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1
Špelda, Daniel. "Kepler in the Early Historiography of Astronomy (1615–1800)." Journal for the History of Astronomy 48, no. 4 (2017): 381–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828617740948.
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This article discusses the reception of Kepler’s work in the earliest interpretations of the history of astronomy, which appeared in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The focus is not on the reception of Kepler’s work among astronomers themselves but instead on its significance for the history of science as seen by early historians of mathematics and astronomy. The first section discusses the evaluation of Kepler in the so-called “Prefatory Histories” of astronomy that appeared in various astronomical works during the seventeenth century. In these, Kepler was considered mainly to be the person who brought the work of Tycho Brahe to completion, rather than an original astronomer. The second section is devoted to the evaluation of Kepler in interpretations of the history of astronomy that appeared in the eighteenth century (often as part of the history of mathematics). In these works, Kepler is regarded as a genius who deserves tremendous credit for the advancement of the human spirit. Both sections also devote attention to Copernicus and Tycho Brahe because this facilitates the explanation of how Kepler’s contribution was judged. By studying the reception of Johannes Kepler’s work, we may gain greater insight into the transition from a cyclical perception of the history of science to the progressive model.
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Shcherbakova, Anna E. "TO CHILDREN ABOUT ART: DOMESTIC ILLUSTRATED EDITIONS OF THE 1800–1820S." Arts education and science 1, no. 38 (2024): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/hon.202401140.
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This article is devoted to the visual language of children’s books and magazines of the first third of the XIXth century on the theme of art. The cultural and historical context of the development of illustrated literature on this topic is considered. The most popular plots and the artistic features of the published images are identified. A comparison is made of illustrations in Russian-language versions of books and foreign originals. The relationship between the publication format and graphic content is determined, as well as the options for interaction between text and picture. The most striking examples of domestic early printed books reflecting the trends of the era under consideration were selected for this work. These are children’s encyclopedias, alphabet books, biographical and game editions. The result of the research is the reconstruction of the situation of illustrating children’s art literature in Russia in the 1800– 1820s. It has been established that children’s book publishing of this period hardly sought to talk about art as such. It often appeared in the content of publications with other goals. Nevertheless, the authors of the books managed to cover certain aspects of art. These include types of art, artistic images, famous artists, as well as technical features of creating works of art.
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Fokin, Alexander Anatolyevich. "Philosophical Principles of Heinrich Klee’s Theology (1800–1840)." Philosophy of Religion: Analytic Researches 6, no. 1 (2022): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2587-683x-2022-6-1-24-36.
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The article focuses on the study of the dogmatic works of Heinrich Klee (1800–1840) in relation to his criticism and reception of contemporary philosophical systems. The dogmatic theology of Heinrich Klee is a little-studied page in the history of Catholic religious thought in the first half of the 19th century, yet for his contemporaries Klee was a significant thinker, and his theology was the subject of active discussion. The works of Klee are known to have been criticized more than once in connection with the possible borrowing of philosophical ideas in his dogmatic theology. This criticism, however, was taken for granted, without being corroborated by any specific study of his texts – a fault the present article seeks to amend. The article attempts to fit the theology of Heinrich Klee into a philosophical context and analyze the philosophical principles in his theology. In the conclusions of the article, we highlight the tendencies and features of the use of philosophical concepts characteristic for Klee and emphasize the breadth and variety of philosophical trends he was debating. The article uses specific examples to demonstrate that, while openly criticizing such сelebrities as Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Schleiermacher, Klee not only embraced their philosophical language but also borrowed their foundational ideas. In the article, it was demonstrated with specific examples that, openly criticizing such authors as Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Schleiermacher, he perceives not only the philosophical language of these authors, but also borrows their system-forming ideas. At the same time, his theological thought moved within the strict framework of the Catholic concept of the objectivity of divine Revelation and the authority of the Church. The article sheds light not only on some of the philosophical and theological positions of a particular theologian of the early 19th century, but also on the discussion about the degree of philosophical foundation of theological constructions in the modern era as a whole.
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Abdul Malik, Mohd Puaad, Faisal @. Ahmad Faisal Abdul Hamid, and Rahimin Affandi Abdul Rahim. "Analyse Malay Fiqh Works Writing 1600-1800." Al-Muqaddimah: Online journal of Islamic History and Civilization 6, no. 2 (2018): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/muqaddimah.vol6no2.6.
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In essence, this article will focus on the subject classical Malay fiqh works 1600-1800. Classical Malay fiqh works are Malay intellectual works produced by Malay Muslim scholars in various topics of Islamic law including worship (ibadah), commercial transaction law (muamalah), family law (munakahat) and others. This fiqh Malay work played an important role in Malay society at the beginning of Islamic development in the Malay world. It is a means of communication, scientific knowledge or developmental science. The premise of this article analyzes the writing of fiqh works that developed in the early days of the great intellectual nature of the Malay world. There are features of fiqh writing in the year 1600 and it is different from the features of fiqh writing in 1700 and 1800. The discussion of this writing includes the difference between the writing text and the style of writing fiqh and being reviewed from various scopes, items and writing features. The method of analysis used is the method of historiography or historicalism which examines the development of an idea. Facts obtained will be thoroughly screened using the Malay induction history approach. Research shows that the earliest classic Malay fiqh writing has its own identity and superiority and is a Malay intellectual work.
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LINDSTRÖM, JONAS, KARIN HASSAN JANSSON, ROSEMARIE FIEBRANZ, BENNY JACOBSSON, and MARIA ÅGREN. "Mistress or maid: the structure of women's work in Sweden, 1550–1800." Continuity and Change 32, no. 2 (2017): 225–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416017000200.
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AbstractBased on the verb-oriented method and a unique collection of observations from court records, this article shows that both men and women did almost all categories of work in early modern Sweden. On the level of concrete tasks, however, there was both difference and similarity between the genders. Marital status exerted a strong influence on women's sustenance activities, creating a clear distinction between unmarried and ever-married women. These patterns were probably the effect of a labour legislation that forced young people without independent means to offer their bodies and time to masters and mistresses.
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Karpinets, A. Yu. "Mining and Seasonal Work of Kuzbass Peasants in 1880ies — early 1890ies." Nauchnyy dialog, no. 6 (2019): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2019-6-321-337.
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Schmidt, Ariadne. "Labour Ideologies and Women in the Northern Netherlands, c.1500–1800." International Review of Social History 56, S19 (2011): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859011000538.
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SummaryThe ideology of domesticity that identified women with a domestic role became more articulated in north-western Europe throughout the early modern period. At the same time, perceptions of work changed and a new appraisal of labour emerged. These seemingly contradictory tendencies prompt the question how women fitted in with the ideology of work. This article discusses common notions of the economic role of women as they emerged from the debates on women, gender relations, and work; how these notions were translated into practical advice in conduct literature; and with what norms women were confronted in everyday life. It appears that work was valued positively for both women and men. Women's involvement in remunerated work was not considered problematic. There was a dividing line, however, and that was drawn between work within the home, which was deemed women's work, and work outside the home, which was deemed men's work. In practice, a differentiation was made between social groups; women who lacked income from capital were supposed to earn their living from work.
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Cvejić, Žarko. "From "Bach" to "Bach's son": The work of aesthetic ideology in the historical reception of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach." New Sound, no. 54-2 (2019): 90–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1954090c.
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The paper explores the historical correlation between the marginalization of C. P. E. Bach in his posthumous critical reception in the early and mid 19th century and the paradigm shift that occurred in the philosophical, aesthetic, and ideological conception of music in Europe around 1800, whereby music was reconceived as a radically abstract and disembodied art of expression, as opposed to the Enlightenment idea of music as an irreducibly sensuous, sonic art of representation. More precisely, the paper argues that the cause of C. P. E. Bach's marginalization in his posthumous critical reception should not be sought only in the shadow cast by his father, J. S. Bach, and the focus of 19th and 20th-century music historiography on periodization, itself centred around "great men", but also in the fundamental incompatibility between this new aesthetic and philosophical ideology of music from around 1800 and C. P. E. Bach's oeuvre, predicated as it was on an older aesthetic paradigm of music, with its reliance on musical performance, especially improvisation, itself undervalued in early and mid 19th-century music criticism for the same reasons. Other factors might also include C.P. E. Bach's use of the genre of fantasia, as well as the sheer stylistic idiosyncrasy of much of his music, especially the fantasias and other works he wrote für Kenner ("for connoisseurs"). This might also explain why his music was so quickly sidelined despite its pursuit of "free" expression, a defining ideal of early to mid 19th-century music aesthetics.
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Bowers, Katherine. "Ghost Writers: Radcliffiana and the Russian Gothic Wave." Victorian Popular Fictions Journal 3, no. 2 (2021): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46911/tvct9530.
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Ann Radcliffe’s novels were extremely popular in early nineteenth-century Russia. Publication of her work in Russian translation propelled the so-called gothic wave of 1800-10. Yet, many of the works Radcliffe was known for in Russia were not written by her; rather, they were works by others that were attributed to Radcliffe. This article traces the publication and translation histories of Radcliffiana on the Russian book market of 1800-20. Building on JoEllen DeLucia’s concept of a “corporate Radcliffe” in the anglophone world, this article proposes a Russian corporate Radcliffe. Identifying, classifying, and analysing the provenance of Russian corporate Radcliffe works reveals insight into the transnational circulation of texts and the role of copyright law within it, the nature of the early nineteenth-century Russian book market, the rise of popular reading and advertising in Russia, and the gendered nature of critical discourse at this time. The Russian corporate Radcliffe assures the legacy and influence of Radcliffe in later Russian literature and culture, although a Radcliffe that represents much more than just the English author. Exploring the Russian corporate Radcliffe expands our understanding of early nineteenth-century Russian literary history through specific case studies that demonstrate the significant role played by both women writers and translation, an aspect of this history that is often overlooked.
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MAYHEW, ROBERT. "Mapping science's imagined community: geography as a Republic of Letters, 1600–1800." British Journal for the History of Science 38, no. 1 (2005): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087404006478.
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This paper extends discussions of the sociology of the early modern scientific community by paying particular attention to the geography of that community. The paper approaches the issue in terms of the scientific community's self image as a Republic of Letters. Detailed analysis of patterns of citation in two British geography books is used to map the ‘imagined community’ of geographers from the late Renaissance to the age of Enlightenment. What were the geographical origins of authors cited in geography books and how did this change over time? To what extent was scholarship from other cultural arenas integrated into European geography? Such an analysis draws on and interrogates recent work in the history of science and in the history of scholarship more broadly, work which has made important contributions to our understanding of the historical geography of scholarly communities in early modern Europe.
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Ståhle Sjönell, Barbro. "Det tidiga 1800-talets svenska novellistik." Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap 43, no. 2 (2013): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54797/tfl.v43i2.10840.
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Swedish Short Stories in the Early 19th Century. Publication and Subgenres
 The present study of Swedish short stories published between the years 1810 and 1829 illustrates that authors representing the Romantic Movement made special efforts to put the short story on the market. At V. F. Palmblad’s publishing house, German contemporary short stories were translated and distributed, later followed by Swedish contributions to the genre, which appeared primarily in literary magazines. Only a small number of short stories were published over the course of these 19 years, and the means of publication varied. Out of 45 works found in the catalogues of the National Library of Sweden, 27 are published separately, while 14 are published in periodicals or newspapers and two in anthologies (one of which is a frame story and the other a modern collection). Authors connected to the Romantic school introduced two new varieties of short story: the exotic story and the fantastic story. The pre-existing subgenres included, for instance: adventures, satirical or comic stories, stories of family life, travel stories and historical short stories. Among these, the historical story was the only subgenre to be printed separately. Characteristic for the short story is its ability to be inserted into many different kinds of publications. Another result of the study is the discovery of the ease with which a short story may be transferred from one form of publication to another. For instance, the short story may originate as part of a novel, only to turn into a separate work in its own right. Alternatively, it may develop as a serial story in a newspaper and go on to be printed separately, and later appear in a publishing house series or in a volume of selected works. This adaptive, or transferable, quality should be included in the ongoing discussion pertaining to the definition of the short story.
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RUDWICK, MARTIN J. S. "ON ‘RE-TREADING’ EARLY GEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK." Earth Sciences History 41, no. 1 (2022): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-41.1.37.
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ABSTRACT The method of ‘re-treading’ the fieldwork of past geologists is analogous to the method of ‘re-staging’ historically significant laboratory experiments. Neither provides any short cut to scientific or historical truth, nor grounds for celebrating or condemning the work of past scientists. Yet both can yield valuable insights into those scientists’ on-the-spot thinking, their reasoning and their eventual presentation of their conclusions. As a historical research method, the ‘re-treading’ of fieldwork has been relatively neglected, although it has many parallels with more traditional methods centred on the analysis of texts and their accompanying images. This paper summarises a few examples of ‘re-treading’, drawn from the author’s published research on fieldwork by European geologists in the decades around 1800; but the methods described here can be, and deserve to be, adopted much more widely.
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Zwierlein, Cornel. "Interaction and boundary work: Western merchant colonies in the Levant and the Eastern Churches, 1650–1800." Journal of Modern European History 18, no. 2 (2020): 156–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894420910899.
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European merchants in their factories (‘nations’) in the Eastern Mediterranean under Ottoman rule were not really colonizers; in early modern times, they were somehow privileged guests. However, they deserve an important part in a long-term history of types of ‘close distance’ and forms of segregational coexistence. Different from recent studies that stress a strong overall interaction, understanding, sharing, and exchange between Europeans and Ottoman subjects, it is proposed to distinguish three levels: (1) The daily commercial interaction of Western Europeans with their Ottoman counterparts; (2) the stronger involvement in some politico-religious struggles (the 1724 schism in the patriarchate of Antioch serves as example): also here, one has still to distinguish between real interest in the religious cause and other activities as credit lending; (3) the care for and maintenance by the Europeans of their own Western national culture abroad: these cultural activities served more to (eventually unconsciously) perform ‘boundary work’ and to close up the ‘nation’. These early modern forms of close distance and segregation were only isomorphic but not homologous with later highly conscious colonial and modern imperial forms of contact between ‘West’ and ‘East’ as in the nineteenth-century European settlements in Istanbul.
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Vogler, Nikolai, Kartik Goyal, Kishore PV Reddy, et al. "Contrastive Attention Networks for Attribution of Early Modern Print." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 4 (2023): 5285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i4.25659.
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In this paper, we develop machine learning techniques to identify unknown printers in early modern (c.~1500--1800) English printed books. Specifically, we focus on matching uniquely damaged character type-imprints in anonymously printed books to works with known printers in order to provide evidence of their origins. Until now, this work has been limited to manual investigations by analytical bibliographers. We present a Contrastive Attention-based Metric Learning approach to identify similar damage across character image pairs, which is sensitive to very subtle differences in glyph shapes, yet robust to various confounding sources of noise associated with digitized historical books. To overcome the scarce amount of supervised data, we design a random data synthesis procedure that aims to simulate bends, fractures, and inking variations induced by the early printing process. Our method successfully improves downstream damaged type-imprint matching among printed works from this period, as validated by in-domain human experts. The results of our approach on two important philosophical works from the Early Modern period demonstrate potential to extend the extant historical research about the origins and content of these books.
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SAMPSON, MARGARET. "‘THE WOE THAT WAS IN MARRIAGE’: SOME RECENT WORKS ON THE HISTORY OF WOMEN, MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND AND EUROPE." Historical Journal 40, no. 3 (1997): 811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007437.
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Marriage and the English Reformation. By Eric Josef Carlson. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Pp. ix+276. ISBN 0-631-16864-8. £45.00Gender, sex and subordination in England, 1550–1800. By Anthony Fletcher. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995. Pp. xxii+442. ISBN 0-300-06531-0. £19.95.Domestic dangers: women, words, and sex in early modern London. By Laura Gowing. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. 301. ISBN 0-19-820517-1. £35.00.The prospect before her: a history of women in western Europe, Volume one, 1500–1800. By Olwen Hufton. London: HarperCollins, 1995. Pp. xiv+654. ISBN 0-00255120-9. £25.00.Sex and subjection: attitudes to women in early modern society. By Margaret R. Sommerville. London: Edward Arnold, 1995. Pp. 287. ISBN 0-340-64574-1. £14.99.
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Iannuzzi, Giulia. "An Interview with Joan-Pau Rubiés." Cromohs - Cyber Review of Modern Historiography 24 (June 8, 2022): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13189.
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Joan-Pau Rubiés is specialised in the study of cross-cultural encounters in the early modern world, from a perspective combining the contextual analysis of travel accounts and other ethnographic sources with the intellectual history of early modern Europe. Recent work has focused on the analysis of early modern ethnography and its intellectual impact in the period 1500-1800. This has involved developing various lines of research, including the history of travel, cross-cultural diplomacy, religious missions, early orientalism, race and racism, and the history of cosmopolitanism. In recent years, he has been working on the development a global comparative perspective on these various topics (encompassing both Asia and the New World) that might help interrogate critically the Eurocentric categories of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.
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Shumakov, Andrey. "Gabriel's Failed Revolution of 1800: Causes and Prerequisites." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1(61) (December 15, 2023): 186–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2023-61-1-186-203.
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This work is devoted to a very little-studied topic of the Virginia Slave Conspiracy led by Gabriel and is the first study of this issue in Russian historiography. The present article analyzes in detail the causes and prerequisites of the failed uprising of 1800. At the same time, the author relies on the published materials of the trial and the works of leading Western researchers. 
 The first part is devoted directly to the history of studying this issue. Using historical-genetic and retrospective methods, the author traces the influence of foreign policy, domestic political, social, economic, demographic, socio-cultural factors on the formation of a socially explosive situation in Virginia by 1800, and
 also identifies a number of subjective reasons and prerequisites for a slave conspiracy, such as: motives of personal revenge and banal miscalculations of the authorities who did not take proper measures. At the same time, the main emphasis is on comparing approaches and substantiating the complex of causes and
 prerequisites in Western historiography.
 As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that in the case of Gabriel's conspiracy, it is not just about a failed uprising, but about the emergence in Virginia of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries of a real revolutionary situation, the formation of which was facilitated by a combination of interrelated factors.
 The results of the research conducted in this article can be used in research and teaching activities related to the study of American history and the history of the African-American people (Black History).
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Thielke, Peter. "Recent Work on Early German Idealism (1781–1801)." Journal of the History of Philosophy 51, no. 2 (2013): 149–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hph.2013.0039.
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Vinogradov, A. V. "Combating Industrial Pollution in the Russian Empire: Legal Context (1800—1917)." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-2-277-291.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the Russian pre-revolutionary legislation regulating the control over industrial pollution of the environment. The early Russian sanitary legislation and features of its development in the XIX — early XX centuries are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the positions of various social groups on the issues of state and public control over the sanitary state of industrial enterprises. It is shown that the first norms prohibiting water and air pollution appeared already at the beginning of the 19th century. The author notes that although they did not contain clear criteria and measures for eliminating pollution, this was typical of many European countries during the study period. As the range of studied sources and literature shows, active work on the development of comprehensive measures against industrial pollution began in the 1890s and continued until the revolution: it did not bring practical results in the legal field, but contributed to a significant deepening of scientific understanding of the environment. The author concludes that, despite the revolutionary events of 1917, the pre-revolutionary experience in combating environmental pollution had a significant impact on the development of Soviet environmental policy.
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Sokoll, Thomas. "Negotiating a Living: Essex Pauper Letters from London, 1800–1834." International Review of Social History 45, S8 (2000): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000115275.
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Research undertaken over the last generation has greatly enhanced our understanding of the survival strategies of the labouring poor in early modern Europe. Under economic conditions where poverty was endemic, most families were forced to take to various forms of work and to draw on whatever forms of income were available. Whether among small peasants, proto-industrial producers, landless labourers or casual workers, their mere subsistence depended on the effort of as many family members as possible. Women's and children's work were the norm well into the nineteenth century, and their contribution to the family income greater than previously assumed. There were, nevertheless, many who could not make ends meet. The reasons for which people had to turn to others for help are legion: structural, cyclical or seasonal unemployment and underemployment; insufficient earnings and debts; illness and accidents; death within the family. A lot of assistance was informal and went through networks of kinship, neighbourhood and local community. Friendly societies provided rudimentary forms of collectively-organized support. Some state or municipal agencies supplying poor relief and charitable institutions offered assistance of various types, but most of it was meagre and combined with social control of the clients. It is no wonder, therefore, that many people took to begging, prostitution or petty crime.
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Krichevtsev, Mikhail Vladimirovich. "The Special Tribunal in Martinique: from the history of French colonial justice in the early 19th century." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 11 (November 2023): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2023.11.69135.
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The focus of this article is on the special tribunal, a special judicial body established in the French colony of Martinique in 1803. It was created to carry out criminal repression against black slaves accused of poisoning, arson, stealing boats and pirogues to escape. The main purpose of the study is to determine the legal basis for the organization of a special tribunal in Martinique and to identify its features in relation to the special tribunals that existed in the metropolis from 1801 and 1802. The question of the correlation of these tribunals in the colony and in the metropolis seems to be little studied in historiography. The subject of research in the work is the evolution of the special tribunal during the period of French rule on the island – from the establishment of the court to the loss of control over Martinique by the French in 1809. To work on the topic, documentary materials from the National Archives of overseas France, published legislative acts and acts of ministers of the Napoleonic era, acts of the island administration from the "Code of Martinique" were involved. The study used the method of concrete historical analysis, comparative legal analysis of legal documents and structural and functional analysis of judicial bodies. As a result of the study, it can be concluded that the competence of the Martinique Special Tribunal has changed towards its expansion over three stages in 1803-1809. From an organ of repression exclusively for slaves, it gradually turned into an extraordinary court for slaves and for free people of color, and then for any vagabonds without a place of residence and recognition. Dangerous crimes of a state nature began to belong to his jurisdiction. The comparison of the tribunal with the special tribunals established in the metropolis in 1801 and 1802 does not confirm the full borrowing of judicial law from the metropolis in the organization of the colonial court and testifies in favor of the originality of colonial justice. However, similar features in the composition of these bodies and in the order of judicial procedure allow us to speak about general trends in the development of judicial systems throughout the French Empire, in the metropolis and in the colonies, expressed in the creation of bodies of emergency justice, alternative to courts of general jurisdiction.
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Prest, Wilfrid. "The Professions in Early Modern England, 1450–1800. By Rosemary O'Day. Harlow: Longman, 2000. Pp. xi, 334. 19.99, paper." Journal of Economic History 63, no. 1 (2003): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703231806.
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To review a work which cites one's name in both acknowledgments and text is probably imprudent and quite possibly unethical. On the other hand, a rigorous self-denying ordinance would have drastic implications for the viability of academic book reviewing. Further justification for proceeding in the present instance is that Professor O'Day's references to my own work are not wholly one-sided, either praise or criticism. The following assessment of her latest book will seek to adopt an equally balanced—if not “professional”—approach.
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Булычёва, Анна Валентиновна. "Genre System of Multi-choral Partes Music: Stages of the Delelopment." Музыкальная академия, no. 4(776) (November 29, 2021): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.34690/210.
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В статье обобщены результаты работы над каталогом русской духовной музыки эпохи барокко, написанной в партесном стиле. Материалом исследования стали свыше 1800 многохорных сочинений (от восьми до 48 голосов). Выявлены четыре стадии развития жанровой системы партеса на протяжении более чем 100 лет. В частности, рассмотрена избирательность восприятия наследия конца XVII - начала XVIII века новыми поколениями музыкантов. Показана прямая преемственность системы духовных жанров эпохи классицизма по отношению к позднепартесной. The article summarizes the results of work on the catalogue of Russian sacred music of the Baroque era, composed in the partes style. The study is based on the more than 1800 multi-choral compositions (from 8 to 48 voices). Four stages of the development of the genre system of the partes during about 100 years have been identified. In particular, the selectivity of the perception of the heritage of the late 17-early 18 century by new generations of musicians is considered. The direct relationship of the genre system of Russian sacred music of the classical era in relation to the late partes one is discovered.
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Filippi, Daniele V. "A SOUND DOCTRINE: EARLY MODERN JESUITS AND THE SINGING OF THE CATECHISM." Early Music History 34 (September 23, 2015): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261127915000030.
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AbstractThe musical activities connected with the teaching of Christian doctrine in the early modern era have failed to attract substantial scholarly attention. In fact, the noteworthy and by no means obvious association between singing and catechism is a longue durée phenomenon, and one of the most ubiquitous and characteristic elements of Catholic sonic cultures in the period 1550–1800. Interconnected as these practices are with many different aspects of early modern culture, their study raises questions and offers insights not only on musical issues, but on problems of interdisciplinary relevance. The present essay discusses their role in the pastoral work of early modern Jesuits and, conversely, the role of the Society of Jesus in the development of this tradition. Three different phases are examined: the export of the method from Spain to Italy in the sixteenth century; its adaptation to the French environment in the early seventeenth century; its further development in the golden age of popular missions.
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Schmidt, Ariadne. "Managing a large household. The gender division of work in orphanages in Dutch towns in the early modern period, 1580–1800." History of the Family 13, no. 1 (2008): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2008.01.002.
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Найма Аль-Аббуди, Мунтассир Абдулкадим. "The theme of fear in A. P. Chekhov’s works in the 1880s – early 1890s: typology of the author’s position." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 4(234) (July 18, 2024): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2024-4-120-127.
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Страх как один из важнейших концептов человеческой культуры интенсивно и разнообразно описывается в мировой художественной литературе. А. П. Чехов на протяжении всего творчества неоднократно обращался к проблематике человеческих страхов. Показательно, что им написан ряд произведений, в которых существительное «страх» вынесено в название, причем это преимущественно рассказы раннего периода творчества, традиционно датирующийся 1880–1887 гг.: «Тысяча одна страсть, или Страшная ночь» (1880), «Страшная ночь» (1884), «Страхи» (1886). При этом в указанный период создаются и другие произведения, в которых чувство страха, опасности является основой всего повествования, например, «На большой дороге» (1884), «Ночь на кладбище (Святочный рассказ)» (1886). Наконец, рассказ «Страх» (1892) становится кульминацией чеховской проблематики страха жизни. Целью работы стало выявление и описание типологии авторской позиции по отношению к теме страха в творчестве Чехова 1880-х – начала 1890-х гг. Основным материалом являются произведения Чехова раннего периода творчества – 1880–1887 гг., посвященные теме страха, а также рассказ «Страх» начала 1890-х гг. и эпистолярий писателя. Использован метод сопоставительного анализа, системный и нарратологический подходы к художественным произведениям и анализ творчества Чехова в русле позиционного стиля. Сопоставительный анализ чеховских произведений «Тысяча одна страсть, или Страшная ночь», «Страшная ночь», «На большой дороге», «Ночь на кладбище (Святочный рассказ)», «Страхи», «Страх» позволил выявить общее «резонантное» пространство в наследии писателя, посвященное теме страха, что позволяет поставить вопрос о единой авторской позиции по отношению к указанной теме в русле позиционного стиля Чехова. Ранние рассказы «Тысяча одна страсть, или Страшная ночь» и «Страшная ночь» определяются юмористическим подходом к «страшному», однако уже в 1884 г. в драме малой формы «На большой дороге» страх получает драматическое воплощение. Важным в развитии темы страха является 1886 г.: с одной стороны, в рассказе «Ночь на кладбище» Чехов возвращается к юмористическому изображению страха, с другой стороны, в рассказе «Страхи» эта тема обретает экзистенциальные смыслы, которые в рассказе 1892 г. «Страх» вырастают до представления о том, что экзистенциальный страх в человеческой жизни тотален. Рассмотрение произведений Чехова 1880-х – начала 1890-х гг. с точки зрения позиционного стиля позволило увидеть в них типологию авторской позиции по отношению к человеческому страху. Произведения, объединенные этой проблематикой, обладают сходными художественными особенностями: это мотив ночи, мотив непогоды, внутренняя фокализация, обусловленная тем, что повествование организовано от первого лица. Но в целом в этих произведениях выявлена типология изображения чувства страха: авторская позиция по отношению к этой теме определяется юмористическим, драматическим и экзистенциальным подходами. Fear as one of the key basic concepts of culture has repeatedly become the object of researches by Russian and foreign scientists. A.P. Chekhov, throughout his work, repeatedly addressed the problem of human fears. Let us also pay attention to the fact that in the works of A. P. Chekhov there are more than one work with the word “fear” in the title: these are the stories ‘A Thousand and One Passions, A Scary Night’ (1880), ‘A Terrible Night’ (1884), ‘Panic Fears’ (1886), and ‘Terror’ (1892). As we can see, the writer repeatedly came back to the problem of fear and how fear affects people throughout his whole life. In these stories, “fear” is the basis of the entire narrative, this feeling, starting with the title, is embodied at the compositional and metaphorical levels of the text. At the same time, other works were created during this period, in which the feeling of fear and danger is the basis of the entire narrative, for example, ‘On the High Road’ (1884), ‘Night in the Cemetery (Christmas Story)’ (1886). Finally, the story ‘Terror’ (1892) becomes the culmination of Chekhov’s fear of life. The aim is to identify and describe the typology of the author’s position in relation to the theme of fear in the work of A. P. Chekhov in the 1880s and early 1890s. The main material is Chekhov’s works of the early period of creativity in 1880–1887, dedicated to the theme of fear, as well as the story ‘Fear’ (1892) and the writer’s epistolary. The method of comparative analysis, systemic and narratological approaches to works of art and methodological scientific problems of positional style are used. A comparative analysis of Chekhov’s works ‘A Thousand and One Passions, A Scary Night’ (1880), ‘A Terrible Night’ (1884), ‘On the High Road’ (1884), ‘Night in the Cemetery (Christmas Story)’ (1886), ‘Panic Fears’ (1886), and ‘Terror’ (1892) made it possible to identify a common “resonant” space in the writer’s heritage, dedicated to the theme of fear, which allows us to raise the question of a single author’s position in relation to this topic in line with the scientific problems of Chekhov’s positional style. The early stories ‘A Thousand and One Passions, A Scary Night and ‘A Terrible Night’ are determined by a humorous approach to the “terrible”, but already in 1884, in the small-form drama ‘On the High Road’, fear receives a dramatic embodiment. Important in the development of the theme of fear in 1886 is on the one hand, in the story ‘Night in the Cemetery’ Chekhov returns to the humorous depiction of fear, on the other hand, in the story ‘Panic Fears’ this theme acquires existential meanings, which in the story of 1892 ‘Terror’ grow to the notion that existential fear in human life is total. The methodological approach in terms of Chekhov’s positional style made it possible to identify in his works of the 1880s and early 1890s the typology of the author’s position in relation to human fear. The works united by this problem have similar artistic features: this is the motif of the night, bad weather, internal focalization, due to the fact that the narration is organized in the first person. But in general, in these works, a typology of depicting a feeling of fear is revealed: the author’s position in relation to this topic is determined by humorous, dramatic and existential approaches.
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STRATHERN, ALAN. "Sri Lanka in the Long Early Modern Period: Its Place in a Comparative Theory of Second Millennium Eurasian History." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 4 (2009): 815–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07003447.
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AbstractThis paper explores how Sri Lanka might fit into Victor Lieberman's theory of Eurasian history. Lieberman's work to date has focused on the ‘protected rimlands’ which he sees as sharing the same historical path from a milieu of warring little kingdoms to increasingly large, solid states. But what happens in a land, such as Sri Lanka, which can be considered ‘protected’ before 1500, and ‘unprotected’ thereafter? Political integration and boundaries are first discussed, followed by ethnic and historical awareness before 1500. The third section sketches the chronological development of Buddhism before 1500, while the fourth considers the impact of the European interruption, and the fifth briefly looks at the results for 1600–1800. Along the way, some problems with applying the notion of ‘early modernity’ to Sri Lanka are disclosed.
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Oostindie, Gert, and Jessica Vance Roitman. "Repositioning the Dutch in the Atlantic, 1680–1800." Itinerario 36, no. 2 (2012): 129–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115312000605.
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After some decades of historical debate about the early modern Atlantic, it has become a truism that the Atlantic may better be understood as a world of connections rather than as a collection of isolated national sub-empires. Likewise, it is commonly accepted that the study of this interconnected Atlantic world should be interdisciplinary, going beyond traditional economic and political history to include the study of the circulation of people and cultures. This view was espoused and expanded upon in the issue of Itinerario on the nature of Atlantic history published thirteen years ago—the same issue in which Pieter Emmer and Wim Klooster famously asserted that there was no Dutch Atlantic empire. Since this controversial article appeared, there has been a resurgence of interest among scholars about the role of the Dutch in the Atlantic. With Atlantic history continuing to occupy a prominent place in Anglo-American university history departments, it seems high time to appraise the output of this resurgence of interest with an historiographical essay reviewing the major works and trends in the study of the Dutch in the Atlantic.
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TOMORY, LESLIE. "Fostering a new industry in the Industrial Revolution: Boulton & Watt and gaslight 1800–1812." British Journal for the History of Science 46, no. 2 (2012): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087412000428.
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AbstractGaslight emerged as a new industry after 1800 in Britain, but not in other countries in Europe where the technology existed as well. Among the many groups trying, it was only the firm of Boulton & Watt that succeeded in commercializing the invention for two important reasons. The first was that they possessed skills and experience related to ironworking and to making scientific instruments, both of which they used as they developed gaslight apparatus. This development involved an extensive series of experiments that ultimately had its root in James Watt's own work with pneumatic chemistry. The second reason was that they possessed many resources such as access to capital, their existing network of industrial customers, and their abilities to publicize their work. As with the steam engine, the firm proved adept at advertising. Boulton & Watt did not give their full attention to gaslight except in two spurts between 1805 and 1809, and by around 1812 they had lost almost all interest in the technology. By this time, however, they had solved many problems associated with scaling up gaslight apparatus for industrial use, they had trained many people who would go on to do further important work in the early years of the industry, and they had drawn extensive public attention to the new invention. Finally, their advertising involved elevating the status of William Murdoch as an inventor while minimizing the role of the firm.
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GREEN, NILE. "The Uses of Books in a Late Mughal Takiyya: Persianate Knowledge Between Person and Paper." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 2 (2009): 241–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0999014x.
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AbstractThis paper addresses several questions that appear preliminary to understanding the circulation of knowledge in early modern India (circa1500 to 1800): What work did writing do? What was the relationship between writing and speaking? And what can our answers to these questions tell us about cultural formulations of ‘knowledge’ in this period? After addressing these questions on ‘modes’ of circulation, this paper turns to the more practical issue of ‘means’ of circulation, looking at the intersection between religious and bureaucratic patterns of the production and consumption of books in the absence of printing in Indian languages. Overall, the paper argues for early modernity as a period of tension and transition between ‘anthropocentric’ and ‘bibliocentric’ attitudes towards the location and thence circulation of knowledge in a Persianate context. The issues are exemplified by reference to the various and, at times, perplexing uses of books in an imperial dervish lodge ortakiyya.
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King, Martina. "Gesteinsschichten, Tasthaare, Damenmoden: Epistemologie des Vergleichens zwischen Natur und Kultur – um und nach 1800." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, no. 2 (2020): 246–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0014.
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AbstractThis paper investigates comparison as a fundamental practice within the early life sciences. Four episodes are selected that show how comparing species works in the early 19th century and how it builds bridges between scientific and literary culture: comparing living organisms in pre-Darwinian natural history (Lacépède, Treviranus), comparing species distribution in actualistic geology (Lyell), comparing organs in comparative anatomy (Müller), and – last but not least – comparing social classes in new literary genres such as sketch, ‘Paris physiology’, or travel feuilleton.
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Millán, Elizabeth. "Searching for Modern Culture's Beautiful Harmony: Schlegel and Hegel on Irony." Hegel Bulletin 31, no. 02 (2010): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263523200000069.
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Goethe and Friedrich Schiller stand together immortalised in Ernst Rietschel's statue at the centre of Weimar. In their lifetime, Goethe and Schiller shaped the culture of German-speaking lands, not only through their poetry, plays, and novels, but also in their role as editors of journals that helped to set the intellectual tone of the period. Schiller's journal Die Horen (1795-1797) and Goethe's Propyläen (1798-1800), although short-lived, were important literary vehicles of the period and provided a forum that brought scientists, historians, philosophers, and poets into conversation with one another. The late 1700s and early 1800s were years of intense intellectual development in Germanspeaking lands; the arts flourished and aesthetics developed as a serious branch of philosophy.During the ‘Age of Goethe and Schiller’, philosophy was dominated by Kant's philosophy and its post-Kantian variations. A problem with traditional philosophical histories of this period is the overwhelmingly Hegelian reading of it, a reading that subsumes all of the so-called minor figures under the shadows of the great system builder, Hegel. Richard Kroner's influential Von Kant bis Hegel of 1921 set the tone for this reading. Silenced by such narratives are the voices of the early German Romantics, a group of thinkers whose impudence created problems for them, and whose work posed hermeneutical challenges that continue to plague a proper understanding of the movement and the worth of its contributions. As we shall see, Hegel himself began to prepare the ground for a history of philosophy that would dismiss the contributions of the early German Romantics, a dismissal that is unfair and unfortunate: unfair because it is based on false characterisations of the movement, and unfortunate because such misreadings lead us to overlook the wealth of insights offered by the early German Romantics.
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Ostaric, Lara. "Absolute Freedom and Creative Agency in Early Schelling." Philosophisches Jahrbuch 119, no. 1 (2012): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0031-8183-2012-1-69.
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bstract. By arguing that the connection between Schelling’s reception of Plato and Kant’s conception of genius is relevant for Schelling’s early development, this essay demonstrates the following: (1) that Schelling’s early Idealism brings to the general problem that plagues German Idealists, i.e., the search for an unconditioned principle that unites theoretical and practical reason, the solution that is genuinely his own, this original solution consisting in Schelling’s conception of “creative reason [schöpfersiche Vernunft]”; (2) that the theme of an absolutely free creative subjectivity is shared by many of Schelling’s early works and, hence, that the early development of his Idealism can be interpreted as a beginning of the philosophical system or as a “proto-system” of what was later to become his 1800 System; (3) that when compared to Kant’s notion of genius, Schelling’s “absolute I” should be considered a regress rather than a progress.
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Rodrigues da Cunha, Marcelo Durão. "The concept of Individuality in Friedrich Meinecke’s Early Work." Revista de Teoria da História 26, no. 2 (2023): 60–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rth.v26i2.73403.
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This article investigates the centrality of the concept of individuality in the young Friedrich Meinecke’s theory of history, positing it as a fundamental element shaping Meinecke’s historical conception. To elucidate this position, an analysis is conducted to discern the significance attributed to the principium individuationis at two critical junctures in Meinecke’s early intellectual development: firstly, in his response to the positivist assault on the German historical school, and secondly, in his endeavor to reconceptualize the underpinnings of a revitalized history of ideas between the late 1800s and the initial decade of the twentieth century. By expounding upon these aspects and contextualizing the intellectual evolution in which these ideas emerged, it is argued that the concept of individuality functioned as a theoretical refuge against what Meinecke perceived as the doctrinaire nature of worldviews incompatible with notions of freedom and spontaneity — principles he considered intrinsic to the historical mode of thought.
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Soliday, Gerald L. ":The Work of France: Labor and Culture in Early Modern Times, 1350-1800. Critical Issues in World and International History." Sixteenth Century Journal 41, no. 3 (2010): 928–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/scj40997437.
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Keefe, Simon P. "“Die Ochsen am Berge”: Franz Xaver Süssmayr and the Orchestration of Mozart's Requiem, K. 626." Journal of the American Musicological Society 61, no. 1 (2008): 1–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2008.61.1.1.
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Abstract Franz Xaver Süssmayr's letter to the publisher Härtel (1800) about his involvement in completing Mozart's Requiem implicitly and explicitly asks its recipient to take his contribution seriously. Positive appraisals of the entire Requiem in the early decades of the nineteenth century, read alongside this letter, invite reevaluation of Süssmayr's orchestration of the work. Early writings on Mozart's orchestration clarify that Süssmayr's countless musical decisions, large and small, would have carried genuine aesthetic resonance. Süssmayr's view that the winds should function primarily as support for the voices derives from Mozart's orchestration of the Introit, and manifests itself especially in voice doublings and frequent segues between vocal statements. The origin of his shaping of orchestration toward climactic points in the Lacrymosa, Sanctus, and Benedictus, however, is less clearly attributable to Mozart. Süssmayr's entitlement to a vision of his own for the completion of the work, one that may not follow Mozart's intentions in every respect, encourages us to consider putative “transgressions” evidence of active engagement with the work itself, rather than of musical misjudgment. Examining the Sanctus and Benedictus (for which no materials in Mozart's hand are extant) as well as the Sequence, reveals the consistency and coherence of Süssmayr's vision across the Requiem as a whole.
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Liljas, Juvas Marianne. "”Från pappas lydige Henric”: Pedagogiska perspektiv på det tidiga 1800-talets bildningsresande." Nordic Journal of Educational History 6, no. 2 (2019): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36368/njedh.v6i2.151.
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“From daddy’s obedient Henric”: Pedagogical perspectives on educational travel of the early 1800s. This article analyses educational travel in the early 1800s from the perspective of its educational heritage and praxis. The aim is to develop an understanding of the pedagogical significance of educational travel. The article makes clear how upbringing and education are represented in the framework of travel narratives in pre-industrial landscapes. The argument is based on the influence of the mercantile class on educational travel and the informal effect of these trips on changes in pedagogical thinking. The travel letters of Johan Henrik Munktell from 1828 to 1830 are used as primary sources. Using Paul Ricoeur’s memory-critical hermeneutics, travel narratives become significant sources for how education is arranged, and immanent pedagogy is a key term. The results demonstrate that the individualisation process works together with forms of crypto-learning, the core of the personal development vision, and society’s long-term memory.
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Yuliya Ivanovna, Arutyunyan. "Interpretation of Medieval art in the scientific illustration of France in the 1820s – 1860s." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (51) (2022): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2022-2-154-161.
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In the XIX century, the importance of scientific illustration increases. Images of the Middle Ages appear in works on the history of art and material culture, reference books, periodicals, and guidebooks. The characteristic features of scientific illustration are the desire to observe the real proportions and composition of monuments of architecture and fine art, diligence, understanding the patterns of style and reflecting them in graphic reproductions. The publications combine detailed images of architectural monuments and schematically interpreted details of facades and interiors. In the work of Seroux d’Agencourt, separate tables reproduce the exteriors and plans of famous buildings of the Early Middle Ages, Romanesque and Gothic. The dictionary of E. E. Viollet le Duc includes a number of images of works of art; the graphic interpretation of structures and objects of visual arts is clear and concise. The magazines «Le Magasin pittoresque» and «Musée des familles» are widely attracted to landscape views, including architectural structures of the Middle Ages. In «Bulletin monumental» scientific graphics relate to texts and are focused on reliable and detailed interpretation of monuments. At the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, graphic images began to be replaced by photographs, and the genre gradually lost its significance. Over the course of a century, scientific graphics have evolved from a landscape «pictorial» interpretation of the form to a scientifically reliable statement of the appearance of medieval architecture and works of art.
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Colombijn, Freek. "The Volatile State in Southeast Asia: Evidence from Sumatra, 1600–1800." Journal of Asian Studies 62, no. 2 (2003): 497–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3096247.
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The communis opinio of historians is that early modern, or precolonial, states in Southeast Asia tended to lead precarious existences. The states were volatile in the sense that the size of individual states changed quickly, a ruler forced by circumstances moved his state capital, the death of a ruler was followed by a dynastic struggle, or a local subordinate head either ignored or took over the central state power; in short, states went through short cycles of rise and decline. Perhaps nobody has helped establish this opinion more than Clifford Geertz (1980) with his powerful metaphor of the “theatre state.” Many scholars have preceded and followed him in their assessment of the shakiness of the state (see, for example, Andaya 1992, 419; Bentley 1986, 292; Bronson 1977, 51; Hagesteijn 1986, 106; Milner 1982, 7; Nagtegaal 1996, 35, 51; Reid 1993, 202; Ricklefs 1991, 17; Schulte Nordholt 1996, 143–48). The instability itself was an enduring phenomenon. Most polities existed in a state of flux, oscillating between integration and disintegration, a phenomenon which was first analyzed for mainland Southeast Asia by Edmund Leach (1954) in his seminal work on the Kachin chiefdoms. This alternation of state formation and the breaking up of kingdoms has been called the “ebb and flow of power” and the “rhythm” of Malay history (Andaya and Andaya 1982, 35). In this article, I will probe into the causes of the volatility of the Southeast Asian states, using material from Sumatra to make my case.
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Eldredge, Elizabeth A. "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800–30: The ‘Mfecane’ Reconsidered." Journal of African History 33, no. 1 (1992): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700031832.
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The so-called ‘mfecane’ has been explained in many ways by historians, but never adequately. Julian Cobbing has absolved the Zulu of culpability for ongoing regional conflicts, but his work is severely flawed in its use of evidence. Cobbing is incorrect to argue that the Delagoa Bay slave trade existed on a large scale prior to the disruptions beginning in 1817, and European slaving therefore cannot have been a root cause of political turmoil and change, as he claims. Cobbing correctly identifies European-sponsored slave-raiding as a major cause of violence across the north-eastern Cape Frontier, but his accusations of missionary involvement are false. Jeff Guy's interpretation of the rise of the Zulu kingdom based on environmental factors is inadequate because he examined only stock-keeping and not arable land use, which led him to false conclusions about demography and politics. In this paper I argue that the socio-political changes and associated demographic turmoil and violence of the early nineteenth century in southern Africa were the result of a complex interaction between factors governed by the physical environment and local patterns of economic and political organization. Increasing inequalities within and between societies coupled with a series of environmental crises transformed long-standing competition over natural resources and trade in south-eastern Africa into violent struggles.
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Demichev, Aleksey A. "DOCUMENTS OF PERSONAL ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN JURORS OF THE 1860s — 1890s AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE." Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Series Humanities and social science, no. 1 (2023): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/sikbfu-2023-1-5.
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The article studies the private documents of jurors of the Russian Empire such as diaries and memoirs and analyses them as a complex of historical sources containing unique information about the course of the trial and the work of the jury. The pool of documents included two diaries and eight memoirs. The author evaluated the authorship, purpose, place of creation of these documents as well as their content and cognitive value. It is noted that the memoirs under the study share the features which are characteristic of most memoirs of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries: they were originally aimed at publication and intended primarily for contemporaries; the time gap between the original events and the “memories” of them was relatively short (from several months to several years). The selected documents are primarily the ones belonging to jurors who participated in the metropolitan district courts trials. This fact narrows our understanding of the work of jury in the Russian Empire in the 19th century down to metropolitan provinces.
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Ferguson, Frank, and Matthew Morrow. "‘Of Noble Sentiment and Of Noble Thought’: Burns Clubs and Commemoration in Ireland 1800–1950." Burns Chronicle 132, no. 2 (2023): 150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/burns.2023.0084.
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The reception of Robert Burns's work and legacy in Ireland, particularly in its Northern province of Ulster has been well documented. Less explored is the range of clubs, commemorations and events that exist and have existed throughout Ireland to honour his memory. This article will explore the foundation and activities of a variety of Burns Clubs and in particular the Belfast Burns Association, one of the longest standing groups within the Burns Federation. While these clubs were mostly situated in the province of Ulster, the article will argue that the commemoration and celebration of Burns was not confined to the northern province, nor was it merely the preserve of those from an Ulster-Scottish cultural background or indeed those from Scotland, or their descendants residing in Ireland. This article will trace the early efforts to mark Burns's significance in Ireland from the early decades of the nineteenth century, chart the widespread engagement in the 1859 Centenary activities across the island and continue into the twentieth century and twenty first centuries where Burns events continued to play a role in Irish civic and cultural life. This survey of commemorative engagement across Ireland pre- and post-partition will provide an insight into the role Burns's legacy played in the shaping of cultural exchange between Ireland and Scotland, the range and variety of civic, cultural and social discourse on Burns's writing and character in an Irish setting, and how the representation of Burns in the Irish public sphere mirrored and diverged from similar initiatives in Scotland and England.
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Holmes, Andrew. "The Scottish Reformations and the Origin of Religious and Civil Liberty in Britain and Ireland: Presbyterian Interpretations, c.1800-60." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 90, no. 1 (2014): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.90.1.7.
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This article examines Presbyterian interpretations in Scotland and Ireland of the Scottish Reformations of 1560 and 1638–43. It begins with a discussion of the work of two important Presbyterian historians of the early nineteenth century, the Scotsman, Thomas McCrie, and the Irishman, James Seaton Reid. In their various publications, both laid the template for the nineteenth-century Presbyterian understanding of the Scottish Reformations by emphasizing the historical links between the Scottish and Irish churches in the early-modern period and their common theology and commitment to civil and religious liberty against the ecclesiastical and political tyranny of the Stuarts. The article also examines the commemorations of the National Covenant in 1838, the Solemn League and Covenant in 1843, and the Scottish Reformation in 1860. By doing so, it uncovers important religious and ideological linkages across the North Channel, including Presbyterian evangelicalism, missionary activity, church–state relationships, religious reform and revival, and anti-Catholicism.
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van Nederveen Meerkerk, Elise. "Grammar of Difference? The Dutch Colonial State, Labour Policies, and Social Norms on Work and Gender, c.1800–1940." International Review of Social History 61, S24 (2016): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859016000481.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThis article investigates developments in labour policies and social norms on gender and work from a colonial perspective. It aims to analyse the extent to which state policies and societal norms influenced gendered labour relations in the Netherlands and its colony, the Netherlands Indies (present-day Indonesia). In order to investigate the influence of the state on gender and household labour relations in the Dutch empire, this paper compares as well as connects social interventions related to work and welfare in the Netherlands and the Netherlands Indies from the early nineteenth century up until World War II. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, work was seen as a means to morally discipline the poor, both in the Netherlands and the Netherlands Indies. Parallel initiatives were taken by Johannes van den Bosch, who, in 1815, established “peat colonies” in the Netherlands, aiming to transform the urban poor into industrious agrarian workers, and in 1830 introduced the Cultivation System in the Netherlands Indies, likewise to increase the industriousness of Javanese peasants. While norms were similar, the scope of changing labour relations was much vaster in the colony than in the metropole.During the nineteenth century, ideals and practices of the male breadwinner started to pervade Dutch households, and children’s and women’s labour laws were enacted. Although in practice many Dutch working-class women and children continued to work, their official numbers dropped significantly. In contrast to the metropole, the official number of working (married) women in the colony was very high, and rising over the period. Protection for women and children was introduced very late in the Netherlands Indies and only under intense pressure from the international community. Not only did Dutch politicians consider it “natural” for Indonesian women and children to work, their assumptions regarding inherent differences between Indonesian and Dutch women served to justify the protection of the latter: a fine example of what Ann Stoler and Frederick Cooper have called a “grammar of difference”.
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Accotto, Cristina, David Martínez Poyatos, Antonio Azor, and Antonio Jabaloy-Sánchez. "A review of U-Pb detrital zircon systematics from Cambrian- Lower Devonian rocks of the Moroccan Meseta." Geogaceta 71 (June 6, 2022): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55407/geogaceta99840.
Texte intégralRésumé :
U-Pb geochronological analysis of detrital zircon grains is a powerful tool to decipher the pre-Mesozoic paleogeography. In this work, we present a sediment provenance study based on a compilation of 41 Cambrian-Early Devonian siliciclastic samples from the Moroccan Meseta. All of them are characterized by late Tonian-Ediacaran (c. 600 Ma, c. 50% of the data), Rhyacian-Orosirian (c. 2100 Ma, c. 20% of the data), and Neoarchean (c. 2500 Ma, c. 4% of the data)detrital zircon age populations indicating a strong West African Craton affinity. Minor populations are: (i) Cambrian-Ordovician (c. 500 Ma), particularly relevant in Lower Ordovician samples, which were probably sourced by local volcanic centers formed during an aborted rift; (ii) Stenian-early Tonian (c. 1000 Ma); and (iii) Orosirian-Statherian (c. 1800 Ma). These two latter populations were probably fed by paleocurrents from NE-African regions (e.g., Sahara Metacraton and Arabian-Nubian Shield) that reached only intermittently the studied area. Finally, the spatial and chronological distribution of the detrital zircon age populations suggests that the tectonic boundaries normally used to separate internal subdomains in northern Morocco did not imply far-travelled terranes during early-middle Paleozoic times.
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Guskov, Nikolai. "A Chevalier Of A Sentimemtal Epoch: The Biography Of A Little Aristocrat." Children's Readings: Studies in Children's Literature 20, no. 2 (2021): 201–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2304-5817-2021-2-20-201-229.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article presents the forgotten book “The Model of Children, or the Life of the Little Count Platon Zubov” (1801), written in French by A. S. Vsevolozhskaya and translated into Russian by S. Sokovnin. The son of General Valerian Zubov (a favorite of Catherine II) died in 1800 at the age of 4 and a half years and is presented in the book as an ideal child. The text is examined in the context of literature about children of the 18th — early 19th centuries. We can see here the influence of A.-F.-J. Freville’s “Life of the famouses children”. Compared with most of the texts, “Model of Children”, although it contains canonical features of hagiographic and didactic works, demonstrates an attempt to introduce elements of psychologism and reality, to capture a specific image of a little aristocrat of his time. It combines elements of a sensitive nature as a result of female upbringing and the traits inherited from little count’s father as a courtesan with class prejudices. This image anticipates the characters of Nokolai Karamzin’s later prose.
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Guskov, Nikolai. "A Chevalier Of A Sentimemtal Epoch: The Biography Of A Little Aristocrat." Children's Readings: Studies in Children's Literature 20, no. 2 (2021): 201–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2304-5817-2021-2-20-201-229.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article presents the forgotten book “The Model of Children, or the Life of the Little Count Platon Zubov” (1801), written in French by A. S. Vsevolozhskaya and translated into Russian by S. Sokovnin. The son of General Valerian Zubov (a favorite of Catherine II) died in 1800 at the age of 4 and a half years and is presented in the book as an ideal child. The text is examined in the context of literature about children of the 18th — early 19th centuries. We can see here the influence of A.-F.-J. Freville’s “Life of the famouses children”. Compared with most of the texts, “Model of Children”, although it contains canonical features of hagiographic and didactic works, demonstrates an attempt to introduce elements of psychologism and reality, to capture a specific image of a little aristocrat of his time. It combines elements of a sensitive nature as a result of female upbringing and the traits inherited from little count’s father as a courtesan with class prejudices. This image anticipates the characters of Nokolai Karamzin’s later prose.
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Lavoie, Denis. "Carbonate sedimentation in an extensional tectonic regime: the Lower Devonian Upper Gaspé Limestones, Quebec Appalachians." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 1 (1992): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-012.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Carbonate sedimentation occurred over most of eastern Gaspé Peninsula in Early Devonian time. The resulting succession, known as the Upper Gaspé Limestones, is a 500–1800 m thick unit outcropping in the Connecticut Valley – Gaspé Synclinorium. Detailed stratigraphic and sedimentologic work allows recognition of important thickness and lithofacies variations in a north–south-oriented transect in the eastern part of the peninsula. Variations are spatially associated with Acadian (Middle Devonian) dextral strike-slip faults. Three lithotectonic domains are proposed and interpreted; they are, from north to south, (1) a proximal outer shelf, (2) a distal, gently sloping outer shelf, and (3) a slope or slope toe. Field mapping and reinterpretation of seismic profiles from this area have shown that the faults bounding the three domains are reactivated normal listric faults. Early Devonian vertical movement along these faults caused accelerated subsidence of the central and southern segments of the sedimentary basin and is thought to be responsible for the observed Lower Devonian thickness and megafacies variations in eastern Gaspé.
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Pardaev, Kuldosh. "A New Approach To The Work Of Muhammad Aminkhoja Muqimi (1850-1903)." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 02, no. 10 (2020): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume02issue10-13.
Texte intégralRésumé :
When comparing the text of the works of the enlightened artist Muhammad Aminkhoja Muqimi, who lived and worked in the literary environment of Kokand in the late XIX - early XX centuries, it became clear that the text of most poems does not correspond to the original. Because of the demands of the Soviet ideology, the poet's poems on religious and mystical themes were edited and shortened. Strong socially critical bytes and paragraphs in the text of the comic works were also omitted. As a result, the edited works were misinterpreted. Muqimi's works left in manuscript sources are important in the study of the poet's worldview, his attitude to social reality, his literary and aesthetic world.
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Blake, Katherine E. "Urban Burial Reform in William Wordsworth’s “Village Churchyard”." Nineteenth-Century Literature 74, no. 3 (2019): 279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2019.74.3.279.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Katherine E. Blake “Urban Burial Reform in William Wordsworth’s ‘Village Churchyard’” (pp. 279–304) This essay looks at the relationship between space and class in nineteenth-century English burials in order to shed new light on William Wordsworth’s Essays upon Epitaphs (1810, 1876) and “The Brothers” (1800). While Wordsworth’s work dwells on pastoral images of burial, I argue that his representations in fact align more closely with the cultural practices and values underpinning urban burial conventions. Through his representation of burial space, Wordsworth’s work plays out urban concerns about burial in the countryside. Ultimately, this essay argues that the exportation of urban concerns to imaginary rural sites accounts for the utility of Wordsworth’s work to mid-nineteenth-century burial reformers, and particularly to Edwin Chadwick, a utilitarian known for his work on the 1832 Poor Law and sanitary guidelines for burial. By reevaluating what prior studies have said about Chadwick’s reforms in light of recent work on his economic theories, I argue that Chadwick’s citation of Wordsworth’s first “Essay upon Epitaphs” transforms the latter’s pastoral vision into an endorsement of a national cemetery. I explore the extent to which Wordsworth’s early-nineteenth-century ideas are and are not compatible with Chadwick’s mid-century reforms.