer in the Crosstimbers and Prairies ecoregion ». Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Thesis/Holtfreter_Robert_20.pdf.

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8

Yzasmendi, Arellano Guillermo Rodolfo. « Evaluaci��n por competencias en el razonamiento l��gico-matem��tico y en el cambio de actitud hacia la ciencia ». Thesis, Universidad de las Am��ricas Puebla, 2012. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/det/yzasmendi_a_gr/.

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Ch��zaro, Arellano Eva Hortensia. « Integraci��n del Modelo Pedag��gico basado en la Sabidur��a Nativa. Cerrando el c��rculo del aprendizaje ». Thesis, Universidad de las Am��ricas Puebla, 2012. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/det/chazaro_a_eh/.

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Este estudio de investigaci��n es una contribuci��n a la sistematizaci��n del paradigma nativo como base del conocimiento. Parte del riesgo que se observa en la construcci��n de propuestas interculturales como atenci��n a la diversidad cultural, que todav��a conservan un matiz epistemol��gico occidentalizado. Se da respuesta a la pregunta focal ��C��mo se aprende desde el conocimiento nativoα Mediante una metodolog��a cualitativa impregnada de la incipiente metodolog��a nativa en investigaci��n, se ofrece como objetivo alcanzado la integraci��n del Modelo Pedag��gico Nativo, una tendencia hacia cerrar el c��rculo del aprendizaje. A trav��s de un an��lisis documental profundo, observaci��n participante, grupos de conversaci��n, relatos familiares y entrevistas semiestructuradas; se realiz�� un an��lisis descrito con detalle que evidencia la Sabidur��a Nativa como medio de vida para formar seres humanos ��ntegros en la comunidad y en el Espacio Territorial. Abstract This research is a contribution to the sistematization of the native paradigm as base of knowledge. Consider the problem that is possible to see in the construction of intercultural procces for attend cultural diversity, but with an occidental epistemological base yet
(cont.) Answer the focal question ��How native people learnα With a qualitative methodology and elements from a native methodology for research, the objective is the integration of the Native Pedagogical Model, for close the learning circle. On this study was used methods as deep documental analysis, participant observation, talking circles, familiar stories and interviews. The researcher did an analysis described on details that evidence the Native Wisdom as lifestyle for form whole human beings in the community and Territorial Space..
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Luna, Gijón Gerardo. « Desarrollo de un modelo instruccional para diseñar materiales digitales de aprendizaje en el área de medicina ». Thesis, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 2012. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/det/luna_g_g/.

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Uno de los retos que existen actualmente en la educación en las ciencias de la salud es el no tener en claro para qué, cómo y cuándo nos sirven los medios digitales como un apoyo en la educación de los estudiantes del periodo de preclínica. Existe una falta de modelos instruccionales dirigidos a profesores del periodo de preclínica de las universidades poblanas, que sean específicos para desarrollar objetos de aprendizaje médicos, y que centren su atención en los procesos de interacción entre las personas y aquella información que producen. Esto da pie y provee de la oportunidad para un proyecto que ayude a innovar y modernizar el alto nivel de preparación, que se exige tengan los futuros practicantes de la medicina en el estado de Puebla. Apoyando a los profesores universitarios, se espera que el impacto y enriquecimiento en su práctica docente repercuta en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, que estarán mejor capacitados para lidiar con las complejidades de su área, y además contarán con una formación humana de alta calidad. El objetivo de la investigación fue desarrollar un modelo instruccional para diseñar materiales educativos digitales que apoye el Razonamiento Clínico en la enseñanza preclínica y que aprovechara las aportaciones que por separado han hecho diversas áreas del diseño, como son el campo del diseño instruccional y del diseño de la información visual. Para la validación del modelo se utilizó la técnica Delphi. El primer paso fue buscar un panel de profesores expertos, que abarca dos facultades de medicina. A cada uno se le pidió que analizara e hiciera recomendaciones con base en (1) efectividad de las etapas propuestas, (2) adecuación para las condiciones y necesidades de los profesores médicos, (3) tiempo y facilidad de ejecución del modelo. Además se recurrió a la opinión de expertos en educación y en diseño. La retroalimentación obtenida fue positiva, con un alto grado de aceptación del modelo por parte de los expertos. Las etapas y pasos del modelo propuesto son adecuados y valiosos; además se ha realizado una versión condensada del modelo para mejorar tiempo de ejecución y facilidad, para aquellos profesores dedicados a la enseñanza de tiempo parcial en las instituciones. Este estudio provee evidencia de la viabilidad para apoyar a los profesores médicos de las distintas universidades del estado de Puebla, para diseñar materiales digitales educativos mediante un modelo instruccional que promueve el Razonamiento Clínico mediante el uso de casos clínicos, en los estudiantes de medicina durante la preclínica.
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Cuanalo, Gómez Miguel Angel. « Una aproximación a los esquemas de pensamiento holístico y neoliberal de un grupo de estudiantes de educación superior : un estudio exploratorio ». Thesis, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 2012. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/det/cuanalo_g_ma/.

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El presente estudio es una exploración de la cercanía de los esquemas de pensamientos de una muestra de estudiantes de distintas licenciaturas pertenecientes a una institución de educación superior privada hacia ya sea un marco holístico de pensamiento o de forma contraria al marco holístico neoliberal. Esto con el objetivo de responder a la situación global de desigualdad, pobreza y sobre explotación del ecosistema, reportada por la PNUD (2010) y otros organismos internacionales, desde un paradigma educativo holístico que considere los fines de la educación respecto a totalidades más amplias como la sociedad o el ecosistema para ir más allá de enfoques utilitarios y funcionalistas que responden únicamente a los sistemas de control definidos por De Miguel (1993) o de autoridad de Strike (1997) como mercado, gobierno y academia. En este trabajo se proponen los supuestos de totalidad, relacionalidad y transformación de dicho paradigma a partir de los cuales son explorados los esquemas de pensamiento de los estudiantes con preguntas previamente validadas en torno a temas alusivos al desarrollo individual, social, natural y problemáticas vigentes como al pobreza para encontrar elementos que permitan ubicarlos en su cercanía hacia el holismo o el neoliberalismo.
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Flesch, Jason Stefan. « Nutritional requirements of pregnant and lactating fallow deer (Dama dama) / ». View thesis View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030506.152207/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2001.
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. Bibliography : leaves 252-280.
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Flesch, Jason S., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College et School of Environment and Agriculture. « Nutritional requirements of pregnant and lactating pregnant and lactating fallow deer (Dama dama) ». THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Flesch_J.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/562.

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This thesis describes a number of experiments undertaken to assess the nutritional requirements of pregnant and lactating fallow does with the aim of enhancing production and Quality Assurance in the Australian Deer Industry.Areas of study include determination of metabolisable energy intake of farmed fallow deer does of two genotypes throughout pregnancy and lactation, metabolisable energy intake of fallow deer fawns from 12 to 20 weeks of age and the effects of restricted maternal nutrition on foetal and placental development at different stages of gestation.In conjunction with nutritional adequacy, a body condition scoring system based on ante-mortem and post-mortem descriptors was developed for fallow deer. The results of this research make possible the precise strategic feeding of fallow deer breeding stock, which should lead to more consistent reproductive performance and higher quality slaughter animals. Furthermore, use of strategic feeding in conjunction with BCS systems will lead to better resource management and profitability, as farmers consistently produce animals to specification
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Braden, Anthony Wayne. « Evaluation of the effects of a highway improvement project on Key deer ». Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4277.

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Deer-vehicle collisions (DVCs) along a 5.6-km segment of United States Highway 1 (US 1) on Big Pine Key (BPK), Florida responsible for approximately 26% of endangered Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) annual mortalities. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) constructed a 2.6-km long system of fencing, 2 underpasses, and 4 experimental deer guards to address DVCs along a portion of the US 1 roadway in 2001–2002. I evaluated the effectiveness of the project in reducing Key deer mortality by comparing (1) survival of radio-collared deer, (2) deer-vehicle collisions on US 1, and (3) determining the ability of deer to access the fenced segment. I found no significant difference in male or female survival. Key deer-vehicle collisions were reduced by 83–92% inside the fenced segment. However, overall US 1 Key deer-vehicle collisions did not change. Key deer entry into the fenced segment was minimized to 8 deer during the first-year resulting in 2 deer mortalities. I also assessed the potential impacts of the US 1 corridor project to Key deer movements by comparing (1) radio-collared Key deer annual ranges (2) radio-collared deer corridor movements, and (3) assessing Key deer underpass and corridor use. Female and male ranges and core areas did not change (P > 0.05). Deer movements within the US 1 corridor were comparable pre- (6 of 23 radio-collared deer crossed the corridor) and post-project (4 of 16). Infrared-triggered camera data indicate underpass movements increased over time. Collectively, post-project telemetry and camera data indicates US 1 highway improvements have not restricted Key deer movements. Hourly Key deer movement and US 1 traffic patterns were compared to annual US 1 DVCs. Hourly deer movements showed a positive correlation (P = 0.012, r = 0.505) to hourly DVCs for the full circadian period. Hourly US 1 traffic showed a significant positive relationship (P = 0.012, r = 0.787) with DVCs only during the night period. Evaluation of hourly deer movements and hourly traffic volume on US 1 found hourly DVCs to be the result of a combination between both variables.
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Cruickshank, Hilary Stuart. « Prey selection and kill rates of cougars in northeastern Washington ». Connect to this title online, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2004/h%5Fcruickshank%5F081604.pdf.

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Marshal, Jason Paul. « Interactions of mule deer, vegetation, and water in the Sonoran Desert ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_2005_031_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Keehner, Jonathan R. « Effects of reproductive status of mountain lions on prey selection of mule deer and white-tailed deer in northeastern Washington ». Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2009/j_keehner_052609.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in natural resource sciences)--Washington State University, August 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 21, 2009). "Department of Natural Resource Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 18-21).
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Ordway, Leonard L. « HABITAT USE BY DESERT MULE DEER (ASPECT, ELEVATION, SLOPE, ARIZONA) ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291232.

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Oka, Gusti Made. « Factors affecting the management of Muntjac Deer (Muntiacus muntjak) in Bali Barat National Park, Indonesia / ». Richmond, N.S.W. : Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030805.131126/index.html.

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Brophy, Jessica. « No Longer an Island : A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Deer Isle-Sedgwick Bridge ». Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BrophyJX2006.pdf.

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Shafer, Bambi. « AN ASSESSMENT OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) DYNAMICS, MANAGEMENT, AND IMPACTS IN HIGHLY FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES ». Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1292874594.

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Boehlich, Sabine. « "Nay-gayst" : mystische Traditionen in einer symbolistischen Erzählung des jiddischen Autors "Der Nister" (Pinkhas Kahanovitsh) / ». Wiesbaden : O. Harrassowitz, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412831447.

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Texte remanié de: Magisterarbeit--Studium der jüdischen Studien--Potsdam--Universität Potsdam, 2006.
Contient la nouvelle Nay-Gayst en yiddish, suivie de sa traduction allemande. Bibliogr. p. [221]-226.
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Bornemann, Katrin. « Carneval der Affekte : Eine Genretheorie des amour fou Films / ». Marburg : Schüren, 2009. http://www.schueren-verlag.de/paymate/Carneval+der+Affekte_AID2643.html.

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Möller, Martina. « Männer in der Grundschule : eine biografische Analyse zu den Identitätskonzepten und der Berufszufriedenheit unter Berücksichtigung der Geschlechterrollen ». Augsburg Brigg Pädagogik, 2009. http://www.brigg-paedagogik.de/Paedagogik/Maenner-in-der-Grundschule.html.

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Altzinger, Wilfried. « Macht : Das »Eis­berg­phä­no­men« der Ökonomie ». Beirat für gesellschafts-, wirtschafts- und umweltpolitische Alternativen (BEIGEWUM), 2011. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5291/1/Macht_das%2DEisbergph%C3%A4nomen%2Dder%2D%C3%96konomie.pdf.

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Becker, Joachim. « EU in der Krise : Bruchlinien zwischen Zentrum und Peripherie ». Beirat für gesellschafts-, wirtschafts- und umweltpolitische Alternativen (BEIGEWUM), 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5301/1/EU%2Din%2Dder%2DKrise.pdf.

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Kranzinger, Stefan, et Judith Derndorfer. « Das Ende der Mittelschicht ? Die Entwicklung der Einkommensverteilung in Österreich und Europa ». Verein Momentum, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5378/1/Kranzinger_Derndorfer_2016_MQ_Das%2DEnde%2Dder%2DMittelschicht.pdf.

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In letzter Zeit rückte die Entwicklung der Mittelschicht vermehrt in den Fokus der öffentlichen Debatte. Um Fragen bezüglich der Einkommensverteilung in Europa und Österreich zu beantworten, untersucht dieser Beitrag die Entwicklung von drei Einkommensschichten in 20 europäischen Ländern. Dafür wird mithilfe des EU-SILC-Datensatzes die Verteilung der verfügbaren Äquivalenzeinkommen zwischen 2004 und 2012 analysiert. Auf europäischer Ebene wird versucht zu klären, ob Länder desselben Wohlfahrtsstaatsregimes ähnliche Veränderungen in ihrer Einkommensverteilung aufweisen. Auf Länderebene wird die Lage Österreichs vertieft behandelt. Hierbei wird auf die Haushaltszusammensetzung nach Einkommensschichten und die Auswirkungen der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise eingegangen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich wohlfahrtsstaatliche Gemeinsamkeiten innerhalb von konservativen, liberalen und postsozialistischen Typen erkennen lassen. In Bezug auf die Mittelschicht kann gezeigt werden, dass sich diese in knapp mehr als der Hälfte der untersuchten Länder vergrößert. Nicht so in Österreich, wo es zu einem Rückgang der Mittelschicht von -4,2 % gekommen ist.
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West, Benjamin C. « Deer Damage in Virginia : Implications for Management ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36694.

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A questionnaire was sent to 1,506 randomly selected agricultural producers and homeowners in Virginia during 1996 to determine perceptions about deer damage and management during 1995 (response rate 52%). Overall, 58% of respondents experienced damage by deer to their plantings during 1995. Producers (71%) were more likely to experience deer damage than homeowners (37%) Among farmers, producers of soybeans, tree fruits, and peanuts were most likely to experience damage and generally rated it as being more severe than that reported by others. Regardless of perceptions regarding damage, most (70%) individuals believed that Virginia's deer population should be reduced to some degree in the future. Respondents' perceptions regarding the level of damage influenced their opinion about the level to which deer populations should be reduced; those perceiving greater damage were increasingly likely to desire a dramatic decrease in Virginia's deer population. Similarly, perception about the level of damage affected a respondent's general opinion about deer; respondents who experienced severe damage also were more likely to believe that deer are a nuisance. Overall, a majority (84%) of respondents favored recreational hunting as a means to manage deer in Virginia. A respondent's gender and the situation in which they were raised (e.g., urban, rural, farm) were strongly related to preference for management options. Female respondents and those raised in more urban areas were more likely to favor "non-lethal" management options (i.e., contraception, trapping and relocating individuals, allowing nature to take its course, fencing, and repellents) than were male respondents and those raised in rural environments. Deer density in a respondent's county of residence was directly related to perception regarding deer damage and desire for future population management (e.g., reduction versus increase).

A pilot study was conducted to assess the impacts of refugia on traditional deer management efforts via recreational hunting during 1996. Two study areas in Virginia were selected and, using information supplied by the county tax office, questionnaires were sent to individuals who owned land in the respective areas to determine distribution of land-uses, extent and severity of deer damage, and role of recreational hunting within each site. Deer damage was strongly related to land-use; respondents who owned lands on which some agricultural activity occurred were more likely to experience damage than respondents who owned non-agricultural lands. Respondents in each study area harvested more deer from their land than the mean harvest rate for the county in which they resided. Thus, it appears that, in some situations, deer harvest did not reduce damage to an acceptable level. The presence of local refugia theoretically had the potential to contribute to this relationship, but more research is needed to make definitive conclusions.
Master of Science

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Saalfeld, Sarah Therese Ditchkoff Stephen S. « Seasonal variation in sex ratios and survival rates of white-tailed deer fawns ». Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/master's/SAALFELD_SARAH_36.pdf.

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Tanentzap, Andrew Joseph. « Global vegetation responses to deer : ecosystem changes and recovery ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609232.

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Guiden, Peter W. « The Role of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginiana) in Long-distance Seed Dispersal of Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) ». Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1403696291.

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Cooney, Erin E. « The role of risk perceptions in hunter support for deer density reduction as a chronic wasting disease (CWD) management strategy in Wisconsin / ». Link to full-text, 2008. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2008/Cooney.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stevens Point, 2008.
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Master of Science in Natural Resources (Wildlife), College of Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references.
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Kjellander, Petter. « Density dependence in roe deer population dynamics / ». Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5888-9.pdf.

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Latupeirissa, Costantine Christine E. « Forage intake and digestion : a comparison of deer and sheep / ». St. Lucia, Qld, 2000. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16513.pdf.

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Marwood, Laura Ann. « 'Der Mensch ist nicht der Herr des Seienden' : existentialism and post-War German-language writing ». Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/der-mensch-ist-nicht-der-herr-des-seienden(48027292-c0ea-43c1-825c-5c020c5d6260).html.

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This doctoral thesis seeks to investigate the relationship between existentialism, a philosophy of life that is as much literary as it is philosophical in effect, and German-language literature in the aftermath of the Second World War. The focus will be on three German-language writers whose novels have given implicit formulation to a range of existential concerns. These include the notions of the self, freedom, authenticity, responsibility, angst, Grenzsituation and suffering, and constitute what I refer to as an unwritten existentialist manifesto. The writers selected for examination in this study are Max Frisch (1911-1991) with his 1954 novel Stiller, Alfred Andersch (1914-1980) with his 1952 autobiographical report Die Kirschen der Freiheit, and Heinrich Böll (1917-1985) with his posthumously published Der Engel schwieg (1949/1992). Whilst these writers do not engage in explicit philosophical or theological existentialist reflection as such, their novels can be seen to provide implicit literary formulation to the aforementioned range of existentialist themes. These three writers and their works highlight the extent to which existentialist concerns penetrated post-1945 German-language literature even where the writers themselves did not openly identify with existentialism as either a literary or philosophical phenomenon. As will be shown, their novels deal with the principal questions that stand at the core of existentialist philosophy, and indeed that stand for the human individual, at this point in Western intellectual history. These analyses will consider the idea of existentialism as literature, defining an image of existentialism as it developed in not only philosophical but also literary terms, thus establishing how existentialism can and should be approached as both a philosophical and literary phenomenon. In this regard, the works of literature by Frisch, Andersch and Böll can be seen as a crucial means of expression for and dissemination of existentialist thought. A study of these literary texts will also uncover the continuing relevance of this philosophical movement which grapples in such fundamental ways with the concrete aporias and threshold situations of human existence then as today. What renders existentialism as a method of inquiry and reflection so pertinent is less its preoccupation with existence in general than its contention that thinking existentially about human existence leads us to pose questions that extend beyond the conceptual repertoire of classical philosophy.
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Falepau, David Fa'a. « Factors associated with the occurrence of ecchymosis (blood splash) in fallow deer (dama dama) / ». [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030328.151026/index.html.

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Berggren, Thomas. « Does type of habitat affect tick-burden in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) neonates ? » Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Biovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28472.

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This study was investigating the relationships between: 1) habitat type and tick abundance, 2) habitat type and tick load on fawns, and 3) tick load and fawn survival. During two years and in two study areas, 105 fawns (57 fawns in Bogesund and 48 fawns in Grimsö) have been captured by hand and equipped with a radio-transmitter. The fawns’ positions have then been triangulated almost every day until they died or had at least 30 positions. The surviving fawns were recaptured when they were estimated to have a weight of 3.6 kg. Ticks were collected from the fawns during both the capture and the recapture. By using the flagging-method, in which a white sheet is dragged along the ground, ticks were also collected from the vegetation. A vegetation map was used to determine the habitat on transects and the home range of the fawns. The study areas showed different results regarding in which habitat the ticks were found. At Grimsö ticks seems to favor deciduous forest and mixed forest not on mires. At Bogesund the favored tick habitat was instead coniferous forest with trees between five to fifteen meters. In Bogesund there was a positive correlation between tick-burden and percent of coniferous forest on lichen-dominated areas that covered fawn home ranges. No relationship could be found between ticks and the survival of the fawns. A positive correlation between surviving days and tick load during first capture could instead be found on fawns that died within 30 days.
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Langdon, Christopher A. « A comparison of white-tailed deer population estimation methods in West Virginia ». Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2223.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 119 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-119).
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Ashmore, Joshua Ross. « Estimating Relative Abundance of White-tailed and Red Brocket Deer on the Western Slope of the Panama Canal Based on Photo Analysis ». OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/115.

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In 2004, the government of Panama created Ecoparque Panama with the aim of conserving unique habitat and curbing urbanization on the western slope of the Panama Canal. A lack of baseline ecological research in the area prompted the Panamanian National Environmental Authority and the U.S. Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry to fund a camera-trap study to catalog and determine relative abundance of predator and prey species in the Panama Canal region. These infrared-triggered camera-traps allowed researchers to study elusive wildlife that may otherwise remain undetected. Using techniques adapted from previous research, infrared and motion-triggered camera-traps were purposively placed in the 4 km2 Ecoparque (U.S. Forest Service spelling: Eco-Park) Panama study area to gather data on two cervid species, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and red brocket deer (Mazama americana). The study was conducted over a five month period (December 2005-April 2006). Data collected were analyzed using SPSS and Stastix statistical software. Results in the form of inferred relative abundances and densities show that populations currently appear to be within the local carrying capacity. Cervid management recommendations of this study include the continued moratorium on deer hunting and strengthening of the legal protection of the red brocket deer. Given the lack of previous data, the conclusions drawn from this preliminary study will be the foundation for future research in Panama.
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Fellner, Wolfgang. « Von der Güter- zur Aktivitätenökonomie ». Fachbereich Finanzwissenschaft und Infrastrukturpolitik am Department für Raumplanung der Technischen Universität Wien, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5351/1/Fellner_2012_OeS_Von%2Dder%2DGueter%2Dzur%2DAktivitaetenoekonomie.pdf.

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Chicoine, Josée. « Effects of provinding [sic] supplemental energy and protein on growth and carcass characteristics of weaned red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) raised in confinement ». Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30355.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of feeding supplemental energy and protein on the growth performance and on the carcass characteristics of weaned red deer stags. Forty-eight weaned stags were divided into 8 groups and randomly allocated to four dietary treatments. Two levels of energy (E) and protein (P), low (L) or high (H) were obtained by the addition of various amounts of oats and soybean meal (SBM). This trial was divided into 2 phases: For the first 32 weeks (Phase I), diets LE/LP and HE/LP contained 0.5 and 1.0 kg/deer respectively of oats; diet LE/HP consisted of 0.15 kg of oats and 0.30 kg of SBM, and diet HE/HP, of 0.5 kg of oats and 0.35 kg of SBM. In Phase II, the level of supplementation was increased while keeping a constant relationship with the body weight of the deer. The animals were group fed, and offered mixed hay ad libitum. The animals were weighed every two weeks, over 48 weeks and slaughtered at 90.5 to 100.6 kg body weight. Increasing the energy level in the supplement resulted in a substitution effect of grain for forage. As a result, there was no difference in total energy consumption. For this reason, no difference was observed (P > 0.05) between treatments for values of ADG or final weight. Feeding supplemental protein over 368 g/deer/d didn't improve ADG or liveweight (P > 0.05). There were no treatment differences (P > 0.05) in estimates of carcass yield, kidney fat, or tissue depth (GR). Results indicate that concentrate feeding does not stimulate overall growth rate.
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Burns, Curtis David Jr. « Estimating the Ecological Impact and Carrying Capacity of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at Camp James A. Garfield Joint Military Training Center ». Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu162006315961417.

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Ferranto, Shasta P. « Conservation of mule deer in the eastern Sierra Nevada ». abstract and full text PDF (free order & ; download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1438913.

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Knoche, Scott Daniel. « Travel cost models of deer hunting in Michigan ». Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.

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Pullins, Craig Kenneth. « Relationship of landscape characteristics to white-tail deer abundance and harvest vulnerability in Missouri / ». free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1421154.

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Watts, Dominque Elijah. « Distribution and abundance of endangered Florida Key deer on outer islands ». Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4960.

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Status assessments are compulsory to efficacious management of large-mammal populations, particularly for endangered species such as the Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium). However, a dearth of data regarding basic demographic parameters has limited status assessment and management of Key deer on outer islands. Traditional survey techniques for Key deer on Big Pine and No Name keys include road-counts, strip-counts, and mark-recapture methods. However, practical limitations render traditional survey techniques impractical for application on outer islands. Thus, assessment of current status and appropriate management is limited by a paucity of information regarding Key deer on outer islands. The purpose of my study was to evaluate the utility of infrared-triggered cameras and forward-looking infrared thermography (FLIR) to monitor occupancy and abundance of Key deer on outer islands, and to obtain baseline information regarding current distribution and abundance of Key deer in these areas. In addition, I wanted to further evaluate the advantages and disadvantages inherent in using baited camera-stations to estimate abundance of large mammal populations. I compared 3 frequently applied methods to estimate abundance from camera-based survey data. All outer islands exhibited estimated abundances considerably below carrying capacities, with larger populations occurring closer to Big Pine Key. Results indicated that other islands and complexes such as Ramrod Key, Water Key, and the Annette complex maintain only small sub-populations (e.g., ≤5 individuals) and other previously inhabited island complexes (i.e., Johnson complex and Summerland Key) no longer maintain sub-populations. Additionally, I compared abundance estimates from FLIR-based surveys to camera-based estimates. Although no test of accuracy was possible, camera-based survey methods consistently produced higher estimates of Key deer abundance on outer islands. Results indicate that aerial FLIR-based survey methods may be unreliable for the survey of large mammals in tropical habitats or areas exhibiting dense vegetation, and camera-based surveys should be the preferred method to survey Key deer abundance on outer islands.
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Roberts, Clay Walton. « Estimating density of Florida Key deer ». Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3812.

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Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1967. A variety of survey methods have been used in estimating deer density and/or changes in population trends for this species since 1968; however, a need to evaluate the precision of existing and alternative survey methods (i.e., road counts, mark-recapture, infrared-triggered cameras [ITC]) was desired by USFWS. I evaluated density estimates from unbaited ITCs and road surveys. Road surveys (n = 253) were conducted along a standardized 4-km route each week between January 1999–December 2000 (total deer observed, n = 4,078). During this same period, 11 ITC stations (1 camera/42 ha) collected 5,511 deer exposures. Study results found a difference (P < 0.001) between methods with road survey estimates lower (76 deer) than ITC estimates (166 deer). Comparing the proportion of marked deer, I observed a higher (P < 0.001) proportion from road surveys (0.266) than from ITC estimates (0.146). Lower road survey estimates are attributed to (1) urban deer behavior resulting in a high proportion of marked deer observations, and (2) inadequate sample area coverage. I suggest that ITC estimates are a reliable and precise alternative to road surveys for estimating Key deer densities on outer islands. I also evaluated density estimates from 3 road survey methods. Road survey methods (n = 100) were conducted along a standardized 31-km route where markresight, strip-transect, and distance sampling data were collected between June 2003– May 2004. I found mark-resight estimates to be lower ( x = 384, 95% CI = 346–421) than strip-transect estimates ( x = 854, 95% CI = 806–902) and distance estimates ( x = 523, 95% CI = 488–557). I attribute low mark-resight estimates to urban deer behavior resulting in a higher proportion of marked deer observations along roadways. High strip-transect estimates also are attributed to urban deer behavior and a reduced effective strip width due to dense vegetation. I propose that estimates using distance sampling eliminate some of these biases, and recommend their use in the future.
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Gillingham, Michael Patrick. « Foraging behaviour of captive black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25798.

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A review of the literature on black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus Richardson) feeding habits reveals considerable variation among animals, locations, and seasons. Processes affecting food selection, however, are poorly understood. Optimal foraging theory was explored as a means of predicting deer foraging behaviour and diet breadth. Because of complex constraints and objectives involved in predicting diet selection, food preference was determined under ad libitum conditions. Feeding behaviour of two deer was studied in a 0.5-ha enclosure to examine the effects of density and distribution of their preferred foods on diet selection. When deer had to search for food, diet selection remained the same as that under ad libitum conditions as long as preferred food was abundant. Deer nearly exhausted their highly preferred food before switching to lower ranked foods. This switch was gradual, as deer continued to search for preferred food. The amount of preferred food already eaten during a trial was positively correlated with the time that animals would continue searching before switching to lower-ranked foods. Switching was related to the amount and type of food encountered and not to the amount of food in the pen. Dispersion of the preferred food (clumped versus unclumped) had no significant effect on the amount of food eaten, but did significantly influence the types of food encountered by one of the two animals. Both animals became more efficient (intake per distance travelled) at finding preferred foods with increasing experience with a specific distribution of food. Animals increased their efficiency of finding apples by repeating searching patterns which had been effective during previous trials. Performance was poor, however, when distributions were changed. When preferred food was abundant, platforms containing preferred food were not always completely cleared of food the first time a platform was visited. Intake rates of non-preferred foods tended to increase with declining abundance of preferred food. This increase was not caused by changes in the amount of non-preferred food eaten at feeding stations, but rather by the rate at which non-preferred feeding stations were visited. The influence of intraspecific plant variation on food habit studies and the utility of preference indices are discussed. I conclude that foraging bouts are highly dynamic and that some foraging questions may not be adequately answered if this internal variation is ignored.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Ferreira, Paula Ribas Soares [UNESP]. « Genética da reintrodução : o caso do cervo-do-pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus) na Estação Ecológica de Jataí ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92542.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:33:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_prs_me_jabo.pdf: 537782 bytes, checksum: 37e95c11aa1cbd5db672a924c5ccd3fb (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O Projeto de Reintrodução do Cervo-do-pantanal de Porto Primavera foi implementado pelos pesquisadores do Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) da Universidade Estadual Paulista, na Estação Ecológica de Jataí (E.E.J.), a fim de conservar a espécie no estado de São Paulo. Para que o sucesso de um programa de reintrodução seja atingido, vários fatores devem ser levados em consideração, entre eles possíveis problemas genéticos decorrentes do pequeno número de indivíduos fundadores, como a perda da diversidade genética devido à deriva genética e a perda do vigor devido à endogamia. Assim, a partir de 6 locos microssatélites nós estimamos os níveis de variabilidade genética dessa população e, juntamente com dados de campo foi possível reconstruir a genealogia da mesma. Foram analisados no total 42 indivíduos: 8 fundadores, 14 nascidos no local e 20 indivíduos da população original. O número total de alelos encontrados na população original foi de 30, perfazendo uma média de 5 alelos por loco, com locos variando de 4 a 7 alelos. Já, na população reintroduzida, o número total de alelos encontrados foi 21, com média de 3,5 alelos por loco, e locos variando de 1 a 4 alelos. A grande perda alélica observada aqui indica que a população reintroduzida passou por um forte gargalo genético em decorrência do efeito fundador sofrido durante sua formação. Em contrapartida, a partir da geração fundadora até a segunda geração da E.E.J., a perda de alelos foi visivelmente menor, apenas 4 alelos foram perdidos. Em acréscimo, dados de heterozigosidade mostram que a população esta mantendo os níveis de diversidade genética (geração fundadora H=0,5; segunda geração H=0,625). A endogamia é um mecanismo inevitável...
The Reintroduced Project of marsh deer was implemented by the researchers from the Deer Research and Conservation Center (NUPECCE) of Unesp, in Jataí´s Ecological Station (E.E.J.), to understand the process of colonization of small marshes patches that remain in the São Paulo state. In order to make a reintroduction project successful, several factors must be taken into account; among those, possible genetic problems arising from the small number of founding individuals, such as the loss of genetic diversity due to genetic drift and the loss of fitness due to inbreeding. Hence, from 6 microsatellite loci, we estimated the genetic variability levels of this population and, together with the field data, we were able to reconstruct the genealogy of the members. We analyzed 42 individuals: 8 founders, 14 individuals born into the reintroduced population and 20 individuals from the source population. The total number of alleles found in the original population was 30 (5 alleles per locus), with loci ranging from 4 to 7 alleles. In the reintroduced population, the total number of alleles found was 21 (3.5 alleles per locus) and loci ranging from 1 to 4 alleles. The major allelic loss observed indicates that the reintroduced population went through a strong genetic bottleneck resulting from the founding effect suffered during its establishment. On the other hand, in the generations of the reintroduced population of the E.E.J., the loss of alleles was noticeably smaller. Furthermore, heterozygosity data show that the population has been maintaining the levels of genetic diversity (Founder generation H=0.5; second generation H=0.625). Inbreeding is an inevitable mechanism in small populations; however, the indexes that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Fenster, Randy Lee. « Effectiveness of modifying existing fences to deter deer and elk from crops and high-value pastures ». Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/fenster/FensterR1206.pdf.

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