Thèses : « DRC »

1

Kutelama, David K. « Overcoming obstacles to electrification in Congo (DRC) ». Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6742.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The contrast between the very low rate of electricity access (about 6% of households) and the significant energy resources existing in Congo justified an investigation into the obstacles to electrification and ways to overcome them. Basically electricity is generated from hydroelectric plants; the most important located in the western tip of the country (including Inga I and Inga II) and in the copper mining area in the southeast. Only the copper mining area, the area around the capital city Kinshasa and some other towns are connected to the grid or to isolated hydro plants, leaving vast parts of the country unserved. Description and analysis of existing electricity systems, their current problems and the sector master plans led to the identification of the following major obstacles to electricity expansion: [* Poor and declining performance of the electricity sector in terms of plant availability, overall losses, non-payment, and poor collection; depriving the national utility of the necessary capacity and resources to undertake electrification. * High cost of expansion programs under the approach of extending networks by transmission and three-phase distribution lines in a vast country. Limited electricity demands in most areas, lack of standardization of voltages and network equipment, and high standards of connection equipment also contributed to increase electrification costs.] A review of literature showed that, where already applied, the recommendation of international organisations to restructure and ultimately privatise electricity utilities has yielded limited results on the particular issue of electricity expansion towards low-load areas. As electrification of such areas is a major objective in Congo, this justifies that we do not recommend this route as a key strategy in solving the electrification problem in Congo. In other words the objective of expanding electricity throughout the country is not likely to be met by private operators that prefer large-scale electricity production for urban and industrial markets and emphasize the profitability of every project. However possible ways to improve utility's performance were identified in the literature. These include: the use of prepaid meters to improve collection, transferring the management of distribution networks in some areas to local organisations, attribution of more authority to the utility to enforce non-payment and staff training under a more experienced utility in the field. The liberalization of small-scale production that allows small operators such as missionaries, NGOs, or agro-processing industries to generate and possibly distribute electricity in remote areas may also contribute to expanding electricity in the country. The literature review also revealed that alternative MV distribution technologies and connection practices tested and successfully applied in other countries for low-cost electrification were available. Despite minor inconveniences such as their capacity restriction, and the inability to provide three-phase power for motors, single-phase technologies result in cost-effective networks as far as rural electrification is concerned. This is attractive for rural electrification in Congo. Applying single-phase MV technologies with adapted SASS and PIESA guidelines and standards to the design of an isolated rural network in eastern Congo, the following results were obtained: • When loads to be served are small (about 100-200kVA) phase-phase and SWER lines are cheaper to build than three-phase lines. As loads encountered in most rural areas in Congo are generally smaller than 100kVA and can reach 100-200kVA in the medium or long run, single-phase networks can adequately supply these areas from existing networks or from local plants. • The low cost of these networks in rural areas is a result of using a reduced number of components (conductors, poles, insulators and pole-top hardware), conductors of small size and of higher ratio strength to weight (T/wc), such as ACSR, that result in long spanning lengths. • If three-phase systems were systematically used, the cost of individual connection would be higher and the capacity in the networks would have been much greater than needed. Besides, given the limited financial resources other communities could not be connected owing to the high cost of three-phase lines to connect them. In addition, in order to reach the viability of the electrification project a higher tariff should be used. This is the main finding of the financial analysis carried out to investigate the viability of the electrification project in eastern Congo. As a result of high connection costs and tariffs, electricity would become unaffordable to most rural customers. This contradicts the primary objective of providing electricity to most possible customers. In practice, as shown by the case study, the pattern of electrification should be as follows. From existing networks with sufficient capacity or from a nearby plant, an optimised three-phase line towards a main center is built. Single-phase feeders of adequate rating (taking into account present demands and future growth) derive from the backbone towards various load centers. This pattern can be applied to most rural areas in Congo. At the customer level, ready boards that include isolators, protection, sockets, switches and possibly lights are installed. The cost reduction at the network and at the customer level should result in more affordable connection costs for customers. In addition to the introduction of lower cost technologies, planning approaches should be adapted. The extent to which electricity contributes to socio economic development should be the main consideration in planning electricity expansion. In other words emphasis should be put on economic and socio economic electrification. The productive uses of electricity in economic and socio economic projects bring sustainability and may attract funding for other projects from development organisations. However some social electrification to gain political support for the economic and socio economic projects are necessary. The traditional planning policy that justifies building three-phase lines as a precaution to avoid costlier upgrading at a later stage, is not adequate when financial resources and plant capacity are limited and when uncertainty exists about load growth. In other words, three-phase networks, with capacity high enough to meet years of demand that can sometimes not grow as expected, deprive other customers of connections while capacity is idle in the existing tri-phase networks. The study has shown that there is substantial scope for the application of lower cost distribution technologies than the present standards in Congo. Applying low-cost electrification technologies such as single-phase MV distribution systems to expand electricity from existing networks and from small-scale hydro plants (as a measure to postpone the construction of more costly transmission lines), after the utility has improved its performance and skills, should significantly contribute to expand electricity in Congo. In this process, utility's efforts can be shared and complemented by small operators such as missions, NGOs, and agro-processing companies in isolated areas and at small-scale level.

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Kazadi, Banza Samuel-Barry. « Structural geology of the Kinsevere Copper Deposit, DRC ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24753.

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The Kinsevere mine is a copper deposit located in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), within the Central African Copperbelt. This area is situated in the Katangan basin within the SE portion of the Lufilian Arc, which is a large, arcuate structure that extends from SE Angola, across the DRC, and into NW Zambia. The purpose of this study is to characterise the brittle deformation observed around the Kinsevere copper deposit to lead to an understanding of the deformation history of the area. This is accomplished by analysing fault-slip and fold data to help understand the relationship between regional palaeostress, faulting and folding present in the mine vicinity. This study also attempts to characterise fracture-controlled copper mineralisation within the interpreted geodynamic context of the area. The broader objective of this study is to relate the structural observations from Kinsevere to the deformation history of the Lufilian Arc. This study uses the right dihedral method to analyse four categories of brittle structures. The structural types analysed include slickensided faults, mineralised joints, and unmineralised joints and shear fractures. The data suggests that the palaeostress associated with the formation of brittle structures in the Kinsevere area occurred during three deformation events. The first event is characterised by a compressional stress regime which occurred during the early stage of the Kolwezian phase (D1). The second event is characterised by a strike-slip stress regime that formed as the result of clockwise rotation of the earlier (D1) compressional regime. Two fault-slip vectors were observed on the strike-slip fault planes, indicating that a reactivation occurred during the Monwezian phase (D2). The final structural event was characterised by the development of an extensional stress regime. This was associated with North-South oriented extension and is related to the East African Rift System (D3). These interpreted events correlate well with the geodynamic context related to the Lufilian orogeny. Another line of evidence that supports this structural interpretation is the presence of evaporitic minerals observed in the stratigraphic units surrounding the brecciated zones such as the RAT and the CMN. The structural association of these evaporitic minerals may be related to pre-existing, salt-bearing units, which were dissolved during an early compressive (D1) phase of the Lufilian orogeny. However, the contact between the Grey RAT and the Red RAT (distal from the breccia zones) does not show any evidence of faulting, and in the Kinsevere area the Grey RAT is always observed above the Red RAT. This suggests that the Grey RAT may be the uppermost stratigraphic unit of the RAT subgroup, which contradicts some previously published interpretations. Thus, the current structural architecture was probably formed from a combination of two separate mechanisms, including compression-related salt extrusion and the development of thrust faults and folding resulting from the shortening of the Katangan basin. Based on an analysis of the fracture-controlled mineralisation in the study area, it is shown here that most of the stress tensors indicate that these fractures were induced within the compressional stress regime generated by the Lufilian orogeny. This conclusion supports studies which suggest a multiphase origin for the mineralizing fluids active in the Katangan basin. Thus, the age of the copper mineralisation associated with fractures is interpreted to correlate with the timing of the folding event that occurred during the Lufilian orogeny between 540-550Ma.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Geology
unrestricted

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Cao, Ruping. « DRC et LVS pour la conception photonique sur sicilium ». Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC009/document.

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Silicon with its mature integration platform has brought electronic circuits to mass-market applications; silicon photonics will most probably follow this evolution. However, there are still many technological challenges to be addressed in order to realize silicon photonics technology. One of the key challenges is building a complete design environment interfaced with standard EDA tools; as in microelectronics, this would enable the creation of photonic libraries and photonic IP blocks. In this study, we focus on developing a physical verification (PV) flow for the silicon photonics technology.There are a number of components from the traditional CMOS IC physical verification world that can be borrowed. All, however, will require some modification due to the distinct nature of photonic circuits. We study the photonic circuit PV requirements, in comparison with those for traditional IC designs. The most significant limitation of current PV tools is to handle non- Manhattan layout designs. We adapt industrial standard PV tools to perform efficient and reliable design rule checking (DRC) that validates non-Manhattan like layout. We also propose methodologies and develop a layout versus schematic (LVS) checking flow specific to the non- Manhattan characteristics and photonic circuit verification requirements. The flow is capable of verifying photonic circuit layout implementation (or even manufactured silicon) with regard to the intended design. The developed flows are demonstrated with Mentor Graphics Pyxis design environment and Calibre® PV tool suit. As generic methodologies, they can also be in principle adopted in other EDA tool environments in order to verify the physical implementation of the photonic designs. Such a PV flow is essential for bringing the silicon photonics technology onto the real CMOS streamline
La plate-forme d'intégration silicium est arrivée à maturité, et a amené les circuits intégrés électroniques (IC) aux applications du marché de masse ; la photonique sur silicium va suivre probablement cette évolution. Pourtant, il y a encore de nombreux défis technologiques à relever pour réaliser la technologie photonique sur silicium. Parmi les principaux défis, il est essentiel de se concentrer sur la construction d'un environnement de conception complet interfacé avec les outils EDA standards ; comme dans la microélectronique, il permettrait la création de librairies photoniques et des blocs IP photoniques. Dans cette étude, nous nous concentrons sur l’adaptation et le développement du flot de vérification physique (PV, ou « physical verification ») pour la conception photonique sur silicium.Il y a un certain nombre de concepts de PV existant pour le CMOS traditionnel qui peuvent être empruntés. Tous, cependant, nécessiteront quelques modifications en raison de la nature distincte du circuit photonique. Nous étudions les exigences de PV pour les circuits photoniques, en comparaison avec celles de la conception de circuits intégrés traditionnels. La limitation la plus importante des outils de PV actuels est de traiter les layout « non-Manhattan ». Nousadaptons des outils industriels standards pour effectuer un « design rule checking » (DRC) efficace et fiable qui valide les layout non-Manhattan. Nous proposons également des méthodologies et développons un flot « layout versus schematic » (LVS) spécifique aux caractéristiques non-Manhattan et aux exigences de vérification de circuits photoniques. Le flot est capable de vérifier le layout du circuit photonique (ou même le silicium fabriqué du circuit) en ce qui concerne la conception cible. Les flots développés sont démontrées avec les outils de Mentor Graphics – Pyxis (l’environnement de dessin) et Calibre® (les outils de PV). Comme les méthodologies génériques, ils peuvent aussi être en principe adoptés dans d'autres outils EDA afin d'effectuer la vérification de la réalisation de la conception du circuit photonique. Un tel flot de PV est essentiel pour amener la technologie photonique sur silicium sur la ligne de production réelle de CMOS

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Bwebwe, Asmini. « Engendering water policy in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) / ». [Sede Boker] : Albert Katz International School for Desert Research, 2007. http://aranne5.lib.ad.bgu.ac.il/others/BwebweAsmini.pdf.

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Massey, Rachel. « 'Leaky bodies' : men, war and rape in the Congo (DRC) ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/leaky-bodies-men-war-and-rape-in-the-congo-drc-m(f9c24cad-c4d1-4a00-97ca-4ae7ea125d4f).html.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine how contemporary framings of the bodies of male perpetrators of sexual violence in war constrain what we know about them. To achieve this aim it elaborates an analytical strategy of leaky bodies that develops conceptual tools for analysing how the bodies of male perpetrators of sexual violence in war disrupt our representations of them. This analytical strategy of leaky bodies is central to my analysis of the ways in which bodies of male perpetrators surface within the literature on sexual violence in the DRC. Dissatisfied with the almost ubiquitous framing of male perpetrators of sexual violence in this landscape of war as physically and emotionally hard, it uses the term leaky to explore and contest how they materialize within explanations of sexual violence in the DRC.Situated within feminist analyses of sexual violence in war this thesis asks how the generic stories of militarized masculinity that authors work within violently reproduce the bodies of perpetrators as well as how these stories permeate explanations of why soldiers rape in the DRC. In tracing how the literature on sexual violence in this warscape reproduces an image of soldiers who perpetrate rape as part of the ‘machinery’ or ‘weaponry’ of war, my analysis looks for residues or traces of leaky bodies that reveal how they consistently exceed our prevailing understandings of them. It does this by paying attention to how the stories soldiers tell about perpetrating sexual violence subvert the dominant imagery of militarized masculinity central to many other militarized narratives. In doing so, my analysis is overwhelmingly indebted to the extensive first hand research of Maria Baaz and Maria Stern whose interviews with soldiers about why rape occurs has generated unique insights into their experiences of warring in the DRC.The central contention of this thesis is subsequently that, while we cannot entirely escape working within contemporary framings of the bodies of male perpetrators of sexual violence in war, new insights can be gained into why soldiers rape by reading the male body through the window of its leakiness instead of its hardness in the DRC.

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Trautman, Adam Zachariah. « From Zaire to the DRC : A Case Study of State Failure ». Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4596.

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The issue of state failure within the international system has been a perplexing phenomenon in our increasingly mobile and modern society. The question of why some states succeed in developing into strong states within the international environment and why some fail is a question often overlooked. The focus of this thesis will be on three key factors that contribute towards state failure. The research will show how these three key factors: outdated state infrastructure, lack of economic development, and external intervention contribute to the occurrence of this phenomenon. Analyzing these key factors will highlight how state failure occurs within a case study. The chosen state for the focus of this thesis will be the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). By focusing on this case I plan to cross-reference factors that have been commonly used to gauge state failure. This will show that external factors, as well as internal factors can cause detrimental obstacles in state development. The unit of examination of these three factors will be focused on the DRC. My research will show that the three key factors are the reason why the DRC became a failed state and that due to external events the DRC was able to maintain an image of a stable environment, while the citizens of the country suffered. As a result of the rising influence of globalization and the push for development in the international system state failure has become a preoccupation for scholars.

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Crouse, Carl Peter. « DRC : Grasvoelkop : moving from a missions-minded to a missional focus ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95807.

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Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: DRC Grasvoëlkop is a small urban congregation that can, in the light of Galatians 6:4, be proud of its involvement in local and global missions as a partner in the proclamation of God’s Word. Demographic and cultural changes have, however, forced the congregation to look afresh at its identity and calling as declining membership, financial pressure, and self-questioning of its relevance within its immediate context arise. The researcher has been a minister of this congregation for 24 years. The researcher undertakes an empirical study of the congregation, together with a description of the changing context, that aims to expose the impotence of an institutional hermeneutic to move the congregation forward into growth and fruitful ministry. Part I will describe additionally the changes that have taken place in Western culture and how these cultural shifts have unwittingly influenced the church. Rather than being merely missions-minded, a congregation needs to be missional. This requires the church to recognise false accommodations to Western culture, and to transition from an institutional to a missional hermeneutic. The research aims to show how an understanding of missional theology can assist the congregation in moving to a more biblical understanding of culture, calling and identity; and how a fruitful future lies in rejecting self-preservation to embrace the missio Dei. This is undertaken in Part II, which distinguishes three key aspects of missional theology: 1. The Trinity, with the possibilities that a fuller and more faithful view of God may bring to bear on a struggling congregation through a renewed faith; 2. The Kingdom of God, and what it means in terms of salvation and hope, showing how a struggling congregation can interact fruitfully with the world; and 3. The call to discipleship, and how love can help the congregation rediscover identity and calling. The study fleshes out these three aspects by describing how missional theology corrects an unbiblical accommodation to Western culture (secularisation, spiritual escapism and individualism) and supplies a healthy corrective. The study shows how the church can err through a reactionary response to these errors that then swings to an opposite, equally unbiblical pole. Together with an appreciation of missional thought, the study endeavours to offer a fresh contribution to the missional conversation by highlighting the important place of proclamation (and how missionmindedness can be developed further) and the vital but underappreciated role that vocation can play as a missional calling. The growing mystical emphasis within the denomination is questioned and an alternative, found in Puritan spirituality, is advocated. This study underlines the inadequacy of a missions-focus that does not spring from a missional ecclesiology and finds in missional theology the parameters to transform the congregation as a participant in the missio Dei, able to minister and thrive within a changed context.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die NGK Grasvoëlkop is 'n klein stedelike gemeente wat, in die lig van Galasiërs 6:4, trots kan wees op haar betrokkenheid in plaaslike en globale sending deur vennoot te wees in die uitdra van God se Woord. Demografiese en kulturele veranderings het egter die gemeente gedwing om nuut te kyk na haar identiteit en roeping soos 'n dalende lidmaattal, finansiële druk en die bevraagtekening van haar eie relevansie binne haar onmiddellike konteks ontstaan. Die navorser is die afgelope 24 jaar leraar van hierdie gemeente. Hierdie navorsing onderneem ŉ empiriese studie van die gemeente en 'n beskrywing van die veranderende konteks wat ten doel het om die onmag te beskryf van die heersende institusionele hermeneutiek om die gemeente na groei en ŉ vrugbare bediening te neem. Deel I beskryf die veranderings wat in Westerse kultuur plaasgevind het, en hoe die kerk onbewustelik deur hierdie kulturele kenmerke gevorm is. Eerder as om bloot ŉ sendingbetrokkenheid te hê, is dit nodig dat 'n gemeente missionaal moet wees. Dit vra dat die gemeente sal herken waar daar onskriftuurlike akkommodasie gemaak is vir Westerse kultuur en om te skuif van 'n institusionele na 'n missionale hermeneutiek. Die navorsing wys hoe 'n begrip van missionale teologie die gemeente kan begelei na 'n Bybelse begrip van kultuur, roeping en identiteit, en hoe 'n vrugbare toekoms ontdek word deur weg te beweeg van selfbehoud na deelname in die missio Dei. Dit word onderneem in Deel II, wat drie sleutelaspekte van missionale teologie onderskei: 1. Die Drie-eenheid, met die moontlikhede wat 'n voller Godsbegrip bring vir 'n sukkelende gemeente deur ŉ hernude geloof; 2. Die Koninkryk van God, en wat dit in terme van verlossing en hoop beteken, soos dit vir die gemeente toon hoe sy in die wêreld vrug kan dra; 3. Die roeping tot dissipelskap, en hoe liefde die gemeente kan help om haar roeping en identiteit te herontdek. Die studie beskryf hierdie drie aspekte en hoe missionale teologie dien as korrektief op die foutiewe akkommodasies van Westerse kultuur (sekularisasie, wêreldversaking en individualisme) en bied 'n nodige korrektief. Die studie wys verder hoe die kerk kan fouteer deur, in reaksie op hierdie misvattings, oor te hel na 'n teenoorgestelde en ewe onbybelse pool. Saam met 'n waardering van missionale teologie wil hierdie navorsing ook 'n vars bydrae tot die missionale gesprek maak deur klem te lê op die belang van verkondiging (en die plek wat sendingbetrokkenheid binne die gemeente behoort te hê), asook die belangrike maar onderwaardeerde rol van roeping (“vocation”) in die daaglikse lewe van die lidmaat. Die groeiende klem op mistiek binne die denominasie word ondersoek en 'n alternatief vanuit Puriteinse spiritualiteit word voorgestel. Die studie onderstreep die onvermoë van 'n sendingbewustheid wat nie gebore is uit ŉ missionale ekklesiologie nie, en vind in missionale teologie die nodige parameters vir die gemeente om te transformeer as 'n deelnemer in die missio Dei, en om te bedien en te groei binne 'n veranderde konteks.

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Elonga, Mboyo Jean Pierre. « Comparative leadership : pathways, scope and values in DRC-English 'urban' schools ». Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2017. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/16556/.

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Purpose/context: This research compares the accounts of two experienced urban primary heads based in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo-DRC) with two others based in Sheffield/Doncaster (England), in order to make sense of their leadership pathways, challenges and actions. Despite the differences in educational reforms, research, investment, and staff competencies etc., the two settings are diverse, have ‘similar’ stages of development of formal education and relative pupil outcome challenges. Literature/Methodology: Following a critique of relevant literature, ‘comparative knowledge domain’ is proposed as a theoretical basis for researching practice in the above (similar) contexts. The study also utilises a consistent multi-perspective ‘comparative research methodology’ that, in this case, uses ‘leadership conversations’ within narrative research traditions to extract data that is analysed thematically and using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings: In DRC, headship is experienced as an innate vocation; challenges include corruption, poor working conditions and poorly trained workforce operating in a centralised system. Whereas in England, headship is experienced as an exploratory journey; challenges are systemic: people versus policy-centred styles and fractured social and institutional entities. Heads here operate within a decentralised system. However, all four heads enact not only the literal and organisational but also the comparative meaning of the ‘gospel according to the head’ metaphor, which is driven by core values of risk-taking, inclusivity, integrity and success-mindedness. Originality/contribution: The study makes a rich contribution to school leadership in the DRC and adds to the limited body of research in educational leadership comparing the DRC (Africa) with England (West). As well as arguing for ‘comparative knowledge’, as a unique domain in educational leadership, and proposing ‘comparative research’, as a methodological research concept, the findings offer an overall empirically-based comparative leadership framework that is recommended to further develop theory, practice, policy and research.

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Scholfield, Katherine Abigail. « Transnational (dis)connections : mountain gorilla conservation in Rwanda and the DRC ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/transnational-disconnections-mountain-gorilla-conservation-in-rwanda-and-the-drc(88174e75-49bf-4702-80ed-e509d20cd6e4).html.

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This thesis uses a case study of mountain gorilla conservation in Rwanda and the DRC to explore how diverse connections and disconnections influence idea circulation and disseminate different forms of inclusion and exclusion of particular people and groups. It is embedded within a theoretical framework that brings together three bodies of literature on non-governmental organisations (NGOs), transnational networks and ideational power to ask questions about network interactions and what they mean in terms of idea circulation. The thesis addresses three research questions: What do transnational networks look like on the ground; what do (dis)connections look like and what do they mean in terms of idea circulation, inclusion and exclusion; and (how) do transnational networks operate to include and circulate the ideas of more marginalised groups in society? This thesis presents results from a survey of the work of 281 conservation NGOs in sub-Saharan Africa, which maps out the institutional context of mountain gorilla conservation and raises questions about the interactions, equality and inclusiveness of the sector. Having identified mountain gorilla conservation as a suitable case study for this research, the thesis explores the political and environmental history of the Virungas, looking at how the two interact and influence (dis)connections. Using data gathered from semi-structured interviews, this thesis introduces the key actors, structures and processes involved in mountain gorilla conservation in Rwanda and the DRC and explores the connections between them. It shows how connections based on perceptions of expertise, staff movement and the professional and social circles people move in cause certain ideas to be respected and circulated, whilst other people and their ideas are ‘accidentally’ excluded. At the same time ‘strategic’ disconnections, which result from personal and organisational conflicts, can prevent idea circulation and lead to project duplication in some areas and a lack of projects in others. The thesis also examines NGO and state claims that ‘the idea (for interventions) came from the community’. It argues that, with exceptions, in a context of ‘sensitisation’ of communities to conservation and a complex political history, NGOs and states often define community ‘ideas’ themselves and do not typically have processes in place to foster local ideas, potentially excluding some of the more marginalised groups in society.

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Jobbins, Michae. « Local peace in civil war the case of Butembo, Eastern DRC / ». Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/441853786/viewonline.

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Colclough, S. J. « Investigations of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo volcanoes (DRC), using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597821.

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InSAR was used to remotely prospect for ground deformation and to map lava flows associated with eruptions at Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo volcanoes (DRC). Eleven ERS SAR scenes were obtained. Initial InSAR results revealed excellent interferometric coherence over barren lava surfaces, although coherence was limited over vegetated areas and on the steep upper slopes of the volcanoes. This resulted in isolated patches of coherence, which despite significant modifications to the processing technique, could not be bridged during the unwrapping of the interferograms. However, reliable results were achieved by processing the isolated areas separately. New areas of interferometric coherence enabled lava flows emplaced during the 2002 Nyiragongo, and 1998 and 2001 Nyamuragira eruptions to be identified and mapped in higher detail than was available in existing maps. Based on the mapped flow areas and assumed flow thicknesses, minimum estimates for the erupted volumes were found to be 22 x 10⁶ m³, 71 x 10⁶ m³ and 133 x 10⁶ m³, respectively. Previously undetected deformation signals were found over both long (years) and short (weeks) time-periods. A persistent and generally decreasing subsidence was observed in Nyamuragira’s NE flow field, and was attributed to post-emplacement cooling and densification of pre- 1997 lavas and associated substrate relaxation due to lava loading. Localised inflation and deflation signals were observed on Nyamuragira’s NE flanks and summit caldera, and were interpreted as reflecting the dynamics of shallow magma systems. Maximum deformation rates within Nyamuragira’s summit caldera were about five times greater than those recorded for the NE flanks. Inflation of Nyamuragira’s NW flanks was interpreted as being due to magma accumulation prior to the 2002 eruption.

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Copeland, Thomas F. « Civilian Protection in the Eastern DRC Evaluation of the MONUSCO Peacekeeping Operation ». Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6779.

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Since 2003 language mandating civilian protection (POC) has increasingly appeared in Security Council resolutions, peace support doctrine, and humanitarian frameworks. Despite the frequency of its use, the term lacks a universal definition and a clear gap exists between military operations that attempt to establish, introduce, and/or enforce civilian protection and humanitarian approaches to POC concepts. This thesis posits three metrics that should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations which aim to establish POC rates of civilian massacres, rates of internally displaced persons, and incidents of sexual violence. These criteria share both military and humanitarian priorities. They also represent elements of conflict present in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo since at least 1998, and each must be reduced in order to establish a minimum standard for civilian protection in the country. The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Congo (MONUSCO) was charged with implementing POC in the eastern regions of the DRC beginning in 2008. This thesis considers the ability of MONUSCO to address each of the three POC metrics and shows that the mission has fallen short of achieving its mandate to instill minimum standards of civilian protection.

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Almeida, Ana Laura Maciel. « Declínio cognitivo na doença renal crônica (DRC) : influências da deficiência de ferro ». Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1329.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Declínio cognitivo (DC) é comum no paciente com doença renal crônica (DRC), podendo impactar desfavoravelmente na qualidade de vida e na aderência medicamentosa. Vários fatores contribuem para o DC na DRC, sendo a deficiência de ferro, comum em pacientes com diminuição da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG), uma delas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a deficiência de ferro se associa com o DC em paciente com DRC não dialítico. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 54 pacientes não idosos com DRC pré-dialítica através de avaliação laboratorial, triagem cognitiva completa (um teste de rastreio de cognição global: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) e bateria de testes de memória, atenção, velocidade de processamento, fluência verbal e funções executivas), escalas de sono (Escala de Sonolência Diurna de Epworth, Questionário Clínico de Apnéia Obstrutiva do Sono de Berlin, Questionário de cinco perguntas de sintomas de Pernas Inquietas), depressão (Inventário de depressão de Beck, Mini-Plus para Episódio Depressivo Maior (DSM-IV) e funcionalidade (Questionário de Atividades Funcionais de Pfeffer). RESULTADOS: O DC, avaliado pelo Montreal Cognitive Assessment (ajustado para escolaridade) foi identificado em 59,3% dos pacientes, e se relacionou com hemoglobina <11,0 g/dL, ferritina <100 ng/mL, saturação da transferrina <20%, com anos de escolaridade, depressão e com a diminuição da TFG. Adicionalmente, observou-se frequência aumentada de sintomas de apnéia obstrutiva do sono (76,9%), de pernas inquietas e sonolência diurna (35,2%) e sintomas depressivos avaliados pelo BDI (34,7%). CONCLUSÃO: Nos pacientes não idosos com DRC pré-dialítica avaliados, o DC e os sintomas depressivos foram frequentes e, em parte, explicado por níveis inadequados da reserva de ferro e de hemoglobina.
INTRODUCTION: Cognitive decline (CD) is common in chronic kidney patients, yet little investigated. Several factors contribute to such decline, with iron deficiency being a frequent and treatable occurrence, with an impact on quality of life and adherence to treatment. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate whether iron deficiency influences cognitive decline in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. METHOD: A cross-sectional evaluation of 54 patients was performed, including laboratory evaluation, complete cognitive screening, and sleep, depression and functionality scales. RESULTS: There was an increased frequency of obstructive sleep apnea symptoms (76.9%), restless legs and daytime sleepiness (35.2%) and depressive symptoms (BDI) (34.7%). The screening test with the highest significance was the MoCA (59.3%), even after the scores were adjusted regarding the level of schooling, as it is associated with ferritin<100ng/mL, with hemoglobin <11g/dL and transferrin saturation <20%, as well as with the level of schooling, depression and loss of kidney function. CONCLUSION: CD and depressive symptoms were frequent and partially explained by inadequate levels of iron and hemoglobin.

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Paulino, Junior Daniel [UNESP]. « Caracterização clínica da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica hipertensiva em cães com doença renal crônica (DRC) ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101234.

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A doença renal crônica (DRC) progride de forma implacável levando o paciente à falência renal e por consequência da ativação dos mecanismos compensatórios, uma ampla porcentagem dos pacientes torna-se hipertenso. Várias alterações estão citadas na literatura e dentre elas das mais importantes são as injúrias cardiovasculares. Em virtude desses fatores, este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica Hipertensiva em cães com DRC, correlacionando o seu desenvolvimento com as lesões renais. Para este estudo foram utilizados 25 cães adultos, machos e fêmeas, com média de 10 anos de idade e de 16 kg de peso, distribuídos em dois grupos: o Grupo Controle (GC), constituído por dez cães hígidos, e o Grupo DRC (GDRC), constituído por quinze cães com Doença Renal Crônica provenientes da rotina do Hospital Veterinário “Governador Laudo Natel” da FCAV – UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal – SP, classificados após triagem composta por anamnese e exames clínico e laboratoriais. Foi feita uma única avaliação dos dois grupos por exames de mensuração da pressão arterial não-invasiva, radiográficos, eletrocardiográficos computadorizados, ecodopplercardiográficos, bem como por dosagens de marcadores cardíacos como Troponina I, Creatinofosfoquinase fração MB (CK-MB) e de enzimas como a Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (ECA), Aldosterona e Renina. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram que os cães do GDRC têm aumento significativo (p< 0,05) da pressão arterial sistêmica, da frequência cardíaca, das concentrações da ECA, Renina e Troponina I, bem como tendência clínica de aumento concêntrico do ventrículo esquerdo, visto no ecocardiograma, aumento clínico da Aldosterona e do biomarcador CK-MB quando comparados com os cães do GC.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses relentlessly leading to renal failure. A wide range of patients become hypertensive due to the activation of compensatory mechanisms. Several alterations have been cited in the literature and, among them, the most important are the cardiovascular injuries. Considering these factors, this study aims the characterization of Hypertensive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in dogs with CKD, correlating its development with the renal lesions. For this study, 25 adult dogs, with a mean age of 10 years and mean weight of 16 kg, males and females, were distributed into two groups: the control group (CG) was composed of 10 healthy dogs and the CKD group (CKDG) was composed of 15 dogs with CKD, patients of the Veterinary Hospital “Governador Laudo Natel” of FCAV – UNESP, Jaboticabal – SP, which were classified after triage consisting of anamnesis and, clinical and laboratorial exams. One single evaluation of both groups was performed by exams as non-invasive blood pressure measurement, radiographs, computerized electrocardiogram, echo-Doppler cardiogram, as well as measurement of cardiac markers as Troponin I, Creatine phosphokinase-MB (MB-CK) and enzymes as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), Aldosterone and Renin. The results of this research shows that dogs of the CKDG have significant (p<0.05) increase in arterial pressure, cardiac frequency, ACE and Renin concentrations, as well as a clinical tendency of concentric increase in the left ventricle observed in the echocardiographic examination, and increase of biomarkers MB-CK and Troponin I, when compared to dogs of CG.

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Paulino, Junior Daniel. « Caracterização clínica da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica hipertensiva em cães com doença renal crônica (DRC) / ». Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101234.

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Orientador: Aparecido Antonio Camacho
Banca: Eduardo Moacyr Krieger
Banca: Ruthnéa Aparecida lázaro Muzzi
Banca: Aureo Evangelista Santana
Banca: Julio Carlos Canola
Resumo: A doença renal crônica (DRC) progride de forma implacável levando o paciente à falência renal e por consequência da ativação dos mecanismos compensatórios, uma ampla porcentagem dos pacientes torna-se hipertenso. Várias alterações estão citadas na literatura e dentre elas das mais importantes são as injúrias cardiovasculares. Em virtude desses fatores, este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica Hipertensiva em cães com DRC, correlacionando o seu desenvolvimento com as lesões renais. Para este estudo foram utilizados 25 cães adultos, machos e fêmeas, com média de 10 anos de idade e de 16 kg de peso, distribuídos em dois grupos: o Grupo Controle (GC), constituído por dez cães hígidos, e o Grupo DRC (GDRC), constituído por quinze cães com Doença Renal Crônica provenientes da rotina do Hospital Veterinário "Governador Laudo Natel" da FCAV - UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal - SP, classificados após triagem composta por anamnese e exames clínico e laboratoriais. Foi feita uma única avaliação dos dois grupos por exames de mensuração da pressão arterial não-invasiva, radiográficos, eletrocardiográficos computadorizados, ecodopplercardiográficos, bem como por dosagens de marcadores cardíacos como Troponina I, Creatinofosfoquinase fração MB (CK-MB) e de enzimas como a Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (ECA), Aldosterona e Renina. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram que os cães do GDRC têm aumento significativo (p< 0,05) da pressão arterial sistêmica, da frequência cardíaca, das concentrações da ECA, Renina e Troponina I, bem como tendência clínica de aumento concêntrico do ventrículo esquerdo, visto no ecocardiograma, aumento clínico da Aldosterona e do biomarcador CK-MB quando comparados com os cães do GC.
Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses relentlessly leading to renal failure. A wide range of patients become hypertensive due to the activation of compensatory mechanisms. Several alterations have been cited in the literature and, among them, the most important are the cardiovascular injuries. Considering these factors, this study aims the characterization of Hypertensive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in dogs with CKD, correlating its development with the renal lesions. For this study, 25 adult dogs, with a mean age of 10 years and mean weight of 16 kg, males and females, were distributed into two groups: the control group (CG) was composed of 10 healthy dogs and the CKD group (CKDG) was composed of 15 dogs with CKD, patients of the Veterinary Hospital "Governador Laudo Natel" of FCAV - UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP, which were classified after triage consisting of anamnesis and, clinical and laboratorial exams. One single evaluation of both groups was performed by exams as non-invasive blood pressure measurement, radiographs, computerized electrocardiogram, echo-Doppler cardiogram, as well as measurement of cardiac markers as Troponin I, Creatine phosphokinase-MB (MB-CK) and enzymes as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), Aldosterone and Renin. The results of this research shows that dogs of the CKDG have significant (p<0.05) increase in arterial pressure, cardiac frequency, ACE and Renin concentrations, as well as a clinical tendency of concentric increase in the left ventricle observed in the echocardiographic examination, and increase of biomarkers MB-CK and Troponin I, when compared to dogs of CG.
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Bart, Thomas. « The drug regulation process in the DRC in comparison with Switzerland : mechanisms, deficiencies, avenues / ». Linsdorf, 2006. http://www.public-health-edu.ch/new/Abstracts/BT_26.10.06.pdf.

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Donaldson, John Wade. « Marking territory : demarcation of the DRC-Zambia boundary from 1894 to the present day ». Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/328/.

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From 1911 to 1914 an Anglo-Belgian boundary commission demarcated some 800 km of the boundary between the Congo Free State and Northern Rhodesia with 46 boundary markers. As was common practice across most British colonial boundaries in Africa prior to 1914, the process of demarcation was an exercise focused more on mapping and exploration than on clearly defining boundaries at the local scale. The division of territorial sovereignty through boundaries was known only at a small geographic scale. However, in 1927 a second Anglo-Belgian boundary commission was sent to demarcate what was by that time the Belgian Congo-Northern Rhodesia boundary. Working for six years at a cost that exceeded preceding boundary commissions throughout colonial Africa, the 1927-33 boundary commission erected boundary marks every 500 metres and literally carved the boundary line onto the local landscape. This research is framed by a ‘traditional’ understanding of a boundary as a fixed, bilateral and linear entity, taking an approach from international law. It is shown how boundaries developed as an essential component of the modern state territorial sovereignty that was imposed on the African continent through European imperialism. In making a boundary ‘known,’ demarcation is then isolated as a distinct process and recovered as a narrative in the study of the DRC-Zambia boundary from the colonial through the post-independence periods. Examining the disparity in demarcation methodology within in this narrative provides a unique lens through which to examine the relationship between state and territory throughout this narrative. It will be shown how economic aspects of land continue to affect demarcation methodology, reflecting some of the very foundational tenets of territorial sovereignty.

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Magi, Dante. « (Dis)empowering marginalized children ? : Local NGOs’ role for social capital in Eastern Congo (DRC) ». Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25127.

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Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): one of the richest nations in natural resources; one of the poorest in human rights. In the past decades, DRC has undergone two civil wars, alongside with a history of exploitive colonization. In North Kivu Province, DRC’s most volatile province, non-government organizations (NGOs) take leading roles to provide welfare for marginalized groups, such as orphans, children involved in armed conflicts or living on the streets. This case study aims to describe how two local NGOs operate in order to explore the ways they are making use of social capital to empower marginalized children in North Kivu Province. I chose empowerment and social capital theories combined with a contextualized model of analysis created by the author and based on meaning condensation to analyze the interviews collected from eight workers from NGOs specialized in child welfare. The main findings (1) reinforce that networks between and among NGOs have great potential to impact positively the work on marginalized groups and (2) highlight that volunteer participation and community leaders have vital roles in such organizations.
République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) : un des pays les plus riches en ressources naturelles ; une des plus pauvres en droit de l’homme. Pendant les deux dernières décennies, RDC a enduré deux guerres civiles ajoutées à une histoire d’exploitation coloniale. À la province du Nord Kivu, la région la plus volatile de DRC, organisations non gouvernementales (ONGs) jouent un rôle principal d’apporter assistance aux groupes marginalisés tels comme orphelins, enfants engagés aux conflits armés et enfants (dit) de la rue. Cette étude de cas se propose à décrire comment deux ONGs locales fonctionnent afin d’explorer leurs respectives utilisations de capital social pour épanouir des enfants marginalisés au Nord Kivu. J’ai choisi les théories de capital social et d’autonomisation liés à un modèle d’analyses créé par l’auteur et basée sur la méthode condensation deiiisignification pour analyser les interviews collectées de huit employés d’ONGs spécialisées dans l’assistance aux enfants marginalisés. Les conclusions générales (1) renforcent que les réseaux entre et dedans les organisations ont la potentialité d’avoir un impact positif sur le travail avec des groupes marginalisés et (2) soulignent que l’engagement volontaire et la participation de leaders communautaire jouent rôles capitaux dans ces organisations.

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Degaspari, Sabrina. « Alteração na sinalização inflamatória e na proteína Klotho em pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica (DRC), em hemodiálise, na presença e ausência de déficit cognitivo e em modelo animal de DRC (nefrectomia 5/6) ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42136/tde-15032014-100358/.

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DRC é a condição que descreve alteração irreversível da função renal, desencadeando o desenvolvimento de vários sintomas neurológicos. Dentre as hipóteses estão o estresse oxidativo, a resposta inflamatória e a Klotho envolvidos na patogênese tanto da DRC quanto das lesões relacionadas à Demência Vascular. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de avaliar a ausência e presença de déficit cognitivo (CI) em pacientes com DRC em hemodiálise, bem como em modelo animal de 5/6 de ablação renal (Nx), relacionando a concentração de citocinas e klotho em soro, líquor de rato e homogenato de tecido cerebral e renal de rato. Observamos que os mediadores séricos pró- e antinflamatórios, nos indivíduos DRC e DRC-CI, não apresentaram diferença em relação aos indivíduos do grupo controle. Nos animais Nx, não encontramos correlação entre as alterações séricas de citocinas pró- e antiinflamatórias com CI. Finalmente, observamos redução dos níveis séricos da Klotho nos indivíduos do grupo DRC-CI, assim como nos animais Nx-CI quando comparados com os respectivos grupos Controle e DRC sem CI.
CKD is a condition that describes irreversible alteration of renal function and development of various neurological symptoms. Several hypotheses are described as triggering factors of cognitive impairment (CI) related to CKD, including the linked of oxidative stress, inflammation and Klotho in the pathogenesis of CKD and of injuries related to vascular dementia. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the presence and absence of CI in patients with CKD on hemodialysis, as well as in a 5/6 renal ablation animal model, linking to citokynes and Klotho levels in plasma, brain and kidney samples and cerebrospinal fluid. Our data showed no differences in serum pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators in CKD and CKD-CI groups when compared to the control group as well in the animal model of CKD. Our data also showed a reduction in serum levels of Klotho among individuals with CKD-CI, as well as in animals with CI associated with the animal model of CKD when compared with the respective control groups and CKD without deficit.

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SOUZA, JEFFERSON RODRIGUES DE. « ELEMENTAL DETERMINATION IN LUBRIFICANT OIL AND FUEL OIL BY ICP OES AND DRC-ICP-MS ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18245@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Neste trabalho, são propostas duas metodologias para análise elementar em óleo lubrificante, óleo combustível e biodiesel, através das técnicas de espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado e espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado com célula de reação dinâmica. Foram combinadas a facilidade e a rapidez na preparação de amostras através da diluição direta em solventes orgânicos, sem tratamento prévio, com a capacidade multielementar das técnicas espectrométricas em estudo. Em ICP OES, foram avaliados os resultados analáticos para os micronebulizadores PFA-100 e Miramist através da análise de dois materiais de referência certificados, a saber, NIST 1634c (óleo combustível) e NIST 1085b (óleo lubrificante). Um planejamento experimental de alta resolução foi realizado para otimização das vazões de Ar e O2 no fluxo de nebulização, com experimentos em duplicata e triplicata no ponto central. Aumentos na razão sinal-ruído foram observados para Ag, Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Si, Ti e V e as maiores razões foram observadas para o micronebulizador PFA-100. As vazões de Ar e O2 foram escolhidas de forma a maximizar essas razões. Para o Miramist, 0,50 L min(-1) (Ar) e 0,020 L min(-1) (O2) foram usados, enquanto para o PFA-100, 0,45 L min(-1) (Ar) e 0,025 L min(-1) (O2). Os materiais de referência NIST 1634c e NIST 1085b foram empregados para validação do método e as melhores recuperações foram obtidas para o micronebulizador PFA-100, com resultados entre 93% e 110%. Os limites de detecção para os dois micronebulizadores não variaram significativamente entre si, estando entre 0,48 ng g(-1) (Mn) e 15,8 ng g(-1) (Al). Em DRC-ICP-MS, foi realizado um planejamento composto central para otimização das condições operacionais do plasma. As vazõoes de argônio de nebulização e auxiliar apresentaram uma influência relevante sobre o teor de Ba++, LaO+ e sobre a intensidade do elemento índio. Uma condição de compromisso foi empregada, sendo 0,42 L min(-1) (Ar de nebulização) e 1,2 L min(-1) (Ar auxiliar). Para redução das interferências espectrais, o metano foi adotado como gás de reação. Os parâmetros operacionais, como a vazão do gás de reação e o parâmetro de rejeição q (Rpq), foram otimizados, visando a menor incidência de interferências sobre isótopos como 52Cr e 56Fe. Os materiais de referência NIST 1634c e NIST 1085b foram empregados para validação do método e as recuperações estiveram entre 90% e 110% para a maioria dos elementos, enquanto os limites de detecção estiveram entre 0,02 ng g(-1) (52Cr) e 7,4 ng g(-1) (40Ca). Os resultados obtidos para o material de referência NIST 1085b foram comparados entre os dois métodos propostos e os mesmos foram considerados concordantes, não diferindo entre eles em mais de 10% para a maioria dos elementos. Os resultados obtidos na análise elementar das amostras de óleo lubrificante mostram que realmente é possível avaliar o desgaste de equipamentos através da metodologia proposta, pois o aumento significativo de alguns elementos, como Fe, foi detectado nas amostras de lubrificante usado, enquanto a análise de amostras de biodiesel mostrou através da técnica de espectrometria de massa, que há nesse biocombustível a presença de elementos que não são contemplados na legislação brasileira.
Two methodologies for elemental analysis of lubrificant oil, fuel oil and biodiesel are proposed, employing inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell. The methodologies combine the facility and fastness of sample preparation through direct dilution in organic solvents, without any pretreatment, with the multielemental capability of these spectrometric techniques. In ICP OES, the analytical results for the micronebulizers PFA-100 and Miramist were evaluated using two certified reference materials, NIST 1634c (residual fuel oil) and NIST 1085b (wear metals in lubrificant oil). Ar and O2 flow rates were optimized employing a high resolution experimental design was realized, with replicate experiments and triplicate at the central point. Improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio were observed for Ag, Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Si, Ti and V and the highest ratios were obtained with the PFA-100 micronebulizer. The Ar and O2 flow rates were optimized in order to improve these ratios. For Miramist, 0.50 L min(-1) (Ar) e 0.020 L min(-1) (O2) were used and, for PFA-100, 0.45 L min(-1) (Ar) e 0.025 L min(-1) (O2). The reference materials (NIST 1634c and NIST 1085b) were analyzed for validation of the method and the highest recoveries were obtained for the PFA-100 micronebulizer, with results between 93% and 110%. The limits of detection for both micronebulizers were very similar, between a range of 0.48 kg(-1) (Mn) and 15.8 ug kg-1 (Al). In DRC-ICP- MS, a central composite design was realized for the optimization of the plasma operational conditions. The nebulizer and auxiliary flow rates showed a relevant influence on Ba++ and LaO+ content and In intensity. A compromising condition was employed, being 0.42 L min(-1)(Ar nebulizer flow rate), 0.1 L min(-1) (O2 flow rate) and 1.2 L min(-1) (auxiliary flow rate). In order to minimize spectral interference, methane was adopted in this work as reaction gas. The operational conditions of the reaction gas flow rate and rejection parameter q (Rpq), were optimized to minimize the interferences on isotopes, such as 52Cr and 56Fe. Two reference materials (NIST 1634c and NIST 1085b) were employed for method validation and the recoveries were between 90% and 110% for most elements, being the limits of detection between 0.02 ng g(-1) (52Cr) and 7.4 ng g(-1) (40Ca). The results obtained for the reference material NIST 1085b by the two proposed methods were in agreement at a 95% confidence level and did not show difference higher than 10% for most elements. The results obtained by elemental analysis of lubricant oils using the ICP OES methodology showed that it is possible to evaluate equipment wear through the analysis of its oil by the proposed methodology, since a significant increase of some elements concentrations, such as Fe, was detected in used lubricant oil samples. The analysis of biodiesel samples by ICP-MS indicated the presence of elements that are not controlled by the Brazilian legislation.

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Esterhuyse, Harrie Willie. « A comparative study of governance and state development in post-colonial Botswana and Zaire/ DRC ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20182.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to explore the interaction between governance and development in post-colonial Africa. The departure point of the thesis was the understanding that the state remains a pre-eminent actor in the international system. Keeping this assumption in mind, the study made use of a comparative analysis; comparing governance and development in Botswana with governance and development in Zaire/the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), focusing on the post-colonial era. The importance of this research lies in its contribution to the debate on the role of the state in post-colonial Africa. It explores the influence of institution formation and policy implementation by governments (in other words, governance) on development. Understanding the effect of governance on development can have invaluable lessons for other African states in their efforts to develop further. The research question, which guided the thesis thus, was: in the era of the pre-eminence of the state, making use of a comparison between Botswana and Zaire/DRC, what is the influence and effect, of state institution formation and policy implementation (governance) by governments, on state development in terms of economical-, political- and social development? The two main variables were governance and development. Development was sub-divided into three indicators: political, economic and social development. Governance was evaluated in terms of being seen as poor or good governance, as per the World Bank’s definition and understanding of governance. Zaire/DRC, as an example of a failed state, was analysed first, followed by Botswana, selected for its arguably “best practice” experience. For each country the analysis was subdivided into three phases as per the theoretical framework of Chazan, Lewis, Mortimer, Rothchild, and Stedman’s book, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa (1999). Their book describes three stages of change in African state development in the post-colonial era (Chazan-framework). This framework uses the Chazan-framework and thus subdivides the post-colonial era into: the concentration (centralisation) phase, the elaboration phase, and finally the reconsideration of state power phase. The research found that Zaire/DRC followed a process of state collapse in the post-colonial era, whereas in sharp contrast Botswana experienced positive state development. Since independence Zaire continuously practised poor governance whilst Botswana largely practiced good governance. This was true in all three phases of the Chazan-framework. At the same time, or perhaps due to poor governance, Zaire continuously experienced negative development in all three development categories whilst Botswana continuously experienced positive development in all three development categories, again perhaps due to good governance. The research concludes that even though Botswana is not necessarily an example of a perfect state, it is special in an African context, because of its good governance record. This study does not draw direct relationships between good governance and development, but finds that Botswana probably benefited greatly in development due to the implementation of good institutions, good government policies and general good governance. The research also found that states benefit when their governments practice and adopt policies that are anti-corruption, pro-democracy, pro-competition, pro public-private partnerships, and pro market-orientated economics. In addition, the following are also conducive to good governance: leadership with integrity, peaceful and regular leadership changes, clear distinction between government (party) and the state, and empowered government oversight institutions that act, even against the government itself when needed. The practice of good governance is thus shown to be supportive of long-term development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die interaksie tussen regering en ontwikkeling in post-koloniale Afrika te ondersoek. Die tesis gaan uit vanuit die oogpunt dat die staat steeds ‘n dominante akteur in die internasionale stelsel is. Die studie het gebruik gemaak van ‘n vergelykende ontleding. Regeringstyl en ontwikkeling in post-koloniale Afrika is met mekaar vergelyk. Die vergelyking is getrek tussen Botswana en Zaïre/Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo (DRK). Die belangrikheid van die navorsing lê in die bydrae tot die debat oor die rol van die staat in Afrika in die post-koloniale era. Dit bekyk die belangrikheid van instellingskepping en beleids-implementering (met ander woorde, regeerstyl of regering) deur regerings in terme van invloed op die ontwikkeling van state in Afrika. Beter begrip van hierdie verhouding kan waardevolle lesse bevat vir ander Afrikastate in hul pogings om verder te ontwikkel. Die navorsingsvraag wat die tesis gelei het was dus: in die era van die voorrang van die staat, en deur gebruikmaking van ‘n vergelykende studie tussen Botswana en Zaïre/DRK, wat is die invloed en effek van staatsinstelling-vorming en van beleids-implementering (regering) deur regerings, op staatsontwikkeling in terme van ekonomiese-, politieke- en sosiale ontwikkeling? In hierdie studie was regering en ontwikkeling die twee belangrikste veranderlikes gewees. Ontwikkeling is onderverdeel in drie aanwysers: politieke, ekonomiese en maatskaplike ontwikkeling. Regering is geëvalueer in terme van wat gesien word as swak of goeie regering, volgens die Wêreldbank se definisie en begrip van goeie regering. Zaïre/DRK is eerste as ‘n voorbeeld van 'n mislukte staat ontleed, gevolg deur Botswana, gekies vir sy veronderstelde "beste praktyk"-ervaring. Die analise vir elk van hierdie lande is onderverdeel in drie fases, soos gebaseer op die teoretiese raamwerk van Chazan, Lewis, Mortimer, Rothchild, en Stedman in, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa (1999) (die Chazan-raamwerk). Hierdie raamwerk onderverdeel die post-koloniale era in: die konsentrasiefase (sentraliseringsfase), die uitbreidingsfase en uiteindelik die fase van die heroorweging van staatsmag. Die navorsing bevind dat Zaïre 'n proses van ineenstorting van die staat in die post-koloniale era ervaar het, terwyl Botswana in skrille kontras positiewe staatsontwikkeling ervaar het. Hierdie tendens was aanwesig in al drie fases van die Chazan-raamwerk. Sedert onafhanklikheid het Botswana ook goeie regering toegepas terwyl Zaïre/DRK meestal swak regering toegepas het. Terselfdertyd, dalk ook weens swak regering, het Zaïre/DRK voortdurend negatiewe ontwikkeling ervaar in al drie van die ontwikkelings kategorieë, terwyl Botswana voortdurend, moontlik te danke goeie regering, positiewe ontwikkeling in al drie die ontwikkelingskategorieë ervaar het. Die navorsing kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, selfs al is Botswana nie noodwendig ‘n voorbeeld van 'n perfekte staat nie, dit steeds weens ‘n goeie regeringstradisie, uniek is in Afrika-konteks. Alhoewel hierdie studie nie 'n direkte verhouding tussen goeie regering en ontwikkeling probeer bevestig het nie, bevind dit wel dat Botswana moontlik in terme van ontwikkeling, weens die implementering van goeie instellings, goeie regeringsbeleid en algemene goeie regering, baie voordeel getrek het. Die navorsing bevind ook dat state voordeel trek wanneer hul regerings beleid aanvaar en toepas wat teen korrupsie is, maar wat demokratiese ideale, markkompetisie, openbare-private vennootskappe en markgeoriënteerde ekonomiese aktiwiteite bevorder. Goeie regering word ook bevorder deur leierskap met integriteit, vreedsame en gereelde verandering van leierskap, duidelike onderskeid tussen die regering (party) en die staat, sowel as nie-regeringsinstellings met die mag om as oorsigliggame oor die regering te funksioneer. Die praktyk van goeie regering blyk dus langtermyn staatsontwikkeling te bevoordeel en te ondersteun.

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Mangu, Muyamba. « Protected areas and land rights for local communities : the case study of Luki Reserve (DRC) ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/67787.

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Land rights have received some attention as an issue concerning property rights. It has been considered as an important right for the local communities living around or across protected areas. However, the right to land is almost absent from international instruments of human rights. Land rights are not typically perceived to be a human rights issue.1 Land rights is corporeal hereditament as they are physical or tangible objects incorporated in land while rights to land is incorporeal which fall under property rights. In the same vein, rights to land “broadly refer to rights to use, control, and transfer a parcel of land, and include the rights to: occupy, enjoy and use land and resources; restrict or exclude others from land; transfer, sell, purchase, grant or loan; inherit and bequeath; develop or improve; rent or sublet; and benefit from improved land values or rental income”.2 Legally, according to Gilbert, land rights fall in the “categories of land laws, land tenure agreements but they are rarely associated with human rights law”.3 Internationally, there is no treaty or any specific declaration that refers to human rights to land.4 Even land rights are absent from international instruments of human rights. The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights stipulates in article 14: “the right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws”5. This can be construed to cater for land rights in international law. Land dispossession has a negative impact on the local communities and on all mankind as it impacts on their livelihood and also has a negative impact on the environment. It is extremely true that local communities also want to share the resources of their land and to benefit from them. The establishment of protected areas is a worldwide practice that intends to defend biodiversity and wildlife from human development.6 Such a policy tends to neglect the rights of local communities, generally in the practice of protected areas. Most protected areas have followed the conventional and exclusionary approach that was applied at Yellowstone7 in 1972 and have failed to fully integrate other important factors such as social and cultural issues. The dispossession of land can be considered as a restrictive measure that imposes difficult and most of the time conflicting effects to the people settled around protected areas. The dispossession of land has triggered adverse social impacts on local communities in some cases by disrupting their traditional ways of living and limiting their control of and access to resources.8 The dispossession of land undermines protection policies through conflicts between protected area managers and local communities. The prohibition of communities from their land without consultation violates the obligations for free, prior and informed consent (FPIC). This study investigates the human rights implications on protected land of Luki Reserve in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It will also explore the DRC land rights framework and their implications on socio-economic rights of local communities such as: the right to food, right to clean water, right to housing, right to health and the right to culture.
Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Centre for Human Rights
MPhil
Unrestricted

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Shearon, Edward Houston. « Experiencing everyday justice : a study of end-user experiences of judicial hybridity in South Kivu, DRC ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7482/.

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Within peacebuilding, there is a growing understanding of the need to develop a more robust understanding of the bottom up view of peacebuilding due to numerous failures to achieve the liberal peace over the years. There is a growing consensus that the liberal peace is insufficient to achieve sustainable peace in post conflict countries, but understandable uncertainty exists about how to achieve peace in post-liberal context. The thesis sets out to expand our understanding of what the experiences of everyday judicial hybridity in South Kivu can contribute to current peacebuilding approaches. By examining 104 different user narratives with various judicial service in South Kivu, DRC conducted between May 2014 and August 2014, this research tries to understand how individuals understand and navigate through the judicial landscape. This study concludes that justice is South Kivu judicial users desires for judicial experiences are not unique, but are contain universal characteristics. While there are opportunities to build upon what is working for users, the long term solutions for sustainable peace remain at the mercy of political solutions.

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Wild-Wood, Emma. « Migration and identity : the development of the Anglican Church in North-East Congo (DRC), 1960-2000 ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30924.

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The thesis provides a contemporary historical assessment of religious identity during periods of social change by studying in detail l’Eglise Anglicane du Congo (EAC) at the point where issues of migration and identity intersect. It argues that migration brings or hastens change by providing migrants with a new set of life experiences which, in dialogue with the old set of traditions and experiences, negotiate an altered identity. The research was largely based on quantitative data analysis from unstructured oral interviews gathered during fieldwork. The particular use of narratives and terms frequently mentioned by EAC members was studied to provide an understanding of the hydridity of corporate EAC identity and of the varying identities of different groups within the EAC. An historical background to the EAC, present on the Semeliki escarpment since 1896, is provided first. Its identity is understood as one which cohered with the values of order of ruling elite. Two patterns of post-independence migration are then analysed; migration to towns from the rural escarpment and migration from Uganda to Congo at the end of Idi Amin’s regime in 1979. During these migrations centralised ecclesiastical control was weakened, Anglicans established their church in new places, and they developed alternative versions of corporate identity by resisting and assimilating ideas and practices from their different circumstances. Rural-urban migrants tended to favour a conservative approach whilst trans-border migrants saw the EAC more as an institution offering development and freedom. In the 1980s and 1990s neighbouring denominations, Anglican revivalists, young women and youth all contributed to identity change by challenging the received EAC identity with contemporary, popular and pneumatological expressions of Christianity. Membership of the Eglise Anglicane due Congo (EAC) during migration and subsequent resettlement gave migrants a socio-religious framework that provided stability during change but also flexibility to respond to change and thus maintained unity within the EAC. The study of the spread of a church through migration, which this thesis has undertaken, presents a new way of looking at the question of popular identity within mainline denominations, and may well provide a valuable methodology for future studies.

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Mamabolo, Jeremiah Nyamane. « Policy options in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) an overview from 1960 to 2006 / ». Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06262009-174322/.

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Likoti, Fako Johnson. « African military intervention in African conflicts : an analysis of military intervention in Rwanda, the DRC and Lesotho ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4006_1182235430.

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The dissertation examines three military interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa which took place in the mid and late 1990s in Rwanda, the DRC and Lesotho. These interventions took place despite high expectations of international and regional peace on the part of most analysts after the collapse of cold war in 1989. However, interstate and intrastate conflicts re-emerged with more intensity than ever before, and sub-Saharan Africa proved to be no exception.

The study sets out to analyse the motives and/or causes of military interventions in Rwanda in 1990, the DRC in 1996-7, and the DRC military rebellion and the Lesotho intervention in 1998. In analysing these interventions, the study borrows extensively from the work of dominant security theorists of international relations, predominantly realists who conceptualise international relations as a struggle for power and survival in the anarchic world. The purpose of this analysis is fourfold
firstly, to determine the reasons for military interventions and the extent to which these interventions were conducted on humanitarian grounds
secondly, to investigate the degree to which or not intervening countries were spurred by their national interests
thirdly, to assess the roles of international organisations like Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and the United Nations, in facilitating these interventions
as well as to evaluate the role of parliaments of intervening countries in authorising or not these military interventions in terms of holding their Executives accountable. In this context, the analysis argues that the intervening countries
Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Chad, Namibia, Rwanda, Sudan, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe appeared to have used intervention as a realist foreign policy tool in the absence of authorisation from the United Nations and its subordinate bodies such as the OAU and SADC.

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Ismail, Amanda Doreen. « Lived experiences of survivors of trauma, torture and sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ». University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7432.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Many refugees and asylum seekers have emigrated from The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which has a long history of unrest and instability. Besides its own citizens, South Africa is a refugee receiving country. Its obligations to people seeking refuge within its borders are outlined in both, international and domestic law.

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Bitenga, Ali. « Hidden survivors of sexual violence : challenges and barriers in responding to rape against men in Eastern DRC ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104956.

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Most studies on sexual violence against men focus on forms, causes and consequences of this phenomenon giving little/or no attention to complex challenges and barriers affecting access to care for survivors. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with service providers, male survivors and from focus group discussions with community members in Eastern DRC, this thesis set out to explore challenges and barriers related to meeting the needs of male survivors of sexualized violence. Findings were interpreted through the lenses of ecological and gender theories and through hegemonic masculinity and holistic care model concepts. Generally, findings show that gender beliefs regarding masculinity and rape, lack of information about care programmes for male survivors, a dysfunctional justice system, distance from home to care programs and insecurity were perceived as major impediments to care access for male survivors. While masculinity constituted a barrier to health care for most male survivors, this thesis shows that it can also facilitate access to health care for some survivors. Discussion and analysis of the findings point out to a systemic inattention around the issue of sexual violence against men reinforcing barriers to health care. The thesis shows that existing responses have mainly been designed to address sexual violence against women and need to be re-adapted to male survivors without losing focus on female survivors as they suffer most from sexual violence.

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Wa, Baya Mutombo Joseph. « Sexual rights violations during the conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 2005 and 2015 ». University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6991.

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Magister Legum - LLM
This thesis examines the sexual rights violation in Eastern DRC, which has been described as the worst in the world. The sexual violence against women and children in this country is systematic and widespread and perpetrated by armed groups, and increasingly also by civilians. The prosecution of sexual offences should contribute to the reduction of these offences, but the Congolese state prosecutes very few cases. The resulting impunity became an obstacle to the state to stop sexual violence, which become unable to overcome the obstacles to prosecutorial action. The successful prosecution of sexual offenders in Eastern DRC faces many obstacles and requires an exceptional jurisdiction which must provide a minimum of better freely conditions to the prosecutors and better unrestrained justice access to the victims. The enforcement of the international instruments of justice will be possible only by this jurisdiction. The victims of sexual violence need more confidence in the jurisdiction which is really working for them to attain justice.

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Audu, Janet. « Technology Adoption in Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC) : An Empirical Study Investigating Factors that Influence Online Shopping Adoption ». Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37349.

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The growing popularity of the internet and its activities have opened a wide range of business opportunities especially in terms of e-business. Though, reports show that the adoption rate of e-commerce in developed countries seem to be striving, a lot of developing countries still struggle with slow e-commerce adoption rate. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one these countries where e-commerce adoption is still in its infant stages. However, because of the recent infrastructure improvements and the growth in telecommunication services in the country, internet penetration, more specifically, mobile Internet penetration is growing at a significantly fast pace. This could mean opportunities for e-business services in DRC. The objective of this research is to investigate the factors that could influence online shopping adoption in DRC. This investigation was carried out by adapting an extended version of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). A quantitative approach was used in the collection of data and the data was edited and analyzed using the programming language, R. Also, the analytical techniques used in conducting this research include: Descriptive Statistical Methods (Cross tabulation, frequencies) and inferential Statistical Methods (Logistic Regression, ANOVA and Chi square tests). The results from this research show that contrary to the conceptualized model in the literature review where the main constructs included: Perceived Ease of Use(PEOU), Perceived Usefulness(PU) and Perceived Trust(PT), it appears that Perceived Ease of Use(PEOU) does not have any significance in a user’s intention to shop online(p>0.01). However, this research found that Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Trust have a strong statistical significance to a user’s intention to shop online. Furthermore, we found that Gender, Income and Age do not have any moderating influence on the relationship between a user’s perception and their intention to shop online in DRC. However, when the relationship between VI perception and intention to shop online is moderated by experience, we find that there is a variation between users with prior online shopping experience and those without. While these research findings make for remarkable recommendations on a user’s intention to shop online, we recommend that further research on actual usage of e-commerce be examined in DRC to get a better understanding of consumer online behaviors.

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Busane, Emmanuel Aganze. « Sulphide textures and compositions associated with the hydrothermal/magmatic system of the Twangiza gold deposit (South Kivu, DRC) ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76588.

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Twangiza mine is a gold deposit situated in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The rock types at the Twangiza Mine consist of black shale, including carbonaceous mudstone and thin intercalated layers of siltstone, and feldspar-rich granitoid intrusive sills, referred to as albitite, folded into a major antiformal structure. The gold mineralization at the mine is commonly found associated with sulphides. The sulphide textures and compositions of mineralized and unmineralized samples of black shales, albitite sills and hydrothermal veins in the mine are considered for the understanding of the spatial association of gold with sulphides and gold mineralization history of the mine. The sulphides within the Twangiza mine consist of pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and rare cobaltite. The primary pyrite texture occurs in unmineralized black shale and is interpreted to be diagenetic. It consists of fine-grained anhedral pyrite crystals aggregating into spherical nodules and formed in replacement of organic material during the diagenesis process. The secondary pyrite textures resulted from the hydrothermal fluids activity and include (i) aggregates of annealed anhedral crystals into sulphide-rich lenses; (ii) elongated anhedral pyrite in the form of short stringers; (iii) fine-grained subhedral to euhedral pyrite randomly distributed within the rock matrix; (iv) euhedral zoned pyrite crystals occurring within veins; (v) aggregations of fine-grained anhedral pyrite, locally distributed in the matrix; (vi) abundant dissemination of fine-grained subhedral to anhedral pyrite crystals within the vein selvedge in the host rock; (vii) and coarse-grained massive pyrite bodies. The pyrite major elemental composition does not vary significantly in the different textures and sample types. The Fe content ranges from 44.57 to 46.40 wt. %, and the S content ranges from 53.75 to 55.25 wt. %. Pyrite from mineralized black shale and hydrothermal veins contains relatively higher concentrations of As (~ 1 wt. %) than pyrite from other sample types. The arsenopyrite commonly occurs as fine-grained anhedral crystals as inclusions within pyrite, medium-grained crystal intergrowing with pyrite and/or as coarse-grained massive arsenopyrite bodies in the massive sulphide veins. The arsenopyrite composition is uniform in all textural and sample type with Fe content ranging from 33.44 to 35.20 wt. %, S content ranging from 21.13 to 22.55 wt. % and As content ranging from 42.20 to 43.97 wt. %. In mineralized black shale and unmineralized black shale, the arsenopyrite shows, however, minor concentrations of Ni with 0.39 and 0.70 wt. % respectively. The pyrrhotite occurs as fine-grained anhedral patchy crystals randomly distributed within the rock matrix of unmineralized black shale and unmineralized granitoid, and / or as inclusions within pyrite in mineralized granitoid. The pyrrhotite shows a uniform composition in all samples and textural types, though minor concentrations of Ni (2.06 wt. %) content are reported in unmineralized granitoid. Chalcopyrite occurs as fine-grained crystals in inclusions within pyrite; and cobaltite occurs as rare fine-grained anhedral crystals occasionally disseminated in the albitite sill matrix. The chalcopyrite composition does not vary considerably in all sample and textural types, and cobaltite shows minor concentrations of Ni (4.55 wt. %) and Fe (3.45 wt. %). Native gold grains are commonly found associated with the secondary pyrite texture especially within the sulphide-rich lenses and in the massive sulphide veins, and are almost pure with ~97 wt. %. A Na-rich hydrothermal fluid from low-grade metamorphism associated with the E-W compressive tectonic event, which caused formation of the antiform structure which control the mineralization in the deposit area, led to the albitization of the deposit rocks and specially the alteration of the granitic assemblage to form albitite, and the deposition of aggregates of fine-grained anhedral crystals and growth and annealing of pyrite in sulphide-rich lenses. Afterward, the CO2-rich hydrothermal fluids influx circulated through reactivated structures, including quartz veins, and led to the precipitation of dolomite, ankerite, siderite and magnesite. They also led to the precipitation of pyrite of secondary textures as well as arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and formation of pyrrhotite from the desulphurization of early pyrite. The CO2-rich hydrothermal fluids probably leached gold and other trace elements such as As, Co, etc. from the sedimentary host rocks and deposited them into suitable traps, such as the sulphide-rich lenses and massive sulphide bodies, preferably within the hinge zone of anticline axis constituting a hydrothermal fluid pathway.

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Van, Der Lugt Sanne. « CREC7‘s infrastructural investment in the DRC : an in-depth study of the motives for Chinese outward FDI ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17782.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this Masters‘ thesis was twofold, namely, to contribute to a more holistic approach of the study of the motives of Chinese overseas investors and, secondly, to contribute to the adjustment of general FDI theory in such a way that it becomes more suited to the study of the motives of investors from any country of origin. FDI scholars who study emerging markets argue that general FDI theory needs to be adjusted because most of its theories are derived from studying outward FDI in an Anglo-Saxon context. The theories are therefore not necessarily applicable to investors from a non-Anglo-Saxon context. Furthermore, the study of the motives of foreign investors is of importance to policy makers of FDI host countries in order to create a balance between attracting FDI by deregulating, and controlling FDI by enforcing strict laws and regulations, thereby harnessing the full potential of incoming FDI. Therefore, the model that Lee (1966) developed in migration theory was introduced to FDI theory and tested by applying it to the case of the infrastructural investments in the DRC of a subsidiary of CREC, the world‘s largest contractor, namely CREC7. The main factors that influence the motives of CREC7 were investigated using the Four Factors Model, an adjusted version of Lee‘s model. A single-case study design was chosen in order to shed light on certain dynamics – in particular, the interrelation between the particular firm-specific, push, pull and intervening factors that influence CREC7‘s motives to invest in the DRC. In order to maximise the validity of this study, multiple sources of evidence were used, namely: documentation, face-to-face interviews and direct observations, the latter two of which occurred during August 2010. Lee‘s (1966) model indeed appeared to be useful for identifying the main factors that influence the motives of CREC7 for investing in the infrastructure sector in the DRC and the interrelatedness of these factors. The collected data from the desktop research and the fieldwork showed how conditions in the country of origin, conditions in the country of destination, firm-specific factors, and intervening factors influence each other in a highly complex way. In order to illustrate this complexity, the factors that influence each other most actively were grouped together in clusters. The two clusters of factors that were of specific importance for CREC7‘s decision to invest in the DRC, are: (1) relationship with the central government, access to finance, experience and skills, market access, and intervening factors; (2) experience and skills, experience of operating in a challenging institutional environment, high level of competition in the domestic market, high demand for infrastructure in the DRC, and the relatively low level of competition in large infrastructure projects in the DRC. Because the Four Factors Model uses broad categories of factors that apply to all foreign investors, this model can be applied to the study of the motives of foreign investors from both developed and developing countries, thereby contributing to make general FDI theory more relevant.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelstelling van dié Meesterstesis is tweevoudig. Eerstens, om `n meer holistiese benadering tot die studie van die motiewe van Sjinese buitelandse beleggers by toe te voeg en tweedens om by te dra tot die aanpassing van algemene direkte buitelandse beleggings teorie dat dit meer bruikbaar vir die studie van die motiewe van beleggers, onafhanklik van hulle land van herkoms, kan wees. Algemene direkte buitelandse beleggings moet aangepas word aangesien meeste van die teorie ontwikkel is deur uitwaartse direkte buitelandse beleggings binne `n Anglo-Saxon konteks. Die studie van die motiewe van buitelandse beleggers is ook belangrik vir beleidsmakers aan die ontvangkant van direkte buitelandse beleggings aangesien `n balans tussen deregulasie met die doel om buitelandse beleggings aan te lok en direkte buitelandse belegging te reguleer deurmiddel van streng wetgewing en sodoende die volle potensiaal van direkte buitelandse belegging te ontsluit. Sodoende is die model wat Lee (1966) ontwikkel het in migrasie teorie toegepas op direkte buitelandse beleggings teorie en getoets op infrastruktuur beleggings in die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo (DRK) deur CREC7 `n vleuel van die grootste kontrakteerder CREC. Die hooffaktore wat CREC7 beïnvloed is ondersoek deurmiddel van die Four Factors Model, `n aanpasing van Lee se model, gebruik te maak. `n Enkele gevallestudie was gebruik om lig te werp op sekere verwikkelinge veral die interverhouding tussen verskeie faktore spesifieke tot die maatskappy en die mark wat werk op die beleggingsmotiewe van CREC7 in die DRK. Om die geldigheid van hierdie studie te maksimeer is verskeie bronne gebruik. Naamlik dokumentasie asook onderhoude en direkte observering tydens Augustus 2010. Lee (1966) se model was bruikbaar gewees vir die identifisering van die hooffaktore wat CREC7 se motiewe om te belê in infrastruktuur in die DRK beïnvloed asook die interafhanklikheid tussen hierdie faktore. The versamelde data het geïllustreer hoe omstandighede in die land van oorsprong, die land van ontvangs en omstandighede spesifiek tot die firma mekaar beïnvloed in `n baie komplekse manier. Om die kompleksitieit te illustreer is die faktore wat die meeste op mekaar inwerk in clusters gegroepeer. Die twee clusters wat die meeste op CREC7 se beleggingsbesluit ingewerk het is: (1) verhoudinge met die sentrale regering, toegang tot bevondsing, ondervinding en vaardighede, marktoegang en ingrypende faktore; (2) ondervinding en vaardighede, ondervinding om in `n uitdagende institutionele ongewing, hoë vlakke van kompetisie in die plaaslike mark, hoë aanvraag na infrastruktuur in die DRK. Aangesien die Four Factors Model breë kategorieë van fakore wat van toepassing is op alle buitelandse beleggers kan die model toegepas word op die studie an motiewe van buitelandse beleggers van ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande en sodoende daartoe bydra om direkte buitelandse belegging teorie meer relevant te maak.

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Kabende, Elie. « Pre-treatment of tantalum and niobium ores from Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to remove uranium and thorium ». Thesis, Kabende, Elie (2020) Pre-treatment of tantalum and niobium ores from Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to remove uranium and thorium. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/56787/.

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Tantalum (Ta) and niobium (Nb) have applications in high-technology electronic devices and steel manufacturing, respectively. Africa, South America and Australia collectively provide about 80% of the global supply of Ta-Nb concentrates. In Africa, Sociéte Minière de Bisunzu (SMB) located in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) remains the major supplier of Ta-Nb concentrates containing about 33 wt % Ta2O5 and 5 wt % Nb2O5 as the two oxides of main economic values, associated with uranium (0.14 wt %) and thorium (0.02 wt %). The presence of U and Th complicates the transportation logistics of tantalite to international markets, due to stringent regulation on an allowable limit of U and Th at 0.1 wt %. High radiation levels also hinder further primary beneficiation of the Ta-Nb concentrates at the Bisunzu mine to an extent of at least 50 wt % Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 combined. Digestion of the concentrate using HF is the conventional method to remove U and Th followed by chemical treatment to recover Ta2O5 and Nb2O5. The HF digestion process is hazardous and requires large investments. The main objective of this study is the mineral identification in the ore and concentrates of SMB mine sites, to investigate the possibilities of upgrading the Ta2O5 and the Nb2O5 by weight using physical separation and concentration, and removing U and Th using chemical treatment. The mineral identification analysis conducted on eight concentrates sourced from different mining locations at the Bisunzu mine in DRC has shown that manganocolumbite, manganotantalite and ferrotantalite are the major phases with cassiterite, as well as pyrochlore and microlite group of minerals hosting uranium as minor components. The rare earth minerals, quartz and lepidolite were also identified in the ore and concentrates. The quantitative analysis revealed a chemical composition range of 20 – 47 wt % Ta2O5 and 5.4 – 22 wt % Nb2O5 as the principal oxides, associated with 0.005 – 0.802 wt % U and 0.001 – 0.072 wt % Th as radioactive elements. Due to high content of iron in concentrate, the magnetic separation of selected sample has shown an increase of Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 to 50 wt % and 19 wt %, respectively, in the non-magnetic portion. Samples with low content of iron have shown weak magnetic properties. Sieving of selected concentrates also increased 18 wt % Ta2O5 and 9 wt % Nb2O5 in coarse size fraction of –2800+1000 μm by about 100%. It was also observed that U and Th were more concentrated in the fines (–1000 μm) i.e., 4844 g/t U and 135 g/t Th compared to 1132 g/t U and 50.5 g/t Th in coarse particles. The sulfuric acid bake of fine particles (–75 μm) at 300 oC for 2 h followed by leaching with H2SO4 and K2S2O8 at 90 oC for 3 h lowered the concentration of U and Th in the feed from 0.8 wt % and 0.03 wt %, respectively, to ≤ 0.01 wt %. The measured concentrations of dissolved metal ions (U, Th, Ta and Nb) show reasonable agreement with published solubility diagrams. An average of 7% Ta and 9% Nb dissolved in the bake-leach process with leaching efficiencies of 100% U and 60% Th. The reliability of the analytical methods and bake-leach results have been confirmed by the elemental mass balance calculation. The H2SO4 and CaF2 leaching at 90 oC dissolved 100% U and 90% Th along with 81% Ta and 43% Nb which warrants further investigations.

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Mayimona, Blaise Ndandu. « Experiences of patients with epilepsy seen at Good Shepherd Hospital, Tshikaji, Western Kasai Province, DRC about their illness ». Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/540.

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Thesis M. Med (Family Medicine)) -- University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010.
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a neurological disorder which affects many aspects of personal health including psychological and sociological dimensions. Patients seen at Good Shepherd Hospital reported late for care since they perceived themselves victims of stigma, or discrimination. METHODOLOGY This study sought to explore experiences of patients with epilepsy seen at Good Shepherd Hospital of Tshikaji about their illness; the objectives were to explore experiences of stigmatization and discrimination of patients suffering from epilepsy, and their experiences resulting in them reporting late for care at the hospital. The setting was Good Shepherd Hospital, a private hospital in a rural area in the Province of Western Kasai, Democratic Republic of the Congo. An exploratory descriptive qualitative study was designed with free attitude interviews as a data collection technique. The study population was patients with epilepsy and who were attending at Good Shepherd Hospital. Purposeful sampling was the method used in the selection of the sample. A total of 8 epileptic patients attending at the hospital agreed to participate out of a total of 12 who were recruited initially. The free attitude interviews were conducted from October 2008 to April 2009. All interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed; and the transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. vi RESULTS The seven themes emerging from this study are as follows: experience of seizures, knowledge, stigma, family relationships, alternative treatment, unhealthy lifestyle, and unemployment. The study showed that patients’ experience were associated with the experience of seizures as a phenomenon which characterized their life. The participants, their families and the community had poor knowledge on epilepsy. The stigma resulted from the community members’ negative beliefs on the illness. The relationship of family members with the epileptic patient varied according to the family members’ opinion about the disease. The participants resorted to alternative treatment according to their belief of being victims of bad fate. Unhealthy lifestyle and unemployment were part of patients’ experience as expressed by the participants in the study. CONCLUSION Epilepsy has physical and psychosocial impacts which require a holistic approach for an appropriate management, but this remains a dream in the DRC. The patients’ experiences were marked by the existence of seizures (which affected their lives negatively resulting in physical injuries), poor knowledge on the condition and the perception of being victims of stigmatization and discrimination. vii The role of the health care provider is to educate the patients and the community on the disease and encourage the patients to attend and adhere to their medication for adequate control.

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Moloto, Thapelo Refiloe Patience. « Sulphur isotope study of pyrite from the Twangiza-Namoya Gold Belt, (South Kivu, DRC) : a proxy of gold provenance ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60552.

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Gold in the highly prospective Twangiza-Namoya Gold Belt (TNGB) in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), with its four main deposits at Twangiza, Kamituga, Lugushwa and Namoya, appears to be correlated with the presence of sulphide minerals. Sulphur isotopic compositions of pyrite in the metasedimentary host rocks and in hydrothermal veins are used to identify the possible primary sources of hydrothermal sulphur and, by proxy, hydrothermal gold. The sulphur isotope signatures of the pyrites from the TNGB deposits show an overall range from -18.4%o to +22.6%o. S34 values in host rock pyrite are: -2.2%o to +3.0%o (Twangiza deposit), -4.2%o to -0.6% (Kamituga deposit), -18.4% to -12.7% (Lugushwa deposit), and +12.4% to +22.6% (Namoya deposit). The sulphur isotopic signature of vein pyrite is -5.2% to +3.0% (Twangiza deposit), -9.1% to -7.4% (Kamituga deposit), -0.3% to +3.2% (Lugushwa deposit) and +1.3% to +20.4% (Namoya deposit). The isotopic data indicate a primary sedimentary to evaporitic source of sulphur in the host rock pyrite. Pyrite from metadiorites shows magmatic S isotope compositions. Native gold was found in both sedimentary host rock and vein samples. This indicates that native gold was present in the primary metasedimentary sequence of the TNGB. Some vein pyrites in the TNGB have isotopic signatures that are similar to that of the host rock pyrite. These veins have formed from fluids extracted from the hosting metasedimentary sequence. Conversely, other vein pyrite shows different S34S values compared to the host rock pyrite, suggesting a fluid source that is different from the sedimentary source. Possibly, particularly in the Lugushwa deposit, an igneous source may have released sulphur and possibly gold bearing fluids in addition to those extracted from the sedimentary sequences in the TNGB. However, there is abundant evidence for sulphur and gold mobilised in the sedimentary host rocks and precipitated in the hydrothermal system of the TNGB.

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Thakur, Monika. « A critical analysis of the Ugandan regime's foreign policy in the DRC conflict and the Great Lakes region of Africa ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420972.

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Maketa, Lutete Thomas. « Bridging the digital divide in African post-conflict countries : a case study of the DRC cities of Kinshasa and Kananga ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14653.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-37).
The digital divide is largely seen as the main problem that developing economies and societies must overcome to gain economic productivity and social welfare. In this document we state that modern western perception of the digital divide lured advancement of lCT into developing countries especially in Africa. lCT must not be seen as a goal in itself but as a means to service human needs. This study attempts to analyze the willingness of people to adopt existing lCT infrastructures and the factors impeding its use in the DRC's cities of Kinshasa and Kananga.

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Thomas, Nakela Lutele. « Bridging the digital divide in African post-conflict countries : a case study of the DRC cities in Kinshasa and Kananga ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19040.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The digital divide is largely seen as the main problem that developing economies and societies must overcome to gain economic productivity and social welfare. In this document we state that modern western perception of the digital divide lured advancement of ICT into developing countries especially in Africa. ICT must not be seen as a goal in itself but as a means to service human needs. This study attempts to analyze the willingness of people to adopt existing ICT infrastructures and the factors impeding its use in the DRC's cities of Kinshasa and Kananga

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Nzonde, Patient. « Migrant remittances and socio-economic status of recipient households in the DRC : Case of Congolese migrants in the Western Cape in South Africa ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28400.

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More than two decades of internal fighting and political unrest have seen millions of Congolese people leave their home country in search of a better future for themselves and their families in other parts of the world. This migratory movement exposed most of them to the significance of remittances as a means to support the loved ones left behind. Remittances from abroad play a key role in enhancing the standard of living of households in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The study therefore analyzed remitting behaviours of migrants based in the Western Cape province of South Africa and the impact of their remittances on recipients’ livelihood in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This study made use of primary and secondary data collected from various sources, then applied qualitative methods for analyzing both the remittance senders’ behaviour and the impact on recipient households. After a critical analysis, the study found that remittances increase the income of recipients, help alleviate poverty, improve recipients’ ability to access basic services such as health and education, and contribute to employment creation by providing capital for microenterprises and community based projects. The study also found that migrants based in the Western Cape would rather use informal channels instead of formal channels due to high costs and compliance requirements. One contribution of this study is the finding that current policies in relation with the remittance industry in South Africa and in Congo can definitely be improved in order to increase remittances inflows both ways, and thus meaningfully impact both countries’ economies.

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Finco, Alessandra Becker. « Desenvolvimento e caracterização de anticorpos monoclonais produzidos contra produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs) no contexto da doença renal crônica (DRC) ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/46419.

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Orientadora : Profª. Drª. Larissa M. Alvarenga
Coorientador : Profª. Drª. Andrea E. M. Stinghen e Profª. Drª. Juliana F. de Moura
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciencias Biológicas (Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia Básica). Defesa: Curitiba, 08/04/2016
Inclui referências : f. 65-73
Área de concentração: Patologia
Resumo: Os produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs) são um grupo heterogêneo de moléculas que se acumulam no plasma e tecidos em diversas condições clínicas, tais como envelhecimento, diabetes e falência renal. Evidências crescentes apontam tais moléculas como toxinas urêmicas as quais são efetoras no processo fisiopatológico de complicações vasculares e renais, em virtude de sua capacidade de modificar de forma irreversível as propriedades químicas e funcionais de uma série de moléculas, entre elas as proteínas. Existem atualmente mais de 20 tipos de AGEs descritos, metilglioxal, N-carboximetillisina (CML) e pentosidina os melhores caracterizados até o momento, e que servem como marcadores de acúmulo de AGEs em uma ampla gama de tecidos, sendo a CML o domínio antigênico mais abundante e melhor caracterizado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo produzir e caracterizar anticorpos monoclonais anti-CML para uso na confecção de ensaios que possam detectar e quantificar essa toxina em fluídos biológicos e aplicação desta ferramenta no entendimento das vias de sinalização envolvidas com a progressão da Doença Renal Crônica (DRC). Para tanto, três diferentes moléculas protéicas carreadoras foram modificadas por glicação: hemocianina de molusco (KLH), soro albumina bovina (BSA) e soro albumina humana (HSA); caracterizadas por eletroforese e espectrometria de massa. As moléculas glicadas foram usadas como imunógenos em camundongos Balb-c para produzir anticorpos policlonais e monoclonais epítopo-específico capazes de reconhecerem o domínio CML. Sete clones e quatorze subclones foram obtidos e testados frente ao CML e respectivos controles. Dentre os subclones, o anticorpo monoclonal mAb 2D6G2, foi selecionado com base nos ensaios de especificidade para melhor caracterização e empregado na detecção de CML. Para validação dos anticorpos produzidos foram utilizados soros de pacientes em diferentes estágios de DRC. Posteriormente, diferentes condições como variação nas concentrações de antígenos, anticorpos e diluições dos soros foram avaliadas a fim de padronizar um teste de ELISA competitivo capaz de detectar e quantificar CML em soro. Os resultados obtidos permitiram correlacionar concentração de CML nos soros com os diferentes estágios da doença. Além disso, o mAb 2D6G2, foi empregado em ensaios in vitro em células THP-1 com intuito de avaliar a interação de CML-HSA no ambiente celular. Nossos resultados demonstram a eficiência do anticorpo produzido, e abrem novas perspectivas para o emprego de tais anticorpos como bioferramenta na detecção, quantificação e entendimento dos mecanismos celulares e moleculares envolvidos na toxicidade urêmica relacionada a DRC. . Palavras chave: Doença renal crônica, toxinas urêmicas, AGEs, CML, anticorpo monoclonal.
Abstract: The advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of molecules that accumulate in the plasma and tissues in several clinical conditions such as aging, diabetes and renal failure. These molecules have been show to act as uremic toxins and effectors in the pathophysiological vascular damage and renal complications, because of their ability to modify irreversibly chemical and functional properties of a number of molecules, among them proteins. Currently over 20 types of AGEs are described, including: methylglyoxal, N-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and, pentosidine, and they function as AGEs accumulation biomarkers widely used in several tissues, being CML the major antigenic domain. This work aimed the production and characterization anti-CML monoclonal antibodies for detection and quantification of this toxin in biological fluids. In addition this antibody may be used as a tool to investigate the signaling pathways involved in the CKD progression. Thus, three carrier proteins were modified by glycation: keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA); characterized by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The glycated molecules were used in Balb-c as immunogens to have the production of epitope-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies able to recognize CML. Fourteen hybridomas were obtained and tested against CML and their respective controls. Among the hybridomas, mAb 2D6G2 was selected based on specificity assays and employed for further CML toxin characterization and detection. Analysis of serum sample from patients who presented different CKD stages were used for validation of home-made antibody. Furthermore, different conditions of antigens and antibodies concentrations, and serum dilutions were evaluated to standardize a ELISA competitive test capable to detect and measure serum CML.The results allowed to correlate CML concentration in serum samples with the different CKD stages. Beside, mAb 2D6G2 was employed in vitro in order to assess CML-HSA interaction with THP-1 cells. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the antibody mAb 2D6G2, and our data open new avenues for the use antibodies as tools in the detection, quantification and understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in uremic toxicity related to CKD. Key words: chronic kidney disease, uremic toxins, AGEs, CML, monoclonal antibody.

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Bello, Oladiran Wasiu. « The roles of states' elites in intervention and networked resource exploitation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (1997-2006) ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608463.

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Ambushe, AA, RI McCrindle et CME McCrindle. « Speciation of chromium in cow’s milk by solid-phase extraction/dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS) ». The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001492.

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Chromium can act either as an essential micronutrient or a chemical carcinogen, depending on its oxidation state. Of the two most stable chromium oxidation states, Cr(VI) is a known carcinogen, while Cr(III) is an essential element. Determination of total Cr cannot therefore be used to evaluate food safety of dairy products, as speciation is required for accurate assessment of potential toxicity. In this study, total Cr was determined by DRC-ICP-MS after mineralisation of freeze-dried milk samples. Chromabond NH2 ion-exchange columns were used to separate Cr(VI) from Cr(III). During the separation process, Cr(VI) was selectively adsorbed onto the Chromabond NH2 column. The retained Cr(VI) was subsequently eluted with two column volumes of 2 M HNO3 and diluted to a final volume of 10 mL. After separation, the Cr(VI) was quantified by DRC-ICP-MS, using O2 as the reactive gas, to alleviate polyatomic ion interference. An O2 gas flow rate of 0.85 ml/min and a high-pass rejection parameter q (Rpq) ¼ 0.5, provided the best compromise signal-to-noise ratio. The method was validated through determining the recovery in milk samples spiked with Cr(VI). The recoveries were quantitative and ranged from 96.4 to 99.2%. A whole milk powder reference material (NIST SRM 8435) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the total Cr quantification method. The observed value showed concordance with the certified value. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.091 and 0.085 mg/L for total Cr and Cr(VI), respectively. These findings are important for the determination of maximum residue levels (MRLs) of Cr(VI) in dairy products.

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Kochani, Lawin. « Does higher quality peacekeepers equal better civilian protection ? : A qualitative research study on UN-peacekeeping effectiveness in Mali and the DRC ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-430686.

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The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether higher quality troops would perform better in civilian protection within UN-peacekeeping missions. The appropriate method to answer this question was through a Structured Focused Comparison and the most similar system design. The theory suggested that higher quality peacekeepers would be more effective in combating armed groups and directly protecting civilians during civil wars. However, the case comparison did not fully answer the given hypothesis. Instead, it showcased another dilemma that high-quality troops exhibit. These peacekeeping troops seemed reluctant to utilize their high-quality equipment and assets effectively for the mission. Instead, they displayed risk-aversive behaviour and difficulty to cooperate with other troop contributing nations. These findings have important implications for policy making.

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Mugisha, Bernard. « The rights of women and children as internally displaced persons : the case of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1089.

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"The problem of displacement remains formidable, especially in Africa. It is exacerbated by Afirca's continuous conflicts and bad policies that are taken and effected in the name of development. Women and children remain the worst victims of internal displacement. This is so because in real life, women and children are vulnerable. Thus adding on internal displacement is too much for them. There is still no international enforceable mechanism by which the protection of the rights of internally displaced persons (IDPs), and in particular women and children, can be ensured. This leaves such rights at the mercy of the states within which the internal displacement occurs. ... Chapter 2 will comprise of analysis of who an IDP is and the magnitude of the problem of internal displacement in Uganda and the DRC. This will also entail identification of the causes of internal displacement in both countries. Chapter 3 will identify and critically analyse the rights of women and children as IDPs. This analysis will focus on the conditions prevailing in Uganda and the DRC. Chapter 4 will come up with detailed and comprehensive recommendations as to what can be done to attain the acknowledgement, protection and enforcement of the rights of women and children that arise out of internal displacement. Chapter 5 will have a suitable conclusion to the study. It will show whether the findings of the study prove its hypotheses." -- Introduction.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Jean-Didier Boukongu and Dr. Atangcho Ndji Akonumbo at the Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaounde, Cameroon
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

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Nystedt, Arvid, et Daniel Hällqvist. « Byggnation av ett tak i Lwengo Basilla : En fältstudie med fokus på infästningar, pelare och bärläkt på en skola i Demokratiska Republiken Kongo ». Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-148791.

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The Swedish Transport Administration manage nearly 4,000 railway bridges in different condition and age around the country. These bridges is in constant need of maintenance and requires continuous inspections. This thesis is designed as a damage investigation on a single-track railway bridge south of Solvarbo in Säter municipality. The railway bridge is in operation and serves over 10,000 trains a year, everything from speed trains to freight trains. The bridge is built as a beam bridge, simply supported over a road. The report is made in consultation with the company Reinertsen Sweden AB. An investigation of the bridge was carried out in 2013 by Reinertsen Sweden AB, which describes that the abutments lean onto the superstructure due to motion. The damage noted was that the movable bearings are seriously tilted, the superstructure is in contact with the breast wall and several cracks were found on the abutment. These damages were considered to affect the function of the structure and found needing further investigation to consider possible future actions. The objective of this thesis is to analyze how the bridge has changed since it was built and to find what may be the underlying causes to these changes. The report is aimed to constitute a foundation and a decision basis for further measures. To determine how the bridge has moved a surveying with a total station was performed. Thereafter updated drawings of the bridge were established and later compared with the existing original drawings. To understand why the bridge has moved a sliding control was performed with different loads. In addition an inspection of structural damages was carried out and evaluated. Comparing the drawings showed a significant displacement of the eastern abutment towards the western. The movement of the abutment has made the two bearing walls tilt. The sliding control showed that there is no risk of sliding when only earth pressure is considered, but when loads of the trains are applied there is a risk of sliding. Wear of the bridge has caused several damages in the bridge structure. The visible damages found were cracks, efflorescence, bearing misalignment and corrosion of bearings and visible reinforcement. What could be determined was that the bridge has moved horizontally and vertically and one reason for the movement in the eastern abutment could be the horizontal forces brought by a passing train. By examining the damage caused to the bridge and compare them with the requirements of the Swedish Transport Administration it could be established that some of these damages have raised due to lack of maintenance.
Denna rapport visar resultatet av vårt examensarbete i utbildningen till högskoleingenjör inom "Byggteknik och design" på Kungliga tekniska högskolan (KTH) i Stockholm. Organisationen Elikia na Biso, grundad av Miza Landström har med hjälp av studenter på KTH lyckats få fram ett förslag på två nya skolor som nu håller på att byggas i hennes födelseort Lwengo Basilla. Byn ligger i sydvästra delen av Demokratiska republiken Kongo. Området är i stort behov av skolor och Miza har genom sin organisation samlat in pengar för att driva igenom detta projekt. Tidigare har en grupp varit nere i Lwengo Basilla och påbörjat byggnationen av den första skolan och nästa steg är att bygga taket. Syftet med denna rapport är att med lokala material och hjälpmedel som finns att tillgå i Lwengo Basilla hitta lösningar på hur man på ett säkert sätt kan fästa taket till resten av byggnaden. Vi kommer även leda arbetet på plats för att lära ut byggtekniken till arbetarna i Lwengo Basilla. Denna rapport fokuserar på infästningarna av taket medan själva takstolskonstruktionen har arbetats fram av Shwan Delshad som har varit en samarbetspartner till denna rapport. I rapporten har fyra förslag på infästningslösningar för takstolarna tagits fram tillsammans med två förslag på pelare. Dessa har jämförts och ett lämpligt förslag har valts ut och dimensionerats. Pelarna kommer att bestå av trä och fästs i betongfundament för att få en stabilitet. Takstolarna fästs sedan i denna och balkar som löper mellan pelarna. Infästningen av takstolarna till väggen kommer utföras med hjälp av armeringsjärn som är inmurade i väggen och som spänns över takstolen och spikas fast för att takstolen ska sitta på plats. Dessa förslag användes i byggnationen av skolan. Arbetet med att få färdigt taket genomfördes enligt planerat och arbetarna tog till sig informationen om byggtekniken som användes. Den andra skolbyggnaden kommer nu att byggas av människorna i byn själva utifrån den teknik som användes vid första skolan.

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Correia, Estefânia da Silva. « Patofisiologia do factor de crescimento do fibroblasto 23 (FCF23) na homeostasia do cálcio-fosfato e na mortalidade da doença renal crónica (DRC) ». Master's thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/21043.

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Correia, Estefânia da Silva. « Patofisiologia do factor de crescimento do fibroblasto 23 (FCF23) na homeostasia do cálcio-fosfato e na mortalidade da doença renal crónica (DRC) ». Dissertação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/21043.

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Batista, Bruno Lemos. « Avaliação do uso da cela de reação dinâmica em espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado indutivamente (DRC-ICP-MS) para determinação de elementos químicos em sangue ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60134/tde-12052009-130922/.

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A espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado indutivamente com simples quadrupolo (q-ICP-MS) e cela de reação dinâmica (DRC-ICP-MS) foi avaliada para determinação seqüencial de Al, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Mo, Pb, Pt, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Tl, V e Zn em sangue. Para as análises, amostras de sangue (200 µL) foram diluídas 1:50 em uma solução contendo 0,01% v/v Triton® X-100 e 0,5% v/v de ácido nítrico. As calibrações foram realizadas com ajuste de matriz, utilizando sangue ovino. Como gás de reação utilizou-se a NH3. O uso do DRC foi fundamental para a determinação de Cr e V. A escolha da melhor vazão do gás e a otimização do parâmetro de rejeição (RPq) foram estudadas utilizando sangue base ovino ou uma solução de matriz sintética (SMS), de acordo com a concentração do analito no sangue base. Os limites de detecção (3s/coeficiente angular) para determinação de 27Al, 75As, 111Cd, 59Co, 63Cu, 55Mn, 98Mo, 208Pb, 195Pt, 123Sb, 82Se, 120Sn, 130Te, 205Tl e 66Zn em sangue por q-ICP-MS foram 0,223; 0,014; 0,003; 0,011; 0,304; 0,009; 0,009; 0,003; 0,001; 0,005; 0,264; 0,006; 0,010; 0,001; 0,834 µg L-1, respectivamente, e para determinação de 52Cr e 51V em sangue por DRC-ICP-MS utilizando o gás de reação amônia os limites de detecção foram de 0,007 e 0,006 µg L-1. Para a determinação de 27Al, 63Cu, 65Cu, 64Zn e 66Zn em sangue por q-ICP-MS através da calibração com ajuste de matriz com SMS os limites de detecção foram 0,083; 0,090; 0,055; 0,281; 0,306 µg L-1, respectivamente. A validação do método foi realizada por meio da análise de materiais de referência do INSP-Canadá, NYSDOH-EUA e Seronorm-Noruega.
The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with quadrupole (q-ICP-MS) and dynamic reaction cell (DRC-ICP-MS) was evaluated for sequential determination of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Mo, Pb, Pt, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Tl, V and Zn in whole blood by q-ICP-MS or DRC-ICP-MS methods. Prior to analysis, sample (200 µL) were diluted 1:50 v/v in a solution containing 0.01% v/v Triton® X-100 and 0.5% v/v nitric acid. For all elements, except Cr and V, the instrument was operated in q-ICP-MS mode. The use of DRC was only mandatory for Cr and V. NH3 was evaluated as the reaction gas. Selection of best flow rate of reaction gas and optimization of the quadrupole dynamic bandpass rejection parameter (RPq) were carried out, using base whole blood or synthetic matrix solution (SMS), in according with element base blood concentration. Method detection limits (3s/slope) for 27Al, 75As, 111Cd, 59Co, 63Cu, 55Mn, 98Mo, 208Pb, 195Pt, 123Sb, 82Se, 120Sn, 130Te, 205Tl and 66Zn determination in whole blood by q-ICP-MS against matrix matching calibration (base blood) were 0.223; 0.014; 0.003; 0.011; 0.304; 0.009; 0.009; 0.003; 0.001; 0.005; 0.264; 0.006; 0.010; 0.001; 0.834 µg L-1, respectively, and for 52Cr and 51V determination in whole blood by DRC-ICP-MS the detection limits were 0.007 e 0.006 µg L-1. For 27Al, 63Cu, 65Cu, 64Zn and 66Zn determination by q-ICP-MS through matrix matching calibration with SMS the detection limits were 0.083; 0.090; 0.055; 0.281; 0.306 µg L-1, respectively. Method validation was accomplished by the analysis of reference materials from INSP-Canada, NYSDOH-USA, Seronorm-Norway.

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Ramalheira, António Carlos de Paiva. « Ensaio de técnicas de DEA com fins de alinhamento funcional na A. P. : eficiência das equipas de tratamento da DRC do ex-IDT, IP ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13405.

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Mestrado em Administração e Gestão Pública
No presente trabalho procede-se a um ensaio de avaliação da eficiência funcional de 10 Equipas de Tratamento da Delegação Regional do Centro do IDT, IP, entre 2007 e 2011, com recurso a técnicas de Análise de Envolvimento de Dados (DEA - Data Envelopment Analysis). Após a contextualização do caso em estudo no âmbito das tendências de reforma da Administração Pública e das políticas portuguesas de enfrentamento do problema das dependências efectua-se uma breve apresentação de conceitos fundamentais relacionados com eficiência e produtividade, bem como de algumas técnicas clássicas de DEA, relevantes para proceder ao benchmarking de unidades produtivas. Finalmente, recorre-se a diversas dessas técnicas para ilustrar a sua aplicação e utilidade na avaliação da eficiência de actuação de pequenas equipas públicas de saúde, quer numa perspectiva transversal, quer diacrónica retrógrada, quer ainda prospectiva, com o fim de orientar e facilitar o estabelecimento de objectivos funcionais. Os resultados analíticos mais salientes permitiram demonstrar a eficiência e consistência funcional relativa das unidades analisadas, bem como a sua estabilidade e resistência a alterações significativas da estrutura e prioridades da gestão central do IDT, IP no período de 2007 a 2011, demonstrando-se mesmo uma evolução positiva do seu desempenho. Para além destes resultados práticos, o principal objectivo do autor foi ilustrar a eventual utilidade das técnicas de DEA no contexto da gestão de serviços públicos, numa lógica afim à preconizada em diversos movimentos reformadores da administração pública.
This work uses DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) methods to evaluate the technical efficiency of 10 ambulatory Treatment Units, managed by the Central Regional Delegation of the IDT, IP (the former Portuguese Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction), over the period 2007-2011. The author starts by contextualizing the case in light of the main paradigms of public management reform, as well as the portuguese policies to address the problem of dependencies, and makes a brief presentation of the basic concepts related to efficiency as well as productivity. This is followed by an explanation of simple DEA procedures usually performed within the framework of benchmarking analysis of production units. The author then illustrates the use of several DEA-related techniques on the evaluation of the performance of the IDT teams both retrospectively and with the aim of providing examples of the applicability of these methods to optimize the definition of more efficient functional objectives. The results obtained confirm the remarkable efficiently levels attained by the units considered and demonstrate their capability to endure disruptive changes in the IDT’s central management structure during the years under scrutiny. Apart from these results, the major objective of this study’s author was, assumedly, to promote the use of DEA in the context of small public services management, from a perspective akin to that of the modern Public Administration reform movements.

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Seminatore, John Martin. « Upper Body Design of a Humanoid Robot for the DARPA Robotics Challenge ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73189.

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Humanoid robots have captured the imagination of authors and researchers for years. Development of the bipedal walking necessary for humanoid robots began in earnest in the late 60's with research in Europe and Japan. The the unique challenges of a bipedal locomotion led to initial robots keeping power, computation, and perception systems off-board while developing the actuators and algorithms to enable locomotion. As technology has improved humanoid and exoskeleton systems have finally incorporated all the various subsytems to build a full independent system. Many of the groups building these platforms have developed them based on knowledge acquired through decades of prior development. For groups developing new humanoid systems little guidance on the pitfalls and challenges of humanoid design exist. Virginia Tech's robot ESCHER, developed for the DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC), is the 4th generation full sized humanoid developed at the University. This paper attempts to quantify the design trades and techniques used to predict performance of ESCHER and how these trades specifically affected the design of the upper body. The development of ESCHER became necessary when it became obvious that the original design assumptions behind the previous robot THOR left it incapable of completing the DRC course and the necessary upgrades would require an almost complete redesign. Using the methods described in this paper ESCHER was designed manufactured and began initial testing within 10 months. One and a half months later ESCHER became the first humanoid to walk the 60 m course at the DRC. The methods described in this paper provide guidance on the decision making process behind the various subsystems on ESCHER. In addition the methodology of developing a dynamic simulation to predict performance before development of the platform helped provide design requirements that ensured the performance of the system. By setting design requirements ESCHER met or exceeded the goals of the team and remains a valuable development platform that can provide utility well beyond the DRC.
Master of Science

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