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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Diseases Causes and theories of causation »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 30 juillet 2024

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1

Gad ELhak, Seham A., Abdel Aziz A. Ghanem, Hassan AbdelGhaffar, Sahar El Dakroury, and Mohamed M. Salama. "Parkinson's Disease: Is It a Toxic Syndrome?" Neurology Research International 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/103094.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases which we can by certainty identify its pathology, however, this confidence disappeares when talking about the cause. A long history of trials, suggestions, and theories tried linking PD to a specific causation. In this paper, a new suggestion is trying to find its way, could it be toxicology? Can we—in the future—look to PD as an occupational disease, in fact, many clues point to the possible toxic responsibility—either total or partial—in causing this disease. Searching for possible toxic causes for PD would help in designing p

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PADMANABHAN, SANDOSH, CLAIRE HASTIE, CHRISTOPHER A. SAINSBURY, MARTIN W. MCBRIDE, JOHN M. CONNELL, and ANNA F. DOMINICZAK. "THE CAT, THE FLY AND THE BEETLE — WHY GENETICS NEEDS A SEMANTIC EDUCATION." International Journal of Semantic Computing 03, no. 01 (March 2009): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x09000665.

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Major advances have been made in the understanding of the genetic basis of diseases since Mendel's publication of the results of plant breeding experiments in 1866. To date these advances have been largely confined to the monogenic disorders — caused by mutations in a single gene. The public-health implications of these advances is relatively limited. In this review we explore our current understanding of the genetic basis of human traits and the reasons why current theories may account for the difficulties in identifying the genes for common diseases. We then postulate that semantic computing

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Wright, James R. "A Fresh Look at the History of SIDS." Academic Forensic Pathology 7, no. 2 (June 2017): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2017.017.

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Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) became a named entity in 1969 and the term has been used to certify sudden unexpected infant deaths meeting certain demographic, epidemiologic, and pathologic criteria. Since it is a diagnosis of exclusion, there is inherent imprecision, and this has led the National Association of Medical Examiners to recommend that these deaths now be classified as “undetermined.” This historical review article briefly analyzes anecdotal instances of SIDS described centuries ago as overlying, smothering, infanticide, and suffocation by bedclothes followed by a more detaile

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P.K, Jyothi. "Endometriosis an Ayurvedic View." International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga 05, no. 09 (2022): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47223/irjay.2022.5921.

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Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen dependent condition characterized by the ectopic implantation of functional tissue lining of uterus. The exact cause of endometriosis is not detected yet even though there are some theories which explain the pathogenesisof endometriosis. Retrograde menstruation and Coelomic metaplasia theories are included under this. Based on the site of appearance classification of endometriosis can be done as pelvic, extra pelvic and remote. Appearance of endometrial tissue in myometrium is termed as adenomyosis and endometriotic deep lesions in ovary is Endometrioma. The

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Hitchcock, Christopher Read. "Farewell to Binary Causation." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 26, no. 2 (June 1996): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1996.10717454.

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Causation is a topic of perennial philosophical concern. As well as being of intrinsic interest, almost all philosophical concepts — such as knowledge, beauty, and moral responsibility — involve a causal dimension. Nonetheless, attempts to provide a satisfactory account of the nature of causation have typically led to barrages of counterexamples. I hope to show that a number of the difficulties plaguing theories of causation have a common source.Most philosophical theories of causation describe a binary relation between cause and effect, or at any rate, a relation that reduces to such a binary

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CLARKE, RANDOLPH. "Absence Causation for Causal Dispositionalists." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 4, no. 3 (2018): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2018.16.

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AbstractSeveral theories of causation rule out causation of or by lacks, omissions, or absences of things. They thereby conflict with much of what we think and say about what causes what. This article proposes a modification of one kind of theory, causal dispositionalism, so that it accepts absence causation while retaining a fundamental commitment of dispositionalism.

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Grenda, Vytautas. "DEVYNIŲ KONTRAFAKTINIŲ PRIEŽASTINGUMO TEORIJŲ PALYGINIMAS PASITELKIANT SEPTYNIS PAVYZDŽIUS." Problemos 76 (January 1, 2009): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2009.0.1937.

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Straipsnyje lyginamos ir vertinamos devynios per pastarąjį dešimtmetį pasirodžiusios kontrafaktinės vienetinio priežastingumo teorijos, kurias visas sukūrė arba inspiravo D. Lewisas, J. Y. Halpernas ir J. Pearlas, o savo tekstuose išdėstė šeši kiti autoriai. Parodomi kai kurie literatūroje dar neaprašyti šių teorijų skirtumai. Įrodinėjama, kad dauguma šių teorijų intuityviai panašius pavyzdžius nagrinėja skirtingai, ir šiuo požiūriu primeta perskyras, kurių buitinės priežastingumo sampratos požiūriu ne tik nėra, bet ir neturėtų būti.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: vienetinis priežastingumas, kontrafakti

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Bedford, K. Juliet A., Paul Chidothi, Harris Sakala, John Cashman, and Chris Lavy. "Clubfoot in Malawi: local theories of causation." Tropical Doctor 41, no. 2 (January 24, 2011): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2010.100261.

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Singh, Garima Vipin, Renu Bharat Rathi, and Bharat Jagdish Rathi. "Ayurvedic Management of Shwitra - A Case Report." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 525–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2022/105.

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Shwitra or Shwet-Kushtha can be correlated with skin disease “Vitiligo”.[1] Vata and Bhrajaka pitta reside in skin. An imbalance in those may cause skin diseases. Shwitra is of two types, that is kilas and varuna.[2] Shwitra differs from other skin disorders by the normal functioning of all but the skin tissue (twak)[3] resulting in discoloration of the skin (twakvaivarnyata), without discharge (aparisarav stravi). [4,5] There are many theories regarding the cause of vitiligo. The main cause is autoimmune, genetic, psychological, endocrine disorder, chemical contact and adverse drug interactio

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Nera, Kenzo. "Analyzing the Causation Between Conspiracy Mentality and Belief in Conspiracy Theories." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 232, no. 1 (January 2024): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000533.

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Abstract: The dispositional approach to conspiracy mentality suggests that it causally precedes belief in conspiracy theories. I identify two potential pitfalls when analyzing this causal relationship: circular reasoning (in which the two constructs are conflated and interchangeable) and black box explanations (in which conspiracy mentality is merely defined as a disposition to believe in conspiracy theories). I argue that avoiding black box explanations requires theoretical and empirical works to clarify the content and antecedents of conspiracy mentality. To guide future research, I formulat

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Marques, José Oscar de Almeida. "Regularity and counterfactuality in Hume's treatment of causation." Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia 52, no. 124 (December 2011): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-512x2011000200007.

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Of the several theories of causation current in our days, Hume is said to be the inspiration of two of the most influential and accepted: the regularity theory, first clearly formulated by Thomas Brown in 1822, and the counterfactual theory, proposed by David Lewis in 1973. After a brief outline of the comparative merits and difficulties of these two views, I proceed to examine whether Hume's own treatment of causation actually corresponds to any of them. I will show that his first definition of cause, coupled with his rules by which to judge about causes and effects, contains elements that, p

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Pezet, Robert E. "The Dead Past Dilemma." Metaphysica 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mp-2021-0025.

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Abstract A temporal levels structure for temporal metaphysics is outlined and employed to convey a dilemma threatening the temporal collapse of Growing-Block Theories to their meta-temporal level. The outline further explains how Presentism occupies a privileged (default) position in that temporal levels structure. Moreover, that dilemma relies crucially on the acceptance of productive causation as explaining additions to the growing block, for which it is argued any reasonable growing-block theory should incorporate. The dilemma’s first horn considers growing-block theories where productive c

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Shang, Shi Yu. "Aanalyse on the Causation and Classification of Usual Damages of Highway Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1297.

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There are long spans and various types of lining of highway tunnels under different geological conditions. It is challenging to obtain accurate geological condition data of tunnel, the existing tunnel design theories and methods are not mature either. Meantime, the stresses of tunnel during the stage of design, construction, operation and maintenance are also changing with time. Therefore, it is difficult to discover the root causes of the highway tunnels defeats, also because of the joint influence of the above factors. Through the broadly investigations of defeats of highway tunnel, the reas

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Pemunta, N. V. "The Social Epidemiology and Burden of Malaria in Bali Nyonga, Northwest Cameroon." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.69.

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Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the anopheles mosquito that kills at least one million people in Sub-Saharan Africa every year, leading to human suffering and enormous economic loses. This paper examines the complex web of cultural, poor socio-economic conditions and environmental factors for the prevalence of malaria in Bali Nyonga. The study outlines and assesses the multiple notions of malaria causation with dirty environment (80.76%) and the mosquito (76.92%) as the leading causes. Other causes are poor hygiene (46.15%), impure sources of portable water (23.08%), malnutrition (1

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Stein, John. "Theories about Developmental Dyslexia." Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020208.

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Despite proving its usefulness for over a century, the concept of developmental dyslexia (DD) is currently in severe disarray because of the recent introduction of the phonological theory of its causation. Since mastering the phonological principle is essential for all reading, failure to do so cannot be used to distinguish DD from the many other causes of such failure. To overcome this problem, many new psychological, signal detection, and neurological theories have been introduced recently. All these new theories converge on the idea that DD is fundamentally caused by impaired signalling of

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Engler, S., J. Luterbacher, F. Mauelshagen, and J. Werner. "The Irish famine of 1740–1741: causes and effects." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2013): 1013–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-1013-2013.

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Abstract. This paper advances the current debate on causes and effects of famines. Since Sen's food entitlement decline theory emerged in the 1980's, climate and environmental factors are widely excluded in famine analysis. Studying the causation and the processes of famines as well as the adaptations to it before the 20th century will enhance modern famine theories and lead to a rethinking of the role of climate/environmental aspects in current research. In our case study, the "Famine Vulnerability Analysis Model" (FVAM) serves as an explanatory model and will open up new perspectives on fami

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Banihashemi, Bita, Shakil M. Khan, and Mikhail Soutchanski. "From Actions to Programs as Abstract Actual Causes." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 5 (June 28, 2022): 5470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i5.20485.

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Causality plays a central role in reasoning about observations. In many cases, it might be useful to define the conditions under which a non-deterministic program can be called an actual cause of an effect in a setting where a sequence of programs are executed one after another. There can be two perspectives, one where at least one execution of the program leads to the effect, and another where all executions do so. The former captures a ''weak'' notion of causation and is more general than the latter stronger notion. In this paper, we give a definition of weak potential causes. Our analysis i

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Delladio, Silvia, Andrea Caputo, Alessandro Magrini, and Massimiliano Matteo Pellegrini. "Italian entrepreneurial decision-making under lockdown: the path to resilience." Management Decision 61, no. 13 (September 1, 2023): 272–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-12-2022-1746.

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PurposeThis study addresses current research gaps by integrating resilience literature with crisis management theories, focussing on SMEs. Specifically, the authors examine how the entrepreneurial decision-making process, via the interplay of causation and effectuation logic, impacts a firm's ability to respond to unpredictable events. This paper aims to present an investigation that seeks to unearth the potentially complex interplay between causation and effectuation logic in fostering organisational resilience, particularly in the face of unprecedented disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandem

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Neenu, Kaul, and Kumari Neeti. "Relapsing Polychondritis Presenting with Cauliflower Ears and Saddle Nose Deformity in a Patient of Syphilis Incognito: Two Rare Diseases in One Patient." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, no. 12 (December 19, 2023): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20231231.

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Relapsing Polychondritis (RP) is a rare immune-mediated systemic disease. The etiology of RP is unknown but both infective and non-infective causes have been suggested to play a role in causation. It manifests as recurrent episodes of pain, redness and swelling of the cartilaginous parts of body commonly involving the auricular and nasal cartilage. Key words: Relapsing Polychondritis, chondritis, saddle nose, syphilis, prednisolone.

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Pemberton, Michael N. "Prescribing for Mucosal Disease in Primary Dental Care." Primary Dental Journal 3, no. 4 (December 2014): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/205016814813877360.

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Oral mucosal disease has a variety of causes, some of which are due to dysfunction of the immune system. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and oral lichen planus are the mucosal diseases of unknown cause seen most frequently in dental practice, and the most likely mucosal diseases for which a dentist will prescribe. This paper briefly reviews the clinical features of these conditions, their causation and pertinent information for managing them in a primary care setting. The prescribing of appropriate medications to treat the conditions in a general dental practice is described and discussed.

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Portes, Alejandro. "International Migration and National Development." Sociology of Development 2, no. 2 (2016): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.2.73.

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This article reviews theoretical perspectives on migration and development, starting with nineteenth-century political economy theories focused on “colonizing” migrations from England and other European powers and concluding with the emerging literature on immigrant transnationalism and its consequences for sending nations. The general concept of equilibrium has until currently dominated orthodox economic theories of both colonizing and labor migrations from peripheral regions to advanced nations. The counteroffensive, led by Gunnar Myrdal and theorists of the dependency school, centered on th

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Shaikhlislamova, E. R., E. T. Valeyeva, A. B. Bakirov, L. K. Karimova, and A. D. Volgareva. "On occupational causation of chronic diseases among workers in the mining of copper-zinc ores." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 8 (August 8, 2022): 582–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2208-06.

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The mining industry, with its harmful working conditions, remains difficult and dangerous for workers. Scientific studies indicate the existing high risk to the health of workers in the industry as a result of exposure to harmful production factors that are the causes of the development of many non-ommunicable and occupational diseases, disability and mortality. The stages of the study included studying the health status of 856 employees of the mining enterprise, assessing the degree of occupational causation of the identified diseases in terms of relative risk (RR) and etiological proportion

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Biggeri, Annibale, and Dolores Catelan. "The methodological and conceptual aspects of mortality studies in psychiatry." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001548.

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AbstractAn extensive literature documented a mortality differential for natural causes between psychiatric patients and the general population. Less clear is the pattern for cancer diseases. Methodological problems arise when trying to explain such mortality gap: selection bias and reverse causation; time-dependent confounders that are also intermediate variables; complex relationships within a life course have to be considered. We try to explain such problems in terms of causal graphs. Excess risk for causes of death which are not attributable to higher prevalence of risk factors or treatment

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Poerbonegoro, Niken Lestari, Nina Irawati, and Sonia Miyajima Anjani. "Nasal and Sinus Diseases: Common Causes of Upper Airway Cough Syndrome." eJournal Kedokteran Indonesia 9, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 243–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23886/ejki.9.33.243-8.

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Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), previously known as post-nasal drip syndrome, is a persistent cough that lasts more than four weeks in children or more than eight weeks in adults, which is associated with nasal and sinus diseases, such as allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and adenoid hypertrophy (AH). UACS is one of the major causes of chronic cough. Several theories support the pathophysiology of chronic cough in UACS, namely post-nasal drip, airway inflammation, and sensory neural hypersensitivity theories. Persistent and excessive cough generates a deterioration in p

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Kaur, Gurkiran, Garima Kumari, and Suman Sharma. "Functional Matrix Hypothesis: A Review of Literature." Science Progress and Research 1, no. 2 (April 4, 2021): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52152/spr/2021.115.

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Craniofacial growth is a complex process. Most of the treatment approaches have been based on the fundamental biological mechanisms involved in the growth and development of craniofacial bones and teeth. The exact mechanism which controls cranio facial growth has been a matter of debate and research for years together. The concept that “forms follow function” was first proposed by Vander Klaaw. Functional matrix hypothesis (F.M.H.) is actually an extension of this concept given by Moss. F.M.H. includes a functional matrix and skeletal units. Capsule is an envelope that contains functional cran

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Mercer, A. J. "Updating the epidemiological transition model." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 6 (March 20, 2018): 680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000572.

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AbstractThe main feature of the epidemiological transition is a shift in the recorded causes of death from infectious diseases to other morbid conditions. This paper outlines modifications made to Omran's original model and stages of transition, and suggests that without a focus on aetiology and morbidity, these have been basically descriptive rather than explanatory, and potentially misleading because infections have been confirmed as causes of various chronic diseases. Common infections and related immune responses or inflammatory processes contribute to the multifactorial aetiology of morbi

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Zimring, Franklin E., and Jefferey Fagan. "The Search for Causes in an Era of Crime Declines: Some Lessons from the Study of New York City Homicide." Crime & Delinquency 46, no. 4 (October 2000): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128700046004002.

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This article addresses the problem of testing the effects of particular policies on crime rates in an era of general down trends. One illustration of that problem is our recent finding that rates of non-gun homicide had been declining substantially in New York City for 8 years prior to any significant change in policing and could not plausibly be caused by these later events. The article contrasts three different “controls” for time trend effects, naive cross-sectional controls, detailed models of crime causation, and qualitative checks that examine whether the details of crime patterns are ch

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Ewald, Paul W., and Holly A. Swain Ewald. "The scope of viral causation of human cancers: interpreting virus density from an evolutionary perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1773 (April 8, 2019): 20180304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0304.

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Most known oncogenic viruses of humans use DNA as their genomic material. Research over the past quarter century has revealed that their oncogenicity results largely from direct interference with barriers to oncogenesis. In contrast to viruses that have been accepted causes of particular cancers, candidate viral causes tend to have fewer viral than cellular genomes in the tumours. These low viral loads have caused researchers to conclude that the associated viruses are not primary causes of the associated cancers. Consideration of differential survival, reproduction and infiltration of cells i

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Aamir, Momin Shahzad. "An Introduction and Historical Background of Concept of Akhlat (Humour)." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 2, no. 4 (August 29, 2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v2i4.54.

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Humoral theory, also known as theory of akhlat is a key concept in Unani System of Medicine. It was originated in Ancient Greece and later developed by Galen and Arabic Physicians. The theory was central to the teachings of Greco Arabic medicine and it became the dominant theory in Europe for many centuries. It remained a major influence on medical practice and teaching until eighteenth century. The theory was first postulated by Hippocrates in his treatise On the Nature of Man. The method of approach of these early thinkers was to look for natural explanations for human physiology and disease

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Kremling, Alexander. "Handlungstheoretischer Interventionismus und Modelle." KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy 1, no. 28 (January 1, 2014): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/krt-2014-012808.

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Abstract The “model argument” against action-theories of causation is a reply to a strategy for avoiding the “argument of unmanipulable causes”. The critics follow the action-theorists in a certain shift of topic - leaving the explication debate towards one of justified assertion of causal claims - and end up at a wrong position concerning the role of practical knowledge for justifying causal claims about events that are not under technical control. Following them the justification would take the form of “analogy arguments“, which can not guarantee the truth of the conclusion in a non-circular

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Anizoba, Emmanuel C., Innocent Ebere Okereke, and Nganwuchu, Geoffrey Chiazo. "Students’ Perception of Mystical and Pathogenic Agents of Disease Causation in Enugu State Nigeria." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i1.9.

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The study investigated students’ perception of mystical and pathogenic agents of disease causation. Guided by four research questions and two null hypotheses, the study employed a descriptive survey research design. It was carried out in Obollo-Afor Education Zone of Enugu State of Nigeria. A sample of 370 SS2 Biology students was drawn from the population (4,828) using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire in Likert format whose reliability coefficient was 0.84, determined using Cronbach Alpha. Mean and standard deviation

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Xie, Zhenyu, and Benhong Peng. "A Framework for Resilient City Governance in Response to Sudden Weather Disasters: A Perspective Based on Accident Causation Theories." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032387.

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With climate change, urban resilience is becoming a critical concept for helping cities withstand disasters and accidents. However, current research often focuses on concept identification, leaving a gap between concept and implementation. This study aims to investigate the lack of urban resilience in the face of sudden weather disasters, with a focus on the inadequate capacity of urban systems to effectively govern such events. The Zhengzhou subway flooding accident on 20 July 2021, serves as a case study for this research, and the accident causation theories, such as the Swiss cheese model,

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Cardinez, Chelisa, Bahar Miraghazadeh, Kay Tanita, Elizabeth da Silva, Akihiro Hoshino, Satoshi Okada, Rochna Chand, et al. "Gain-of-function IKBKB mutation causes human combined immune deficiency." Journal of Experimental Medicine 215, no. 11 (October 18, 2018): 2715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20180639.

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Genetic mutations account for many devastating early onset immune deficiencies. In contrast, less severe and later onset immune diseases, including in patients with no prior family history, remain poorly understood. Whole exome sequencing in two cohorts of such patients identified a novel heterozygous de novo IKBKB missense mutation (c.607G&gt;A) in two separate kindreds in whom probands presented with immune dysregulation, combined T and B cell deficiency, inflammation, and epithelial defects. IKBKB encodes IKK2, which activates NF-κB signaling. IKK2V203I results in enhanced NF-κB signali

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Ruggiero, Vincenzo. "Hypotheses on the causes of financial crime." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-02-2019-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the aftermath of the 2006-07 financial crisis and attempts to identify a range of causes that were responsible for it and are likely to trigger similar events in the future. The analytical tradition established by the study of white-collar crime provides the background for such an examination, which avails itself of some conceptualisations derived from classical economic thought. Design/methodology/approach Explanations of financial crime can resort to general theories based on allegedly universal values. They can posit the existence of criminalo

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Veeranki, Sudhakar, Siva K. Gandhapudi, and Suresh C. Tyagi. "Interactions of hyperhomocysteinemia and T cell immunity in causation of hypertension." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 95, no. 3 (March 2017): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2015-0568.

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Although hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), there is a debate on whether HHcy is a risk factor or just a biomarker. Interestingly, homocysteine lowering strategies in humans had very little effect on reducing the cardiovascular risk, as compared with animals; this may suggest heterogeneity in human population and epigenetic alterations. Moreover, there are only few studies that suggest the idea that HHcy contributes to CVD in the presence of other risk factors such as inflammation, a known risk factor for CVD. Elevated levels of homocys

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Minhas, Sadia, Aniqa Sajjad, Muhammad Kashif, Farooq Taj, Hamed Alwadaani, and Zohaib Khurshid. "Oral Ulcers Presentation in Systemic Diseases: An Update." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 19 (October 10, 2019): 3341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.689.

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BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of oral ulceration is always challenging and has been the source of difficulty because of the remarkable overlap in their clinical presentations. AIM: The objective of this review article is to provide updated knowledge and systemic approach regarding oral ulcers diagnosis depending upon clinical picture while excluding the other causative causes. METHODS: For this, specialised databases and search engines involving Science Direct, Medline Plus, Scopus, PubMed and authentic textbooks were used to search topics related to the keywords such as oral ulcer, oral i

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Osimani, Barbara. "Causing something to be one way rather than another." Kybernetes 43, no. 6 (May 27, 2014): 865–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2013-0149.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest a definition of genetic information by taking into account the debate surrounding it. Particularly, the objections raised by Developmental Systems Theory (Griffiths, 2001; Oyama 1985; Griffiths and Knight 1998) to Teleosemantic endorsements of the notion of genetic information (Sterelny et al. 1996; Maynard Smith, 2000; Jablonka, 2002) as well as deflationist approaches which suggest to ascribe the notion of genetic information a heuristic value at most, and to reduce it to that of causality (Godfrey-Smith, 2000; Boniolo, 2003, 2008). Design/me

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Root-Bernstein, Robert, and Jacob Couturier. "Antigenic Complementarity in the Origins of Autoimmunity: A General Theory Illustrated With a Case Study of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 13, no. 1 (2006): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17402520600578731.

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We describe a novel, testable theory of autoimmunity, outline novel predictions made by the theory, and illustrate its application to unravelling the possible causes of idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP). Pairs of stereochemically complementary antigens induce complementary immune responses (antibody or T-cell) that create loss of regulation and civil war within the immune system itself. Antibodies attack antibodies creating circulating immune complexes; T-cells attack T-cells creating perivascular cuffing. This immunological civil war abrogates the self-nonself distinction. If at least

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Coman, Alina, Finn Skårderud, and Bjørn M. Hofmann. "A Disorder of a Vulnerable Self: Anorexia Nervosa Patients’ Understanding of Disorder and Self in the Context of fMRI Brain Scanning." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 15, no. 2 (2013): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.15.2.120.

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In this article, we aim to explore patient perspectives regarding the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) in the context of participating in brain research for AN. This is a qualitative study using semistructured interviews with 12 young AN patients. Data were analyzed according to thematic analysis method. This study shows that patients’ language used to express their understanding of the etiology of AN was characterized by psychological terms such as personality, self-esteem, control, and coping rather than neuroscientific terms.Participants held a complex understanding of the causes of AN, ac

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Joshi, Devin. "An Integrated Theory of Happiness: The Yang Zhu Chapter of the Liezi." Journal of Daoist Studies 17, no. 1 (2024): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dao.2024.a920713.

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Abstract: This article examines the integrated approach to theorizing happiness in the Yang Zhu chapter of the book associated with the Daoist master Liezi. While ancient critics famously denounced Yang Zhu as an amoral, pleasure-seeking hedonist, I argue the Yang Zhu chapter offers an individually rational but socially non-conformist approach to well-being of considerable relevance to contemporary scholarship on happiness. Not only does the chapter offer an intriguing and counter-intuitive argument about what constitutes and causes well-being, but its philosophical implications address a larg

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Waitzkin, Howard. "Confronting the Upstream Causes of COVID-19 and Other Epidemics to Follow." International Journal of Health Services 51, no. 1 (August 3, 2020): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731420946612.

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The upstream causes of the COVID-19 pandemic have received little attention so far in public health and clinical medicine, as opposed to the downstream effects of mass morbidity and mortality. To resolve this pandemic and to prevent even more severe future pandemics, a focus on upstream causation is essential. Convincing evidence shows that this and every other important viral epidemic emerging in the recent past and predictably into the future comes from the same upstream causes: capitalist agriculture, its destruction of natural habitat, and the industrial production of meat. International a

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V P, Radhika, Chinju Alias, Vishnu A, and Braivin Camly R. "A REVIEW ON VIVARTHA VAADA: ITS IMPLICATIONS IN SWASTHA, ROGI AND CHIKITSA." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation 10, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4572.101194.

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The science of Ayurveda has its base in the darshanas. Ayurveda adopts the theories from darshanas with necessary modifications so as to suit its practical utility. Vaada is the methodology of discussion proposed by darshanas. Indian philosophers used vaada to unveil the unknown from known and Ayurveda utilises all the available philosophies according to the context to justify its aim i.e to prevent and cure diseases. Vivartavaada is the theory of causation propounded by Vedantha. Vivartavaada and its concepts being pure philosophical cannot be as such applied in Ayurveda as it is a practical

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Abrahams, Peter W. "Soil, geography and human disease: a critical review of the importance of medical cartography." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, no. 4 (August 2006): 490–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp493ra.

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Soils have a profound impact on the causation and geographical distribution of human disease and well-being. However, because of the multifactorial causes of illnesses, the impact of soils on health needs to be considered in light of the environment in its fullest sense. Since the nineteenth century, medical cartography has served as an epidemiological tool for investigating the links between soils and human well-being. Using examples, particularly the problems of soil-transmitted helminth infections, and iodine and selenium deficiency diseases, this paper shows how maps have been used to iden

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Ackerman, Sara L., Katherine Weatherford Darling, Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, Robert A. Hiatt, and Janet K. Shim. "The Ethics of Translational Science: Imagining Public Benefit in Gene-Environment Interaction Research." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 3 (June 29, 2017): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2017.152.

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Biomedical research is increasingly informed by expectations of “translation,” which call for the production of scientific knowledge that can be used to create services and products that improve health outcomes. In this paper, we ask how translation, in particular the idea of social responsibility, is understood and enacted in the post-genomic life sciences. Drawing on theories examining what constitutes “good science,” and interviews with 35 investigators who study the role of gene-environment interactions in the etiology of cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, we describe the dynami

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ARVELO, W., L. S. BLUM, N. NAHAR, L. VON SEIDLEIN, L. NAHAR, R. P. PACK, A. W. BROOKS, et al. "Community perceptions of bloody diarrhoea in an urban slum in South Asia: implications for introduction of aShigellavaccine." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 4 (June 14, 2010): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001391.

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SUMMARYUnderstanding local perceptions of disease causation could help public health officials improve strategies to prevent bloody diarrhoea. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh to elicit community beliefs about the causes of and prevention strategies for bloody diarrhoea. Between March and June 2003, we interviewed 541 randomly selected respondents. Overall, 507 (93%) respondents perceived that a vaccine could prevent bloody diarrhoea. If a vaccine provided lifetime protection, 445 (83%) respondents stated that they would opt to get the vaccine and would pay a median

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Cui, Hang, Yahui Kong, and Hong Zhang. "Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Aging." Journal of Signal Transduction 2012 (October 2, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/646354.

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Aging is an intricate phenomenon characterized by progressive decline in physiological functions and increase in mortality that is often accompanied by many pathological diseases. Although aging is almost universally conserved among all organisms, the underlying molecular mechanisms of aging remain largely elusive. Many theories of aging have been proposed, including the free-radical and mitochondrial theories of aging. Both theories speculate that cumulative damage to mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the causes of aging. Oxidative da

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Kennedy, Peter G. E. "The Spectrum of Neurological Manifestations of Varicella–Zoster Virus Reactivation." Viruses 15, no. 8 (July 30, 2023): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15081663.

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Varicella–Zoster virus (VZV) is a pathogenic human alpha herpes virus that causes varicella (chicken pox) as a primary infection and, following a variable period of latency in different ganglionic neurons, it reactivates to produce herpes zoster (shingles). The focus of this review is on the wide spectrum of the possible neurological manifestations of VZV reactivation. While the most frequent reactivation syndrome is herpes zoster, this may be followed by the serious and painful post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) and by many other neurological conditions. Prominent among these conditions is a VZV v

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Braun, Caelesta, Jorren Scherpenisse, Martijn van der Steen, and Mark J. W. van Twist. "On the forces of policy change and joint causation: insights from the banker’s bonus case." International Review of Administrative Sciences 83, no. 4 (July 9, 2016): 738–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852315599046.

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One of the few robust findings in the public policy literature is that policy dynamics are both a function of stability and volatility. And although most theories of public policy making posit the occurrence of policy junctures as necessary conditions for significant change, studies that set out to unravel the underlying mechanisms of such policy junctures remain relatively rare. This article further develops the idea of policy junctures, commonly hypothesized to initiate significant change, as essentially entailing joint causation. We illustrate the joint and reinforcing nature of forces of c

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Savenko, I. V., and M. Yu Boboshko. "Exudative otitis media in children: the main causes. Part I." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 66, no. 4 (September 29, 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2021-66-4-32-38.

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Otitis media, including exudative otitis, is one of the most common childhood diseases. Almost asymptomatic course in children of early and preschool age leads to undiagnosed hearing loss. In such cases the minimal auditory deficit significantly affects the auditory-speech development and the formation of higher cortical functions in children. It is pediatricians who are the first to deal with the manifestations of exudative otitis media. Consequently, their knowledge and understanding of the disease, including the most common causes and risk factors, is important. The first part of the litera

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Jacobs, David H., and David Cohen. "The End of Neo-Kraepelinism." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 14, no. 2 (2012): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.14.2.87.

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In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association asserted that its subject matter was straightforwardly medical and created a diagnostic manual—Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.; DSM-III)—consisting of supposedly discrete and independent mental disorders based on what were meant to be low-inference, easily observed sets of symptoms. It was taken for granted that such mental disorders existed and that biological research over time would unearth their specific somatic causes. The idea was to purge psychiatric diagnosis of jargon and unverified and unverifiable psychosoc

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