Thèses sur le sujet « Échelle spatiale »
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Beaulne, Jean-Sébastien. « Analyse spatiale et multi-échelle de la distribution des bactéries dans le sol et les sédiments ». Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0037/document.
Texte intégralThe bacteria have colonized all the niches of the planet. Specifically, soils are home of the largest terrestrial biodiversity, microbial fauna. This great diversity of bacteria and their relative ubiquity make it difficult to idendified variables driving the spatial distribution of bacteria living in the soil. As soil bacteria play a significant role in the main global biogeochemical cycles, it is important to better understand the variables that can influence bacterial composition of soils. In this thesis, we hypothesize that heterogeneity of the bacterial community composition appears at the same scale level as the heterogeneity of soil physicochemical properties. In order to understand the relationship of bacterial composition of soils (from core experiment to field study in large region in the northern France) and soil factors at different spatial scales, we will use an approach coupling GIS tools, soil physico-chemical analysis and 16S rRNA gene NGS. With Three set of experiment we will answer three questions: Can a uniform environmental pressure at a larger scale (cm) overcome microbial micro-scale heterogeneity? Are geographical gradients strong drivers of the microbial community structure at the scale of the gradient? Do large-scale geographical features that integrate groups of parameters model the differences in microbial community structure for an entire region?
Genadot, Alexandre. « Étude multi-échelle de modèles probabilistes pour les systèmes excitables avec composante spatiale ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00905886.
Texte intégralGenadot, Alexandre. « Etude multi-échelle de modèles probabilistes pour les systèmes excitables avec composante spatiale ». Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066531.
Texte intégralThe purpose of the present thesis is the mathematical study of probabilistic models for the generation and propagation of an action potential in neurons and more generally of stochastic models for excitable cells. Indeed, we want to study the effect of noise on multiscale spatially extended excitable systems. We address the intrinsic as well as the extrinsic source of noise in such systems. To study the intrinsic or internal noise, we consider Hilbert-valued Piecewise Deterministic Markov Processes (PDMPs). We are interested in the multiscale and long time behavior of these processes. In a first part, we study the case where the fast component is a discrete component of the PDMP. We prove a limit theorem when the speed of the fast component is accelerated. Then, we study the fluctuations of the multiscale model around the averaged one and show that the fluctuations areGaussians through the proof of a Central Limit Theorem. In a second part, we consider the case where the fast component is itself a PDMP. This requires knowledge about the invariant measure of Hilbert-valued PDMPs. We show the existence and uniqueness of an invariant measure and the exponential convergence of the process toward this measure. To study the extrinsic or external noise, we consider systems of Stochastic Partial Differential Equations (SPDEs) driven by colored noises. We analyze numerical schemes based on finite differences in time and finite elements in space
Chifflet, Rémy. « Faune pollinisatrice, paysage et échelle spatiale des flux de pollen chez brassica napus l. (brassicaceae) ». Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00633180.
Texte intégralNzeukou, Takougang Armand Cyrille. « Variabilité spatiale à moyenne échelle des conditions de propagation des micro-ondes dans les précipitations ». Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30011.
Texte intégralDelahaye, Alexandre. « Classification multi-échelle d'images à très haute résolution spatiale basée sur une nouvelle approche texturale ». Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8935.
Texte intégralAbstract : Classifying remote sensing images is an increasingly difficult task due to the availability of very high spatial resolution (VHSR) data. The amount of details in such images is a major obstacle to the use of spectral classification methods as well as most textural classification algorithms, including statistical methods. However, structural methods offer an interesting alternative to this issue: these object-oriented approaches focus on analyzing the structure of an image in order to interpret its meaning. In the first part of this thesis, we propose a new algorithm belonging to this category: KPC (KeyPoint-based Classification). KPC is based on keypoint detection and analysis and offers an efficient answer to the issue of classifying VHSR images. Tests led on artificial and real remote sensing images have proven its discriminating power. Furthermore, many studies have proven that evidential fusion (based on Dempster-Shafer theory) is well-suited to remote sensing images because of its ability to handle abstract concepts such as ambiguity and uncertainty. However, few studies did focus on the application of this theory to complex textural data such as structural data. This issue is dealt with in the second part of this thesis; we focused on fusing multiscale KPC classifications with the help of Dempster-Shafer theory. Tests have shown that this multi-scale approach leads to an increase in classification efficiency when the original image has a low quality. Our study also points out a substantial potential for improvement gained from the estimation of intermediate classifications reliability and provides ideas to get these estimations.
Dembele, Sidi. « Structuration spatiale de la biodiversité agricole dans la zone cotonnière du Mali ». Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC046.
Texte intégralThe diversity of cropping systems and varieties plays an important role in the ability of family farms to withstand socio-economic and environmental shocks. For better conservation, this agricultural diversity needs to be characterized and monitored in space and time. While they were dominated by elements of price, area and production until recently, agricultural monitoring systems are beginning to integrate diversity issues. The diversity of cropping systems and varieties plays an important role in the ability of family farms to resist socio-economic and environmental shocks, whereas until the end of the 1990s it was considered as a limiting factor in improving the productivity of farming systems in varietal selection processes. In a situation of uncertain rainfall, to reduce the risk of this hazard, farmers use several species and varieties to survive and produce through all the hazards encountered. The peasant strategy consists in cultivating several varieties with different agronomic characteristics (early maturity, yield, resistance to diseases, parasites and drought, etc.) and culinary in the same field or in different fields. This strategy allows farmers to cultivate the varieties best suited to the soil conditions of their fields and to meet their diverse needs.It is in this context that this thesis focuses on the spatial structuring of agrobiodiversity in the cotton zone. To achieve this objective, several methods and approaches have been used. The approach adopted combines the digital analysis of satellite imagery and the use of data from field surveys. The analysis of these data is based on the spatial distribution of biodiversity and its correlation with agro-ecological practices and conditions, agronomic performance and performance.The main results from the analysis of the study data are:a) There is a great heterogeneity and diversity of landscapes in the cotton zone of Mali-Sud with a total of eleven (11) landscape units;b) There is great diversity at the specific level and in cropping systems. The mean values of the most specific indicator of diversity are recorded in villages where the mean rainfall is between 700 and 1000 mm of water followed by villages of less than 700 mm;c) The specific pressure indicator shows a geographical distribution of the pressures of the different crop species. Indeed, in villages where cotton is at the head of rotation, it exerts strong pressure on other species. In these villages, the cotton area is much larger than for the other species;d) For yield, most villages have average yields of cotton above the national average in 2015. Analyzing its evolution between 2013 and 2015, there is a decline in yield in most villages if this decline is very often sawtooth with increases in 2013 and 2014.e) The yield stability indicator shows that yields are stable with all species except maize.These results open the way for a greater contribution of geography in agronomic analysis
Bertrand, Joris. « Causes de la différenciation génétique à une très petite échelle spatiale chez un oiseau insulaire (zosterops borbonicus) ». Toulouse 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU30078.
Texte intégralOceanic islands provide opportunities for studying how biodiversity colonizes new habitats and speciates within. We studied a possible case of incipient speciation in a bird endemic of Réunion (Zosterops borbonicus). This species exhibits a colour polymorphism geographically structured at a spatial scale rarely documented for birds. We investigated restriction in gene flow along an altitudinal gradient. We compared patterns of phenotypic and genetic differentiation to those of environmental variation. Our results show that dispersal is extremely limited in this species. Ecological factors and behavioural may explain the small spatial scale of this divergence
Sémécurbe, François. « Analyse de la distribution spatiale des implantations humaines : apports et limites d’indicateurs multi-échelles et trans-échelles ». Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCC013.
Texte intégralAs human beings, it is easy for us to judge visually whether a distribution is dispersed or concentrated. However, the quantitative formalization of our impressions is problematic. It depends on the scales of the chosen analysis. This dependence of indicators on scales has changed. It is initially considered as a barrier to knowledge, it now reflects the multi-scale organisation of the distributions studied. The central objective of this thesis is to investigate the limits and contribution of multi-scale and trans-scale indicators to the study of the spatial distributions of human settlements.Spatial analysis aims at comparing spatial distributions to a uniform distribution. The way in which spatial distributions move away from this reference is used to characterize the multi-scale organization of the analyzed distributions. The application of these methods to human settlements has not been satisfactory. The use of an exogenous reference is not adapted to distributions that are very unevenly concentrated in space.Fractal analysis used in urban geography considers that the analysed distributions are their own measurement standard. Fractal dimensions measure how the space occupied by them evolves across scales. This type of analysis requires a regularity between scales, the invariance of scale whose existence is not verified on all territories. Trans-scale analysis generalises the principles of fractal analysis to all distributions and makes it possible to characterise the unequal concentration of human settlements in rural and urban territories
Vaillant, Joël. « Etude de la résolution spatiale des analyseurs d'images intégrés, application à la caractérisation des imageurs à échelle 1 ». Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX3A085.
Texte intégralTew, Kai Emilie. « Rôle des tourbillons méso-échelle dans la structuration spatiale de l'écosystème pélagique : le cas du canal de Mozambique ». Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066114.
Texte intégralBuchon, Anne. « Composition des phases, microstructure et distribution spatiale à très fine échelle des solutés dans quelques superalliages à base nickel ». Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUES025.
Texte intégralCharbonnel, Anaïs. « Influence multi-échelle des facteurs environnementaux dans la répartition du Desman des Pyrénées (Galemys pyrenaicus) en France ». Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14261/1/Charbonnel.pdf.
Texte intégralTeurlai, Magali. « Modélisation multi-échelle de la dynamique spatiale de la Dengue : application à la Nouvelle-Calédonie et à la région Pacifique ». Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20167/document.
Texte intégralSince the 1970's, the frequency of vector-borne diseases such as Dengue, Chikungunya or Zika has significantly increased in the Pacific region. Understanding the factors and mechanisms underlying the spatio-temporal distribution of these diseases provides useful information regarding their control and prevention. In this thesis, we identified dengue spatio-temporal patterns and used modeling tools to identify the factors associated to an increased epidemiological risk at a regional scale (Pacific), a territorial scale (New-Caledonia), and a city scale (Noumea, the capital of New-Caledonia).Every five to seven years, dengue spreads over the entire Pacific as large epidemics caused by the introduction and regional diffusion of one of the four dengue virus serotypes. In New Caledonia, dengue has a seasonal epidemic pattern. The emergence of an epidemic requires specific climatic conditions. The identification of these conditions led to the implementation of an operational early warning system to predict dengue annual epidemic risk. Spatially, at the territorial scale, during epidemic years, high levels of viral circulation are found in areas with higher mean temperature and higher local population densities. Whether at the territorial scale or at the city scale, the spatial diffusion of the virus during epidemics caused by the re-emergence of the same serotype seems limited by the population immunity created by past epidemics. This thesis highlights the complexity and the multi-factorial aspect of vector-borne diseases, and discusses the usefulness of a multi-scale approach in modelling their epidemiology. Besides enhancing our understanding of dengue epidemiology over the Pacific area, we also developed a methodological framework that can be used in other geographical or epidemiological settings for the spatio-temporal analysis and modeling of epidemiological surveillance data
Ghnemat, Rawan. « Modélisation adaptative pour l'émergence spatiale dans les systèmes complexes ». Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00429162.
Texte intégralVitter, Maxime. « Cartographier l'occupation du sol à grande échelle : optimisation de la photo-interprétation par segmentation d'image ». Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES011/document.
Texte intégralOver the last fifteen years, the emergence of remote sensing data at Very High Spatial Resolution (VHRS) and the democratization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have helped to meet the new and growing needs for spatial information. The development of new mapping methods offers an opportunity to understand and anticipate land cover change at large scales, still poorly known. In France, spatial databases about land cover and land use at large scale have become an essential part of current planning and monitoring of territories. However, the acquisition of this type of database is still a difficult need to satisfy because the demands concern tailor-made cartographic productions, adapted to the local problems of the territories. Faced with this growing demand, regular service providers of this type of data seek to optimize manufacturing processes with recent image-processing techniques. However, photo interpretation remains the favoured method of providers. Due to its great flexibility, it still meets the need for mapping at large scale, despite its high cost. Using fully automated production methods to substitute for photo interpretation is rarely considered. Nevertheless, recent developments in image segmentation can contribute to the optimization of photo-interpretation practice. This thesis presents a series of tools that participate in the development of digitalization assistance for the photo-interpretation exercise. The assistance results in the realization of a pre-cutting of the landscape from a segmentation carried out on a VHRS image. Tools development is carried out through three large-scale cartographic services, each with different production instructions, and commissioned by public entities. The contribution of these automation tools is analysed through a comparative analysis between two mapping procedures: manual photo interpretation versus digitally assisted segmentation. The productivity gains brought by segmentation are evaluated using quantitative and qualitative indices on different landscape configurations. To varying degrees, it appears that whatever type of landscape is mapped, the gains associated with assisted mapping are substantial. These gains are discussed both technically and thematically from a commercial perspective
Marrec, Ronan. « Étude multi-échelle des déterminants des patrons de structuration et de dynamique spatiale de populations de coléoptères carabiques dans les agroécosystèmes ». Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2302/document.
Texte intégralCarabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) play an important role in agriculture as natural enemies of pests. The development and application of practical techniques for managing their populations is a central challenge for sustainable agriculture and depends on detailed knowledge of the ecology of individual species. However, this information is relatively scant for even the most common species of interest in agricultural landscapes. Both agricultural practices and landscape structure have been shown to affect carabid distribution and abundance. In particular, crop rotation and associated mechanical practices affect arthropod abundance either directly, through mortality and emigration, or indirectly, by affecting local microhabitat conditions. Consequently, distribution shifts are expected to occur in response to the temporal instability of annual crops.The aim of this study was to determine (i) factors which structure populations of dominant carabid beetles over agricultural landscapes and (ii) their spatial and temporal scales of influence, in order to infer individual and population processes involved in species maintain, in response to agroecosystems' spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Surveys were conducted in three agricultural areas of western France contrasted in their degree of agricultural intensification, using both pitfall and emergence traps located within fields of the dominant crops and their immediate environment (field margins). At the field scale, we found that: (i) the studied carabid species used crop and non-crop habitats differently during the reproductive period and while overwintering and exhibited different strategies of habitat use; (ii) carabids were more active-abundant within oilseed rape fields than in other types of habitats; (iii) important distribution shifts were observed among habitat patches depending on habitat type and season.At the landscape scale, we found that: (i) landscape composition in both the current and previous years influenced carabid activity-density and distribution at different spatial scales; (ii) non-monotonous landscape effects on carabids were observed, which indicate the importance of considering contrasted landscapes to correctly explore the effect of landscape variables; (iii) Poecilus cupreus populations were structured spatially and genetically at very large spatial scales; (iv) male-biased dispersal was suggested in this species.Overall, results suggest that inter-field movements and active habitat selection rather than differences in survival rates determine distribution and abundance dynamics of dominant carabid species in agricultural landscapes. In addition, data suggest that redistributions mainly occur before overwintering likely in response to autumn cultural practices. High dispersal abilities are key traits for species maintain in highly instable environments, such as agricultural landscapes, and are highly selected in carabid species communities
Rodes, Arnau Isabel. « Estimation de l'occupation des sols à grande échelle pour l'exploitation d'images d'observation de la Terre à hautes résolutions spatiale, spectrale et temporelle ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30375/document.
Texte intégralThe new generation Earth observation missions such as Sentinel-2 (a twin-satellite initiative prepared by the European Space Agency, ESA, in the frame of the Copernicus programme, previously known as Global Monitoring for Environment and Security or GMES) and Venµs, jointly developed by the French Space Agency (Centre National d'Études Spatiales, CNES) and the Israeli Space Agency (ISA), will revolutionize present-day environmental monitoring with the yielding of unseen volumes of data in terms of spectral richness, temporal revisit and spatial resolution. Venµs will deliver images in 12 spectral bands from 412 to 910 nm, a repetitivity of 2 days, and a spatial resolution of 10 m; the twin Sentinel-2 satellites will provide coverage in 13 spectral bands from 443 to 2200 nm, with a repetitivity of 5 days, and spatial resolutions of 10 to 60m. The efficient production of land cover maps based on the exploitation of such volumes of information for large areas is challenging both in terms of processing costs and data variability. In general, conventional methods either make use of supervised approaches (too costly in terms of manual work for large areas), target specialised local models for precise problem areas (not applicable to other terrains or applications), or include complex physical models with inhibitory processing costs. These existent present-day approaches are thus inefficient for the exploitation of the new type of data that the new missions will provide, and a need arises for the implementation of accurate, fast and minimally supervised methods that allow for generalisation to large scale areas with high resolutions. In order to allow for the exploitation of the previously described volumes of data, the objective of this thesis is the conception, design, and validation of a fully automatic approach that allows the estimation of large-area land cover with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution Earth observation imagery, being generalisable to different landscapes, and offering operational computation times with simulated satellite data sets, in preparation of the coming missions
Madelin, Malika. « L'aléa gélif printanier dans le vignoble marnais en Champagne. Modélisation spatiale à une échelle fine des écoulements de l'air et des températures minimales ». Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008906.
Texte intégralVogt-Schilb, Hélène. « Dynamique temporelle multi-échelle et structuration spatiale des communautés méditerranéennes : le cas des orchidées et des champignons comme modèles contrastés et dépendants d’interactions ». Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20243.
Texte intégralIn regard to the alarming rate of biodiversity erosion, it is essential to quantify the impact of global changes on species. Using two biological models, orchids and fungi, this study aimed at (i) quantifying the responses of species' phenology, community composition and biotic interactions to global changes and (ii) analyzing the observed patterns in regard to the environmental conditions and the species' ecology. These studies were based on multiple temporal (with a 30 year-delay in case of orchids and 170 year-delay in case of fungi) and spatial scales (different land-uses). The results indicate a marked response (phenological delay, change in community composition, effect on ecological strategies) of both models to climate and land-use changes. Both the ecological and biological traits of species strongly influence species' responses to global changes. This study allows a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying orchids and fungal assemblies and provides practical and applied guidelines for the conservation of these organisms in the Mediterranean region
PIET, Laurent. « Spatialisation d'un modèle d'équilibre général calculable pour l'étude de la localisation des activités agricoles à une échelle infra-nationale ». Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005645.
Texte intégralVignolles, Cécile. « Modélisation de la production agricole à moyenne échelle - apport du couplage des mesures par satellite à haute résolution spatiale et à haute fréquence temporelle ». Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30317.
Texte intégralRoy, Romain. « Distribution spatiale et activité des poissons en milieu lacustre - Impacts des facteurs environnementaux à partir d'une approche multi-échelle. Application à la retenue des Bariousses ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4326/document.
Texte intégralAquatic ecosystem functioning in human-impacted environments is highly dependent of its uses; in consequence, the environment of biological communities is generally fluctuating. Studying the link between environment and organism in fluctuating environments is generally more complex compared to steady environments. The main objective of this work was to better understand how fish populations respond to environmental modifications in a reservoir affected with water level fluctuations (WLF), the Bariousses’s reservoir located on the Vézère River.A multiscale approach was used with different biological (community and individual) and temporal (annual and daily cycles) scales. A special attention was given to the littoral zone as it plays a key role for lake fish communities and since it is strongly affected by WLF. This work is divided in 4 parts. The first part presents the characteristics of the study site and the second part describes the impact of WLF on the studied habitats using a mapping of the littoral zone. The consequences of hydrological stress through the changes in habitat conditions were also analyzed as well as the effects of water temperature and photoperiod. The third part shows the effect of the temporal variability of environmental conditions induced by WLF on the composition of the littoral fish community (sampled by electrofishing). The fourth part presents an innovative positioning system acoustic telemetry (Vemco Positioning System) that was used to study the impact of WLF at the individual scale by analyzing the behavior of 90 individuals from three different fish species (pikeperch, pike and perch) with a satisfactory accuracy (average error of 3.3 m after filtration).The results of this work showed that WLF induced a temporal variability of the littoral zone surface and volume. In addition, a gradual decrease of the structural complexity of littoral habitats was associated with lower water level inducing a trend to homogenization (dominance of thinner substrates without vegetation). Despite these changes in habitats conditions induced by WLF, littoral fish community did not show any clear change in composition. High inter-individual variability of behavioral responses was observed in response to environmental fluctuations, but the temperature and photoperiod were the two major structural parameters controlling fish activity and spatial distribution. Water level affected a part of the fish population since more individuals attended the littoral zone and were less mobile when available habitats were more complex (with a high water level). These results allowed us to suggest some ideas for the management of water levels in the studied reservoir focused on the fish population
Ardeshiri, Hamidreza. « Dynamique des copépodes dans les écoulements turbulents ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10080/document.
Texte intégralThe most common family of multi-celled organisms in the zooplankton is a rather diversified group of crustaceans known with the name of copepods. Copepods have a major role in the marine ecosystem because they are the secondary producers in the ecological food-chain linking phytoplankton cells to fish larvae and even to large mammals such as whales. Copepods swimming behavior exhibits quick powerful jumps. Such an aptness is used to escape from high shear regions, which may be caused either by flow perturbations, produced by a large predator (i.e., fish larvae), or by the inherent highly turbulent dynamics of the ocean. The research presented this thesis goes into three steps. Firstly, recorded velocity tracks of copepods displaying escape response jumps in still water are used to define and tune a Lagrangian copepod (LC) model. Secondly, the model is further employed to simulate the behavior of thousands of copepods in a fully developed hydrodynamic turbulent flow obtained by direct numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. Thirdly, numerical data analysis is performed to quantify copepods’ dynamics in turbulence and make a comparison with available experimental observations of copepods in turbulence.Through a combined experimental and numerical study, we investigate the impact of jumping behavior on the small-scale patchiness of copepods in a turbulent environment. We further investigate the effect of jump intensity, jump orientation, jump latency time and geometrical aspect ratio of the copepods on the small-scale spatial distribution. At last, possible ecological implications of the observed clustering on encounter rates and mating success are provided
GARRIGUES, Sebastien. « Hétérogénéité spatiale des surfaces terrestres en télédétection : caractérisation et influence sur l'estimation des variables biophysiques ». Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de renneS, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010425.
Texte intégralMoussus, Jean-Pierre. « Influences du climat sur la démographie des passereaux communs : mesure à grande échelle spatiale, variabilité interspécifique et prise en compte dans les prédictions biogéographiques sous scénario climatique ». Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066219.
Texte intégralBorn, Céline. « Diversité génétique et dynamique des forêts d’Afrique centrale : Une étude multi-échelle de la structure de la diversité génétique d’un arbre pionnier, Aucoumea klaineana ». Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20252.
Texte intégralThis work contributes to our knowledge on historical, evolutionary and ecological processes linked with the high biological diversity in central Africa. We studied the structure of the genetic diversity of Aucoumea klaineana, a pioneer tree species, endemic to the Lower Guinea forest domain. Several spatial-scales were considered to infer impacts of the different processes (historical, evolutionary and ecological) acting with distinct time-scales on the genetic diversity. Considering the intraspecific genetic variation in the contemporary distribution of species, we showed that the heterogeneity in the distribution of the genetic diversity is due to the isolation of several source populations in forest refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum. After dry and cold periods, forest species recolonized savannahs and reached their current distribution areas. In A. Klaineana, founder effects associated with colonization processes were avoided by the homogeneity in reproductive success in adult trees. At fine-scale, the spatial genetic structure (SGS) generally resulted from the isolation by distance process, the equilibrium between gene dispersal and drift. Such structure is observed for A. Klaineana, characterized by both limited pollen and seed dispersal distances (128 and 118 m respectively). Here, SGS analyses may illustrate that reduced density of trees and/or forest opening is compensated by higher gene dispersal distances. This result is linked with dispersal syndromes of the species that locally contribute to the maintenance of the genetic diversity
François, Donatien. « Connectivité fonctionnelle chez Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758), une espèce peu dispersante et aux mœurs discrètes : caractérisation des flux de gènes à fine échelle spatiale au sein d’un paysage contrasté ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B002.
Texte intégralFace to the impact of land-use changes on species dispersal, decisions were recently conducted at French regional scale to favour and to maintain connectivity. The aim of this work was to quantified connectivity for a model species threatened in Western Europe : the common European adder (V. berus). Its secretive behaviour required to use an indirect and individual-based approach to measure its dispersal thanks to molecular techniques. Thus, V berus gene flow were analysed at fine spatial scale (10 × 7 km²) on a study site (A0) made up of two sub-areas with contrasting landscapes (A1/A2), both by land use and their temporal stability (instable/stable). Genetic differentiation on A0 is weak and mainly associated with a strong isolation-by-distance (IBD) pattern. Dispersal is therefore spatially limited in V. berus (natal dispersal ≤ 500m) and related to males concerning adults. Moreover, gene flow is also influenced by landscape heterogeneity : (i) by meadow (A0), urbanisation (A1) and dry grassland and forests (A2), (ii) particularly at 300m around individuals among spatial extent tested (10-500m) and (iii) more by the spatial configuration than the type and quantity of habitat patches. These innovative results contribute to (i) reflection about conservation strategies for V. Berus et (ii) underly the diversity of factors to consider in studying and maintaining connectivity at a more large spatial scale (dispersal pattern and process, spatio-temporal scales)
Bois, Benjamin. « Cartographie agroclimatique à meso-échelle : méthodologie et application à la variabilité spatiale du climat en Gironde viticole : conséquences pour le développement de la vigne et la maturation du raisin ». Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13537.
Texte intégralClimate spatial variability knowledge is essential in agronomy and forestry, in order to characterize production potential or to assess pest development risks. In viticulture, climate mainly governs grapevine development rate and berry ripening. The aim of the present work is to characterise climate spatial variability at mesoscale level, using several spatialization techniques at daily time step, applied to climate variables and agroclimatic indices, in order to evaluate its consequences on grapevine development and grape ripening. This study was led in the Bordeaux winegrowing region. Six variables were studied: minimum and maximum temperatures, solar radiation, reference evapotranspiration, rainfall and soil water balance. For each variable, the method providing the best results (i. E. The lowest errors) with reasonable computational and time costs was selected. The propagation of spatialization errors within agroclimatic models was assessed. The error propagation is considerable within degree-days and soil water balance models. Maps of climate variables and agroclimatic indices were used to analyse the spatial characteristics of climate within the Bordeaux winegrowing area and to quantify differences that were known only from indirect and empirical observations. This study provides useful information to enhance the choice of viticultural techniques and plant material in relation to the local environment
Aureau, Mathieu. « Modélisation des Écoulements en Surface et Souterrains : vallée de la Punaru'u – Tahiti ». Thesis, Polynésie française, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POLF0006/document.
Texte intégralPunaru'u’s valley is the second watershed by size of French Polynesia. The valley hosts the most important industrial area of the country. The area is becoming an emblematic area because of urbanization impacts on natural environment. Exploitation of water resources is a central preoccupation.The aim of the present study is to analyze and to understand the surface and soil water transfer processes allowing for quantifying its vulnerability to the impact of human activities. Using a theoretical methodology especially developed for the characterization of hydrodynamic soil characteristics, the first part of this work is focused on the relation between textural and structural soil properties. Physical and analytical concepts are used to find a way to open a new data provision strategy based on the knowledge of measurable textural soil properties. The approach provides an original solution for tackling the important scale problem that affects most integrated modeling schemes used to describe hydrological flow processes at watershed scale. Second part of this work is focused on the statistical analysis of the hydrological field data. The results give a new insight in the hydrological and hydrogeological flow processes of the lower part of the Punaru'u valley. A quantitative interpretation shows how soil water resources are affect by human activities. The three alluvial aquifers situated in the first 40 m from the soil surface are all connected. The analytical approach and the hydrogeological interpretation allow for setting up a modeling scheme based on the “ModFlow” solver; the model is able to reproduce the hydrological flow processes of the lower part of thePunaru’u valley
Barataud, Fabienne. « Analyse physique des transferts hydriques dans un sol forestier à plusieurs échelles spatiales ». Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL026N.
Texte intégralPicard, Nicolas. « Passage d'un modèle individuel à un modèle de distribution de la dynamique forestière. Application à une forêt dense tropicale humide de Guyane française ». Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145095.
Texte intégralPeteri, Renaud. « Extraction de réseaux de rues en milieu urbain à partir d'images satellites à très haute résolution spatiale ». Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000508.
Texte intégralKumba, Lubemba Sylvain. « Ecologie spatiale des espèces arborescentes de la Réserve Forestière de Yoko : structure spatiale et mise en évidence des facteurs écologiques responsables, Ubundu, Province Orientale, R.D. Congo ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209056.
Texte intégralPour ce faire, une parcelle d’échantillonnage de 25 ha (500m 500m) a été délimitée dans le bloc sud de la RFY constitué d’une végétation ligneuse mixte et semi-décidue. Un inventaire forestier a permis d’analyser la composition floristique et structurale de la zone. Trois techniques (ou modèles statistiques) relevant de l’écologie spatiale pour l’analyse de la structure horizontale des espèces ont été utilisées :la méthode du voisin le plus proche de Clark & Evans (1954), la méthode d’échantillonnage aléatoire de Hines & Hines (1979), ces deux méthodes reposant sur une analyse à échelle unique de la parcelle d’étude, et la méthode de Ripley (1977) permettant non seulement une analyse multi-échelle mais aussi l’étude des relations intra et interspécifiques. Concernant ce point précis, les arbres ont été catégorisés en trois stades de développement sur la base de leurs diamètres (les jeunes, les immatures et les adultes). Une analyse comparative et théorique des trois méthodes a été effectuée.
Un total de 169 espèces appartenant à 36 familles dont 114 genres ont été identifiées, et la famille des Fabaceae dont la majorité des espèces appartiennent à la sous famille des Caesalpinioideae est apparue prépondérante. Trois espèces se sont révélées les plus abondantes et les plus représentatives du peuplement, et ont pour cette raison fait l’objet de toutes les analyses :Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (De Wild), Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms et Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. Elles ont toutes les trois montré une structure agrégée, et cela à toutes les échelles d’analyse. Les agrégats observés présentent un rayon d’environ 25 m de distance. L’analyse en fonction du diamètre a indiqué une structure agrégée pour les plus petits diamètres et régulière pour les plus grands, et que l’agrégation diminue avec le diamètre. Les résultats montrent également que les structures spatiales observées dépendent de l’échelle d’analyse considérée et de la méthode utilisée. La méthode de Clark & Evans est sensible à la variation de l’étendue. À cet égard, l’échantillonnage aléatoire de Hines & Hines est apparu plus adaptée que celui de Clark & Evans. Les fonctions de Ripley et dérivées sont des outils efficaces et apportent plus d’information. Les analyses ont montré des associations positives entre G. dewevrei et S. zenkeri, ainsi qu’entre G. dewevrei et U. guineensis. Par contre, une indépendance a été constatée entre S. zenkeri et U. guineensis. Il apparaît également que les jeunes sont associés positivement aux adultes supposés reproducteurs, et que les immatures sont indépendants par rapport aux adultes. La dispersion faible ou limitée des graines à proximité des arbres parents en est le principal facteur endogène responsable. Ce facteur explique également les associations positives entre les jeunes et les adultes de la même espèce. La compétition entre des individus pour les besoins en espace, en lumière ou en nutriments dans le sol, explique la structure régulière observée ainsi que l’indépendance des immatures envers les adultes. La dispersion limitée n’est cependant pas le seul facteur explicatif de l’agrégation spatiale des arbres, d’autres facteurs tels que l’hétérogénéité environnementale (sol, topographie,…) ou la perturbation sont vraisemblablement aussi impliqués. La perturbation anthropique ou naturelle est un processus écologique qui devrait avoir joué un rôle déterminant dans l’organisation spatiale des communautés de la forêt. Combinée au phénomène de masting, aux effets de Janzen-Connell et aux ectomycorhizes, elle est très probablement à la base des structures spatiales et des relations spatiales observées entre les espèces de la RFY. / Tropical forests contain tree-stands with management and planning requires knowledge of their spatial organization and dynamics. Analyses of the spatial structure of tree species can be used in natural forests to identify the underlying mechanisms that structure of forest stands to improve the understanding of the relationships between species. This study was conducted in the Yoko Forest Reserve (YFR) around Kisangani in eastern DR Congo (DRC). It is to analyze the horizontal spatial structure of the most abundant species and to try to identify, on a local scale, factors and / or potentially explicative ecological processes to draw valuable lessons for the management of forest areas nearby Kisangani.
To do this, a sample plot of 25 ha (500m x 500m) was delineated in the southern block of the YFR consists of a mixed woody vegetation and semi-deciduous. A forest inventory was used to analyze the floristic and structural composition of the area. Three techniques (or statistical models) under spatial ecology for the analysis of the horizontal structure of the species were used: the nearest neighbor method of Clark & Evans (1954), the random sampling method Hines & Hines (1979), these two methods based on a single scale analysis of the study plot, and the method of Ripley (1977) allows not only a multi-scale analysis, but also the study of intra- and inter-relationships. Regarding this point, the trees were categorized into three stages of development on the basis of their diameters (young, immature and adult). A comparative and theoretical analysis of the three methods was performed.
A total of 169 species belonging to 36 families with 114 genera have been identified and the family Fabaceae which the majority of species belong to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae appeared decisive. Three species have proved the most abundant and the most representative of the stand, and for this reason the subject of all analyzes Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (De Wild) Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms and Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. They all three showed an aggregated structure, and that all scales of analysis. Observed aggregates have a radius of about 25 m distance. The analysis based on the diameter indicated an aggregated structure for smaller diameters and regular for larger and that aggregation decreases with diameter. The results also show that the observed spatial structures depend on the considered analysis of scale and the method used. The method of Clark & Evans is sensitive to the variation in the extent. In this regard, the random sampling of Hines & Hines appeared more suitable than that of Clark & Evans. Ripley's functions and derivatives are effective tools and provide more information. Analyses showed positive associations between G. dewevrei and S. zenkeri, and between G. dewevrei and U. guineensis. By against, independence was found between S. zenkeri and U. guineensis. It also appears that young people are positively associated with the supposed breeding adults and immatures are independent compared to adults. The low or limited seed dispersal near parent trees is the main endogenous factor responsible. This factor also explains the positive associations between youth and adults of the same species. The competition between individuals to space requirements, light or nutrients in the soil, explains the observed regular structure and the independence of immature towards adults. Limited dispersal, however, is not the only factor explaining the spatial aggregation trees, other factors such as environmental heterogeneity (soil, topography, ) or disturbance are probably also involved. Anthropogenic or natural disturbance is an environmentally friendly process that should have played a decisive role in the spatial organization of forest communities. Combined with masting phenomenon, the effects of Janzen-Connell and Ectomycorrhizae, it is very probably the basis of spatial structures and spatial relationships observed between species of the YFR.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Parreira, de Castro Diego Marcel. « Functional diversity and trophic relationships in benthic communities : a multi-scale spatial approach in neotropical savanna streams ». Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1092/document.
Texte intégralChanges in land cover and use and the associated environmental degradation due to human activities have resulted in extreme alterations of tropical ecosystems, especially in headwater streams and their watersheds in the neotropical savanna. Human pressures related to agricultural expansion and urbanization have led to drastic reductions in native vegetation cover, affecting riparian zones and degrading aquatic ecosystem functioning. There is an urgent need to quantify and predict how aquatic communities respond to different intensities of land use to guide conservation and natural resource management efforts. This thesis aims to evaluate how spatial scales influence the relationship between habitat and benthic macroinvertebrate communities and how land use intensity affects the trophic relationships and biological traits of macroinvertebrates. In Chapter 1, we evaluated how the intensity of land use (represented by a gradient moving from native vegetation toward pasture and sugar cane plantations) influences the energy flow and trophic niches of macroinvertebrates. In Chapter 2, we investigated the spatial scales (e.g., catchment, local) that most influence the taxonomic and functional composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Finally, in Chapter 3, we examined the impacts of human pressures on the functional diversity of macroinvertebrate assemblages. we showed that the intensity of land use affects benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, yielding more generalist feeding behaviors with greater overlap of trophic niches (Chapter 1). In addition, environmental variables at the local and catchment scales significantly explained the variations in the taxonomic and functional composition of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera assemblages, but land use variables best explained the differences in functional composition among sites (Chapter 2). Finally, we showed that less impacted sites (under reference conditions) had more specialized and more functional diverse macroinvertebrate assemblages compared to disturbed sites (Chapter 3). These results corroborate the idea that biodiversity should be evaluated at multiple spatial scales and that the functional elements of biological communities should be considered when aiming for conservation and the development of predictive tools. This study contributes to a better understanding of the structure and functioning of streams in the neotropical savanna by subsidizing the development of environmental assessment tools. Such approaches will contribute to the development of more appropriate management and conservation measures that will allow for evaluation of the impacts on biota of further degradation of the ecological conditions in tropical streams
Aguilar, Martorell Germán Alfredo. « Érosion et transport de matière sur le versant occidental des Andes semiarides du Nord du Chili (27 - 32 ° S) : d'une approche à grande échelle temporelle et spatiale, jusqu'à l'évolution quaternaire d'un système fluvial ». Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00546459.
Texte intégralLe, Féon Violette. « Insectes pollinisateurs dans les paysages agricoles : approche pluri-échelle du rôle des habitats semi-naturels, des pratiques agricoles et des cultures entomophiles ». Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00566660.
Texte intégralBois, Benjamin. « CARTOGRAPHIE AGROCLIMATIQUE A MESO-ECHELLE : METHODOLOGIE ET APPLICATION A LA VARIABILITE SPATIALE DU CLIMAT EN GIRONDE VITICOLE. Conséquences pour le développement de la vigne et la maturation du raisin ». Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00695507.
Texte intégralThiery, Yannick. « Susceptibilité du bassin de Barcelonnette (Alpes du Sud, France) aux 'mouvements de versant' : cartographie morphodynamique, analyse spatiale et modélisation probabiliste ». Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00259135.
Texte intégralAguilar, Martorell Germán Alfredo. « Érosion et transport de matière sur le versant occidental des Andes semiarides du Nord du Chili (27°-32°S) : depuis une approche à grande échelle temporelle et spatiale, jusqu'à l'évolution quaternaire d'un système fluvial ». Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1100/.
Texte intégralThe Principal Cordillera of the semiarid Andes is a transient relief that developed after the Andean uplift initiated in the Oligocene. Pediment altitudes of the Principal Cordillera in relation with others of the Coastal Cordillera indicate two kilometers of uplift. In response to the uplift depth-incised valleys (~2 km) were excavated in the high cordillera during the last six million years. The incised volume of the valleys and 10Be concentration of fluvial-glacial sediments indicate erosion rates from thirty to seventy-five meters per million years, values that have been relatively constant during the last six million years. During this period the dynamic of material transfer has been modulated by glacial erosion and exportation of fluvial-glacial sediments downstream from the plio-quaternary glacial fronts
Carret, Alice. « Étude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la circulation en Méditerranée nord-occidentale : apport de l'altimétrie spatiale ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30288.
Texte intégralSatellite altimetry, which is a powerful tool for studying ocean dynamics offshore, has led to dramatic advances in our knowledge of the ocean. The challenge is now to combine this tool to coastal observing techniques and to investigate the potential applications. In this framework, the North-Western Mediterranean Sea has been chosen for its wide range of mesoscale dynamics and for the avaliablity of numerous instruments deployed in this region. Technological innovations (Ka band, Synthetic Aperture Radar) and advances in data processing have enhanced accuracy and improved spatial resolution and coverage. Using several in situ datasets (HF radars, gliders, hull-mounted ADCP), cross- comparisons were carried out to study the observability of the Northern Current and its variability from each type of instrument. These allowed analysing the contribution of a multi-platform observing system in monitoring coastal processes. They also highlighted the complementarity of each instrument. To optimize the use of altimetry in coastal studies, a HF regional model (Symphonie) is used to quantify what component of the current can or can't be observed and to analyze the origin of the differences that were observed between each type of in situ current observations and altimetry data. After model validation, it was used to quantify the sea surface height signature of the Northern Current and of the convection and to evaluate to what extent these processes are captured by satellite altimetry. The impacts of the spatial and temporal resolutions, transects orientation, the location and the physical content were also investigated. Besides linking the different types of data and helping us to interpret the results obtained, the Symphonie model enabled to study the circulation and its seasonal and interannual variability at the regional scale. Some hypothesis about the origin of the observed spatio- temporal variations were investigated. With the forthcoming launch of the SWOT mission in 2021, this manuscript suggests perspectives about the use of integrated observing systems, altimetry data exploitation in coastal areas and validation strategies at the regional scale
Padilla, Cindy. « Inégalités sociales de santé et expositions environnementales. Une analyse spatio-temporelle du risque de mortalité infantile et néonatale dans quatre agglomérations françaises ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0192/document.
Texte intégralIn France, existence of social health inequalities (SHI) has well established. Infant and neonatal mortality are recognized as indicators of the health status of a population. In spite of numerous risk factors already identified, a part of these inequalities remain unexplained, environmental nuisances are suspected. The thesis objectives were to analyze by a spatial and temporal approach, the contribution of exposure to nitrogen dioxide to social inequalities in infant and neonatal mortality in France between 2000 and 2009. We conducted an ecological type epidemiological study using the French census block as the geographical unit in the metropolitan areas of Lille, Paris, Lyon, and Marseille. All cases collected in the cities hall were geocoded using address of parent's residence. Socioeconomic data estimated from the 1999, 2006 national census were used in a composite index which encompasses multiple dimensions to analyze global deprivation. Average nitrogen dioxide concentrations were modeled by the air quality monitoring networks. Generalized additive models allowed to take into account spatial autocorrelation and generate maps using smoothing on longitude and latitude while adjusting for covariates of interest. Using an innovative approach, results highlight the existence of socio-spatial, environmental or cumulate inequalities in infant and neonatal mortality. These results are city-specific, they vary according to the period and the health event demonstrating the difficulty to generalize these observations at the national level
Gosme, Marie. « Modélisation du développement spatio-temporel des maladies d'origine tellurique ». Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130776.
Texte intégralGasperi, Johnny. « Introduction et transfert des hydrocarbures à différentes échelles spatiales dans le réseau d'assainissement parisien ». Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002103.
Texte intégralMastere, Mohamed. « L'aléa mouvements de terrain dans la province de Chefchaouen (Rif Central, Maroc). Analyse Spatiale, et Modélisation Probabiliste Multi-Echelle ». Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00679623.
Texte intégralPottier, Julien. « Structures spatiales et traits biologiques du voisinage de la plante au paysage : le cas des digues restaurées des canaux de dérivation du Rhône ». Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482451.
Texte intégralChan, Bunyeth. « Dynamique spatiale et temporelle des espèces et de communauté de poissons dans le système d'inondation pulsé de Tonle Sap ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30244/document.
Texte intégralTonle Sap Lake (TSL) is one of the world's largest lakes and is a biodiversity hotspot in Southeast Asia. It supports high fish productivity which sustains protein supply for millions of people in the region. This study aims to investigate (1) spatial and temporal dynamics of fish community composition, (2) the effects of environmental factors on fish distribution and (3) effects of fishing lot abolishment on fish biomass, community and structure in TSL. By using multivariate statistical methods on fish and environmental data, the thesis highlights that: * There were two fish assemblages in TSL: the northern assemblage, mostly characterised by black fishes, and the southern assemblage, mainly linked to white, grey and estuarine fishes. Fish assemblages from earlier years (1994 and 1995) were represented by the abundances of all functional groups, i.e. black, white and grey fishes, and from 1996 to 1999, the assemblages were linked only to white and grey fishes. * Fish species distributions were not homogeneous within TSL. In addition, species distribution areas were different and were governed by distinct combinations of the local habitat characteristics and regional climatic factors. * H. lobatus and H. siamensis can co-occur together, but synchronisation and migration of H. lobatus always lead those of H. siamensis. These results suggest that the population of H. lobatus is more responsive to flow pulse variations than those of H. siamensis.[...]
Charbonnier, Yohan. « Relations entre diversité des habitats forestiers et communautés de chiroptères à différentes échelles spatiales en Europe : implications pour leur conservation et le maintien de leur fonction de prédation ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0277/document.
Texte intégralInsectivorous bats are increasingly recognized as potential regulators of pest insect populations.They also represent the group of European mammals with the most unfavorable conservation status. Forests are key habitats for many bat species but are currently under threat from climate change and fragmentation. It is therefore urgent to better understand the relationships between the bats, their prey and their habitats in forests. Our main objective was to quantify the effects, at multiple spatial scales, of the main attributes of forest habitats on the activity, species richness, functional diversity and composition of European bat communities. They were studied using manipulative experiments in Aquitaine plantation forests and automatic recordings in the network of exploratory plots set up in six European countries by the FunDivEurope project. From the plot to the continent scale, increasing tree diversity, amount of broad leaved trees and dead wood, had positive effects on bat communities through an increase in prey and roost resources. However these effects were not stationary, being stronger at higher latitudes, probably due to lower habitat carrying capacity in relation to harsher climatic conditions. In addition we experimentally demonstrated that the numerical and functional responses of bats to prey density could result in effective regulation of pine processionary moth populations. Forest management strategies aim at enhancing key habitat structures, are eventually proposed in order to improve the conservation of bats and to increase the service of pest regulation they can provide
Bret, Victor. « Dynamique spatio-temporelle des populations de truites en milieu naturel et au voisinage des ouvrages hydroélectriques ». Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1051/document.
Texte intégralBrown trout (Salmo trutta) ecology was largely studied. However, the process structuring the spatiotemporal patterns of population dynamics remains unclear. The objective of this thesis was to identify the demographic processes (e.g. survival or displacements) and the influence of biotic (between-individuals interactions) and abiotic (environmental conditions) processes structuring the age-stages (fry, juveniles and adults) of these populations in time and space.I studied (1) the role of density-dependence on survival and (2) the influence of environmental conditions experienced by trouts (hydraulics and water temperature). To assess the results’ transferability, I studied (3) the spatial scale (global or local) of influence of the processes and (4) if those processes varied among populations (hierarchical approach).I considered the dynamics of 45 trout populations, 22 being located downstream a hydropower facility. At a large scale, the recruitment of distant populations (up to 75 km apart) may be synchronized by large floods during emergence of fry or by spawning substratum displacements. We summarized the results of a determinist population dynamics models, locally calibrated on nine reaches showing well-described environmental conditions. This summary revealed the influence of various local drivers on population dynamics. Finally, a hierarchical model showed that density-dependent mortality among juveniles and adults was a key biotic process. The strength of the competition was greater in absence of shelter (<2% of the surface) and varied with water temperature (decreasing for juveniles and increasing for adults).The results of this work will provide scientific basis to hydropower facility managers. This will help them to reduce their influence on trout populations and respond to regulatory demands
Mastere, Mohamed. « L’aléa mouvements de terrain dans la province de Chefchaouen (Rif Central, Maroc) : Analyse Spatiale, et Modélisation Probabiliste Multi-Echelle ». Brest, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00679623.
Texte intégralGeological hazards represent a research topic that is in constant development. Populated areas are ever expanding and the requirements for the control of the hazards they represent are becoming increasingly significant. Orogenic zones are among the areas affected by different types of hazards. This study focuses on the evaluation of mass movement (MM) hazard which is the most common hazard in the Northwest part of the Rifain belt in Morocco. It introduces a three-step procedure to assess mas movement hazard (MMH). Nine contextual variables that characterize the geological environment (lithology, fracturing, seismicity, slope gradient, elevation, aspect, stream’s net, precipitation and land-use) were mapped and classified in order to better understand their interrelationships and their respective effects in the onest of MM. Following this, the classification, inventory, description and the analysis of the MM were carried out by interpretation of high remote sensing data associated to the field study. Finally, MMS was assessed using a multi-scale approach (small = 1/100,000 ; mean = 1/50,000). At the small scale, this assessment was carried out using an index-based approach where the rating nd weighting of each parameter was introduced based on real statistical data to reduce the subjectivity of the method. At the meso-scale, this evaluation was performed by applying and comparing two probabilistic approaches. These are: (i) the bivariate weights of evidence approach (WOEA), and (ii) the multivariate logistic regression approach (LRA). WOEA proved most successful in predicting landslides hazard and LR proved most successfull in modeling rockfalls and debris flow at the meso-scale in a North African mountain environment. The various maps produced constitute a powerful decision-making tool to present, compare and discuss scenarios of town and land-use planning, i. E. Urban planning, works or road plans. These results are part of a sustainable development framework winch allows mitigating the socioeconomic impacts that are usually noticed during the release of MM