Thèses : « Digestibility; Nutrients »

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Choi, Heesun 1954. « EFFECTS OF AGING ON NUTRIENTS DIGESTIBILITY IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277103.

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Pantazis, Panagiotis Aristeidis. « Nutritional studies in the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341208.

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Santos, Vivian Maia dos [UNESP]. « Níveis de prebiótico em substituição ao antibiótico em dietas para leitões recém - desmamados ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99605.

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Foram conduzidos três experimentos, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adição de diferentes níveis de prebiótico na alimentação de leitões, sobre o desempenho, desenvolvimento da mucosa intestinal, parâmetros fisiológicos, digestibilidade e metabolismo de suínos. O prebiótico utilizado foi o mananoligossacarídeo MOS. No 1º experimento, foram avaliados o desempenho e a incidência de diarréia em 30 leitões fêmeas, dos 22 aos 63 dias de idade, com peso inicial de 6,28 l 1,40 kg. A utilização de MOS nas rações de leitões recém - desmamados piorou o ganho de peso dos animais dos 22 aos 63 dias de idade, porém não teve efeito sobre a incidência de diarréia. No 2º experimento foram avaliadas a morfometria do intestino delgado e mensurados os pesos do fígado e do pâncreas, assim como, o pH dos conteúdos do estômago, intestino delgado e ceco. Foram utilizados 15 leitões fêmeas dos 22 aos 63 dias de idade, com peso inicial de 5,74 l 0,93 kg. Em ambos os experimentos, os tratamentos foram: Controle positivo CP (Dieta basal + antibiótico); Controle negativo - CN (Dieta basal); CN + 0,25% de Prebiótico; CN + 0,50% de Prebiótico; CN + 0,75% de Prebiótico, e utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso para controlar diferenças inicias de peso. Não foram observadas diferenças em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. No 3º experimento foram determinadas as digestibilidades dos nutrientes e da energia e o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da energia e a energia metabolizável, das rações controle e com 0,5% de prebiótico. Utilizou-se 16 suínos machos castrados, com peso médio de 24,8 l 2,79 kg, e os blocos controlaram a repetição no tempo...
Three experiments were set to evaluate the effects of adding different levels of mannanoligossacharides (MOS, prebiotic) to the diet of piglets on their performance, development of intestinal mucosa, physiological parameters, digestibility and metabolism.. Corn and soybean meal were the major feed components. The first experiment evaluated the development and occurrence of diarrhea in 30 female piglets at 22 and 63 days of age, with an initial weight of 6.28 l 1.40 kg. Prebiotic additions to the diets worsen the growth performance of animals in Phase 3, but did not influence on the diarrhea incidence. The second experiment evaluated the morphometry of the small bowel, liver and pancreas weight, and the pH of stomach, small bowel and cecum contents. Fifteen female piglets were used at 22 and 63 days of age, with an initial weight of 5.74 l 0.93 kg. Both experiments were arranged in randomized blocks design to control initial weight difference, with the following treatments: positive control PC (base diet + antibiotic); negative control - NC (base diet); NC + 0.25% of prebiotic; NC + 0.50% of prebiotic; NC + 0.75% of prebiotic. No significant difference was observed in any of the studied parameters. In the third experiment, nutrient and energy digestibility were determined in feeds containing prebiotic (0.5%) or not (control). Sixteen castrated male pigs weighing 24.8 l 2.79 kg were used, and randomized blocks design was used so blocks controlled replications during time. Nutrient digestibility and feed energy were determined through the total feces collection method, using ferric oxide as fecal marker. The digestibility coefficient of the mineral matter and the digestible mineral matter were higher (P<0.05) in the control feed than in the feed containing prebiotic...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

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au, j. kim@murdoch edu, et Jae Cheol Kim. « Factors Influencing the Total Tract Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients from Wheat for the Weanling Pig ». Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040520.155947.

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The objectives of the studies conducted in the Part A of this thesis were to quantify the variation of digestible energy (DE) content of wheat and to document the responsible factors for the variation. The general hypothesis tested in Part A of this thesis was that the variety, growing region, growing season, supplementation of xylanase and postharvest grain storage (i.e., six months of storage at ambient temperature) will influence the DE content of wheat when fed to weaner pigs. Experiment 1 (Chapter 3) examined the variation in the chemical composition of wheats as influenced by variety (Arrino, Westonia and Stiletto were selected), growing region (each wheat was selected from a high, medium and low rainfall region), season (1999 and 2000) and post harvest storage for 6 months. In this experiment, up to a 19% variation in the crude protein (CP) content (mean13.3, SD 2.59), up to a 5% variation in the starch content (mean 65.4, SD 3.56), and a 10-20% variation in the total (mean 9,2, SD 0.86), insoluble (mean 8.1, SD 0.84) and soluble (mean 1.1, SD 0.23) non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) contents were observed. The major experimental findings were: Variety of wheat influenced the variation of most carbohydrate components, including fast digestible starch (FDS) (P<0.001), acid detergent fibre (ADF) (P<0.01), total and insoluble NSP (P<0.05), and in vitro extract viscosity (P<0.05); The annual precipitation level in each region correlated to bushel weight (P<0.01), protein (P<0.01) and carbohydrate composition, including starch (P<0.05), soluble NSP (P<0.001), lignin (P<0.001) and free sugars (P<0.001), indicating the importance of the growing environment on the DE content of wheat; Growing season influenced bushel weight (P<0.001), CP (P<0.01), amylose and amylopectin (components of starch, P<0.05), ADF (P<0.001), lignin (P<0.001), soluble NSP (P<0.001) and free sugars contents (P<0.001), and the in vitro extract viscosity of wheat (P<0.05); Storage of wheat decreased ADF (P<0.05), lignin (P<0.01) and soluble NSP contents (P<0.01) and increased the free sugar content (P<0.001). In Experiment 2 (Chapter 4), the effect of variety, growing region and growing season on the DE content of wheat in 5-week-old male weaner pigs was examined, and Summary III correlations between various chemical composition of wheat and DE content were established. The major findings were: The DE content of wheats varied by up to 1.3 MJ/kg (12.5 13.8; mean = 13.3) in 1999 and by up to 1.8 MJ/kg (12.6 14.4; mean = 13.7) in 2000; Both the variety and growing region significantly influenced (P<0.05 - P<0.001) the DE content of wheat; Generally, the wheat variety Westonia and wheats grown in the low rainfall region contained a higher DE content than other wheats and growing regions; In addition, growing season influenced (P<0.001) DE content of wheat; The mean DE content determined with weaner pigs in the current study was approximately 1 MJ/kg DM lower when compared to published estimates of the DE content of wheat determined with growing pigs; Prediction of in vivo DE content of wheat for weaner pigs using NIRS (Near Infra- Red Spectroscopy) was not successful. Significant inverse relationships between the DE content and xylose (P<0.05), NDF (P<0.01), total-P (P<0.01) and phytate-P content (P<0.05) of wheat were seen in 1999. However, such relationships were not significant in 2000, indicating a very strong seasonal influence on both chemical composition and DE content of wheat. Experiment 3 (Chapter 5) examined the effects of a supplemental enzyme (xylanase) and storage for 6 months on the DE content of wheats. In 1999, use of the enzyme tended to increase the DE content from 13.3 to 13.6 MJ/kg (P=0.065) whereas in 2000, use of the enzyme caused n change in DE content (13.7 to 13.6 MJ/kg). However, the response to enzyme addition was much greater in some wheats grown in some regions than others, suggesting that the DE response to xylanase supplementation was not systematic but appeared to be associated with the grain structure, with the DE content consequently arising from an interaction between variety and growing conditions of the wheat. For wheats harvested in 1999, storage improved the E content from 13.3 to 4.0 MJ/kg (P<0.01), but for the 2000 wheats, storage for 6 months decreased DE ontent from 13.7 to 13.0 MJ/kg (P<0.001). However, the 2000 data need t be nterpreted with caution because some of the wheats ere infested with weevils. he DE response to supplemental ylanase in 1999 was negatively correlated to the otal and insoluble arabinose to xylose ratio (P<0.01), in vitro xtract viscosity (P<0.01) Summary IV nd lignin (P<0.06), while FDS (P<0.06) and phytate-P (P<0.06) positively correlated to he DE response to xylanase. he DE response to storage in 1999 was positively correlated to the NDF (P<0.001) and ylose contents (P<0.01) of the wheats, which had negative nfluences on the DE ontent of non-stored wheats. The ddition of xylanase in stored wheat did not improve he DE content, suggesting changes in chemical composition (eg, ctivation of ndogenous xylanases) during storage. In Experiment 4 (Chapter 6), the same wheats were analysed or phosphorus (P) and hytate-P content, as the latter is onsidered to be anti-nutritive in pig diets. The total P nd phytate-P content of all wheat samples ranged 2.6 (s.e. .64) g/kg and 1.8 (s.e. 0.13) /kg DM, respectively. Endogenous phytase activity was highly variable and veraged 63 (s.e. 29.6) FTU/kg between wheats. The variety, rowing region, season and torage of wheat did not nfluence the variation of P content. However, the precipitation evel over two growing seasons was positively correlated to otal-P (P<0.05) and hytate-P contents (P<0.05) of wheat. Phytate-P content of wheat can be predicted from otal-P content (r=0.974, P<0.001). In Part B, two experimental designs were generated based n the results of experiments escribed in Part A. From the revious experiment (Experiment 2, Chapter 4), it was vident that the structure of starch (i.e., amylose: mylopectin ratio) and phytate-P content of wheat were correlated to DE content of wheat. To reinforce the established correlations the following experiments were carried out, with the general hypothesis that the structure of starch (i.e., waxy vs. non-waxy wheat), particle size of ground wheat, and phytate-P content of wheat will influence the digestibility of nutrients (i.e., nitrogen, energy, minerals) in wheat-based weaner pig diets. In Experiment 5, the same variety (Janz) of a waxy (98% of total starch was amylopectin) isoline and a non-waxy isoline (71% of total starch was amylopectin) wheat were ground through a hammermill fitted either with a 8.5 mm or 4.5 mm screen to achieve average particle sizes of 930 and 560 µm, respectively. Diets were formulated and then fed to weaner pigs (3-5 weeks of age) with or without xylanase plus â-glucancase. Digestibilities of starch, nitrogen, energy, and DE content of diets were measured at day 7 and day 21 to examine any age-related improvement of nutrient Summary V digestibilities during the first 3 weeks post-weaning. Waxy wheat improved total tract digestibility of starch (P<0.05) and CP (P<0.05), and the reduction of particle size improved total tract starch digestibility (P<0.001) at both 7 and 21 days after weaning. However, energy digestibility and DE content of the diet were not influenced by either wheat type or particle size. Supplementation of xylanase plus â-glucanase improved starch digestibility (P<0.01) and DE content (P<0.05) but not other nutrients, and this occurred especially in non-waxy (P=0.03) and larger particle-sized wheat (P=0.01). Pigs increased ability to digest protein with age (P<0.05). However, the improvement in nutrient digestibilities in waxy and fine particle size wheat diets did not translate to improved pig performance. In Experiment 6, the hypothesis tested was that the digestibility and pig performance responses to supplemental xylanase, phytase and xylanase plus phytase would differ in weaner pigs according to P content of wheat. To test this hypothesis, two wheats containing high and low levels of total P (2.52g vs. 3.76 g total-P/kg DM) were obtained and fed to weaner pigs. Diets either had no enzyme or were supplemented with xylanase, phytase, or a combination of xylanase plus phytase. The hypothesis was partly supported in this experiment, since P and Ca digestibility were influenced by a wheat content by enzyme ineraction. Overall improvements in macronutrient digestibility and pig performance by supplementation of various enzymes were not significant. Daily growth (P<0.05 P<0.01) and FCR (P<0.05 P<0.01) were improved by the supplemental enzyme only in the first week of the feeding trial, mainly due to the increased P and Ca availability induced by the enzymes. Amounts of P and Ca digested were below the recommended requirements by NRC in the first two weeks of the feeding trial. Supplementation of phytase generally improved P and Ca digestibility (P<0.05) in both low-P and high-P wheats. However, xylanase plus phytase supplementation did not produce synergistic effect for macronutrients, and mineral digestibilities, over single supplementation of xylanase or phytase. From the results obtained in this thesis I propose that: 1) The DE content of wehat for weaner pigs is variable due mainly to the change of chemical composition mediated by variety, growing environment and storage after harvest, and efficacy of supplemental xylanase is dependent on the chemical structure of NSP present in cell walls of wheat; Summary VI 2) Structure of starch, particle size, age after weaning, and P content of wheat are factors influencing nutrient digestibility in weaner pigs fed a wheat-based diet, and the efficacy of phytase on P and Ca digestibilities is dependent on the phytate-P content of wheat.

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Kim, Jae Cheol. « Factors influencing the total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients from wheat for the weanling pig ». Kim, Jae Cheol (2003) Factors influencing the total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients from wheat for the weanling pig. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/131/.

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The objectives of the studies conducted in the Part A of this thesis were to quantify the variation of digestible energy (DE) content of wheat and to document the responsible factors for the variation. The general hypothesis tested in Part A of this thesis was that the variety, growing region, growing season, supplementation of xylanase and postharvest grain storage (i.e., six months of storage at ambient temperature) will influence the DE content of wheat when fed to weaner pigs. Experiment 1 (Chapter 3) examined the variation in the chemical composition of wheats as influenced by variety (Arrino, Westonia and Stiletto were selected), growing region (each wheat was selected from a high, medium and low rainfall region), season (1999 and 2000) and post harvest storage for 6 months. In this experiment, up to a 19% variation in the crude protein (CP) content (mean13.3, SD 2.59), up to a 5% variation in the starch content (mean 65.4, SD 3.56), and a 10-20% variation in the total (mean 9,2, SD 0.86), insoluble (mean 8.1, SD 0.84) and soluble (mean 1.1, SD 0.23) non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) contents were observed. The major experimental findings were: * Variety of wheat influenced the variation of most carbohydrate components, including fast digestible starch (FDS) (P<0.001), acid detergent fibre (ADF) (P<0.01), total and insoluble NSP (P<0.05), and in vitro extract viscosity (P<0.05); * The annual precipitation level in each region correlated to bushel weight (P<0.01), protein (P<0.01) and carbohydrate composition, including starch (P<0.05), soluble NSP (P<0.001), lignin (P<0.001) and free sugars (P<0.001), indicating the importance of the growing environment on the DE content of wheat; * Growing season influenced bushel weight (P<0.001), CP (P<0.01), amylose and amylopectin (components of starch, P<0.05), ADF (P<0.001), lignin (P<0.001), soluble NSP (P<0.001) and free sugars contents (P<0.001), and the in vitro extract viscosity of wheat (P<0.05); * Storage of wheat decreased ADF (P<0.05), lignin (P<0.01) and soluble NSP contents (P<0.01) and increased the free sugar content (<<0.001). In Experiment 2 (Chapter 4), the effect of variety, growing region and growing season on the DE content of wheat in 5-week-old male weaner pigs was examined, and Summary III correlations between various chemical composition of wheat and DE content were established. The major findings were: * The DE content of wheats varied by up to 1.3 MJ/kg (12.5 13.8; mean = 13.3) in 1999 and by up to 1.8 MJ/kg (12.6 14.4; mean = 13.7) in 2000; * Both the variety and growing region significantly influenced (P<0.05 - P<0.001) the DE content of wheat; * Generally, the wheat variety Westonia and wheats grown in the low rainfall region contained a higher DE content than other wheats and growing regions; * In addition, growing season influenced (P<0.001) DE content of wheat; * The mean DE content determined with weaner pigs in the current study was approximately 1 MJ/kg DM lower when compared to published estimates of the DE content of wheat determined with growing pigs; * Prediction of in vivo DE content of wheat for weaner pigs using NIRS (Near Infra- Red Spectroscopy) was not successful. * Significant inverse relationships between the DE content and xylose (P<0.05), NDF (P<0.01), total-P (P<0.01) and phytate-P content (P<0.05) of wheat were seen in 1999. However, such relationships were not significant in 2000, indicating a very strong seasonal influence on both chemical composition and DE content of wheat. Experiment 3 (Chapter 5) examined the effects of a supplemental enzyme (xylanase) and storage for 6 months on the DE content of wheats. In 1999, use of the enzyme tended to increase the DE content from 13.3 to 13.6 MJ/kg (P=0.065) whereas in 2000, use of the enzyme caused no change in DE content (13.7 to 13.6 MJ/kg). However, the response to enzyme addition was much greater in some wheats grown in some regions than others, suggesting that the DE response to xylanase supplementation was not systematic but appeared to be associated with the grain structure, with the DE content consequently arising from an interaction between variety and growing conditions of the wheat. For wheats harvested in 1999, storage improved the E content from 13.3 to 4.0 MJ/kg (P<0.01), but for the 2000 wheats, storage for 6 months decreased DE content from 13.7 to 13.0 MJ/kg (P<0.001). However, the 2000 data need to be interpreted with caution because some of the wheats were infested with weevils. The DE response to supplemental xylanase in 1999 was negatively correlated to the total and insoluble arabinose to xylose ratio (P<0.01), in vitro extract viscosity (P<0.01) and lignin (P<0.06), while FDS (P<0.06) and phytate-P (P<0.06) positively correlated to the DE response to xylanase. The DE response to storage in 1999 was positively correlated to the NDF (P<0.001) and xylose contents (P<0.01) of the wheats, which had negative influences on the DE content of non-stored wheats. The addition of xylanase in stored wheat did not improve the DE content, suggesting changes in chemical composition (eg, activation of xndogenous xylanases) during storage. In Experiment 4 (Chapter 6), the same wheats were analysed or phosphorus (P) and hytate-P content, as the latter is considered to be anti-nutritive in pig diets. The total P and phytate-P content of all wheat samples ranged 2.6 (s.e. .64) g/kg and 1.8 (s.e. 0.13) /kg DM, respectively. Endogenous phytase activity was highly variable and averaged 63 (s.e. 29.6) FTU/kg between wheats. The variety, rowing region, season and storage of wheat did not influence the variation of P content. However, the precipitation level over two growing seasons was positively correlated to total-P (P<0.05) and hytate-P contents (P<0.05) of wheat. Phytate-P content of wheat can be predicted from total-P content (r=0.974, P<0.001). In Part B, two experimental designs were generated based n the results of experiments described in Part A. From the previous experiment (Experiment 2, Chapter 4), it was evident that the structure of starch (i.e., amylose: mylopectin ratio) and phytate-P content of wheat were correlated to DE content of wheat. To reinforce the established correlations the following experiments were carried out, with the general hypothesis that the structure of starch (i.e., waxy vs. non-waxy wheat), particle size of ground wheat, and phytate-P content of wheat will influence the digestibility of nutrients (i.e., nitrogen, energy, minerals) in wheat-based weaner pig diets. In Experiment 5, the same variety (Janz) of a waxy (98% of total starch was amylopectin) isoline and a non-waxy isoline (71% of total starch was amylopectin) wheat were ground through a hammermill fitted either with a 8.5 mm or 4.5 mm screen to achieve average particle sizes of 930 and 560 mcm, respectively. Diets were formulated and then fed to weaner pigs (3-5 weeks of age) with or without xylanase plus beta-glucancase. Digestibilities of starch, nitrogen, energy, and DE content of diets were measured at day 7 and day 21 to examine any age-related improvement of nutrient digestibilities during the first 3 weeks post-weaning. Waxy wheat improved total tract digestibility of starch (P<0.05) and CP (P<0.05), and the reduction of particle size improved total tract starch digestibility (P<0.001) at both 7 and 21 days after weaning. However, energy digestibility and DE content of the diet were not influenced by either wheat type or particle size. Supplementation of xylanase plus ?-glucanase improved starch digestibility (P<0.01) and DE content (P<0.05) but not other nutrients, and this occurred especially in non-waxy (P=0.03) and larger particle-sized wheat (P=0.01). Pigs increased ability to digest protein with age (P<0.05). However, the improvement in nutrient digestibilities in waxy and fine particle size wheat diets did not translate to improved pig performance. In Experiment 6, the hypothesis tested was that the digestibility and pig performance responses to supplemental xylanase, phytase and xylanase plus phytase would differ in weaner pigs according to P content of wheat. To test this hypothesis, two wheats containing high and low levels of total P (2.52g vs. 3.76 g total-P/kg DM) were obtained and fed to weaner pigs. Diets either had no enzyme or were supplemented with xylanase, phytase, or a combination of xylanase plus phytase. The hypothesis was partly supported in this experiment, since P and Ca digestibility were influenced by a wheat content by enzyme ineraction. Overall improvements in macronutrient digestibility and pig performance by supplementation of various enzymes were not significant. Daily growth (P<0.05 - P<0.01) and FCR (P<0.05 - P<0.01) were improved by the supplemental enzyme only in the first week of the feeding trial, mainly due to the increased P and Ca availability induced by the enzymes. Amounts of P and Ca digested were below the recommended requirements by NRC in the first two weeks of the feeding trial. Supplementation of phytase generally improved P and Ca digestibility (P<0.05) in both low-P and high-P wheats. However, xylanase plus phytase supplementation did not produce synergistic effect for macronutrients, and mineral digestibilities, over single supplementation of xylanase or phytase. From the results obtained in this thesis I propose that: 1) The DE content of wheat for weaner pigs is variable due mainly to the change of chemical composition mediated by variety, growing environment and storage after harvest, and efficacy of supplemental xylanase is dependent on the chemical structure of NSP present in cell walls of wheat; 2) Structure of starch, particle size, age after weaning, and P content of wheat are factors influencing nutrient digestibility in weaner pigs fed a wheat-based diet, and the efficacy of phytase on P and Ca digestibilities is dependent on the phytate-P content of wheat.

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Brandes, Alberto. « ENZYME COMPLEX ON DIGESTIBILITY OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS IN PRACTICAL DIETS FOR NILE TILAPIA, Oreochromis niloticus JUVENILES ». Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 2018. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2707.

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O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de Allzyme SSF®, um complexo multienzimático contendo pectinase, protease, fitase, β-glucanase, xilanase, celulase e amilase nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de tilápias do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. Um total de 90 peixes sadios, machos com 100 dias de idade (150 ± 20 g) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em seis aquários de digestibilidade de 200 litros, com 15 peixes por aquário. Foi utilizada como dieta basal uma formulação comercial para tilápias contendo 33,27% de proteína bruta (21,11% de origem animal + 12,17% de origem vegetal) e 20,18 MJ/kg de energia bruta. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: dieta controle (D1) sem complexo multienzimático, D2 e D3 suplementadas com 0,0225% e 0,045% de Allzyme SSF®, respectivamente. Óxido de cromo (0,1%) foi utilizado como marcador interno. Foi observado um maior coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente de matéria seca e energia bruta nos peixes alimentados com a dieta D3 comparado com aqueles que receberam a dieta controle (P = 0,05). Peixes alimentados com D3 apresentaram maior coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente de amido, cinza e zinco comparado com aqueles alimentados com a dieta controle e D2 (P < 0,05). Peixes alimentados com as dietas D2 e D3 demonstraram coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente maiores para cálcio e fósforo em relação aos que receberam a dieta controle (P < 0,05). Não foi observado efeito do complexo multienzimático nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de lipídeos (P = 0,811). A suplementação com complexo multienzimático na dieta D3 melhorou os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de lisina, (P = 0,022), histidina (P = 0,001) comparado com os peixes alimentados com a dieta controle. Coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente maiores para leucina, treonina, triptofano e valina foram observados em peixes alimentados com dietas D2 e D3, comparado com aqueles que receberam a dieta controle (P = 0,05). Excreção menor de nitrogênio e fósforo foi observada nos peixes alimentados com dietas suplementadas com complexo multienzimático comparado com os que receberam a dieta controle. Como conclusão, a suplementação com 0,045% de Allzyme SSF® pode ser uma ferramenta útil para melhorar os valores nutricionais dos alimentos e dar suporte a uma criação mais sustentável de tilápia do Nilo.
The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Allzyme SSF®, a multienzyme complex with pectinase, protease, phytase, β-glucanase, xylanase, cellulase, and amylase, on the apparent digestibility coefficients for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. A total of 90 healthy, 100-day-old, all-male fish (150 ± 20 g) were randomly allotted into six-200-L digestibility aquaria at stocking density of 15 fish per aquarium. A typical commercial tilapia feed formulation containing 33.27% of crude protein (21.11% from animal protein source + 12.16% from plant protein source), and 20.18 MJ/kg of gross energy was used as basal diet. The dietary treatments assigned were: control diet (D1) without multienzyme supplementation, D2 and D3 supplemented with 0.0225% and with 0.045% of Allzyme SSF®, respectively. Chromic oxide at 0.1% was used as inert marker. Higher apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and gross energy were observed in fish fed diet D3 compared to those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Fish fed diet D3 showed higher apparent digestibility coefficients of starch, ash and zinc compared to those observed in fish fed control and diet D2 (P < 0.05). Fish fed diet D2 and D3 demonstrated higher apparent digestibility coefficients of calcium and phosphorus than fish fed the control diet (P < 0.05). No effect of multienzyme complex supplementation on apparent digestibility coefficients of lipids was observed (P = 0.811). Dietary multienzyme complex supplementation in diet D3 improved apparent digestibility coefficients of lysine (P = 0.022), histidine (P = 0.001) compared to fish fed D1. Higher apparent digestibility coefficients of leucine, threonine, tryptophan and valine were observed in fish fed diet D2 and D3, compared to those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Lower nitrogen and phosphorus excretions were observed in fish fed diets supplemented with the multienzyme complex compared to the control diet. In conclusion, a dietary supplementation of 0.045% of Allzyme SSF® may be used as useful tool to improve nutritive value of feeds and support the sustainability of Nile tilapia culture.

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Lösch, Juliana Alice. « Digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo diferentes níveis de fósforo para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) ». Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1531.

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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the apparent digestibility of diets containing different levels of phosphorus for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). The first experiment aimed to evaluate the apparent digestibility of diets containing different phosphorus levels for pacus, through the decantation method. A total of 60 pacus were used, averaging 151,57±6,43 g in weight, allotted in 6 180-L tanks, with Modified Guelph System, in an experimental design entirely randomized. The fish were fed isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and isocalcium diets, containing 27% of crude protein, 1,50% of calcium and 3000 kcal of DE/kg, with levels of 0,6 and 1,2% of total phosphorus. The fecal samples were taken every 30 minutes in order to decrease the loss of nutrients through leaching. We observed significant differences in treatments. There is a reduction in diets digestibility, with values of 80,06 and 60,55%, decrease in phosphorus apparent digestibility, with values of 86,08 and 72,80% and, consequently, observed a increase residual phosphorus for fish fed with 0,6 and 1,2% of phosphorus, respectively. Therefore, the greater total phosphorus digestibility and consequently lower total phosphorus excretion in feces obtained by the decantation method was observed at diet containing 0,6% of total phosphorus for pacus. The second experiment aimed evaluate the apparent digestibility of rations containing different phosphorus levels for pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus), through intestinal dissection method. A total of 320 pacus were used, averaging 768,5±36,34 g in weight, allotted in four 5-m3 cages. The fish were fed isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and isocalcium diets, containing 27% of crude protein, 1,50% of calcium and 3000 kcal of DE/kg, with levels of 0,6; 0,8; 1,0 and 1,2% of total phosphorus. The fecal samples were performed by opening the fish side for removal of feces present in the rectum, and the fish sent for analysis of whole body chemical composition. We observed significant differences (P<0,01) between treatments for apparent digestibility coefficient of the diet, apparent digestibility of phosphorus, available phosphorus and residual phosphorus. There is a linear decrease in apparent digestibility of the diet and apparent digestibility of phosphorus with increase phosphorus levels in the diet, the highest values being observed for the diet with 0,6% of total phosphorus, while for available phosphorus and residual phosphorus there was a linear increase with inclusion levels of total phosphorus in the feed. There were no significant differences for wholly body chemical composition of pacu. Therefore, most phosphorus digestibility of the diet, obtained by intestinal dissection method, was observed in diet containing 0,6% of total phosphorus for pacu and the different phosphorus levels had no effect in whole body of pacus
Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo diferentes níveis de fósforo para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus). O primeiro experimento foi conduzido visando avaliar a digestibilidade de rações contendo 0,6% e 1,2% de fósforo total, através do método de decantação. Foram utilizados 60 pacus com peso médio de 151,57±6,43 g, distribuídos em seis cubas com capacidade de 180 litros, com sistema do tipo Guelph modificado, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações isoprotéicas (27%), isoenergéticas (3000 kcal/kg) e isocálcicas (1,50%), com níveis de 0,6 e 1,2% de fósforo total. As coletas de fezes foram realizadas a cada 30 minutos, visando diminuir a perdas por lixiviação dos nutrientes. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entres os tratamentos. Observa-se uma redução na digestibilidade do fósforo das dietas, com valores de 80,06% para os peixes alimentados com 0,6% de fósforo total e de 60,55% para os peixes alimentados com 1,2%. Observa-se também redução para a digestibilidade aparente do fósforo, com valores de 86,08 e 72,80% e consequentemente observa-se um aumento do fósforo residual para os peixes alimentados com 0,6 e 1,2% de fósforo total, respectivamente. Portanto, a maior digestibilidade do fósforo total e consequentemente menor excreção de fósforo nas fezes, obtida através do método de decantação, foi observada na dieta contendo 0,6% de fósforo total para pacus. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo diferentes níveis de fósforo para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus), através do método de dissecação intestinal e a composição centesimal da carcaça destes peixes. Foram utilizados 320 pacus com peso médio de 768,5±36,34 g, distribuídos em quatro tanques-rede com capacidade de 5m³. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações isoprotéicas, isoenergéticas e isocálcicas, contendo 27% de proteína bruta, 1,50% de cálcio, e 3000 kcal de ED/kg, com níveis de 0,6; 0,8; 1,0 e 1,2% de fósforo total. As coletas de fezes foram realizadas, por abertura lateral nos peixes, para retirada das fezes presente no reto, em seguida os peixes foram encaminhados para análise de composição centesimal da carcaça. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (P<0,01) entres os tratamentos para o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da dieta, digestibilidade aparente do fósforo, fósforo disponível e fósforo residual. Observa-se uma diminuição linear para digestibilidade aparente da dieta, digestibilidade aparente do fósforo com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão de fósforo na ração, sendo os maiores valores observados para a dieta com 0,6% de fósforo total na ração, enquanto que para o fósforo disponível e fósforo residual houve um aumento linear, com aumento da inclusão de níveis de fósforo total na ração. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para a composição centesimal da carcaça dos pacus. Portanto, a maior digestibilidade do fósforo total da dieta, obtida através do método de dissecação, foi observada na dieta contendo 0,6% de fósforo total para pacu e os diferentes níveis de fósforo não influenciaram na composição química da carcaça de pacus

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Lozano-Ascencio, Oscar German 1956. « Post-absorptive metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients and starch digestibility by steers fed sorghum grain flaked at different densities ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282356.

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Objectives were to determine the effects of feeding dry-rolled (DR) vs steam-flaked (SF) sorghum grain and degree of processing (flake density, FD) of corn and sorghum grain on site and extent of starch digestion and post-absorptive metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients in steers fed 77% grain. The design for each trial was a randomized block. Seven steers (400 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulas were used to determine corn and sorghum starch digestibilities (Cr ratio, 3-d collection). Steers fed SF versus DR sorghum increased starch digestibility in the rumen (23%; P < .01), total tract (2.3%; P < .01), and in the small intestine (6%; P < .01, as percentage of starch entering duodenum). Decreasing flake density of SF sorghum grain increased linearly (P < .05) starch digestion (percentage of intake) in the rumen and total tract, and diminished linearly (P < .05) starch digestibilities post-ruminally and in the small intestine. Similar responses in starch digestibilities occurred by lowering FD of SF corn. Percent dietary corn or sorghum starch digestibility in the large intestine was less than 2% of intake. Feeding SF compared to DR sorghum did not alter net absorption and uptake or release of energy-yielding nutrient across SPL tissues. As expected, net absorption of glucose across portal-drained viscera (PDV) was negative (-.60 mol/d). Incrementally decreasing FD of SF sorghum linearly increased net PDV absorption of lactate (P =.04), glucose synthesis by the liver (P =.03), and SPL output of glucose (P < .01) and L-lactate (P =.03). Net propionate PDV absorption (P =.18), hepatic uptake (P =.21), and SPL output (P =.15) tended to be increased with lower FD. Increasing degree of grain processing, by incrementally decreasing FD, linearly increased ruminal and total tract starch digestibilities and net absorption of glucose precursors (propionate and L-lactate), resulting in increased hepatic synthesis and greater output of glucose from the gut and liver to the rest of the body. Based on these changes, the optimum FD for SF sorghum grain was 283 g/L (SF22).

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Santos, Vivian Maia dos. « Níveis de prebiótico em substituição ao antibiótico em dietas para leitões recém - desmamados / ». Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99605.

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Orientador: Maria Cristina Thomaz
Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel
Banca: Rafael Neme
Resumo: Foram conduzidos três experimentos, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adição de diferentes níveis de prebiótico na alimentação de leitões, sobre o desempenho, desenvolvimento da mucosa intestinal, parâmetros fisiológicos, digestibilidade e metabolismo de suínos. O prebiótico utilizado foi o mananoligossacarídeo MOS. No 1º experimento, foram avaliados o desempenho e a incidência de diarréia em 30 leitões fêmeas, dos 22 aos 63 dias de idade, com peso inicial de 6,28 l 1,40 kg. A utilização de MOS nas rações de leitões recém - desmamados piorou o ganho de peso dos animais dos 22 aos 63 dias de idade, porém não teve efeito sobre a incidência de diarréia. No 2º experimento foram avaliadas a morfometria do intestino delgado e mensurados os pesos do fígado e do pâncreas, assim como, o pH dos conteúdos do estômago, intestino delgado e ceco. Foram utilizados 15 leitões fêmeas dos 22 aos 63 dias de idade, com peso inicial de 5,74 l 0,93 kg. Em ambos os experimentos, os tratamentos foram: Controle positivo CP (Dieta basal + antibiótico); Controle negativo - CN (Dieta basal); CN + 0,25% de Prebiótico; CN + 0,50% de Prebiótico; CN + 0,75% de Prebiótico, e utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso para controlar diferenças inicias de peso. Não foram observadas diferenças em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. No 3º experimento foram determinadas as digestibilidades dos nutrientes e da energia e o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da energia e a energia metabolizável, das rações controle e com 0,5% de prebiótico. Utilizou-se 16 suínos machos castrados, com peso médio de 24,8 l 2,79 kg, e os blocos controlaram a repetição no tempo...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Three experiments were set to evaluate the effects of adding different levels of mannanoligossacharides (MOS, prebiotic) to the diet of piglets on their performance, development of intestinal mucosa, physiological parameters, digestibility and metabolism.. Corn and soybean meal were the major feed components. The first experiment evaluated the development and occurrence of diarrhea in 30 female piglets at 22 and 63 days of age, with an initial weight of 6.28 l 1.40 kg. Prebiotic additions to the diets worsen the growth performance of animals in Phase 3, but did not influence on the diarrhea incidence. The second experiment evaluated the morphometry of the small bowel, liver and pancreas weight, and the pH of stomach, small bowel and cecum contents. Fifteen female piglets were used at 22 and 63 days of age, with an initial weight of 5.74 l 0.93 kg. Both experiments were arranged in randomized blocks design to control initial weight difference, with the following treatments: positive control PC (base diet + antibiotic); negative control - NC (base diet); NC + 0.25% of prebiotic; NC + 0.50% of prebiotic; NC + 0.75% of prebiotic. No significant difference was observed in any of the studied parameters. In the third experiment, nutrient and energy digestibility were determined in feeds containing prebiotic (0.5%) or not (control). Sixteen castrated male pigs weighing 24.8 l 2.79 kg were used, and randomized blocks design was used so blocks controlled replications during time. Nutrient digestibility and feed energy were determined through the total feces collection method, using ferric oxide as fecal marker. The digestibility coefficient of the mineral matter and the digestible mineral matter were higher (P<0.05) in the control feed than in the feed containing prebiotic...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below)
Mestre

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Domiciano, Bruno Zarro. « Utilização de diferentes níveis de Nutri Energia em dietas para recria e terminação de cordeiros em confinamento ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-27112007-155535/.

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Este trabalho avaliou a utilização de níveis crescentes de Nutri Energia® (T0=0; T1=10; T2=20 e T3=30), em substituição a polpa cítrica (35; 23; 12 e 0), ocasionando níveis crescentes de gordura (1,5; 3,7; 5,9 e 8,0%), em dietas para cordeiros, em recria e terminação, no sistema de confinamento, sobre o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, ambiência e características de carcaça. O experimento foi realizado na FZEA/USP. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros machos Suffolk com 60 dias de idade e 22 kg em média, que foram abatidos após um período experimental de 77 dias. Todos os tratamentos foram isoproteícos e isoenergéticos. A partir da inclusão de 10% de Nutri Energia® na dieta, a ingestão de matéria seca, a digestibilidade da fibra em detergente ácido e neutro diminuíram; a partir de 20%, o ganho de peso e a digestibilidade de fibra bruta diminuíram e a partir de 30% a eficiência alimentar e a digestibilidade da proteína bruta diminuíram. Não foi significativa (P>0,05), a variação da digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e do extrativo não nitrogenado. Assim observamos que o uso de Nutri Energia® em dietas para cordeiros em terminação em confinamento, tem seu limite de inclusão em torno de 10%, para alcançar boas características de carcaça e desempenho animal. Elevando o nível de inclusão acima de 10%, obtém-se alto teor de extrato etéreo, o que irá prejudicar o desempenho produtivo dos animais.
Alternative sources of energy for feedlot animals have been tested to improve the animal performance and decrease the production expenses. In this way, this research evaluated the use of increasing Nutri Energy® levels (T0=0; T1=10; T2=20 e T3=30) in the citric pulp substitution. (35; 23; 12 and 0%) as the main energy source, causing an increasing fat levels (1,5; 3,7; 5,9 e 8,0) in lambs diet during rearing and finishing phases in feedlot system, over the performance, nutrients digestibility , environment and carcass characteristics. The experiment was conducted in FZEA/USP. 40 Suffolk breed male lambs were used with 60 day old and an average of 22Kg weight that were slaughtered after a 52 day experimental period. All the treatments were isoprotein and isoenergy. Starting from the inclusion of 10% of Nutri Energy® in the diet, the ingestion of dry matter, the fiber\'s digestibility in acid and neutral detergent decreased; starting from 20%, the weight earnings and the digestibility of rude fiber decreased; starting from 30% the alimentary efficiency and the digestibility of the rude protein decreased. It was not significant (P>0,05), the digestibility variation of ethereal extract and of the extractive no nitrogen. Like this, we observed that the use of Nutri Energy® in diets for lambs, in ending in confinement, it inclusion limit around 10%, to reach good carcass characteristics and animal acting. Elevating the inclusion level above 10%, it is obtained high tenor of ethereal extract, what will harm the productive acting of the animals.

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Santos, Fabiana Ramos dos [UNESP]. « Efeito da suplementação com fitase sobre o desempenho e digestibilidade de nutrientes para frangos de corte ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96549.

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Dois ensaios metabólicos e um ensaio de desempenho foram conduzidos para avaliar o efeito da suplementação com fitase (Phyzyme XP 5000G®) em dietas com redução nos níveis de EMA, PB, Lis, Ca e Pd sobre digestibilidade de nutrientes e desempenho de frangos de corte. Em todos os ensaios, foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três dietas com redução de nutrientes (controles negativos (CN), com e sem enzima) e um controle positivo (CP). Para o ensaio de desempenho foram utilizadas sete repetições de 40 aves por unidade experimental e para o de digestibilidade, seis repetições de 15 aves cada. A fitase foi suplementada nos níveis de 500, 750 e 1000 U de fitase nos CN1, CN2 e CN3, respectivamente. Os ensaios metabólicos foram conduzidos com frangos dos 14 a 21 e 28 a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizados os métodos: coleta parcial de excretas e digesta ileal, utilizando-se cinza ácida insolúvel como indicador indigestível. Dos 14 aos 21 dias de idade, a redução nos níveis nutricionais das dietas resultou em EMA, ED, CDMS e CDAA (exceto para o CD Val, Iso, Tir, Fen e Leu) inferiores aos obtidos com a dieta CP. A interação (P<0,05) obtida para ED, CDIPB e CDAA mostrou que a adição de fitase melhorou estes parâmetros nos CN1 e CN2. Para a fase de crescimento, foram determinadas EMA e ED menores que os do CP apenas nos CN2 e CN3. O CDAA das dietas CN sem e com adição de fitase foram superiores aos do CP, exceto para Arg, Cis e His. Houve interação (P<0,05) para a EMA, ED e CDMS, sendo a fitase eficiente nos CN2 e CN3. A suplementação com fitase aumentou em média o CDIPB em 5% e o CDAA em 2,89%. A adição de fitase nos CN aumentou (P<0,05) o CD de todos os minerais avaliados. Aos 21 e 42 dias de idade, a redução de nutrientes na dieta causou um efeito negativo sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração e rendimento de carcaça...
Two digestibility trials and one performance trial were conducted to study the effect of supplementation of phytase in diets formulated with reduction in the levels of ME, CP, Lys, Ca and P, on the digestibility of nutrients and performance of broiler chicks. The treatmeants consisted of a factorial arrangement 3 x 2 (three levels of nutrient reduction (Negatives Controls . NC), with and without enzyme supplementation) and one positive control (PC). In the performance trial was utilized seven replicates of 40 birds per unity experimental and in digestibility trial, six replicates with 15 birds each. The phytase utilized was the Phyzyme XP 5000 G supplemented at 500, 750 and 1000 U of phytase in the NC1, NC2 and NC3, respectively. The digestibility trials were conducted from 14 to 21 and 28 to 35 days of age. Were utilized the metods of partial excreta and ileal digest collection. The acid insoluble ash were used as indigestible marker. In 14 to 21 days of age, the nutritional reduction of diets resulted in lower ME, DE, DCDM and DCAA (except for of Val, Iso, Tir, Phe and Leu digestibility) compared to PC diet. The interaction (P<0,05) for DE, DCIC and DCAA showed that the phytase supplementation on the NC1 and NC2 diets increased these parameters. In the 28 to 35 days, ME and DE were lower compared to CP only of NC2 and NC3. The DCAA of the NC without and with phytase supplementation were superior of the diet PC, except for Arg, Cis and His. There was interaction (P<0,05) for ME, DE, DCDM and the phytase addition on the NC2 and NC3 diets increased these coefficients. The phytase addition increased the DCICP at 5 % and DCAA in 2,89%. The phytase supplementation on the NC increased the digestibility of the all minerals in study. At 21 and 42 days, the reduction of nutrients caused a negative effect on weight gain, feed intake and carcass yield... (complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)

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Santos, Fabiana Ramos dos. « Efeito da suplementação com fitase sobre o desempenho e digestibilidade de nutrientes para frangos de corte / ». Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96549.

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Orientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura
Banca: Maria Cristina Thomaz
Banca: Rafael Neme
Resumo: Dois ensaios metabólicos e um ensaio de desempenho foram conduzidos para avaliar o efeito da suplementação com fitase (Phyzyme XP 5000G®) em dietas com redução nos níveis de EMA, PB, Lis, Ca e Pd sobre digestibilidade de nutrientes e desempenho de frangos de corte. Em todos os ensaios, foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três dietas com redução de nutrientes (controles negativos (CN), com e sem enzima) e um controle positivo (CP). Para o ensaio de desempenho foram utilizadas sete repetições de 40 aves por unidade experimental e para o de digestibilidade, seis repetições de 15 aves cada. A fitase foi suplementada nos níveis de 500, 750 e 1000 U de fitase nos CN1, CN2 e CN3, respectivamente. Os ensaios metabólicos foram conduzidos com frangos dos 14 a 21 e 28 a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizados os métodos: coleta parcial de excretas e digesta ileal, utilizando-se cinza ácida insolúvel como indicador indigestível. Dos 14 aos 21 dias de idade, a redução nos níveis nutricionais das dietas resultou em EMA, ED, CDMS e CDAA (exceto para o CD Val, Iso, Tir, Fen e Leu) inferiores aos obtidos com a dieta CP. A interação (P<0,05) obtida para ED, CDIPB e CDAA mostrou que a adição de fitase melhorou estes parâmetros nos CN1 e CN2. Para a fase de crescimento, foram determinadas EMA e ED menores que os do CP apenas nos CN2 e CN3. O CDAA das dietas CN sem e com adição de fitase foram superiores aos do CP, exceto para Arg, Cis e His. Houve interação (P<0,05) para a EMA, ED e CDMS, sendo a fitase eficiente nos CN2 e CN3. A suplementação com fitase aumentou em média o CDIPB em 5% e o CDAA em 2,89%. A adição de fitase nos CN aumentou (P<0,05) o CD de todos os minerais avaliados. Aos 21 e 42 dias de idade, a redução de nutrientes na dieta causou um efeito negativo sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração e rendimento de carcaça... (resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Two digestibility trials and one performance trial were conducted to study the effect of supplementation of phytase in diets formulated with reduction in the levels of ME, CP, Lys, Ca and P, on the digestibility of nutrients and performance of broiler chicks. The treatmeants consisted of a factorial arrangement 3 x 2 (three levels of nutrient reduction (Negatives Controls . NC), with and without enzyme supplementation) and one positive control (PC). In the performance trial was utilized seven replicates of 40 birds per unity experimental and in digestibility trial, six replicates with 15 birds each. The phytase utilized was the Phyzyme XP 5000 G supplemented at 500, 750 and 1000 U of phytase in the NC1, NC2 and NC3, respectively. The digestibility trials were conducted from 14 to 21 and 28 to 35 days of age. Were utilized the metods of partial excreta and ileal digest collection. The acid insoluble ash were used as indigestible marker. In 14 to 21 days of age, the nutritional reduction of diets resulted in lower ME, DE, DCDM and DCAA (except for of Val, Iso, Tir, Phe and Leu digestibility) compared to PC diet. The interaction (P<0,05) for DE, DCIC and DCAA showed that the phytase supplementation on the NC1 and NC2 diets increased these parameters. In the 28 to 35 days, ME and DE were lower compared to CP only of NC2 and NC3. The DCAA of the NC without and with phytase supplementation were superior of the diet PC, except for Arg, Cis and His. There was interaction (P<0,05) for ME, DE, DCDM and the phytase addition on the NC2 and NC3 diets increased these coefficients. The phytase addition increased the DCICP at 5 % and DCAA in 2,89%. The phytase supplementation on the NC increased the digestibility of the all minerals in study. At 21 and 42 days, the reduction of nutrients caused a negative effect on weight gain, feed intake and carcass yield... (complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)
Mestre

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13

Santos, Viviane Correa [UNESP]. « Grãos e subprodutos da canola na alimentação de ovinos ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95232.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo foi o de estudar a introdução de grãos e sub-produtos (farelo ou torta) da canola em dietas para ovinos. Para a avaliação da digestibilidade foram utilizados 6 ovinos da raça Santa Inês machos não-castrados com idade entre 210 e 240 dias, peso corporal médio de 44,8 + 4,2 kg, adotando-se o método de coleta total de fezes. O delineamento foi em 2 Quadrados Latinos 3x3 e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para a avaliação do desempenho e características quantitativas da carcaça, foram confinados 24 borregos machos não-castrados, desmamados com aproximadamente 70 dias de idade, peso corporal médio de 15 + 3 kg, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As dietas foram compostas por 40% de feno de capim Tifton e 60% de concentrado composto por milho em grão, farelo de soja, canola em grão integral, farelo de canola, torta de canola e mistura mineral. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos totais (CT) entre os tratamentos experimentais, no ensaio de digestibilidade. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos CG, FC e TC para a digestibiidade da MS, MO, EE, PB, EB, FDN e CT. Durante o experimento de desempenho, observou-se que os tratamentos contendo canola em grão integral apresentaram maiores ganhos de peso (0,24 kg/animal/dia). A conversão alimentar (4,87 kg MS/kg ganho) foi similar entre os tratamentos. A utilização de grãos e subprodutos da canola na dieta de borregos terminados em confinamento não influenciou (P>0,05) as características quantitativas da carcaça. Em relação aos rendimentos dos cortes, não houve efeito dos tratamentos para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas...
The aim oh this work was to evaluate introduction of grains and by-products (meal or cake) of canola in sheep diets. For digestive evaluate, 6 Santa Inês sheep with initial age and weight of 210 and 240 days and 44.8 + 4.2 kg, adapted to the use of bag, for collect feces. Animals were distributed in a replicated 3x3 Latin Square and means were compared by Tukeyþs test with 5% significance level. For performance evaluating and carcass quantitative characteristics, 24 Santa Ines hogget with initial age and weight of 70 days and 15 + 3kg, according to a completely randomized design. Diets were composed for 40% of Tifton hay and 60% of concentrate based on corn grain, soybean meal, whole grain canola, canola meal, canola cake and mineral mixture. There were no differences for the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total carbohydrates (TC) among treatments, in digestibility trial. There were no differences for digestibilities of DM, OM, EE, CP, CE, NDF and TC among treatments. By the performance trial, it was found that diets with whole grain canola showed higher weight gains (0.24 kg/animal/day). Fed conversion (4.87 kg DM/kg gain) was similar among treatments. The use of whole grains and by-products of canola in the diet of lambs finished did not influence in the carcass quantitative characteristics. For the cuts dressing in relation to the CCW, no effect was observed for the analyzed variables among treatments. The evaluate of the non carcass components emphasized the representability of the skin weights (7.13%) in the percent determination. It was concluded that introduction of grains and by-products of canola allow satisfactory results, could be recommended in ration diet sheep formulations.

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Santos, Viviane Corrêa. « Grãos e subprodutos da canola na alimentação de ovinos / ». Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95232.

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Orientador: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel
Banca: Alexandre Amstalden Moraes Sampaio
Banca: Antonio Ferriani Branco
Resumo: O objetivo foi o de estudar a introdução de grãos e sub-produtos (farelo ou torta) da canola em dietas para ovinos. Para a avaliação da digestibilidade foram utilizados 6 ovinos da raça Santa Inês machos não-castrados com idade entre 210 e 240 dias, peso corporal médio de 44,8 + 4,2 kg, adotando-se o método de coleta total de fezes. O delineamento foi em 2 Quadrados Latinos 3x3 e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para a avaliação do desempenho e características quantitativas da carcaça, foram confinados 24 borregos machos não-castrados, desmamados com aproximadamente 70 dias de idade, peso corporal médio de 15 + 3 kg, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As dietas foram compostas por 40% de feno de capim Tifton e 60% de concentrado composto por milho em grão, farelo de soja, canola em grão integral, farelo de canola, torta de canola e mistura mineral. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos totais (CT) entre os tratamentos experimentais, no ensaio de digestibilidade. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos CG, FC e TC para a digestibiidade da MS, MO, EE, PB, EB, FDN e CT. Durante o experimento de desempenho, observou-se que os tratamentos contendo canola em grão integral apresentaram maiores ganhos de peso (0,24 kg/animal/dia). A conversão alimentar (4,87 kg MS/kg ganho) foi similar entre os tratamentos. A utilização de grãos e subprodutos da canola na dieta de borregos terminados em confinamento não influenciou (P>0,05) as características quantitativas da carcaça. Em relação aos rendimentos dos cortes, não houve efeito dos tratamentos para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim oh this work was to evaluate introduction of grains and by-products (meal or cake) of canola in sheep diets. For digestive evaluate, 6 Santa Inês sheep with initial age and weight of 210 and 240 days and 44.8 + 4.2 kg, adapted to the use of bag, for collect feces. Animals were distributed in a replicated 3x3 Latin Square and means were compared by Tukeyþs test with 5% significance level. For performance evaluating and carcass quantitative characteristics, 24 Santa Ines hogget with initial age and weight of 70 days and 15 + 3kg, according to a completely randomized design. Diets were composed for 40% of Tifton hay and 60% of concentrate based on corn grain, soybean meal, whole grain canola, canola meal, canola cake and mineral mixture. There were no differences for the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total carbohydrates (TC) among treatments, in digestibility trial. There were no differences for digestibilities of DM, OM, EE, CP, CE, NDF and TC among treatments. By the performance trial, it was found that diets with whole grain canola showed higher weight gains (0.24 kg/animal/day). Fed conversion (4.87 kg DM/kg gain) was similar among treatments. The use of whole grains and by-products of canola in the diet of lambs finished did not influence in the carcass quantitative characteristics. For the cuts dressing in relation to the CCW, no effect was observed for the analyzed variables among treatments. The evaluate of the non carcass components emphasized the representability of the skin weights (7.13%) in the percent determination. It was concluded that introduction of grains and by-products of canola allow satisfactory results, could be recommended in ration diet sheep formulations.
Mestre

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15

Heinzen, Eduardo Luiz. « VariÃveis nutricionais e fisiolÃgicas de ovinos da raÃa Morada Nova de diferentes classes sexuais submetidos Ã restriÃÃo alimentar ». Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16929.

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nÃo hÃ
Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos da classe sexual e restriÃÃo alimentar sobre o consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade, derivados de purina, balanÃo de nitrogÃnio, comportamento ingestivo e parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos de cordeiros da raÃa Morada Nova. Trinta e cinco animais (11 machos inteiros, 12 castrados e 12 fÃmeas), com peso mÃdio inicial de 14,5 Â 0,89kg, foram usados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, sendo trÃs classes sexuais (machos inteiros, castrados e fÃmeas) e trÃs nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar (ad libitum, 30 e 60%). A classe sexual e a restriÃÃo alimentar influenciaram (P<0,05) o consumo de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), extrato etÃreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteÃna (FDNcp), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos nÃo fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestÃveis totais (NDT) e de energia metabolizÃvel (EM) e o balanÃo dos compostos nitrogenados. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS, PB e EE foram influenciados (P<0,05) pela restriÃÃo alimentar, no entanto, nÃo houve efeito (P>0,05) da classe sexual sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade da PB, EE e CNF. Houve interaÃÃo entre a classe sexual e a restriÃÃo alimentar (P<0,05) na digestibilidade da MO, FDNcp e CT. Os tempos de alimentaÃÃo (TAL) e ruminaÃÃo (TRU) foram influenciados pela restriÃÃo alimentar (P<0,05), no entanto, nÃo foram influenciados pela classe sexual (P>0,05). O volume urinÃrio, excreÃÃes de creatinina, alantoÃna, xantina e hipoxantina, absorÃÃo de derivados de purina (absDP), derivados de purinas totais (DP) e sÃntese de proteÃna microbiana (PBmic) nÃo foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela classe sexual. Volume urinÃrio, excreÃÃes de creatinina, xantina e hipoxantina nÃo foram influenciados pela restriÃÃo alimentar (P>0,05), no entanto, este fator influenciou as excreÃÃes de alantoÃna, Ãcido Ãrico, absDP e DP. Os parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos temperatura superficial (TS) do lado esquerdo, regiÃo peitoral e temperatura retal (TR) nÃo foram influenciados pela classe sexual (P>0,05). A restriÃÃo alimentar e o perÃodo de coleta das variÃveis fisiolÃgicas influenciaram (P<0,05) a TS do lado esquerdo, peito e TR. Houve interaÃÃo (P<0,05) entre classe sexual e restriÃÃo alimentar para TS do lado direito. Consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes sÃo influenciados por restriÃÃes alimentares mais severas. Classe sexual nÃo influencia a excreÃÃo de derivados de purina e sÃntese de proteÃna microbiana. A restriÃÃo alimentar diminui as perdas de calor pela superfÃcie corporal de cordeiros.
This study was accomplished with the objective of determining the effects of sexual class and feed restriction on nutrient intake, digestibility, purine derivatives, nitrogen balance, feeding behavior and physiological parameters in hair sheep Morada Nova. Thirty-five animals (11 intact males, 12 castrated and 12 females) with an initial average weight of 14.5 Â 0,89kg were used in a completely randomized design in a 3x3 factorial design with three sexual classes (intact males, castrated and females) and three levels of feed restriction (ad libitum, 30 and 60%). Sexual class and feed restriction influenced (P<0.05) the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolied energy (ME) and the balance of nitrogen compounds. The digestibility coefficient of DM, CP and EE were influenced (P<0.05) by feed restriction, however there was no effect (P>0.05) the sexual class on the digestibility coefficients of CP, EE and NFC. There was interaction between sexual class and feed restriction (P<0.05) in digestibility of OM, NDFap and CT. Eating times (ET) and rumination times (RUT) were affected by feed restriction (P<0.05), however they were not affected by sexual class (P>0.05). The urinary volume, excretions of creatinine, allantoin, xanthine and hypoxanthine, absorption of purine derivatives (absPD), total purine derivatives (PD) and microbial protein synthesis (micCP) were not influenced (P>0.05) by sexual class. Urine output, creatinine excretion, xanthine and hypoxanthine were not influenced by feed restriction (P>0.05), however, this factor influenced the excretion of allantoin, uric acid, absPD and PD. Physiological parameters, surficial temperature (ST) on the left of pectoral region and rectal temperature (RT), were not affected by sexual class (P>0.05). Feed restriction and the period of collect of physiological variables influenced (P<0.05) ST the left side, chest and RT. There was interaction (P<0.05) between sexual class and feed restriction ST to the right side. Intake and digestibility of nutrients are influenced by more severe dietary restrictions. Sexual class does not influence the excretion of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis. Feed restriction reduces heat losses by body surface of lambs.

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Heinzen, Eduardo Luiz. « Variáveis nutricionais e fisiológicas de ovinos da raça Morada Nova de diferentes classes sexuais submetidos à restrição alimentar ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18895.

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HEINZEN, Eduardo Luiz. Variáveis nutricionais e fisiológicas de ovinos da raça Morada Nova de diferentes classes sexuais submetidos à restrição alimentar. 2016. 50 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2016.
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This study was accomplished with the objective of determining the effects of sexual class and feed restriction on nutrient intake, digestibility, purine derivatives, nitrogen balance, feeding behavior and physiological parameters in hair sheep Morada Nova. Thirty-five animals (11 intact males, 12 castrated and 12 females) with an initial average weight of 14.5 ± 0,89kg were used in a completely randomized design in a 3x3 factorial design with three sexual classes (intact males, castrated and females) and three levels of feed restriction (ad libitum, 30 and 60%). Sexual class and feed restriction influenced (P<0.05) the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolied energy (ME) and the balance of nitrogen compounds. The digestibility coefficient of DM, CP and EE were influenced (P<0.05) by feed restriction, however there was no effect (P>0.05) the sexual class on the digestibility coefficients of CP, EE and NFC. There was interaction between sexual class and feed restriction (P<0.05) in digestibility of OM, NDFap and CT. Eating times (ET) and rumination times (RUT) were affected by feed restriction (P<0.05), however they were not affected by sexual class (P>0.05). The urinary volume, excretions of creatinine, allantoin, xanthine and hypoxanthine, absorption of purine derivatives (absPD), total purine derivatives (PD) and microbial protein synthesis (micCP) were not influenced (P>0.05) by sexual class. Urine output, creatinine excretion, xanthine and hypoxanthine were not influenced by feed restriction (P>0.05), however, this factor influenced the excretion of allantoin, uric acid, absPD and PD. Physiological parameters, surficial temperature (ST) on the left of pectoral region and rectal temperature (RT), were not affected by sexual class (P>0.05). Feed restriction and the period of collect of physiological variables influenced (P<0.05) ST the left side, chest and RT. There was interaction (P<0.05) between sexual class and feed restriction ST to the right side. Intake and digestibility of nutrients are influenced by more severe dietary restrictions. Sexual class does not influence the excretion of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis. Feed restriction reduces heat losses by body surface of lambs.
Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos da classe sexual e restrição alimentar sobre o consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade, derivados de purina, balanço de nitrogênio, comportamento ingestivo e parâmetros fisiológicos de cordeiros da raça Morada Nova. Trinta e cinco animais (11 machos inteiros, 12 castrados e 12 fêmeas), com peso médio inicial de 14,5 ± 0,89kg, foram usados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, sendo três classes sexuais (machos inteiros, castrados e fêmeas) e três níveis de restrição alimentar (ad libitum, 30 e 60%). A classe sexual e a restrição alimentar influenciaram (P<0,05) o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e de energia metabolizável (EM) e o balanço dos compostos nitrogenados. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS, PB e EE foram influenciados (P<0,05) pela restrição alimentar, no entanto, não houve efeito (P>0,05) da classe sexual sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade da PB, EE e CNF. Houve interação entre a classe sexual e a restrição alimentar (P<0,05) na digestibilidade da MO, FDNcp e CT. Os tempos de alimentação (TAL) e ruminação (TRU) foram influenciados pela restrição alimentar (P<0,05), no entanto, não foram influenciados pela classe sexual (P>0,05). O volume urinário, excreções de creatinina, alantoína, xantina e hipoxantina, absorção de derivados de purina (absDP), derivados de purinas totais (DP) e síntese de proteína microbiana (PBmic) não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela classe sexual. Volume urinário, excreções de creatinina, xantina e hipoxantina não foram influenciados pela restrição alimentar (P>0,05), no entanto, este fator influenciou as excreções de alantoína, ácido úrico, absDP e DP. Os parâmetros fisiológicos temperatura superficial (TS) do lado esquerdo, região peitoral e temperatura retal (TR) não foram influenciados pela classe sexual (P>0,05). A restrição alimentar e o período de coleta das variáveis fisiológicas influenciaram (P<0,05) a TS do lado esquerdo, peito e TR. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre classe sexual e restrição alimentar para TS do lado direito. Consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes são influenciados por restrições alimentares mais severas. Classe sexual não influencia a excreção de derivados de purina e síntese de proteína microbiana. A restrição alimentar diminui as perdas de calor pela superfície corporal de cordeiros.

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Aguilar, Fredy Armando Aguilar. « Modelagem matemática da eficiência de utilização da energia e da proteína dietéticas pelo pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887) ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-02052016-103450/.

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Sistemas intensivos de produção de peixes demandam o uso de dietas completas e manejo alimentar e nutricional precisos. O principal objetivo da nutrição dos peixes é melhorar a eficiência da utilização da energia e dos nutrientes da ração. Alta eficiência, na realidade, significa maior retenção de nutrientes e energia, i.e., maior crescimento, com menor descarga de nutrientes nos corpos d\'água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a eficiência de utilização da energia e a proteína da ração para o pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Em um primeiro ensaio foram caracterizadas as propriedades físicoquímicas e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína e da energia de 28 amostras de rações para peixes onívoros comercializadas na região de Piracicaba, estado de São Paulo. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados no ajuste de modelos de regressão linear múltipla para predizer os conteúdos de energia digestível (ED) e proteína digestível (PD) das rações comerciais para a espécie. Uum segundo grupo de ensaios foi dedicado ao estudo da eficiência metabólica da utilização da energia e da proteína. Utilizando-se a técnica de respirometria de fluxo intermitente, foi quantificada a taxa metabólica padrão em peixes de diferente tamanho (17 g - 1050 g) em cinco temperaturas (19, 23, 26, 29 e 33°C). O coeficiente oxi-calórico para oxidação de gordura (13,72 J mg-1 O2) foi utilizado para converter os dados de consumo de oxigênio em taxas de produção de calor. O coeficiente alométrico da produção de calor em jejum foi próximo a 0,8, valor usual para outras espécies de peixes. A partir da aplicação do método fatorial de análise foram estimadas as exigências de energia digestível e proteína digestível para mantença e para o crescimento do pacu e o efeito do nível de lipídeos dietéticos (alto - AL, ou baixo - BL) sobre as exigências nutricionais. O nível de lipídeos da ração não influenciou a estimativa de exigência de energia para mantença (26,57 kJ de ED kg-0,8 dia-1 e 0,076 g de PD kg-0,7 dia-1). A exigência de energia digestível para crescimento (kJ de ED por kJ de energia retida) foi maior para a ração BL (1,387) do que para a ração AL (1,285). A exigência em proteína digestível (g de PD por g de proteína depositada) foi maior para peixes alimentados com a ração BL do que com a ração AL (1,7015 vs. 1,583).
Intensive fish farming systems entail the use of complete feeds and accurate feeding and nutrition management. The main objective of fish feeding and nutrition practices is the efficient use of feed energy and nutrients. High efficiency actually means increased retention of nutrients and energy, i.e., improved growth ratio and reduced discharge of nutrients in the water. This work aimed at studying the efficiency of use of feed energy and protein of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. A first trial characterized physicochemical properties and apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and energy of 28 commercial, omnivorous fish feeds sampled in the region of Piracicaba, state of São Paulo. The data were used to set multiple linear regression models predicting the digestible energy (DE) and digestible protein (DP) contents of commercial, sampled feeds. A second group of trials studied the metabolic efficiency of use of energy and protein. The intermittent flow respirometry technique was used to quantify the standard metabolic rate of different fish size classes (17 g - 1050 g) at five temperatures (19, 23, 26, 29 and 33 ° C). The coefficient for oxy-caloric fat oxidation (13.72 J mg-1 O2) was used to convert the oxygen consumption data to heat production ratios. The allometric coefficient of heat production in fasting condition was 0.8, a typical value for other fish species. Digestible energy and digestible protein requirements for maintenance and growth and effects of dietary lipids (high - AL, or low - BL) contents on nutritional requirements of pacu were then studied with the aid of factorial analysis method. Dietary lipid contents did not affect energy requirements for maintenance (26.57 kJ DE kg-0.8 day-1 and 0.076 g DP kg-0.7 day-1). The digestible energy requirement for growth (kJ of ED per kJ of energy retained) was higher for BL feeds (1.387) than for AL feeds (1.285). The requirements of digestible protein (g DP per g of deposited protein) was higher for the BL than for the AL feed (1.7015 vs. 1.583).

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Souza, Lilian Francisco Arantes de [UNESP]. « Exposição crônica e cíclica ao calor em frangos de corte : desempenho, metabolização dos nutrientes e atividade de enzimas pancreáticas ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96603.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_lfa_me_jabo.pdf: 291371 bytes, checksum: 2921d3b2418a9b75c8fccd1974605cd7 (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da exposição ao calor crônico e cíclico sobre o desempenho, metabolização dos nutrientes, energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e atividade de enzimas pancreáticas em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 450 frangos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 esquemas de temperatura/alimentação (TN/Ad libitum, Crônico/Ad libitum, TN/restrito a Crônico, Cíclico/Ad libitum e TN/restrito a Cíclico). Assim, TN representa a temperatura termoneutra e os grupos TN/restrito a Crônico e TN/restrito a Cíclico receberam a mesma quantidade de ração que Crônico/Ad libitum e Cíclico/Ad libitum, respectivamente. A exposição crônica ao calor afetou o desempenho de frangos de corte com maior intensidade que a exposição cíclica, havendo efeito direto do calor crônico e cíclico. Os coeficientes de metabolização da matéria seca, gordura e a EMAn aumentaram com a idade. Os coeficientes de metabolização dos nutrientes foram diminuídos pela exposição crônica ao calor, havendo efeito direto da temperatura apenas para gordura. A restrição alimentar gerada pelo calor crônico causou aumento da atividade da amilase e redução na atividade da tripsina. A atividade da lipase aumentou devido ao efeito direto do calor crônico. A menor digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi associada à piora do desempenho das aves expostas ao calor crônico, porém não foi relacionada à piora dos índices zootécnicos dos frangos expostos ao calor cíclico. A redução da atividade da tripsina pode estar associada à menor digestibilidade da proteína causada pelo estresse por calor crônico.
This work evaluated the effect of the chronic and cyclical heat stress in performance, metabolization of nutrients, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (EMAn) and pancreatic enzymes activity in broiler chickens. 450 chickens, distributed in completely randomized design with 5 groups of temperature/feeding (TN/Ad libitum, Chronic/Ad libitum, TN/Chronic restrict, Cyclical/Ad libitum and TN/Cyclical restrict). Thus, TN represents the thermoneutral temperature and the TN/Chronic restrict and TN/Cyclical restrict had received the same amount from feed that Chronic/Ad libitum and Cyclical/Ad libitum, respectively. The chronic exposition to the heat affected the performance of chickens with bigger intensity that the cyclical exposition, having direct effect of the chronic and cyclical heat. The coefficients of metabolization of dry matter, fat and EMAn had increased with the age. The coefficients of metabolization of nutrients had been decreased by the chronic heat stress, having direct effect of the temperature only for fat. The feed restriction generated by the chronic heat caused increase of amylase activity and reduction in trypsin activity. The lipase activity increased due to direct effect of chronic heat exposure. The lesser metabolization of nutrients was associated with the worsening of the performance of the chronic heat exposed broilers, however it was not related to the worsening of performance of chickens exposed to cyclical heat stress. The reduction of the trypsin activity can be associated to the lesser digestibility of the protein caused for chronic heat stress.

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Souza, Lilian Francisco Arantes de. « Exposição crônica e cíclica ao calor em frangos de corte : desempenho, metabolização dos nutrientes e atividade de enzimas pancreáticas / ». Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96603.

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Orientador: Renato Luis Furlan
Banca: João Waine Pinheiro
Banca: João Martins Pizauro Junior
Resumo: Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da exposição ao calor crônico e cíclico sobre o desempenho, metabolização dos nutrientes, energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e atividade de enzimas pancreáticas em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 450 frangos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 esquemas de temperatura/alimentação (TN/Ad libitum, Crônico/Ad libitum, TN/restrito a Crônico, Cíclico/Ad libitum e TN/restrito a Cíclico). Assim, TN representa a temperatura termoneutra e os grupos TN/restrito a Crônico e TN/restrito a Cíclico receberam a mesma quantidade de ração que Crônico/Ad libitum e Cíclico/Ad libitum, respectivamente. A exposição crônica ao calor afetou o desempenho de frangos de corte com maior intensidade que a exposição cíclica, havendo efeito direto do calor crônico e cíclico. Os coeficientes de metabolização da matéria seca, gordura e a EMAn aumentaram com a idade. Os coeficientes de metabolização dos nutrientes foram diminuídos pela exposição crônica ao calor, havendo efeito direto da temperatura apenas para gordura. A restrição alimentar gerada pelo calor crônico causou aumento da atividade da amilase e redução na atividade da tripsina. A atividade da lipase aumentou devido ao efeito direto do calor crônico. A menor digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi associada à piora do desempenho das aves expostas ao calor crônico, porém não foi relacionada à piora dos índices zootécnicos dos frangos expostos ao calor cíclico. A redução da atividade da tripsina pode estar associada à menor digestibilidade da proteína causada pelo estresse por calor crônico.
Abstract: This work evaluated the effect of the chronic and cyclical heat stress in performance, metabolization of nutrients, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (EMAn) and pancreatic enzymes activity in broiler chickens. 450 chickens, distributed in completely randomized design with 5 groups of temperature/feeding (TN/Ad libitum, Chronic/Ad libitum, TN/Chronic restrict, Cyclical/Ad libitum and TN/Cyclical restrict). Thus, TN represents the thermoneutral temperature and the TN/Chronic restrict and TN/Cyclical restrict had received the same amount from feed that Chronic/Ad libitum and Cyclical/Ad libitum, respectively. The chronic exposition to the heat affected the performance of chickens with bigger intensity that the cyclical exposition, having direct effect of the chronic and cyclical heat. The coefficients of metabolization of dry matter, fat and EMAn had increased with the age. The coefficients of metabolization of nutrients had been decreased by the chronic heat stress, having direct effect of the temperature only for fat. The feed restriction generated by the chronic heat caused increase of amylase activity and reduction in trypsin activity. The lipase activity increased due to direct effect of chronic heat exposure. The lesser metabolization of nutrients was associated with the worsening of the performance of the chronic heat exposed broilers, however it was not related to the worsening of performance of chickens exposed to cyclical heat stress. The reduction of the trypsin activity can be associated to the lesser digestibility of the protein caused for chronic heat stress.
Mestre

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Sales, James. « Nutrient digestibility in South African abalone (Haliotis Midae L.) ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005150.

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The evaluation of potential alternative protein sources for the formulation of least-cost optimal diets to satisfy the nutrient requirements of South African abalone (Haliotis midae) has been hampered by the absence of a suitable, practical, replicable and reliable digestibility technique. A suitable lowcost faeces collection technique was developed in this study to obtain suitable quantities of excreta for analysis from this species. Acid-insoluble ash was identified as a reliable, replicable and safe internal marker in comparison to chromic oxide and crude fibre for use in nutrient digestibility studies with H. midae. This was validated by the consistency and repeatability of the results and by comparison to total collection of faeces. The traditional substitution method used in digestibility studies with fish to evaluate protein digestibility of feed ingredients was found to be unsuitable for H. midae. Apparent protein digestibility values exceeding 100 % derived through this method could be attributed to associative effects between feed ingredients, differential diet and faecal nutrient leaching, and mathematical artifacts in calculations when using substitution versus single protein diets. An ingredient particle size of less than 450 μm in comparison to particle size classes of above 450 μm was shown to enhance nutrient (dry matter, organic matter, protein, fat) digestibility and minimise dry matter leaching from diets. The dietary inclusion level of both pre-gelatinised maize starch and a-cellulose did not influence (P > 0.05) apparent nutrient (protein, fat, fiber, starch) digestibility. Using the above digestibility protocol amino acid availability of all plants ingredients currently used in the South African animal industry was evaluated for H. midae. Soybean meal (96.86 %) and lupins (96.51 %) presented the highest apparent mean amino acid availability of all plant protein ingredients evaluated with H. midae. Canola meal (94.21 %), faba beans (92.87 %) sunflower meal (92.77 %), peanut meal (87.39 %) and cottonseed meal (85.15 %) presented higher apparent mean amino acid availability values than fish meal (82.75 %). Apparent protein digestibility was highly correlated (r = 0.99) with mean apparent amino acid availability, while true amino acid availability was 1.88 % units higher than apparent amino acid availability for all ingredients tested. Predicted apparent protein digestibility in compound diets was within 1.1-6.5 % of determined values. Calcium phosphate mono dibasic presented the lowest (P < 0.05) dietary phosphorus leaching (51.51 % maximum) and highest apparent phosphorus digestibility (66.27 %) in comparison to other inorganic phosphorus sources. Based on the method of direct experimentation to determine the optimal dietary protein level using graded levels of dietary protein 28.1-35.9 % dietary protein from good quality sources is recommended for maximum growth of juvenile H. midae. This study provides a scientifically sound research tool including a faecal collection technique, suitable marker and assay technique that could be use in further studies to improve least-cost diet formulation for H. midae. Future nutritional studies in H. midae should primarily concentrate on reducing dietary nutrient leaching and improving the intake of nutrients in order to properly evaluate responses of this species to different dietary regimes.

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Witten, Stephanie [Verfasser], Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Liebert, Karen [Gutachter] Aulrich et Elke [Gutachter] Pawelzik. « Characterisation of organic cereals and grain legumes as feedstuffs for monogastric animals : Effects of variety and environmental conditions on the contents of crude nutrients, amino acids, thiamine, riboflavin, and in vitro digestibility of crude protein and amino acids / Stephanie Witten ; Gutachter : Karen Aulrich, Elke Pawelzik ; Betreuer : Frank Liebert ». Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1186372648/34.

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Gedi, Mohamed Abdulkadir. « Nutrient composition and digestibility of chloroplast rich fractions from green leaf materials ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43285/.

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Green leaf material is recognized as a good source of many valuable nutrients including vitamins, fatty acids and minerals. Chloroplast-rich-fractions (CRFs) were prepared from green plant species and their nutrient composition compared with the whole leaf materials (WLMs). Digestibility of CRFs from spinach was also compared with the WLM using simulated in vitro oral, stomach and small intestinal conditions. The impact of pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 from guinea pig (gPLRP2) on the hydrolysis of galactolipids compared to neutral lipid, Tributyrin was subsequently determined in vitro. Porcine pancreatic lipase was also used against the same substrates compared to gPLRP2. Furthermore, spinach CRFs and WLMs were fed to zebrafish and the impact of CRFs and WLMs on growth performance and transition of certain compounds into zebrafish body was evaluated. Results indicated that compared with the WLM, the CRFs were enriched in more lipids and fatty acids, and more proteins and amino acids. Spinach CRFs possessed the highest α-tocopherol (62 mg 100 g-1 , dry weight (DW)), β-carotene (336 mg 100 g-1 DW) and lutein (341 mg 100 g-1 DW) contents, whilst grass CRFs had the highest alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) concentration (69.5 mg g-1). Of the minerals, iron was most notably concentrated in CRF. The digestive conditions caused changes in the structure and composition of the material providing some indication of its digestibility and bioaccessibility. Whilst PLRP2 was more active on galactolipids, with moderate reaction against the neutral lipid, pancreatin indicated higher activity on Tributyrin with almost no activity against MGDG. Diets with 10% zebrafish meal reduction improved growth rate with significant reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control. CRFs diets showed greater ALA content and distinct pigmentation of zebrafish egg and flesh due to the CRF carotenoids. Overall, the results indicated that CRF is a potential digestible source of vital nutrients.

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Giacomini, Camila Borba Santos. « Milho segunda safra 2012 : análise do perfil nutricional na composição de dietas para frangos de corte ». Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4362.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The aim was to determine the chemical composition of different corn and evaluate them in diets for broilers. Two experiments were conducted, one for the digestibility of diets with broilers from 1-21 days old in batteries, and other to evaluate the performance of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. The thesis was divided in four chapters, the first was a bibliographic revision, the second and the third to describe the experiments and the fourth to discuss the nutritional value of corn and evaluate which corn was more efficient to feed broilers. In both experiments the treatments were seven diets, each diet with different corn lots (H-14, H-25, H-36, H-47, H-58, H-69 and H-70) from a grain genetics company harvested in second crop of 2012. Water and feed were ad libitum. The raw energy and the chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein, total aminogram, ether extract, starch, amylose, calcium, phosphorus, crude fiber and ash) were analyzed samples of ingredients and the diets. In the experiment I, 560 broilers were distributed Cobb 500, males, in a completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatments and eight replicates of ten birds each. The chicks were housed in batteries. Excreta were collected to analysis of total nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen and phosphorus from 17th to 20th day of age of the birds. At 21 days of age were slaughtered eight birds per replicate, to collect the ileal content to be analyzed, and after calculate the digestibility of gross energy and all nutrients in the diet. In the second trial, were distributed in 2520 broiler Cobb 500, males with 1 day old, in CRD with seven treatments and eight replicates of 45 birds each. The chicks were housed in experimental boxes of 3.61m² compounds of drinker nipple system and a tubular feeder. The feeding program was divided into four phases: initial phase (1 to 21 days of age); growth 1 phase (22 to 28 days); growth 2 phase (29 to 35 days) and final phase (36 to 42 days). The parameters evaluated were: body weight, weight gain, feed intake in each experimental week and feed conversion by weight gain, livability and productive efficiency index in all period. At 42 days old, three birds per replicate were slaughtered pen to evaluate carcass characteristics and weight of liver and heart. In the third article was discussed the results of the chemical and energy corn composition, and the economic analysis by the average cost of diets and feed cost to produce one kg of chicken. The data were submitted to ANOVA and when the P<0.05, the means were compared by Tukey test (5%), using the SAS (2001) program. The ileal digestibility coefficients were statistically similar for each nutrient, and energy of diets. On average 1.09% phosphorus and 5.27% of total nitrogen was excreted by birds, with no significant difference between the corns used. However, the ammoniacal nitrogen had higher concentration in excreta of birds of H-25 and H-70 treatments than in birds of the H-14. In the performance study, there was no difference between treatments on feed intake, livability, breast weight, heart, liver and abdominal fat. The body weight and carcass weight were significantly higher in birds fed H-69 compared to birds fed H-25. The chemical composition of corn was similar to values found in literature to common corn, but the starch content and ether extract were higher than the values found in nutritional tables. The corn influenced in weight gain of birds (P=0.0099), in the cost of consumed diet (P=0.0027) and cost of production by weight gain (P=0.0001). All diets, with different maize studied in this experiment had similar nutrient digestibility weighted excretion of phosphorus and total nitrogen, and may be used in poultry from 1 to 21 days of age. The H-69 corn favored the better bird performance by presenting best productive efficiency index and lower feed conversion than birds of the H-25. This result can be explained by the correction of the diet, which was included in the diet increased oil content with H-69 corn. The H-58 corn was the most efficient in cost:gain, with effects possibly caused by better use of amylose by chickens.
O objetivo foi determinar a composição bromatológica de diferentes grãos de milho e avaliá-los em dietas isonutritivas para frangos de corte. Foram realizados dois experimentos, um para a digestibilidade das dietas com frangos de 1-21 dias de idade em baterias, e outro para avaliar o desempenho dos frangos de 1 a 42 dias de idade. A tese foi dividida em quarto capítulos, o primeiro foi uma revisão bibliográfica, o segundo e o terceiro para descrever os experimentos e o quarto para discutir os valor nutricional dos lotes de milho e determinar qual deles foi mais eficiente para alimentação de frangos de corte. Nos experimentos I e II, os tratamentos experimentais foram compostos por sete dietas isonutritivas, cada dieta com um lote de milho (H-14; H-25; H-36; H-47; H-58; H-69 e H-70) provenientes de uma empresa de genética de grãos colhidos na segunda safra de 2012. A água e ração foram à vontade. Foi analisada a energia bruta e a composição química (matéria seca, proteína bruta, aminograma total, extrato etéreo, amido, amilose, cálcio, fósforo, fibra bruta e matéria mineral) de amostras dos ingredientes e, posteriormente, das dietas da fase inicial. No experimento I, foram distribuídos 560 frangos de corte, machos da linhagem Cobb 500, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com sete tratamentos e oito repetições, de dez aves cada. Os pintinhos foram alojados em sala climatizada em baterias. Do 17º ao 20º dia de idade das aves foram coletadas excretas para análise de nitrogênio total, amoniacal e fósforo. No 21º dia de idade foram abatidas oito aves por repetição, para a coleta do conteúdo ileal posteriormente analisado, para o cálculo dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da energia bruta e de todos os nutrientes analisados na dieta. No experimento II, foram distribuídos 2520 pintos de corte Cobb 500, machos com 1 dia de idade, em DIC com sete tratamentos e oito repetições, com 45 aves cada. Os pintos foram alojados em galpão climatizado, com boxes experimentais de 3,61m² compostos bebedouros do sistema nipple e um comedouro tubular. O programa alimentar foi dividido em quatro fases: fase inicial (1 a 21 dias de idade); fase de crescimento 1 (22 a 28 dias); fase de crescimento 2 (29 a 35 dias) e fase final (36 a 42 dias). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumo de ração a cada semana experimental e a conversão alimentar pelo ganho de peso, viabilidade criatória e o índice de eficiência produtiva em todo período. Aos 42º dias foram abatidas três aves por repetição para avaliação das características da carcaça e peso de fígado e coração. No terceiro artigo, foi discutido os resultados da composição química e energética dos lotes de milho e a análise econômica pelo custo médio das dietas e custo com alimentação para produzir 1 kg de frango. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e quando o P<0,05, as médias foram comparadas por teste de Tukey (5%), através do programa SAS (2001). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal foram semelhantes estatisticamente para cada nutriente, e para a energia das dietas. Em média 1,09% de fósforo e 5,27% de nitrogênio total foram excretados pelas aves, sem diferença significativa entre os grãos de milho utilizados. Porém, o nitrogênio amoniacal teve maior concentração nas excretas das aves dos tratamentos H-25 e H-70 do que nas aves do H-14. No estudo de desempenho, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos sobre o consumo de ração, viabilidade criatória, peso de peito, coração, fígado e gordura abdominal. O peso corporal e de carcaça foram superiores em aves que consumiram H-69 em relação a aves alimentadas com H-25. A composição química dos grãos de milho foi semelhante aos valores encontrados para o milho comum na literatura, sendo que o teor de amido e extrato etéreo foram superiores aos valores médios encontrados em tabelas nutricionais. Os grãos de milho influenciaram no ganho de peso (P=0,0099) das aves e no custo da ração consumida (P=0,0027) e custo de produção por ganho de peso (P=0,0001). Todas as dietas formuladas com os diferentes lotes de milho estudados neste experimento possuem semelhante digestibilidade de nutrientes, excreção ponderada de fósforo e nitrogênio total, podendo ser utilizadas em aves de 1 a 21 dias de idade. O milho H-69 favoreceu o melhor desempenho das aves por apresentar melhor IEP e menor conversão alimentar que aves do H-25. Este resultado pode ser explicado pela correção na EM da dieta, onde foi incluso maior teor de óleo em dieta com milho H-69. O milho H-58 foi o mais eficiente na relação custo:ganho, com efeito possivelmente causado pelo melhor aproveitamento da amilose pelos frangos.

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Gray, Rachel Masterson. « Digestibility of Foods and Anthropogenic Feeding of Black Bears in Virginia ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34726.

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For years, bear hunters have provided an unknown amount of food to black bears (Ursus americanus) in Virginia, supplementing their natural food supply. Possible effects of feeding bears can be negative, such as food conditioning and habituation to people, or positive, such as enhanced or sustained reproductive rates, especially in years of mast crop failure. In July 1999, the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) adopted a regulation recommendation that prohibited the feeding of wildlife on national forest and department-owned lands. We mailed a survey to all members of the Virginia Bear Hunters Association (VBHA, n = 459) to determine the amount of food provided to bears by bear hunters in Virginia between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999. Survey response rate was 52%. One hundred thirteen of 238 (47.5%) survey respondents spent over $18,000 on supplemental food in one year, averaging $163/person. One hundred twenty-eight respondents reported cumulatively providing nearly 3 million kilograms of food to bears between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999. Whole-shelled corn, pastries, and grease accounted for 58% of the total food by weight; however, whole-shelled corn, pastries, and bread were the 3 most common foods offered. Feeding occurred in 25 counties in Virginia, primarily during July, August, and September. Rockingham County had the highest proportion of feeders (47%), followed by Giles (15%), Augusta (14%), Craig (9%) and Montgomery (9%) Counties. Accordingly, Rockingham County received the highest proportion of food (42%), followed by Craig (8%), Giles (7%), Montgomery (6%), and Tazewell (6%) Counties. The low survey response rate, coupled with the fact that 48% of sampled nonrespondents fed bears, suggests that the total amount of annual feeding in Virginia may exceed the total determined during this study. However, the possibility of an avidity bias, in which a higher response by the more avid feeders would erroneously inflate a total estimate extrapolated to include feeding by nonrespondents, cannot be eliminated.

Little work has been done pertaining to digestibilities of black bear foods, particularly those in the eastern United States. We determined digestibilities for several important eastern black bear foods, including northern red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Q. alba), and chestnut oak acorns (Q. prinus), squawroot (Conopholis americana), high-protein dogfood, shelled corn, and doughnuts. All diets were evaluated for nutrient content as well as percent dry matter digestibility of crude protein, ether extract (a measure of fat), and gross energy. Diets we suspected were high in fiber were additionally evaluated for neutral detergent fiber or acid detergent fiber content and digestibility. Feeding trials were conducted with 1 male and 4 female captive bears during fall 1998, and 5 female captive bears during fall 1999, at the Center for Ursid Research, Blacksburg, Virginia. Acorns and squawroot were high in fiber (45-62%) and moderate to low in protein (5-7%). Fat content was high in doughnuts (24.7) and northern red oak acorns (12%), moderate in dogfood (8.2%) and white oak acorns (4.7%), and relatively low in shelled corn, chestnut oak acorns, and squawroot (1.3-3.5%). Crude protein was high in dogfood (29%) and moderate in all other diets (4.7-8.8%). Neutral detergent fiber content was high in squawroot and all acorn types (45-62.4%). Acid detergent fiber was high in squawroot (47%) and moderate in dogfood (9%). In 1998, crude protein digestibility was high in doughnuts (86%), moderate in shelled corn and white oak acorns (50-64%), and negligible in northern red oak acorns (-39%). Ether extract digestibility was high in doughnuts, red oak acorns, and white oak acorns (80-97%), and moderate in shelled corn (67%). Fiber digestibility was tested only on northern red oak and white oak acorns, and was moderate (62% and 68%, respectively). In 1999, crude protein digestibility was high in dogfood, dogfood mixed with squawroot, and doughnuts (75-85%); moderate in shelled corn, squawroot, and white oak acorns (43-58%); and low to negligible in chestnut oak and northern red oak acorns (-13-6%). Ether extract digestibility was moderate in shelled corn (64%) and squawroot (60%), and high in all other diets (79-97%). Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was moderately high in all acorn types (54-71%). Acid detergent fiber digestibility was moderate for dogfood (66%), and associative effects occurred between the fiber in squawroot and dogfood, resulting in negative fiber digestibility in squawroot determined by difference (-19%).

A luxury not always realized in wildlife management is the ability to investigate possible effects of management or policy changes prior to their employment. The amount of food provided to bears by bear hunters in Virginia may have been more substantial than previously believed, and likely provided bears with a high energy, stable food source that supplemented their natural food supply. We did not have the opportunity to study the effects of removing that food source on public lands prior to the regulation change; however, the opportunistic feeding strategy of bears, coupled with sufficient mast production at the time of the regulation change, likely softened any negative effects that may have occurred as a result of the removal of supplemental food as a regular food source for some bears.

Master of Science

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Palmgren, Karlsson Carina. « Nutrient utilization in horses : effect of oat replacement on ration digestibility and metabolic parameters / ». Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5800-5.pdf.

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Karlsson, Carina Palmgren. « Nutrient utilization in horses : effect of oat replacement on ration digestibility and metabolic parameters / ». Uppsala, Sweden : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009767743&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Sverges lantbruksuniversitet, 2001.
Thesis statement in Swedish and English abstract inserted. Based on 4 previously prepared or published papers reprinted here. Includes bibliographical references.

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Hronskiy, Oleksiy. « Grazing Legacy Influence Nutrient Content and Dry Matter Digestibility of Five Reindeer Food Plants ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-174776.

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Herbivores have a significant role in tundra ecosystem composition and processes. They can cause changes of vegetation composition and nutrient content that result in altered palatability of the vegetation and food availability for herbivores. The direct effect of herbivores on plant quality and quantity have been studied in detail, and recent studies have shown that present vegetation composition and soil processes might show legacies of historical grazing a century ago. This raises the question if historical grazing also has a legacy on the palatability of the vegetation. In this study, I investigated if the quality of the vegetation of the Historical Milking Grounds (HMGs) heavily grazed up until a century ago is still under influence a century after the heavy grazing has ceased. I focused on the nitrogen content and digestibility of the vegetation, since these should be two independent measures of food quality which, when evaluated together, should give a good estimate of the quality of the forage.

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Welch, Cassie Marie. « NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND UTILIZATION BY CATTLE CONSUMING COTTON GIN MOTE AS A REPLACEMENT FOR FORAGE ». MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11062008-160559/.

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Two studies were conducted to evaluate cotton gin mote as a forage replacement by determining nutrient digestibility and nitrogen and energy retention. Three diets were used: 0%, 50%, and 100% mote. Dry matter intake was greatest for steers consuming 100% mote. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and energy was least for steers consuming 50% mote and greatest for those consuming 0% mote. Digestibility of NDF and ADF was greatest for steers consuming 0% mote. Fat digestibility was greatest by steers consuming 0% mote and least by steers consuming 100% mote, with those consuming 50% mote being intermediate. Steers consuming 0 and 50% mote retained less protein and energy than those consuming 100% mote. In trial 2, IVDMD of cotton gin mote was evaluated to determine rate of disappearance of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF. The 0% mote diet revealed the greatest rate of disappearance for DM, CP, NDF, and ADF, followed by the 50% and 100% mote diet, respectively.

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Drake, Anthony Philip. « The development of an in vitro system for predicting nutrient digestibility in feeds for pigs ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1990. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU481990.

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The feed industry urgently requires an in vitro system for routine evaluation of the nutrient digestibility of a wide range of feedstuffs. The aim of this project was to ascertain the critical elements of the digestive system for the development of an in vitro simulation of protein and carbohydrate digestion to the terminal ileum and of carbohydrate fermentation in the hindgut. Standard ileal (using T-cannulated pigs) and whole gut digestibility data were obtained for soyabean, rape seed and sunflower seed meals, maize and wheat. Significant microbial activity was measured proximal to the caecum but an estimation of its effect on the availablility of nutrients was inconclusive. The in vitro system was developed by examining the digestive potential of individual enzymic stages of digestion and building up a simulation with the least number of elements necessary. Dialysis was used as a method of separating the products of digestion from the undigested remains. The crude protein digestibility of soyabean and rapeseed meal and the lysine digestibility of rapeseed meal were significantly affected by the molecular weight cut-off of the dialysis membrane. In the case of the cereals the presence of starch, variation in particle size and the fact that the storage protein was relatively inaccessible to enzyme action necessitated the inclusion of a high temperature amylase predigestion to the in vitro system. The measurement of crude protein digestibility after 12 hours dialysis (X) compared with apparent crude protein digestibility (Y) and true crude protein digestibility (Y) gave the linear regression equationsY = 0.022980 + 0.915562X (r = 0.878)Y = 0.0229635 + 0.701886X (r = 0.790) respectively. The prediction of essential amino acid digestibility was poor. The best correlation coefficients were obtained after 13 hours dialysis for apparent (r = 0.144) and true (r = 0.229) essential amino acid digestibility. Preliminary work is presented concerning the development of an assay to simulate hindgut fermentation.

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Andersson, Sara. « Nutrient cycling by the herbivorous insect Chrysomela tremulae : Nutrient content in leaves and frass and measurements of ingestion, egestion and exuviation rates ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125632.

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Insect herbivory on forest canopies strongly affects ecosystem nutrient cycling and availability in a variety of ways, e.g. by changing the quantity, quality and timing of nutrient input to forest soils. A qualitative method for measurements of ingestion, egestion and exuviation rates of the insect Chrysomela tremulae on leaves of the hybrid Populus tremula x tremuloides were tested in this study with the aim to detect differences in relative nutrient cycling efficiencies. The assimilation efficiency (AD), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) increased from 1st, through 2nd and 3rd instar larvae with generally higher efficiencies for nitrogen than carbon. Effects on nutrient limitations for the insect were also tested by increasing the C:N ratio of insect diet. A carbohydrate solution was painted onto leaves which resulted in a significant increase in C:N (p<0.0001). This lead to a trend of lengthened developmental time for each ontogenetic stage, as well as higher ingestion rate and lower egestion- and exuviation rates. However, a different method of increasing the C:N ratio is recommended in future experiments since the leaves never truly absorbed the solution.

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Li, Yong. « Effect of a new multi-enzyme preparation on performance and nutrient digestibility of early-weaned pigs ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0011/MQ53177.pdf.

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Van, Wyk Anna Maria. « Digesta markers for evaluating the effect of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility in beef feedlot cattle ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/63348.

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The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) stated that it is vital to intensify animal and feed production in a sustainable manner. Producers are therefore increasing focus on methods to improve production efficiency. The use of exogenous enzymes in ruminant diets can improve production efficiency while also reducing waste products, thereby contributing to more sustainable food production. There are many combinations of enzymes that first have to be screened through in vitro methods, thereby selecting a number of enzyme combinations with the highest potential effectiveness. Ultimately, however, the best combinations need to be validated using in vivo digestibility studies. Ruminants, in general, have variable responses to supplementation with exogenous enzymes and the animal response to different enzymes can be influenced by the type of enzyme or combinations used as well as the experimental conditions. The in vivo validation of prototype enzymes by means of digestibility studies is therefore of utmost importance before commercialisation of a product. To measure total tract digestibility the total faecal collection method is normally used. Total faecal collection is, however, labour intensive because all the faeces produced in a period of time must be collected and the animals must be confined to individual housing which may disturb the animals. Marker-based methods are less labour intensive are an attractive alternative to the total faecal collection technique. Before any marker can be used in digestibility studies, it should be validated to confirm the suitability of the specific marker in a specific diet. The aim of this study was first to evaluate the effect of different enzyme prototypes on feedlot diet digestibility and secondly to validate different markers as an alternative to total faecal collection in digestibility studies using high maize feedlot diets. Six ruminally cannulated steers were used to evaluate the apparent total tract nutrient digestibility using two different enzyme prototypes against a control diet. The steers were fed twice daily and received either the control diet or a control diet supplemented with either enzyme A or enzyme B. Three different markers, chromic (III) oxide (Cr2O3), acid insoluble ash (AIA) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were validated against total faecal collection to determine which marker is most suitable in digestibility studies for feedlot diets containing high levels of maize (60%) and low levels of roughage (20%). The mean apparent total tract digestibility (TTD) for dry matter (DM), starch and crude protein (CP) showed no difference (P>0.05) between the control diet and diets supplemented with enzyme A or enzyme B. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility did show a difference (P<0.05) between the control diet and the diet supplemented with enzyme B. However there were no differences (P>0.05) between the control diet and the diet supplemented with enzyme A or between the two diets supplemented with the enzymes A and B. Acid insoluble ash and Cr2O3 showed no difference (P>0.05) between treatments in its ability to predict digestibility when compared to total faecal collection. Acid detergent lignin predictions differed (P<0.05) from total collection and is probably unsuitable to be used as a marker in high maize feedlot diets. The use of enzymes containing xylanase, amylase and protease had no effect on nutrient total tract digestibility in our study; however, the enzyme-containing xylanase and β-glucanase had an effect on apparent total tract NDF digestibility. Both AIA and Cr2O3 can be used as markers to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestibilities in feedlot diets with a high maize content based on a comparison with the total faecal collection. Acid detergent lignin appears to be a poor marker in high concentrate feedlot diets due to the low ADL content of the diet.
Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
MSc (Agric)
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LOPES, Levi Auto. « Feno de alfafa em substituição ao feno de tifton em dietas para cabras leiteiras ». Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6810.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This study aimed to evaluate the substitution of Tifton hay for alfalfa hay in diets forage cactus to Saanen lactating goats on intake and digestibility of nutrients, milk production and composition, feeding behavior and blood parameters. The treatments consisted of increasing levels (0, 33, 67 and 100%) of alfalfa hay replacing Tifton hay in dry matter basis. 12 dairy goats were used, with a live weight of 45 kg and average production of 3.0 kg milk / day in three 4x4 Latin square. The results were submitted to variance and regression analysis with 5% significance level, through the SAS GML procedure. The dry matter intake, as expressed in g / day, increased linearly as a function of hay replacement levels of Tifton by alfalfa hay, followed the same behavior nutrients: crude protein; ether extract; organic matter; total carbohydrates; non-fibrous carbohydrates and water consumption via food and water total consumption. The fiber intake of neutral detergent in grams / day showed a quadratic behavior. The replacement of Tifton hay by alfalfa hay did not influence the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates and non-fibrous carbohydrates. For all blood parameters evaluated, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin and glucose no influence of hay replacement levels of Tifton by alfalfa hay for the variables observed before or after feeding. The feeding behavior in all the studied variables did not influence the treatments. With the replacement of Tifton hay by alfalfa hay, there were no effects on milk production and composition, as well as for feed efficiency. The replacement of Tifton hay by alfalfa hay in diets for lactating goats, when is 30% dry matter, increases dry matter intake and other nutrients, however, did not affect the digestibility, blood parameters and feeding behavior, and order does not improve milk production and composition.
Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição do feno de capim tifton por feno de alfafa em dietas à base de palma forrageira para cabras Saanen em lactação sobre o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite, comportamento ingestivo e parâmetros sanguíneos. Os tratamentos consistiram de níveis crescentes (0; 33; 67 e 100%) de feno de alfafa em substituição ao feno de tifton, na base da matéria seca. Foram utilizadas 12 cabras leiteiras, com peso vivo de 45 kg e nível médio de produção de 3,0 kg leite/dia, em três quadrados latinos simultâneos 4x4. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a análises de variância e regressão com nível de significância de 5%, através do procedimento GML do SAS. O consumo de matéria seca, na forma expressa em g/dia, apresentou aumento linear em função dos níveis de substituição do feno de tifton pelo feno de alfafa, seguido o mesmo comportamento os nutrientes: proteína bruta; extrato etéreo; matéria orgânica; carboidratos totais; carboidratos não fibrosos e consumo de água via alimentos e de água consumo total. O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro, expresso em gramas/dia, apresentou comportamento quadrático. A substituição do feno de tifton pelo feno de alfafa não influenciou a digestibilidade aparente de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos totais e carboidratos não fibrosos. Para todos os parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados, ureia, creatinina, proteínas totais, albumina e glicose não houve influência dos níveis de substituição do feno de tifton pelo feno de alfafa para nenhuma das variáveis observadas, antes ou após a alimentação. O comportamento ingestivo em todas as variáveis estudadas não teve influência dos tratamentos. Com a substituição do feno de tifton pelo feno de alfafa, não foram observados efeitos sobre produção e composição do leite, como também para a eficiência alimentar. A substituição do feno de tifton pelo feno de alfafa em dietas para cabras em lactação, quando representa 30% da matéria seca, aumentam o consumo de matéria seca e demais nutrientes, entretanto, não interfere na digestibilidade, parâmetros sanguíneos e comportamento ingestivo, e por fim não melhora a produção e composição do leite.

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Liermann, Wendy [Verfasser]. « Intensity of feed processing : influence on nutrient digestibility, performance and health of growing-finishing pigs / Wendy Liermann ». Halle, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1147758093/34.

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35

Pires, Alexandre Vaz. « Effects of different dietary fat and protein sources on nutrient digestibility and production performance by lactating cows / ». The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487858106115097.

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SILVA, Elizabel Oliveira. « Utilização de ingredientes vegetais em substituição da proteína animal, em rações para o camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) ». Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2006. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6282.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The objective of that work was to determine the coefficient of apparent digestibility of the dry matter ando f the crude protein and the apparent digestibility corrected by leaching of the dry matter, being used ration with vegetable ingredients in substitution of the animal protein in complete diets for the shrimp sea L. vannamei (Boone, 1931). The experiment was accomplished in the Station of Aquaculture in UFRPE. It was used juvenile shrimps of the species L vannamei, with weight medium initial of 4 + 1,5g, originated Farm Costa Dourada – PE. The animals were housed in 16 glass aquariums (60x40x50 cm), with 6 animals for aquarium. The experimental diets will consist of four rations with different levels of vegetable protein (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%) in substitution the fish flour. The experimental design used was allocated in with four treatments and four repetition. It was not verified of the substitution of the animal protein on the apparent digestibility of the protein (94, 91; 96, 20; 93, 33; 92, 48%) and dry matter (93, 33; 95, 30; 92, 25; 90, 92%) as well as in the apparent digestibility corrected by leaching of the dry matter ( 93,36; 95, 06; 91, 46; 90, 64%) of the experimental diets, respectively.
O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da proteína bruta e a digestibilidade aparente corrigida por lixiviação da matéria seca, utilizando-se ração com ingredientes vegetais em substituição da proteína animal em dietas completas para o camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). O experimento foi realizado na Estação de Aqüicultura da UFRPE. Utilizou-se camarões juvenis da espécie Litopenaeus vannamei, com peso médio inicial de 4 ± 1,5g, provenientes da Fazenda Costa Durada – PE. Os animais foram alojados em 16 aquários de vidros (60x40x50 cm), com 6 animais por aquário. AS dietas experimentais consistirão de quatro rações com diferentes níveis de proteína vegetal (0%, 25%, 50% e 75%) em substituição a farinha de peixe. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Não foi verificado influencia da substituição da proteína animal sobre a digestibilidade aparente da proteína (94, 91; 96, 20; 93, 33; 92,48%) e matéria seca (93, 33; 95, 30; 92, 25; 90, 92%) bem como na digestibilidade aparente corrigida por lixiviação da matéria seca (93, 36; 95,06; 91, 46; 90, 64%) das dietas experimental, respectivamente.

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Escobar, Carlos Santiago. « EFFECT OF FEEDING A BLEND OF NATURALLY-CONTAMINATED CORN ON NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND FEED PREFERENCE IN WEANLING PIGS ». UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/8.

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Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feeding diets with a 2009 and 2010 naturally-contaminated corn to weaning pigs. For both experiments three diets were blended to contain 100% 2010 naturally-contaminated corn (control), 50-50% blend of the 2009 naturally-contaminated corn and 2010 corn (Diet 2), and 100% 2009 naturally-contaminated corn (Diet 3). In Exp. 1, 24 crossbred pigs with an average body weight of 7.64 ± 0.70 kg were allotted to 4 replicates of 3 treatments with 2 pigs per pen, on the basis of gender, litter mate, and BW in a randomized complete block design. Fecal and urine samples were collected and dry matter, energy, and nitrogen apparent digestibility were determined. Dry matter, energy, and nitrogen digestibility were not affected by either Diet 3 or Diet 2 compared to the control diet. In Exp. 2, 30 crossbred pigs with an average body weight of 7.98 ± 1.15 kg were allotted to 3 replicates of 2 comparisons with 5 pigs per pen. Comparisons consisted of: 1) Control vs Diet 3, and 2) Control vs Diet 2. Two feeders were located in each pen containing one of the two diets. Feed preference and growth performance were determined. A preference for the feed containing 2010 corn feed was observed; pigs showed the ability to discriminate mycotoxin-contaminated feed (95.34 vs. 4.66%; P< 0.01). Nutrient digestibility was not affected by these diets, but a clear decrease in feed intake was observed in the pigs.

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Kim, Daeyoon. « Effect of Feeding a Viable Yeast Culture With or Without Aspergillus Oryzae on Milk Production, Apparent Nutrient Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation and Nutrient Degradability in Holstein Cows ». DigitalCommons@USU, 1992. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4071.

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Twenty-four early to midlactation Holstein cows were allocated to one of three treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) basal ration plus 60 g wheat bran per day per head (control); 2) basal ration plus 57 g yeast culture per day per head; 3) basal ration plus 57 g yeast culture plus 3 g Aspergillus oryzae per day per head. Feed intake and milk yield were recoreded daily and milk composition and body weights were recorded weekly. Feed and fecal samples were recorded weekly. Feed and fecal samples were collected to determine apparent nutrient digestibility. No statistical difference was observed in milk yield among treatments. Percent fat, protein, and solid non fat of milk samples for the control fed group was significantly higher than the other treatment groups. Apparent crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities for cows fed the fungal culture treatments were significantly higher. Six rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of three treatments in a 3x3 replicated Latin square design. Rumen pH was significantly lower for cows fed treatment two. Total volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen concentration were higher for cows fed treatment two. Three rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were assigned one of three treatments in a 3x3 Latin square design for an in situ study. Approximately 15 g of grass hay, low quality alfalfa, and high quality alfalfa were sealed in nylon bags and put into the rumen. Samples were analyzed for dry matter, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein. Regardless of substrate used, dry matter disappearance was lower for control. Regardless of treatment ration fed, high quality alfalfa as a substrate was significantly higher in dry matter disappearance.

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Rhein-Welker, Deanna. « Performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs as influenced by yeast culture, whey, and fiber additions to starter diets ». Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07292009-090510/.

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Yang, Yang. « Effects of Feeding Hulless Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Supplementing a Fibrolytic Enzyme on Production Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Milk Fatty Acid Composition of Lactating Dairy Cows ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85794.

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The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding hulless barley and supplementing a xylanase enzyme on production performance and nutrient utilization of lactating dairy cows. In study 1, we evaluated production performance, milk fatty acid composition, and nutrient digestibility in high-producing dairy cows consuming diets containing corn and hulless barley in different proportions as the grain source. We hypothesized that a plausible reduction in production performance would be explained by an altered rumen function, which would be reflected in a reduction of the proportion of de novo fatty acids in milk fat. The inclusion of hulless barley grain as the energy source in diets for lactating dairy cows resulted in similar production performance and nutrient utilization as corn grain. We concluded that hulless barley is as good as corn grain as an energy source and increasing NDF concentration in hulless barley-based diet is not necessary. In study 2, we evaluated production performance, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid composition of high-producing dairy cows consuming diets containing hulled or hulless barley as the grain source. We hypothesized that rumen function is altered when cows are fed low-forage diets containing barley grains, and this altered rumen function would be reflected in lower production performance and a reduction of fatty acids synthesis in the mammary gland. Contrary to our expectations, feeding hulled barley or hulless barely based diets with different forage to concentrate ratios to lactating dairy cows resulted in similar production performance and nutrient utilization. We concluded that both hulled or hulless barley grains are good energy sources for sustaining high milk production and there is no need to increase NDF concentration in diet when using barley grain as the grain source. In study 3, we evaluated the effects of supplementing a xylanase enzyme on production performance and nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows fed diets containing corn or sorghum silage as the forage source. We hypothesized that supplementing a xylanase enzyme product in diets containing corn or sorghum silage increases NDF digestibility, and production performance of lactating dairy cows would also be improved due to enhanced fiber digestion. Supplementation of xylanase for 19 d did not affect cow performance and nutrient utilization. Supplementation of xylanase may require a longer period of time to show any response in production performance and nutrient digestibility. We concluded that supplementing xylanase to cows fed corn or sorghum silage-based diets did not improve fiber digestion. But for feeding hulled or hulless barley grains to lactating dairy cows, increased NDF concentration in diets is not necessary and hulless barley is good as corn grain for feeding lactating dairy cows as the grain source.
Ph. D.

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SOARES, Luciana Felizardo Pereira. « Avaliação de indicadores e metodologia de coleta para estimativa da digestibilidade de nutrientes em bubalinos ». Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6812.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Dry fecal matter production has been estimated from neutral detergent indicators on indigestible fiber (iNDF), acid detergent fiber (iADF), indigestible dry matter (DMi), that were incubated for 144 hours and 288 hours, as well as chromium oxide (Cr2O3) and purified isolated lignin and enriched (LIPE®) in two sampling schemes (3 and 5 days) on buffaloes. Five geldings animals were used with average weight of 300 kg and feed with Cameroon grass(Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher). The experimental design was completely randomized (splitplot). The production of fecal dry matter (PFDM) was overestimated using Cr2O3, iADF 144 h, iNDF 144 h, iNDF 288 h and MSi144, while the iADF 288 h, DMi 288 h and LIPE® do not differ from the total sampling. The same result was observed for dry matter digestibility (DMD). When comparing sampling periods (3 or 5 days) no differences were found to DMS and PFDM, which demonstrate that the sampling period of 3 dayscan be used to estimate the production of dry fecal matter. The use of LIPE®, iADF and DMi as indicators (the last incubated for 288 h on rumen) are more adequate for the dry fecal matter estimation, as the digestibility determination of nutrients using a three-day fecal sampling strategy.
Foi estimada a produção de matéria seca fecal, obtida por meio dos indicadores fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi), fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) e matéria seca indigestível (MSi), incubados in situ durante 144 horas e 288 horas, bem como por óxido de cromo (Cr2O3) e lignina isolada purificada e enriquecida (LIPE®) em dois esquemas de coleta (3 e 5 dias), em bubalinos. Foram utilizados cinco animais castrados com peso médio de 300 kg alimentados com capim elefante cv Cameroon (Pennisetum purpureum Shumacher). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em parcela subdividida. A produção de matéria seca fecal (PMSF) foi superestimada quando se utilizou Cr2O3, FDAi 144 h, FDNi 144 h, FDNi 288 h e MSi144 h, enquanto que a FDAi 288 h, MSi 288 h e LIPE® não diferiram da coleta total. O mesmo resultado foi observado para a digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS). Quando se comparou os períodos de coleta (3 ou 5 dias), não houve diferença para a PMSF e DMS, demonstrando assim que o período de coleta detrês dias pode ser utilizado para estimar a produção de matéria seca fecal em bubalinos. O emprego da LIPE®, FDAi e MSi como indicadores, os últimos incubados por 288h no rúmen, são os mais adequados para estimativa da produção de matéria seca fecal, e consequente determinação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes, usando-se três dias de coleta de fezes.

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Feddern, Vivian. « Influência da composição e da fermentação na biodisponibilização de nutrientes em multimisturas ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2007. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2687.

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Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2007.
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As misturas à base de farelo de cereais, popularmente denominadas de multimisturas, vêm se destacando no combate a desnutrição infantil em comunidades de baixa renda, por serem um suplemento de baixo custo e por aportarem nutrientes como minerais, vitaminas e proteínas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a biodisponibilização de nutrientes em multimisturas através da alteração da composição e de um processo fermentativo. Para tal, foi realizada a caracterização físico-química e nutricional dos farelos de arroz fermentado e não fermentado e foram também elaboradas, caracterizadas físico-química e nutricionalmente e avaliadas biologicamente oito multimisturas que diferiram quanto ao tipo de farelo (trigo ou arroz); presença ou ausência de pó de folha de mandioca; submetidos ou não a processo fermentativo em estado sólido com Saccharomyces cerevisiae durante 6h a 30ºC. As multimisturas foram peletizadas constituindo as dietas que foram administradas em ratas da cepa Wistar/UFPEL, avaliadas pelo coeficiente de eficiência alimentar, razão de eficiência protéica, razão de eficiência líquida protéica e digestibilidades in vivo aparente e verdadeira. Foram realizados ainda testes bioquímicos como determinação de glicose sanguínea e cálcio plasmático nas ratas. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a fermentação do farelo de arroz ocasionou uma diminuição nos valores de pH, metionina disponível e carboidratos, proporcionando um aumento da acidez, dos açúcares redutores, cinzas e fibras. Os teores de cálcio, proteína e lipídios não foram alterados. As multimisturas com farelo de arroz apresentaram médias dos teores de lipídios (18,1%), cinzas (14,1%), fibras (7,8%), acidez (3,1%), digestibilidade in vitro (80,8%) mais elevadas do que as multimisturas com farelo de trigo, as quais, por sua vez, apresentaram teores de proteínas (14,5%), carboidratos (68,9%) e pH (7,8) maiores que as com farelo de arroz. A fermentação, em algumas multimisturas, ocasionou aumento nos conteúdos de proteínas, minerais, fibras e acidez, porém uma diminuição dos carboidratos, metionina disponível e pH. Com relação aos efeitos biológicos, a fermentação ocasionou aumento no coeficiente de eficácia alimentar na maioria das multimisturas, não influenciando o quociente de eficiência protéica, o quociente de eficiência líquida protéica, a digestibilidade in vivo ou in vitro, a glicemia e o cálcio plasmático. A presença da folha de mandioca não influenciou na composição físico-química das multimisturas, mas tendeu a apresentar melhores coeficientes de eficácia alimentar que as demais multimisturas. As multimisturas contendo farelo de trigo apresentaram valores de digestibilidade in vivo superiores às multimisturas com farelo de arroz.
The mixtures based on cereal brans, popularly denominated “multimisturas”, are standing out to combat infantile malnutrition in communities of low income, by being a low cost supplement and for containing nutrients, such as minerals, vitamins and proteins. In virtue of existence controversies on the real nutritional value of the “multimisturas”, this work aimed at evaluating the bioavailability of nutrients in “multimisturas” by altering the formulation and a fermentative process. Therefore, it was made the physical-chemical and nutritional characterization of fermented and not fermented rice bran, and it was also elaborated, characterized physical-chemical and nutritionally and biologically evaluated eight “multimisturas”, which differed from each other by the source of bran (rice or wheat bran), presence or not of cassava leaf powder and being or not submitted to a solid-state fermentation process with Saccharomyces cerevisiae during 6h at 30ºC. The “multimisturas” were manually made in pellets, constituting the diets, which were administered in female Wistar/UFPEL rats. The diets were evaluated by Food Efficiency Ratio (FER), Net Protein Ratio (NPR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and apparent and true in vivo digestibility. Biochemical tests as the blood glucose determination and plasmatic calcium in female Wistar/UFPEL rats were also realized. The results allowed concluding that the fermentation of the rice bran caused a decrease on pH, available methionine and carbohydrates, providing an increase of the acidity, reducing sugars, ashes and fibers. Calcium, protein and lipids contents were not altered. The “multimisturas” with rice bran presented averages of lipids (18,1%), ashes (14,1%), fibers (7,8%), acidity (3,1%), in vitro availability (80,8%) higher than the “multimisturas” with wheat bran, which presented proteins (14,5%), carbohydrates (68,9%) and pH (7,8) values higher than the “multimisturas” with rice bran. In some “multimisturas”, the fermentation caused an increase in proteins, fibers, acidity, but a decrease in carbohydrates, available methionine and pH. With relationship to the biological effects, the fermentation caused a FER increase in most of the “multimisturas”, not influencing PER, NPR, in vivo or in vitro digestibility, glycemia and plasmatic calcium. The presence of cassava leaf, didn't influence the physical-chemical composition of multimisturas, but it tended to present better FER that the other ones. The “multimisturas” containing wheat bran presented higher values of in vivo digestibility than those with rice bran.

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Cromer, Elaina. « A Comparative Analysis of the Nutrient Composition and Digestibility of California Perennial and Annual Grasses at Four Stages of Growth ». DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1787.

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Beef products represent the fourth largest agricultural commodity in the state of California, valuing more than $3 billion from 2013 to 2015 (CDFA, 2016) and procure 90% of the income for the range livestock industry (FRAP, 2003). Forages found on California’s coastal, desert, foothill, and mountain ranges are the basis of the state’s beef cattle industry. Understanding their nutritional quality of these forages is important for their effective use (George et al., 2001a; Waterman et al., 2014). The objectives of this research were to investigate the nutritional characteristics, and in situ digestbilities in Angus beef cattle, of common California annual and perennial grasses: wild oats (Avena barbata and Avena fatua), soft chess (Bromus hordeaceous), filaree (Erodium botrys), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus), creeping wildrye (Leymus tritichoides), melic (Melica californica, Melica imperfecta, Melica torreyana), foothill needlegrass (Nasella lepida), purple needlegrass (Nasella pulchra). Nutritional composition as a percentage of dry matter (crude protein, CP; neutral detergent fiber, NDF; acid detergent fiber, ADF; and acid detergent lignin, ADL) and digestibilities were compared at four growth stages: late vegetative (LV), early reproductive (ER), late reproductive (LR), and dry (D). Plant samples were collected in San Luis Obispo County, CA. Crude protein concentrations decreased, and fiber concentrations increased, with maturity (P ≤ 0.05). Perennial grasses contained more NDF and ADF than annual grasses, across all growth stages (P ≤ 0.05). Annual grasses were significantly higher than perennials in dry matter digestibility (%DMD) at the 48 h incubation, when averaged across all growth stages (P ≤ 0.05); and at the LR and D stages, when averaged across all incubation periods (P ≤ 0.05). Within the annual grasses, %DMD was similar between ER, LR, and D stages. Within the perennial grasses, %DMD was similar between the LR and D stages (P ≤ 0.05).

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Wallace, Janielle L. « Potential of exogenous enzymes in low fish meal diets to improve nutrient digestibility and sustainability of farmed tilapia in Thailand ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24004.

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Intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems are dependent on nutrient input either in the form of supplemental or complete feeds. Most complete diets still include high fish meal (FM) levels (≥10%). However, as the industry attempts to reduce its reliance on FM, feeds must now be formulated with much lower levels especially for omnivorous species such as tilapia. By 2015, mean FM inclusion in tilapia diets was projected to fall below 3% and be further reduced to 1% by 2020. In the global context of competition for crops, finding suitable plant-based replacers for FM and meeting the increasing demand for seafood, lower-cost and under-utilised plant feedstuffs are now receiving greater attention. The study was divided into three distinct components – field survey, growth experiments, and life cycle assessment. Field surveys were used to contextualise the growth experiments and assess commercialisation opportunities for multi-enzyme inclusion in tilapia feeds. Two sets of digestibility and growth experiments were designed to evaluate the feasibility of using high inclusions of plant-based ingredients sourced from locally available feedstuffs in Thailand to substitute FM at low inclusion levels (0 – 5%). The research evaluated the hypothesis regarding the potential of exogenous enzymes (protease, xylanase and phytase) to minimize anti-nutritional effects on nutrient digestibility of proteins, polysaccharides and phosphorus in tilapia. The research also assessed the secondary effects of enzyme supplementation on economic efficiency and life cycle environmental impacts. Tilapia is the second most cultured finfish globally and Thailand is the sixth largest producer. Based on the findings of the field survey, feeding practices of Thai tilapia farmers were confirmed to be diverse. Feed inputs included, but were not limited to, agro-industrial by-products (e.g. rice bran, corn bran etc.) and commercial diets. Commercial diets contained 15 – 30% crude protein and lower protein livestock diets (i.e. pig ration) were often used for supplemental feeding or “fattening”. The experimental low FM diets were therefore formulated as grow-out or “fattening” diets for semi-intensive green-water systems, a prominent feature (>60%) of Thai tilapia farming. In Phase 1, the digestibility experiment assessed the digestibility and growth in tilapia fed 0%, 3% and 5% FM diets with and without xylanase (0.385 g kg-1) and phytase (0.075 g kg-1). Performance decreased significantly with declining FM levels. No differences in feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain were observed between the enzyme and control diets. Nevertheless, tilapia fed the enzyme supplemented 3% FM and control 5% FM performed similarly (P < 0.05). No enzyme-related effects were noticed for protein digestibility but phosphorus (P) digestibility improved by 9%, except at 0% FM level (P > 0.05). The enzymes had no apparent influence on nitrogen (N) retention contrary to previous studies, however, higher retention for P was observed. Villus length decreased with declining FM levels yet no improvements were seen in tilapia fed enzyme diets. In a simultaneous grow-out experiment, the six experimental diets were compared to an industry 10% FM standard. Conversion ratio was the lowest (1.66) in adult tilapia fed 10% FM diet however the enzyme supplemented 0% FM fed fish had a comparatively low FCR of 1.67. There were no significant enzyme-related effects on weight gain¸ SGR and protein efficiency. Proximal villi results were inconsistent. The cost of feed decreased with declining FM levels but increased with enzyme inclusion. Nevertheless, the economic returns per kg of whole fish produced were better using enzyme supplemented diets compared to the controls. Though the size of the effects on growth and nutrient utilisation were modest, the findings suggested that xylanase and phytase had some level of synergistic action on the targeted anti-nutrients. However, further research was required. In Phase 2, two control diets (2% FM, negative control (NC) and 10% FM, positive control (PC)) were compared with three enzyme supplemented 2% FM diets (NO-PRO, 0.385 g kg-1 xylanase and 0.075 g kg-1 phytase only; LO-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.2 g kg-1 protease and HI-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.4 g kg-1 PRO). Growth performances improved with enzyme supplementation compared to the NC (P < 0.05). Of the enzyme supplemented diets, the LO-PRO diet showed the highest improvements in weight gain (26%) and feed intake (19%), the latter comparing statistically to the 10% FM PC diet. The HI-PRO diet had the best FCR (1.88), again comparable to the PC (1.73). The NO-PRO diet had the highest protein, P, lipid and energy digestibility, suggesting no additive effect of protease on these coefficients. In terms of gut histomorphology, the LO-PRO and PC diets had the highest measurements and were statistically similar which may have explained similarities in feed intake. Compared to the NC, the HI-PRO diet produced the highest level of change in net profit due to gains in feeding efficiency however, the LO-PRO showed better improvements in terms of growth. Based on these findings, the ternary combination of protease with xylanase and phytase (LOPRO) has potential in limiting FM use for tilapia grow-out feeds, however, the economic efficiencies were still below that of a 10% FM diet. Future considerations for research should target the indigestible dietary components in order to optimise enzyme dosages and maximise the benefits of each enzymes. In conclusion, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental impacts of low FM diets and commercial feeds associated with tilapia production in Thailand. The study showed that the low FM enzyme supplemented diets had lower impact potentials and were environmental superior to the average (10% FM) commercial standard. LCA modules are recommended for least-cost formulation programmes as an option going forward. Additionally, LCA can be used as a predictive tool to guide farmers, especially small-scale producers, on the potential impacts of feed input choices and feeding practices. This will ensure higher product quality but also demonstrate environmental responsibility on the part of aquafeed and fish producers to final seafood consumers.

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Oliveira, Michele Cristina de Camargo [UNESP]. « Selênio e mucosa intestinal e cozimento do amido, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e produtos de fermentação nas fezes de cães ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141945.

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Este trabalho incluiu um estudo sobre os efeitos da adição de selênio em dietas secas extrusadas na mucosa intestinal de cães. Utilizou-se uma única formulação para produzir cinco dietas sendo uma dieta controle com adição de 0,13ppm de selenito de sódio, uma segunda dieta com 0,33ppm de selênio levedura, outra com 0,66ppm de selênio levedura, a quarta contendo 0,99ppm de selênio levedura e a quinta com 0,66ppm de selenito de sódio. Foram utilizados 30 cães em três blocos de 10 cães e cada período teve duração de 210 dias incluindo adaptação e fase experimental. Ao final de cada período foram coletadas amostras de mucosa do trato gastrintestinal por endoscopia e colonoscopia para avaliação. Um segundo estudo avaliou o efeito da gelatinização do amido na digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, produção de fezes e produtos de fermentação de cães alimentados com dietas extrusadas incluindo dois estudos. No estudo 1 uma mesma formulação foi processada de quatro maneiras diferentes resultando em três dietas extrusadas com moagens de 0.5, 1.8 e 2.0 mm e uma dieta peletizada com moagem de 1.8mm com diferentes graus de gelatinização. Foram utilizados 24 cães, seis por tratamento e avaliou-se a digestibilidade e os produtos de fermentação. No estudo 2 foi utilizada uma base de dados publicados e a digestibilidade de dietas preparadas para construir regressões polinomiais entre o grau de gelatinização do amido e a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. No primeiro estudo a análise histológica demonstrou diferença significativa com a dieta suplementada com selênio orgânico 0,66ppm comparado com as dietas suplementadas com selênio orgânico 0,33ppm e 0,99ppm. Não houve diferença entre as dietas suplementadas e a dieta controle. É possível que a suplementação de selênio possa trazer benefícios a saúde intestinal. No estudo 1 do segundo estudo houve aumento linear da proteína bruta (p<0.002), e aumento quadrático da digestibilidade do amido (p<0.001) seguindo o aumento da gelatinização do amido das dietas. As concentrações fecais de acetato, propionato, butirato, ácido valérico e isobutírico reduziram linearmente enquanto o lactato reduziu quadraticamente com aumento da gelatinização do amido (p<0.001). No estudo 2 a digestibilidade da matéria orgânica (R2 de 0,63 a 0,26), proteína bruta (R2 de 0,91 a 0,26), amido ou extrativos não nitrogenados (R2 de 0,95 a 0,23), e gordura (R2 d 0,84 a 0,46) aumentou com a maior gelatinização do amido (p<0.05). A digestibilidade da proteína parece ser mais influenciada pela gelatinização do amido. A gelatinização do amido entre 83% a 87% parece ser capaz de maximizar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes.
This work included a study on the effects of the addition of selenium in extruded dry diets in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. It was used a single formulation to produce five diets and a control diet with the addition of 0,13ppm sodium selenite, a second diet with selenium yeast of 0,33ppm, another diet with 0,66ppm selenium yeast, the fourth diet containing 0, 99ppm of selenium yeast and the fifth with 0,66ppm sodium selenite. It was used a total of 30 dogs in three blocks of 10 dogs and each period lasted 210 days including adaptation and experimental phase. At the end of each period mucosa samples were collected from the gastrointestinal tract by endoscopy and colonoscopy for evaluation. A second study evaluated the effect of starch gelatinization in the apparent digestibility of nutrients, production of feces and dog fermentation products fed extruded diets including two studies. In Study 1 the same formulation was processed in four different ways, resulting in three extruded diets of grindings 0.5, 1.8 and 2.0 mm and a pelleted diet with grinding of 1.8mm with different degrees of gelatinization. Twenty-four dogs were used, six dogs per treatment and digestibility and fermentation products were evaluated. In the second study it was used a published database and diet digestibility prepared to construct polynomial regressions between the degree of starch gelatinization and apparent nutrient digestibility. In the first study histological analysis showed a significant difference with the diet supplemented with organic selenium 0,66ppm compared with the diets supplemented with organic selenium 0,33ppm and 0,99ppm. There was no difference between the supplemented diets and the control diet. It is possible that selenium supplementation may benefit intestinal health. In Study 1 of the second study crude protein increased linearly (p <0.002), and starch digestibility increase quadratically (p <0.001) following the increased starch gelatinization. Fecal concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyric acid and valeric reduced linearly while the lactate reduced quadratically with an increase in starch gelatinization (p <0.001). In study 2 the organic matter digestibility (R2 0.63 to 0.26), crude protein (R2 0.91 to 0.26), starch or nitrogen free extract (R2 .95 to .23) and fat (R2 0.84 to 0.46) increased with higher starch gelatinization (p <0.05). The digestibility of the protein seems to be more influenced by gelatinization. The gelatinization from 83% to 87% seems to be able to maximize the apparent digestibility of nutrients.

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Oliveira, Michele Cristina de Camargo. « Selênio e mucosa intestinal e cozimento do amido, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e produtos de fermentação nas fezes de cães / ». Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141945.

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Orientador: Aulus Cavalieiri Carciofi
Resumo: Este trabalho incluiu um estudo sobre os efeitos da adição de selênio em dietas secas extrusadas na mucosa intestinal de cães. Utilizou-se uma única formulação para produzir cinco dietas sendo uma dieta controle com adição de 0,13ppm de selenito de sódio, uma segunda dieta com 0,33ppm de selênio levedura, outra com 0,66ppm de selênio levedura, a quarta contendo 0,99ppm de selênio levedura e a quinta com 0,66ppm de selenito de sódio. Foram utilizados 30 cães em três blocos de 10 cães e cada período teve duração de 210 dias incluindo adaptação e fase experimental. Ao final de cada período foram coletadas amostras de mucosa do trato gastrintestinal por endoscopia e colonoscopia para avaliação. Um segundo estudo avaliou o efeito da gelatinização do amido na digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, produção de fezes e produtos de fermentação de cães alimentados com dietas extrusadas incluindo dois estudos. No estudo 1 uma mesma formulação foi processada de quatro maneiras diferentes resultando em três dietas extrusadas com moagens de 0.5, 1.8 e 2.0 mm e uma dieta peletizada com moagem de 1.8mm com diferentes graus de gelatinização. Foram utilizados 24 cães, seis por tratamento e avaliou-se a digestibilidade e os produtos de fermentação. No estudo 2 foi utilizada uma base de dados publicados e a digestibilidade de dietas preparadas para construir regressões polinomiais entre o grau de gelatinização do amido e a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. No primeiro estudo a análise h... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work included a study on the effects of the addition of selenium in extruded dry diets in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. It was used a single formulation to produce five diets and a control diet with the addition of 0,13ppm sodium selenite, a second diet with selenium yeast of 0,33ppm, another diet with 0,66ppm selenium yeast, the fourth diet containing 0, 99ppm of selenium yeast and the fifth with 0,66ppm sodium selenite. It was used a total of 30 dogs in three blocks of 10 dogs and each period lasted 210 days including adaptation and experimental phase. At the end of each period mucosa samples were collected from the gastrointestinal tract by endoscopy and colonoscopy for evaluation. A second study evaluated the effect of starch gelatinization in the apparent digestibility of nutrients, production of feces and dog fermentation products fed extruded diets including two studies. In Study 1 the same formulation was processed in four different ways, resulting in three extruded diets of grindings 0.5, 1.8 and 2.0 mm and a pelleted diet with grinding of 1.8mm with different degrees of gelatinization. Twenty-four dogs were used, six dogs per treatment and digestibility and fermentation products were evaluated. In the second study it was used a published database and diet digestibility prepared to construct polynomial regressions between the degree of starch gelatinization and apparent nutrient digestibility. In the first study histological analysis showed a significant d... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Castro, Vanessa Sousa [UNESP]. « Nutrientes digestíveis da silagem de grãos úmidos de milho : formulações dietéticas e desempenho de leitões ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95290.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_vs_me_botfmvz.pdf: 131128 bytes, checksum: 7afe40b1914440d1d30f5c8d130fbaba (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e o balanço de nitrogênio e fósforo de leitões na fase de creche alimentados com rações formuladas com base nos nutrientes digestíveis da silagem de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM). Foram utilizados 18 leitões mestiços (Landrace x Large White), com peso médio inicial de 16,01kg no primeiro experimento (digestibilidade), 60 leitões mestiços, com peso médio inicial de 7,11kg no experimento 2 (desempenho) e 10 leitões mestiços, com peso inicial médio de 23,38kg no experimento 3 (metabolismo). O delineamento experimental em todos os experimentos foi em blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos (T) foram: no experimento 1 - T1 - Ração referência (100%); T2- Ração referência (70%) e milho seco moído (30%) ; T3 - Ração referência (70%) e SGUM (30%); no experimento 2: T1- Rações à base de grãos de milho seco moído. T2 - Rações à base de SGUM, substituindo 100% do milho seco com base na matéria seca. T3 - Rações à base de SGUM, considerando o valor de ED da silagem, determinado no experimento I. T4 - Rações à base de SGUM, considerando os valores de ED, proteína digestível e fósforo disponível da silagem, determinados no experimento I; no experimento 3: T1 - Ração à base de SGUM, substituindo 100% do milho seco com base na matéria seca e T2 - Ração à base de SGUM, considerando os valores de ED, proteína digestível e fósforo disponível da silagem, determinados no experimento I. No primeiro experimento, verificou-se maiores (P<0,05) coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, PB, P e Ca e maior (P<0,05) teor de energia digestível para a SGUM. No experimento 2, nos primeiros 10 dias e durante o período total do experimento (0 a 32 dias), os tratamentos com SGUM proporcionaram melhor conversão alimentar (P<0,06) e os menores custos/kg de peso vivo ganho, mas não foram observadas...
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and nitrogen and phosphorus balance of nursery piglets fed diets based on the digestible nutrients of high-moisture corn silage (HMCS) and on the polluting effect of excreta. Eighteen Landrace x Large White crossbred piglets, with an average initial weight of 16.01 kg, were used in trial 1 (digestibility); 60 piglets, with an average initial weight of 7.11 kg were used in trial 2 (performance); and 10 piglets, with an average initial weight of 23.38 kg, were used in trial 3 (metabolism). In all trials a randomized block design was employed. The treatments were as follows. Trial 1: T1 - reference diet (100%); T2 - reference diet (70%) plus dry, ground corn grain (DGCG) (30%); T3 - reference diet (70%) plus HMCS (30%). Trial 2: T1 - diets using DGCG; T2 - diets based on HMCS as a total replacement of DGCG entirely; T3 - diets based on HMCS, considering the digestible energy content of HMCS measured in trial 1; T4 - diets based on HMCS, considering the contents digestible energy, digestible protein and available phosphorus of HMCS, as measured in trial 1. In trial 3: T1 - diet based on HCGM as a total replacement of DGCG, on a dry matter basis; and T2 - ration based on HMCS, considering the contents of digestible energy, digestible protein and available phosphorus of HMCS, as measured in trial 1. In trial 1, higher (P<0.05) digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, phosphorus and calcium were found for HMCS. In trial 2, the treatments using HMCS showed better (P<0.06) food conversion and lower cost per kg gained, during the first 10 dias, as well as during whole experimental period; however, no differences were observed for daily weight gain or daily food intake. In trial 3, a difference (P<0.05) was observed only for ingested nitrogen and phosphorus. The digestibility trial underestimated the nutritional value of HMCS estimated in the performance trial.

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Shokair, Mohamed H. « Effect of Feeding a Viable Yeast Culture on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics, Milk Production Response and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility in Holstein Cattle ». DigitalCommons@USU, 1988. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4062.

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Four barren Holstein cows fitted with ruminal fistulas were assigned to each of two dietary treatments in a replicated 2 x 2 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of a basal ration and a basal ration plus lOg/d of a viable yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Cows were fed treatments for a 21-day adaptation followed by a 7-day collection period. Total ruminal bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa were unaffected by treatment. Feeding the viable yeast culture significantly increased ruminal acetic acid and acetic/propionic ratio. Molar percentage of propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric and valerie acids and rumen ammonia-N levels were significantly reduced in cattle fed added yeast culture. Liquid dilution and particulate rate of passage and total tract apparent nutrient digestibility were unaffected by treatment. Eighteen Holstein cows in mid-lactation were allocated equally to one of two treatments based on stage of lactation and previous mean daily 2-week milk yield. Therefore, nine cows were allocated to each treatment. Treatments consisted of a basal ration and a basal ration plus 10g/d of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Cows were fed total mixed rations for a 10-week period. In week 8, feed and fecal samples were collected twice daily for 3 days. Acid detergent fiber insoluble ash was used to determine total tract apparent nutrient digestibility. Feeding mid-lactation dairy cows the viable yeast culture had no effect on mean daily dry matter intake . However, it tended to improve mean daily 3.5% FCM. Milk production efficiency was higher in lactating dairy cows supplemented with the viable yeast culture when compared to the nonsupplemented cows. Milk composition and overall mean body weights were unaffected by treatment. Total tract apparent nutrient digestibilities also were unaffected by treatment.

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Goodarzi, Boroojeni Farshad [Verfasser]. « The Effects of Different Thermal Treatments and Organic Acids Levels in Feed on Nutrient Digestibility and Gut Microbiota in Broilers / Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni ». Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058858343/34.

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Cattai, de Godoy Maria Regina. « FISH OIL AND BARLEY SUPPLEMENTATION IN DIETS FOR ADULT DOGS : EFFECTS ON LIPID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, FECAL QUALITY, AND POSTPRANDIAL GLYCEMIA ». UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/2.

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Obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder encountered in small animal medicine. Problems related with obesity are the higher incidence of morbidity and mortality. Nutritional and physical activity interventions have been common strategies employed; however, they have shown low compliance rates. Because of it more attention has been given to the nutrient composition of diets. Using the canine model, three experiments were conducted to examine the effect of fish oil or barley on protein and lipid metabolism, as well as postprandial glycemia, and nutrient digestibility in mature and in young adult dogs. In Exp. 1, seven female dogs were randomly assigned to one of two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets, control (CO) or fish oil (FO), in a crossover design. Animals fed the FO diet tended to be more sensitive to glucose, showing a lower glucose half life. Cholesterol and HDL decreased (p<0.05) on the FO treatment. Overall, the supplementation of fish oil may improve glucose clearance rate and is effective in decreasing cholesterol in mature overweight dogs. In Exp. 2, eight female Beagles were randomly assigned to one of two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets, control (CO) or fish oil (FO), in a crossover design. Overall, feeding a FO containing diet showed a protective effect against the rise of plasma CHOL and it increased plasma ghrelin levels. However, it did not appear to improve protein metabolism or postprandial glycemia in adult lean dogs. In Exp. 3, sixteen female dogs were randomly assigned to four experimental diets; control (40% corn) or three levels of barley (10, 20, 40%). The data suggest that inclusion of barley up to 40% in diets for adult dogs is well tolerated and does not negatively impact nutrient digestibility of the diets. However, inclusion of barley did not improve aspects related to fecal odor, postprandial glycemia, or plasma cholesterol. Overall, the research presented herein suggests that different nutritional strategies - dietary lipid or carbohydrate manipulation - may be beneficial in ameliorating health issues (e.g., hyperlipidemia) or in improving the health status of dogs (e.g., gut health by increased SCFA production).

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Thèses sur le sujet « Digestibility; Nutrients »

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