Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Digital form of a cadastral map »

Purpose. The application of geodetic measuring systems and geodetic software in creating a planned geodetic basis for establishing the boundaries of the settlement or expanding its boundaries requires a modern cartographic basis in digital form and created a master plan. Methodology. This is achieved through geodetic measurements and computer processing of their results. GIS technologies and remote sensing in this case help to solve the problem quickly, accurately, efficiently and with the least time and money. Old cartographic materials, according to which geodetic surveys were carried out and which served as a basis for obsolete, do not meet modern requirements for the creation of cartographic products. Therefore, there is a need to update cartographic materials in new digital formats and enter in the created database of the State Land and Urban Cadastre, ie to fill the state cadastral system with information layers. The created information layers of the Public cadastral map and the Digitals software simplify the solution of problems of geodesy, cartography and land management. Entering information into the databases of the State Geocadastre and Urban Cadastre requires the creation of modern digital cartographic materials and electronic documents. DBNs adopted in Ukraine dictate certain requirements for the creation and design of appropriate cartographic materials for the development of Master Plans of settlements. Results. Geodetic surveys were performed on the research territory by electronic measuring systems and the results of measurements in the software were processed. The constructed plan-height substantiation of the territory of the settlement made it possible to create a digital map (model) of the area – CMM in a very short time. Scientific novelty. Such Digital maps are the basis for the creation of various cartographic materials in electronic form and can serve various purposes of the national economy. Such digital maps with the help of GIS technologies can be the filling of electronic resources of different industries and serve to fill different types of information about certain objects, phenomena, ie to monitor the land. Practical significance. The result of the study was the creation of a digital map of the settlement and entry in the databases of the State Land and Urban Cadastre information about the boundaries and structure by developing appropriate urban and land management documentation.

The article proposes a method of constructing an interval variation series with equal intervals as a mathematical tool for calculating the step of changes in the UPCS for the maps of estimated zoning. It describes the sequence of calculations, which includes 3 stages: the formation of the interval variation series, the calculation of the distribution center indicators, and the calculation of the relative variation indicators of the interval variation series. The resulting interval variation series allowed us to group the totality of the state cadastral assessment data and present them in the form of homogeneous intervals necessary for performing the estimated zoning. To visualize the results, it is proposed to use a three-dimensional geoinformation model in the form of a 3D prism map, which allows you to visually dis-play changes in the value of the UPC. The presented methodology was tested during the evaluation zoning of the territory of the city of Tyumen using the results of the state cadastral assessment. The created assessment zoning map can be used for cadastral valuation of newly formed real estate ob-jects, for information support of the territorial planning system, as well as for analytical support of in-vestment programs and projects for the development of land and property complexes. Assessment zoning maps made with the use of modern geoinformation technologies in the form of three-dimensional digital models can be one of the elements of an intelligent model of an urban area, which will allow not only to carry out operational management, but also to develop effective mechanisms that optimize the trajectory of spatial development of a locality.

Abstract. National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies have been creating geospatial products for customers for many decades and, in some cases, for over two centuries. During that time the nature of the products largely remained the same, consisting of cartographic representations of the world, usually generalized and projected in a two-dimensional form. Even when mapping agencies began to convert their mapping from paper to digital form, the products created were largely based on their paper map counterparts. In recent times, the general public has become far more aware of geospatial data due to global initiatives from Google, Bing, Apple, OpenStreetMap and others. While some users of geospatial data still require the same products as before, many other users need different kinds of geospatial data and products, ones which will provide new challenges to National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies. In this paper we discuss some of these new geospatial data users and illustrate some the challenges using an example from Ordnance Survey’s recent experience of a project in the connected autonomous vehicle domain.

The rational use and protection of soils in market conditions requires adequate application of new scientific and methodological approaches. One of such systematic-analytical methods of soil cadastre organizations is a combination of traditional terrestrial methods with technologies of geoinformation systems (GIS) based on extensive use of satellite images in different resolutions. The aggregate of information necessary for mapping soil cover patterns and their quantification has been described in GIS databases. Data integration has been realized through the spatial and attributive component in the form of: the results of topographic and thematic maps. At the same time, the creation of attributive GIS databases involves the digitization of thematic maps tied into a single cartographic projection (as a topographic map with a scale of 1: 50 000). As a result of the study, thematic maps and attributive databases of GIS of soils were formed. As a result of research, based on GIS technology, a digital soil map of the Akshat rural county of the Chingirlau district of the West Kazakhstan region has been developed using the ArcGIS software product.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Vltava River and its surroundings had many different faces and functions in the past centuries. The Vltava is the longest river running through the heart of Bohemia, probably the most famous and popular river in the Czech Republic, one of the national symbols, important trade and transport route in the past, river with beautiful landscape favourite by poets, travellers, and tourists, place where the biggest dam reservoir system in the Czech Republic was built, popular recreational area in the present and many more. Therefore, many different documents are dealing with the Vltava River and its riverine landscape.</p><p> The main objective of the project supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic is to create comprehensive information system about the Vltava River aggregating and incorporating various historical and modern documents and data. This system will allow maintaining and documenting a wealth of information about the history of the Vltava River, including immovable and movable cultural heritage using new technologies. The project is focused on the upper three quarters of the Vltava River from its springs to confluence with the Berounka River close to Prague in the period from mid 18th century up to the present day. Riverine landscape along the Vltava underwent an intensive transformation in many aspects. Firstly, the cultural landscape with mostly minor settlement combined with appreciated but even feared wild natural narrow valleys has changed intensively along with a construction of the dam cascade especially in the middle part of the river in the second half of the 20th century. Small but widespread settlements, transport function of the river and wild nature were replaced by dams producing electric energy and retaining extensive water reservoirs providing water supply and protection from frequent inundations and last but not least being very popular for recreation. Unfortunately, many houses, water mills, chapels, churches, picturesque natural places, etc. have been flooded. The former face of the Vltava riverine landscape is preserved only in various archival documents and their online presentation is the main project goal.</p><p> There are large volumes of miscellaneous historical and modern data sources dealing with the Vltava river which are being used in the project. Extensive research of various public and institutional archives is currently still being carried out. Some resources such as old photographs and postcards are found also in private collections. First of all, there are various works from old cadastral maps, old river maps with cross sections, longitudinal profiles of the river, old site plans and interesting building plans, State Derived Map and aerial photographs from 1950s, site and constructional plans of dams to the up to date cadastral map, orthophotos and DTM. The Imperial Imprints of the Stable Cadastre (scale 1 : 2 880) from the years 1826–1843 rank among the most valuable and very useful. Due to their geometric precision and visual attractiveness, these maps are suitable for vectorization, and form an excellent base layer for the web mapping application and 3D visualization. Another very important map is the State Derived Map (scale 1 : 5 000; its first issue) from the early 1950s containing planimetry as well as altimetry. It shows situation of area just before the dam reservoirs cascade construction was started hence it allows reconstruction of former Vltava valley. Maps and plans are complemented by old photographs, postcards, iconography and also text sources.</p><p> All data sources described above have to be carefully processed before their incorporation into the information system and subsequent 2D- or 3D- applications could be designed. Speaking in particular about maps and plans, they have to be digitised, georeferenced and selected map content is vectorised. The majority of data sources are obtained in the analogue paper form, thereby a high resolution scanning has to be done to acquire digital copies of requested maps and plans. Then the scanned data is georeferenced employing suitable global or local transformations depending on the type of map. Carefully selected map content is vectorised and the database of significant features (buildings or objects of cultural, social, production and water management importance) with important attributes is being filled up. Every feature has its location, at least approximately if precise position is unknown. Also the old photographs and postcards are geolocated to be incorporated into the information system.</p><p> 2D web mapping application (Figure 1) has been created based on processed data and it is being updated. It presents and compares various layers (georeferenced maps and plans, vectorised data model, objects of interest, etc.). The application allows overlaying of various raster and vector layers from different times using the swipe tool. Objects of interest and photographs are represented by points, where each point leads to a popup with more information.</p><p> Online 3D visualisation is effective and popular way of geographical data presentation thus besides the 2D also 3D application may bring a new perspective to former Vltava landscape. The Vltava River valley, often narrow and deep, is perfect for the 3D presentation, especially if it is completed by other objects or phenomena (e.g. extinct settlements, important buildings, historical or potential floods). Precise 3D modelling of important structures in CAD software is a common but time-consuming process. Therefore, it is not possible to model the whole extinct settlements in 3D and thus procedural modelling is applied instead. It allows to visualise a simplified reconstructive model of flooded villages in the entire area of interest even in various periods of time.</p><p> The mission of the project is, in particular, to document information on the changes of the Vltava riverine landscape within the last three centuries in the context of various events, as well as to make it subsequently available to the general public. Thus, it might act as a transfer of historical science into education through modern cartographic methods. The project itself is actually in its first phase and the activities proceed continuously.</p>

This paper proposes an in-line method for the simplified reconstruction of city buildings from nadir and oblique aerial images that at the same time are being used for multi-source texture mapping with minimal resampling. Further, the resulting unrectified texture atlases are analyzed for fac¸ade elements like windows to be reintegrated into the original 3D models. Tests on real-world data of Heligoland/ Germany comprising more than 800 buildings exposed a median positional deviation of 0.31 m at the fac¸ades compared to the cadastral map, a correctness of 67% for the detected windows and good visual quality when being rendered with GPU-based perspective correction. As part of the process building reconstruction takes the oriented input images and transforms them into dense point clouds by semi-global matching (SGM). The point sets undergo local RANSAC-based regression and topology analysis to detect adjacent planar surfaces and determine their semantics. Based on this information the roof, wall and ground surfaces found get intersected and limited in their extension to form a closed 3D building hull. For texture mapping the hull polygons are projected into each possible input bitmap to find suitable color sources regarding the coverage and resolution. Occlusions are detected by ray-casting a full-scale digital surface model (DSM) of the scene and stored in pixel-precise visibility maps. These maps are used to derive overlap statistics and radiometric adjustment coefficients to be applied when the visible image parts for each building polygon are being copied into a compact texture atlas without resampling whenever possible. The atlas bitmap is passed to a commercial object-based image analysis (OBIA) tool running a custom rule set to identify windows on the contained fac¸ade patches. Following multi-resolution segmentation and classification based on brightness and contrast differences potential window objects are evaluated against geometric constraints and conditionally grown, fused and filtered morphologically. The output polygons are vectorized and reintegrated into the previously reconstructed buildings by sparsely ray-tracing their vertices. Finally the enhanced 3D models get stored as textured geometry for visualization and semantically annotated ”LOD-2.5” CityGML objects for GIS applications.

This paper proposes an in-line method for the simplified reconstruction of city buildings from nadir and oblique aerial images that at the same time are being used for multi-source texture mapping with minimal resampling. Further, the resulting unrectified texture atlases are analyzed for fac¸ade elements like windows to be reintegrated into the original 3D models. Tests on real-world data of Heligoland/ Germany comprising more than 800 buildings exposed a median positional deviation of 0.31 m at the fac¸ades compared to the cadastral map, a correctness of 67% for the detected windows and good visual quality when being rendered with GPU-based perspective correction. As part of the process building reconstruction takes the oriented input images and transforms them into dense point clouds by semi-global matching (SGM). The point sets undergo local RANSAC-based regression and topology analysis to detect adjacent planar surfaces and determine their semantics. Based on this information the roof, wall and ground surfaces found get intersected and limited in their extension to form a closed 3D building hull. For texture mapping the hull polygons are projected into each possible input bitmap to find suitable color sources regarding the coverage and resolution. Occlusions are detected by ray-casting a full-scale digital surface model (DSM) of the scene and stored in pixel-precise visibility maps. These maps are used to derive overlap statistics and radiometric adjustment coefficients to be applied when the visible image parts for each building polygon are being copied into a compact texture atlas without resampling whenever possible. The atlas bitmap is passed to a commercial object-based image analysis (OBIA) tool running a custom rule set to identify windows on the contained fac¸ade patches. Following multi-resolution segmentation and classification based on brightness and contrast differences potential window objects are evaluated against geometric constraints and conditionally grown, fused and filtered morphologically. The output polygons are vectorized and reintegrated into the previously reconstructed buildings by sparsely ray-tracing their vertices. Finally the enhanced 3D models get stored as textured geometry for visualization and semantically annotated ”LOD-2.5” CityGML objects for GIS applications.

Cadastral map is a parcel-based information which is specifically designed to define the limitation of boundaries. In Malaysia, the cadastral map is under authority of the Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM). With the growth of spatial based technology especially Geographical Information System (GIS), DSMM decided to modernize and reform its cadastral legacy datasets by generating an accurate digital based representation of cadastral parcels. These legacy databases usually are derived from paper parcel maps known as certified plan. The cadastral modernization will result in the new cadastral database no longer being based on single and static parcel paper maps, but on a global digital map. Despite the strict process of the cadastral modernization, this reform has raised unexpected queries that remain essential to be addressed. The main focus of this study is to review the issues that have been generated by this transition. The transformed cadastral database should be additionally treated to minimize inherent errors and to fit them to the new satellite based coordinate system with high positional accuracy. This review result will be applied as a foundation for investigation to study the systematic and effectiveness method for Positional Accuracy Improvement (PAI) in cadastral database modernization.

Southern surveying and mapping instruments company CASS terrain, cadastral mapping software is based on AutoCAD platform technology of digital mapping data acquisition system. Widely used to terrain mapping, cadastral mapping, engineering survey three major areas of application, by using terrain mapping, cadastral mapping software of CASS7.0,the author explored a method about using terrain mapping, cadastral mapping software of CASS7.0 to drawing profile map, through the application for line project theoretical and practical research to achieve the desired effect, solved the problem by using terrain mapping, cadastral mapping software of CASS7.0.

A cadastre, as one of the key registers of land administration, must be maintained to provide up-to-date land information. Before digitization, technical and alphanumerical datasets were maintained separately, leading to redundant data. This resulted in numerous inconsistencies between the cadastral map and the register, leading to the loss of integrity of these authoritative data. The fact that the cadastral map and the register are in the electronic form today does not guarantee their integrity and quality. The aim of this research was to develop a methodology for analyzing and resolving the inconsistencies between a cadastral map and a register, which were indicated by the differences found in the quality controls in cadastral map vectorization projects. A detailed analysis of the differences between the cadastral map and the register data resulted with systematization of causes and the sources of errors, which then led to the inconsistencies between the two cadastral datasets. The cadastral datasets required for such an analysis were scanned and georeferenced cadastral map sheets, vectorized cadastral map, and vectorization reports. The proposed methodology was tested on three cadastral municipalities in Croatia, namely Dol, Postira, and Stobreč. A detailed analysis of each individual inconsistency showed that the inconsistencies were caused not only by the maintenance errors but also by other processes that affected the cadastral datasets throughout their lifetime.