Thèses : « Economic aspects of Agriculture »

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Wong, Chi-kwong Patrick, and 黃志光. "Economic changes in rural China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954509.

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van, Zyl Johan, Bach Helmke Sartorius von, and Johann Kirsten. "Internal environment: the agricultural sector in Region E." University of Pretoria, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68792.

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The main purpose of this report is to conduct an analysis with a view to determine the potential role and contribution of agriculture in region E. This report emphasises the agricultural impact in determining an economic development strategy for region E. It is therefore the aim of this report to provide a brief situation analysis and an interpretation of existing problems affecting development. The importance of the sector, implications of the spacial distribution, the structure, potential growth and the policy environment will be addressed. From the above, constraints, bottlenecks, the likely future demand, etc will be pointed out. The interpretation of the above and its implications for development is necessary to determine objectives for the aimed strategy. The strategy for region E is necessary in determining policies stressing economic growth and fair distribution of resources to enable the mass of the population to share in increased wealth and economic opportunities. Region E economic development study

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Theora, Benard Nganga 1956. "MARKET SHARE DETERMINANTS FOR COMMERCIAL BANKS LENDING TO AGRICULTURE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276385.

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Kennedy, Daniel Richard 1962. "The impacts of rental-market legislation on agriculture in northwest Portugal." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277140.

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In January, 1986, Portugal became a part of the European Community. Although this will have many beneficial effects on Portugal's industrial sector, the agricultural sector will be negatively impacted by the regulations under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) due to take affect in 1996. The Entre Douro e Minho (EDM) region, in particular, will be hard hit by the CAP regulations. Modeling of the EDM suggests that farm operators can offset many of the negative impacts through increases in farm investment and farm size. However, legislation in both the credit and land markets hinder this process. This study analyzes the rental-market legislation in light of tenancy theory. The analysis suggests that changes in the method of calculating maximum rent along with changes in the security of tenure provisions will stimulate the rental markets and lead to the desired increases in farm investment and farm size.

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Petersen, Emelda. "A theoretical framework for the labour relations between the farmer and farm workers during industrial strike actions." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2671.

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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. The purpose of this study was to analyse the labour relations of the workers in the agricultural sector, with reference to the De Doors area in the Western Cape. Despite the political, social and economic changes to better the lives of the farm workers that have been implemented to rectify the inequalities of the past, the labour conditions on farms stayed unchanged. It is evident that there is a gap in the labour relations in the agricultural sector, due to the 2012/13 strike actions that took place. Qualitative research methodology was employed in the study; it provided the researcher with the opportunity to personally interact with the farm workers. It further allowed the researcher to gain a holistic understanding of the daily lives of the farm workers which would foster a better understanding of their daily struggles. Interviews were used as method of data collection. This methodology also enables the researcher to interpret and describe the actions of participants. Good labour relations play a vital role in any industry or organisation. Farm workers are generally classified as vulnerable and the most exploited group of the South African society. They often work irregular hours throughout the year in various weather settings. Regardless of the physical strain that their jobs entail, farm workers earn a low wage and are often deprived of the basic benefits that an employee should be entitled to. This was the reason the farm workers embarked on a strike in 2012/13. The researcher proposed recommendations to the Agricultural department on how to improve the labour relations on the farms in the De Doorns area by suggesting that more labour inspectors are being employed to oversee that legislation are implemented. Skills Development needs to be become compulsory for all farm workers as farming is becoming more technological. Skills Development unlocks talents and creative energy for the farm workers which have a positive impact on production.

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Berger, Joshua F. "Sugar ethanol in Florida : economic, agricultural,and environmental aspects." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003140.

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Greyling, Jan C. "The role of the agricultural sector in the South African economy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71713.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The importance of the agricultural sector in the South African economy is often stressed by farmers and agricultural industry organisations. The reality, however, is that the sector has constituted less than 3% of the economy since 2005 (DAS, 2012). It is therefore important that the current role of the agricultural sector in the South African economy is investigated. This has been the subject of a number of studies. The most comprehensive study to date was undertaken by Brand (1969) within the well-known framework of Johnston and Mellor (1961). A number of less comprehensive studies have followed. This is the second comprehensive analysis of the role of the agricultural sector in the South African economy. This study reapplies Brand’s (1969) framework to the data currently available. The results are contrasted with those obtained by Brand (1969) and other authors, in order to establish whether, and if so how, the role of the sector has changed in the last 50 years. The results obtained are then incorporated into policy suggestions. The findings of this thesis are, firstly, that the agricultural sector has been unable to meet the demand for the main food items consumed domestically since 2000. This, however, did not result in the predicted rapid increase in food and general inflation. Secondly, agricultural exports have not played a growth-leading, but rather a balancing role in economic development, because the sector maintained a positive trade balance during the full period of analysis. Thirdly, the sector has released labour to the rest of the economy since 1962, thereby fulfilling what is seen as a requirement by the economic development literature. Fourthly, the sector has probably made a net transfer of capital to the rest of the economy since the mid-2000s. Lastly, the agricultural sector plus the sectors with which it has the strongest linkages represented around 7% of the economy in 2010. This study concurs with Brand’s (1969) main conclusion that the South African agricultural sector does not play a growth-leading or initiating role in the economy, but rather a growth-permissive role. This is due to the sector’s relatively small quantitative significance in the economy, which limits the growth impact of agricultural exports, capital transfers from the sector and linkages with the rest of the economy. The sector plays a growth-enabling role, however, by supplying food to consumers at the lowest possible price - either by producing it domestically, or by affording food imports with the exchange earned through the export of agricultural produce. In addition, the sector has an important role in providing employment, especially in rural areas. It is recommended that the current agricultural marketing and international trade policy framework, which is conducive to international trade and limits market distortions, is retained. The sector has the potential, given the adoption of the required policy, to create employment by virtue of its relatively high labour intensity and the existence of some complementarities between capital and labour in the sector. Also, the competiveness of the sector should be increased by means of an investment in infrastructure. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belangrikheid van die landbousektor in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie word dikwels deur boere en bedryfsorganisasies benadruk. Die realiteit is egter dat die sektor sedert 2005 minder as 3% van die ekonomie uitmaak (DAS, 2012). In die lig hiervan is dit belangrik dat die huidige rol van die landbousektor in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie ondersoek word. Dít was al die tema van verskeie studies, waarvan die mees omvattende tot op hede deur Brand (1969) binne die bekende raamwerk van Johnston en Mellor (1961) aangepak is. Verskeie minder omvattende studies het sedertdien gevolg. Hierdie tesis is dan die tweede omvattende analise van die rol van die landbousektor in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Brand (1969) se raamwerk word op die huidige data toegepas. Die resultate word dan met dié van Brand (1969) en ander navorsers vergelyk om vas te stel of, en indien wel hoe, die rol van die sektor verander het oor die afgelope 50 jaar. Hierna word die resultate in beleidsvoorstelle geïnkorporeer. Daar word eerstens bevind dat die landbousektor sedert 2000 nie in staat is om in die binnelande vraag na die hoof-voedselsoorte wat plaaslik verbruik word, te voorsien nie. Dit het egter nie tot die voorspelde sterk toename in voedsel- en algemene inflasie gelei nie. Tweedens het landbou-uitvoere nie ’n leidende rol in ekonomiese groei gespeel nie, maar eerder ’n balanserende rol vervul aangesien die sektor gedurende die volle periode van analise ’n positiewe handelsbalans gehandhaaf het. Derdens het die sektor arbeid aan die res van die ekonomie beskikbaar gestel, soos vereis in die ekonomiese ontwikkelings literatuur. Vierdens het die sektor waarskynlik sedert die middel-2000’s ’n netto-bydrae kapitaal aan die res van die ekonomie gemaak. Laastens het die sektor, tesame met die sektore waarmee dit die sterkste skakels het, in 2010 sowat 7% van die ekonomie uitgemaak. Hierdie studie stem met Brand (1969) se hoofbevinding saam, naamlik dat die Suid-Afrikaanse landbousektor nie ’n groei-inisiërende rol in ekonomiese groei speel nie, maar eerder ’n groei-vergunnende een. Dít is ’n gevolg van die sektor se klein kwantitatiewe omvang in die ekonomie, wat die impak wat landbou-uitvoere, kapitaaloordragte en die sektor se skakels met die res van die ekonomie op makro-ekonomiese groei het, beperk. Die sektor stel egter ekonomiese groei in staat deur voedsel teen die laagste moontlike prys aan verbruikers te verskaf - óf deur dit plaaslik te produseer, óf deur die invoer daarvan te bekostig met die buitelandse valuta wat deur middel van landbou-uitvoere verdien word. Verder het die sektor ook ’n belangrike rol as werkverskaffer, veral in plattelandse gebiede. Daar word voorgestel dat die huidige landboubemarkings- en internasionale handelsbeleid, wat internasionale handel bevorder en markverwringing beperk, behou word. Gegewe dat die vereiste beleid ingestel word, het die sektor die potensiaal om werk te skep weens die betreklik hoë arbiedsintensiteit, en die moontlikheid om arbeid en kapitaal in sommige gevalle op ’n komplementêre wyse aan te wend, wat in die sektor bestaan. Die mededingendheid van die sektor moet ook verskerp word deur middel van staatsinvestering in infrastruktuur.

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Mayom, Chol Permina. "Impact of Climate Change and Weather Variability on North Dakota Agriculture." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29717.

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This study used county-level yields and panel data (1950-2006) to explain the Impact of climate change and weather variability on North Dakota agriculture by estimating the effect of variation in temperature and precipitation on the yields of four major crops: com, durum, soybeans and wheat. In addition to yields, the study examined Impacts of climate change on crop gross revenues per acre for all 53 counties in North Dakota. An econometric model was developed to infer statistical relationships between weather variability and crop yields. Fixed and random effects models were employed to estimate the impacts of climate variables (temperature and precipitation) on crop yields. The Hausman test statistics was applied to test the preferred panel estimation approach: fixed versus random effects. Using mean values of precipitation and degree days for all counties, we calculated percentage changes in estimated crop yields for six climate change scenarios. The historical price data for the four crops (com, soybeans, spring wheat and durum) were used to generate per acre gross returns under the six weather-change scenarios in order to provide preliminary evidence about the effects of precipitation and temperature changes on farmer returns for the four crops.

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Carpentier, Line Chantal. "Agriculture and the environment : an economic-ecologic input-output model of the Canadian economy." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55482.

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The current environmental movement calls for a re-evaluation of many economic-ecologic relationships. The objective of this study is to identify industrial sectors and final demands most responsible for particular types of residual discharge and resource use. An economic-ecologic model was constructed for the Canadian economy from the Statistics Canada I-O as modified by Thomassin et al. (1992). This modified version with its 12 agricultural sectors and 16 food processing sectors is best suited for agricultural policy analysis. The model estimates national erosion, pesticide and fertilizer use as well as air and water pollutants, solid waste, and water use associated with specified economic activities. Two different scenarios were analyzed. In the first, the impact on both the economy and the environment from changes in the final demand for agricultural and food commodities was simulated. Each commodity's final demand was increased by $1 million and its impact compared to the other simulated results. The ten commodities studied yielded similar economic impacts, while their environmental impacts differed considerably. Changes in the demand for wheat and oilseeds had the largest environmental impacts. In the second scenario, the effects of a $1 million increase in each final demand category were compared. This scenario focussed on markets rather than products. The construction, exports and personal expenditures categories were the greatest generator of wastes and the largest user of free resources. The exports category yielded twice as much erosion than personal expenditures and twenty times more than the next highest value (construction).

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Dupuis, Raymond 1957. "Economic efficiency in agriculture : an intercountry analysis for the developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65369.

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Bosley, Hugh Patrick. "Levels of Burnout and Job Satisfaction in Large-Scale Agribusiness." TopSCHOLAR®, 2004. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1106.

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LEVELS OF BURNOUT AND JOB SATISFACTION IN LARGE-SCALE AGRIBUSINESS Hugh Patrick Bosley August, 2004 39 pages Directed by: Richard Miller, Reagan Brown, and Steve Haggbloom Department of Psychology Western Kentucky University Abstract This research examined organizational sources and levels of Burnout and Job Satisfaction of a large scale agribusiness (n=300) by administering the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey, the Hoppock Job Satisfaction Blank, the Areas of Work Life Survey, and demographic questions. This study provided normative sample data for the agribusiness sector, found a good degree of fit between the agribusiness sample data and existing industry norms, and determined the relationships between burnout and job satisfaction for the agribusiness sector followed known patterns of other industries. Recommendations are made for future normative research to be conducted on a larger and more diverse sample size, in order to better draw conclusions for the industry as a whole.

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Gurung, Ananda Bahadur. "Impact of Agricultural Productivity Changes on Agricultural Exports." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29760.

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This study uses linear programming and econometric tools to determine the impact of agricultural productivity (technology) on agricultural exports. The study determines total factor productivity (TFP) using the Malmquist index method for a panel of 64 countries. Productivity impact on exports is determined by a two-stage estimation procedure. The results show agricultural productivity affects agricultural exports. This has important implications for developing countries. A 1 unit change in cumulative TFP increases agricultural output by .79% and a 1% increase in estimated agricultural output increases exports by .37%. Therefore, the total effect of technology on exports of primary and processed commodities is .29%. Developed countries generally have higher TFP rates, leading to higher export earnings; meanwhile, developing countries are not getting the benefits from agricultural exports because they have a relatively lower level of agricultural productivity. Investing in research and development for agriculture can improve technology, which, in turn, can Increase agricultural exports.

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DuBose, Jennifer Robin. "Sustainability as an inherently contextual concept : some lessons from agricultural development." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29567.

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Firmiano, Frederico Daia [UNESP]. "O padrão de desenvolvimento dos agronegócios no Brasil e a atualidade histórica da reforma agrária." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115624.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-20Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000809937.pdf: 1159605 bytes, checksum: 5a4beb0e3320a8eed66004206d1ac2c8 (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Desde o final da década de 1980, o Brasil passou por um intenso processo de reestruturação política e produtiva, ingressando na nova divisão internacional do trabalho que resultou da crise estrutural do capital deflagrada a partir da década de 1970. Mais recentemente, com o crescimento exponencial da demanda internacional por commodities agropecuárias e produtos de baixa densidade tecnológica, o País encontrou na especialização produtiva uma “nova” via para seu “desenvolvimento”, convertendo-se, simultaneamente, em importante “plataforma de valorização financeira”. No plano político interno, a captulação e (conseqüente) ascensão do principal (e único) partido político de massas surgido no pós-ditadura civil-militar ao mais alto posto de comando do Estado – o Partido dos Trabalhadores - levou o país a experimentar um extraordinário surto de expansão capitalista - que, a partir de meados dos anos 2000, foi denominado por intelectuais progressistas de toda sorte de neodesenvolvimentismo. Neste contexto, os agronegócios, que vinham se expandindo desde as décadas anteriores, tornaramse elementos estratégicos da nova economia política brasileira do novo século. Com o PT, o setor experimentou sua belle époque, modificando, de modo decisivo, a questão agrária nacional e, ao mesmo tempo, conferindo um novo significado histórico para a (luta pela) reforma agrária. Com isto, o padrão historicamente “truncado” de acumulação capitalista brasileira evoluiu para um padrão destrutivo de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas do capital, especialmente no campo, intensificando a degradação social do trabalho e dos recursos naturais e ecológicos. Neste trabalho, analiso o padrão econômico e social de desenvolvimento dos agronegócios no Brasil nas últimas décadas e o projeto político que lhe dá forma, sobretudo a partir do impulso recebido pelo Estado, por meio do programa neodesenvolvimentista ... Since the end of 80's decade, Brazil has been through an intensive process of political and productive restructure, beginning with a new international division of work which had the capital structure crises deflagrated as a result, starting from 70's decade. Recently, with exponential growing of international demand by agricultural commodities and low density technology's products, the country found itself in a productive specialization a new way for its development, converting simultaneously into an important financial value platform. On the political intern plan the capitulation and (consequently) rising of the principal (and the only) political party of mass arisen from civil and military post-dictatorship to the most highest level command of the State - The Worker's Party (PT) - took the country to experience an extraordinary capitalism burst of expansion - from mid 20?? century was named by progressive intellectuals for all lucky new-developmentalism. In these types of agricultures which started to expand in the last decades, turned into strategic elements of the new Brazilian economical politics for new century. With Worker's Party (PT), the sector experienced its belle époque, changing in a decisive way the agrarian national question and at the same time giving a new historical meaning to (struggle for land and for) agrarian reform. Therefore, the historical obstacles in the development structures pattern of Brazilian capitalist accumulation evolved to a destructive way of capital's productive forces's development, specially in the field, intensifying the social work and the natural and ecological resources's degradation. This essay analyzes the economic and social pattern of agricultural development in Brazil in the last decades and the political project which gives its shape, mainly from the boost got by State, by the new-developmentalism program from PT's government. At the same time I discuss the Historical present of ...

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Chikafa, Kondwani Watson. "The efficacy of agricultural subsidies as social protection measures in rural Malawi." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021173.

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Social protection measures are poverty reduction interventions implemented to assist in reducing poverty shocks of communities. This study considered the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) that has been implemented in Malawi with the aim of reducing poverty amongst subsistence farmers by providing them with subsidized farm inputs. The study was conducted in the rural area of Lilongwe District, under Traditional Authority Kabudula. The study mainly focussed on the outcomes of implementing the FISP and it entails whether or not the poverty reduction intervention is really achieving its goals. Thus, the study greatly evaluates the effectiveness of subsidizing farm inputs in reducing poverty amongst households in rural communities characterised by subsistence farming. This study was mainly qualitative in nature and data was collected through interviews and Focus Group Discussions. Some quantitative data for specific trends of national indicators was collected through document. Mainly, content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data and descriptive statistical analysis with the aid of Microsoft Excel was engaged to analyse the quantitative data. The study found that that FISP assist in household food security only in the short term. Among the reasons cited, the package size received by households has become smaller with sharing tendencies that have been devised to help households that do not receive the inputs or qualify to receive them. This practice is compromising the agricultural productivity in terms of quantities as it lasts only in the short-term before the next harvest. When households’ food reserves are depleted, households become food insecure and poverty sets in again. The study thus reveals that FISP implementation is not operating as a sustainable programme as its intended goal is not being achieved in the long-term. The study also found that coupled with the fact that there is no clear policy guidelines on graduation and that there is continued benefitting of the same beneficiaries, FISP is nowhere close to its phasing-out stage in social protection perspective.

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Bradshaw, Girard W. "Detecting macroeconomic impacts on agricultural prices and export sales : a time series forecasting approach /." Thesis, This resource online, 1988. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04122010-083628/.

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Mkwela, Gcobani. "The role of agriculture in the Ncora area." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021107.

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Despite 19 years of democracy and public action by civil society, policy makers continue to neglect the role of agriculture in improving the quality of life in rural areas such as Ncora in the Eastern Cape. The communities in the Ncora area still experience poverty despite the fact people receive state grants. Agriculture is declining in this area without basic infrastructure. The study argues that communities in the Ncora area need assistance from government in order to increase agricultural activities. These activities are an important route through which these communities can reduce poverty. The primary objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the role of agriculture in reducing poverty in the Ncora rural areas. The conditions necessary to sustain agriculture in the rural areas were identified. This was mainly done to help alleviate the plight of rural areas in the Ncora area and to improve the quality of life of the rural population. The study was based on three research objectives. The first objective was to investigate the constraints to agricultural production in Ncora. The second objective was to ascertain what has been done by the Eastern Cape government in increasing agricultural activities. The third objective was to investigate the contribution of agriculture in reducing poverty in Ncora. The main finding in terms of the first research objective is that constraints to agricultural production in Ncora are structural constraints. These include inadequate infrastructure such as poor roads, lack of transport and equipment, lack of farming skills, poor quality seed, no access to markets, inadequate and unaffordable services. In terms of the second research objective, the main finding is that the government has encouraged investment in infrastructure using labour-intensive methods will eliminate service backlogs in underserviced areas such as Ncora. Secondly, it has encouraged the revival of irrigation schemes such as the Ncora irrigation scheme and is investing in human capital through the empowerment of people in order to improve the quality of life of the Ncora community. Empowerment involves skills and training, education and access to basic services, expertise regarding credit, land and the growing of vegetables. The development of human capital is an important determinant of the pace of economic development. Human, social, natural, financial and physical capital are essential elements of reducing poverty. In fact, the Ncora community has lobbied Intsika Yethu Municipality for community development Community development through education and community participation in development programmes. Efforts have to be made to increase the skills that will enable them to complete development projects. These include technical skills in areas such as vegetable and crop production during the year. A key component of the success of development projects is to involve communities in the planning and decision-making processes. Community development is linked to empowerment, in other words, empowered people are able to contribute to the development of their community because they have knowledge of the economic, social and political goals of development. Therefore, empowerment enables people to participate in and have an influence on the decisions that affect their lives. The main finding in terms of the third research objective is that people in the Ncora community are using their own labour to improve food production to reduce poverty. The Ncora community has been shown when and how to make, grow and plant seeds, and look after the vegetables of their choice. The community of Ncora has learnt about cropping practices that are appropriate to their situation. The intention is to sell vegetables and crops to local communities and markets in order to generate income. The community has to do it for themselves or else they will wait forever.

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Cunha, Flavio Luiz Silva Jorge da. "Valoração dos serviços ecossistemicos em bacias hidrograficas." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285793.

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Orientador: João Fernando Marques Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T16:37:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_FlavioLuizSilvaJorgeda_D.pdf: 2237333 bytes, checksum: dc053a7f7e28160941411e0d61ca0e51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva apresentar e discutir a valoração de serviços ecossistêmicos, a partir do conceito de funções e serviços ecossistêmicos e da aplicação dos métodos de valoração econômica em uma bacia hidrográfica devido a ocupação pela agricultura. Mostra que a valoração é um dentre outros importantes instrumentos a serem mobilizados para a preservação ambiental e para o reconhecimento e aceitação social da necessidade da gestão dos ambientes naturais, tendo como orientação a utilização sustentável dos recursos. Assim, o trabalho pautou-se por apresentar as possibilidades teóricas a partir das visões tradicionais e da economia ecológica, apresentou-se um ambiente antropizado e suas características sempre procurando destacar as questões da ocupação e dos impactos ambientais. Além da caracterização da ocupação do espaço e das determinantes sócio-econômicas foi realizado um estudo na bacia hidrográfica dos rios Mogi-Guaçu, Pardo e Baixo Grande, doravante denominada bacia do Mogi - Pardo, no Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de determinar a Disposição a Pagar por água limpa junto à população dos municípios que fazem parte da bacia. A partir das recomendações do Relatório da National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA), o estudo mostra que mesmo com suas limitações, o método de valoração contingente (MVC) pode contribuir com uma medida de valor para auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisão. Abstract: This study aims to present and discuss the valuation of ecosystem services, from the concept of ecosystem functions and services and the application of methods of economic valuation in a watershed because the occupation by agriculture. To show that the valuation is one among other important tools being mobilized for environmental preservation and recognition and social acceptance of the need for management of natural environments, with a guide to sustainable resource use. Thus, the work is guided by presenting the theoretical possibilities from the visions of traditional and ecological economy, proved to be an anthropic environment and its features always looking to highlight the issues of occupation and environmental impacts. In addition to the characterization of the occupation of space and determinants of socio-economic study was conducted in the watershed of rivers Mogi-Guaçu, Pardo and Grande, in the state of Sao Paulo, aiming to determine Willingness to pay for the clean water from the population of municipalities that are part of the basin. Based on the recommendations of the Report of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA), the study shows that even with its limitations, the contingent valuation method (MVC) can provide a measure of value to assist in the decision-making process. Doutorado Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

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Diebel, Penelope L. "An economic analysis of low-input agriculture as a groundwater protection strategy." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40014.

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Buyambo, Ntombentsha. "An enabling environment for women agri-entrepreneurs in the Tsitsikama area." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1013755.

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Agriculture plays an important role in the economy of every nation. Most countries depend on agriculture and other industries to survive. Economies around the world experience difficulties. There are many countries that have the potential to stimulate their economic growth through agriculture. The untapped resources have the potential of providing food, jobs and increased financial stability. Many countries utilise their agricultural sector to grow their economy. The growth of unemployment in South Africa has a big impact on our economy. This has caused an increase in poverty and unemployment (Ukpere & Slabbert, 2009). Women’s role in agriculture and food security is critical, but there is still lack of visibility regarding their participation and contribution in agriculture and development in general. This has led to two forms of agriculture in South Africa; so-called subsistence farming in the communal areas and white commercial farming (Kwa, 2001). Most emerging farmers are on communal land where they share decisions and ownership is unsecured, which discourages investment and limits productivity (Farmer's weekly, 2012). The main objective of the research was to determine if the women in the Tsitsikamma (Eastern Cape, South Africa), area have knowledge and strategies to manage their agribusiness in order to create an enabling environment and be competitive in their farming businesses. The qualitative method was used to answer questions in order to understand people’s perceptions, perspectives and understanding of particular situations. It is based on the belief that the researcher’s ability to interpret and make sense of what he or she sees is critical for an understanding of any social phenomenon. In seeking to create an enabling environment, a qualitative analysis investigated this particular situation. The sample consisted of 25 out of a possible 30 women in the agriculture industry. A structured questionnaire was used and interviews were conducted with women involved in agriculture regardless of owning a farm. This study was based in the farming industry, particular farm women who are interested or involved in agribusiness in the Tsitsikamma region. The results of the questionnaire revealed key findings, which enabled the researcher to draw meaningful conclusions and recommendations. The findings have suggested that the women farmers can overcome the identified constraints affecting the opportunities to grow their farming businesses. Further empirical results indicated that they do not have any strategies in running their farming businesses. The study also highlights areas in agribusiness that should be improved.

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Nxumalo, Nosikhumbuzo. "Value chain financing : the case of the Komati Downstream Development Project." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97441.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research examines agriculture value chain finance as it has been applied in the Komati Downstream Development Project. It seeks to assess whether the Komati Downstream Development Project has addressed the challenges of access to finance, markets and support services and enabled smallholder farmers in the project area to operate commercially. The Swaziland National Development Strategy of 1999 committed to increase investment in agriculture. The Komati Downstream Development Project was in line with this strategy. However, for smallholder farmers to commercialise they needed to first overcome the constraints they faced, which included access to finance, access to markets and access to both business and technical support. This research will contribute to future developments and decisions involving the increase of financial flows and investment to the agriculture sector in Swaziland and in other developing countries. This is an empirical research study primarily using a qualitative method to answer the research question. The research design included a review of documentary evidence from a desktop study to collect secondary data and a field study through face-to-face interviews to collect primary data. The primary data was gathered through semi-structured interviews. The organisations interviewed included ten farmers’ associations, the outgrower development department, Swaziland Industrial Development Company and Swaziland Water and Agriculture Development Enterprise. Content analysis was used to analyse the results identifying similar themes and patterns from the interview transcripts. Secondary data on the performance of the KDDP farmers with respect to production volumes and quality of produce was collected and analysed to answer the question whether the smallholder farmers had moved from operating at a subsistence level to a commercial one. The research findings show that the agriculture value chain finance approach as applied in KDDP has improved access to markets, access to finance and access to support and services, and, in the process, the smallholder farmers are now operating commercially. The farmers are able to engage with bigger markets for both inputs and outputs in large-scale sugarcane farming. However, notable findings were made with respect to access to finance and support. Most of the farmers reported the need for continued support by Swaziland Water and Agriculture Development Enterprise and training despite the need to wean them off. Regarding access to finance, farmers reported improved access with more financial institutions selling financial products to the farmers and wanting to finance them. However, none of the farmers’ associations interviewed had accessed additional funding from any of the financial institutions following the initial funding they had acquired. The farmers’ associations have instead turned to internal sources of funds. Though these challenges do not change the conclusion, they are of concern and need to be addressed.

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Lipai, Monica. "Socioeconomic comparisons of organic and conventional farms in Canada : results from the 2001 Census." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101864.

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This thesis examines differences between organic and conventional farm and operators' characteristics, and identifies which characteristics explain whether a farm is organic or conventional. The data comes from the 2001 Canadian Census of Agriculture, which makes this study the first that is national in scope and includes detailed analysis of the differences between organic and conventional agriculture using a large sample size. Farms were divided into three groups: conventional, primarily organic, and mixed production (some organic production). Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to analyze farm and operator characteristics. Logistic regression was used to determine which variables explain whether a farm is organic, conventional or mixed. Results indicate that organic farmers are more likely to be younger, female, work less off farm and more on farm, when compared to conventional. Organic farms tend to be smaller, more profitable, more diversified, and have a higher dependency on hired labour. There were no differences in capital intensity. Mixed farms manifested the same patterns as organic when compared to conventional.

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Agho, Njenyuei Gideon. "Urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood : a case study of migrants' women in Johannesburg." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020980.

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This research examines how urban agriculture contributes to the sustainable livelihood of migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg. The study focuses on the Cameroonian women community living in Turffontein. It explores the significant process of migration into the Republic of South Africa and the inspiration behind the choice of urban agriculture in the inner city of Johannesburg by women. The research report assesses the impact of urban agriculture on sustainable livelihood in the life of Cameroonian women living in Turffontein. It also examines the constraints encountered by these Cameroonians women in Turffontein in the practice of urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood. The findings of this study reveal that urban agriculture is used as a strategy for sustainable livelihood to a lot of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in Turffontein. The study has also shown how through urban agriculture these migrants’ women have been able to raise substantial income to support their respective families both in South Africa and in Cameroon. The study is based on a purposeful sample of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg practicing urban agriculture. It uses a mixed method of approach with a transect walk to the area where this women practice the urban agriculture. It also included an in-depth face to face interactive interview and written sources such as journals, books and research reports where combined to gather relevant data. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data.

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Firmiano, Frederico Daia. "O padrão de desenvolvimento dos agronegócios no Brasil e a atualidade histórica da reforma agrária /." Araraquara, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115624.

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Orientador: Augusto Caccia-Bava Junior Banca: Silvia Beatriz Adoue Banca: Adilson Marques Gennari Banca: Rosemeire Aparecida Scopinho Banca: Marcos Cassin Resumo: Desde o final da década de 1980, o Brasil passou por um intenso processo de reestruturação política e produtiva, ingressando na nova divisão internacional do trabalho que resultou da crise estrutural do capital deflagrada a partir da década de 1970. Mais recentemente, com o crescimento exponencial da demanda internacional por commodities agropecuárias e produtos de baixa densidade tecnológica, o País encontrou na especialização produtiva uma "nova" via para seu "desenvolvimento", convertendo-se, simultaneamente, em importante "plataforma de valorização financeira". No plano político interno, a captulação e (conseqüente) ascensão do principal (e único) partido político de massas surgido no pós-ditadura civil-militar ao mais alto posto de comando do Estado - o Partido dos Trabalhadores - levou o país a experimentar um extraordinário surto de expansão capitalista - que, a partir de meados dos anos 2000, foi denominado por intelectuais progressistas de toda sorte de neodesenvolvimentismo. Neste contexto, os agronegócios, que vinham se expandindo desde as décadas anteriores, tornaramse elementos estratégicos da nova economia política brasileira do novo século. Com o PT, o setor experimentou sua belle époque, modificando, de modo decisivo, a questão agrária nacional e, ao mesmo tempo, conferindo um novo significado histórico para a (luta pela) reforma agrária. Com isto, o padrão historicamente "truncado" de acumulação capitalista brasileira evoluiu para um padrão destrutivo de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas do capital, especialmente no campo, intensificando a degradação social do trabalho e dos recursos naturais e ecológicos. Neste trabalho, analiso o padrão econômico e social de desenvolvimento dos agronegócios no Brasil nas últimas décadas e o projeto político que lhe dá forma, sobretudo a partir do impulso recebido pelo Estado, por meio do programa neodesenvolvimentista ... Abstract: Since the end of 80's decade, Brazil has been through an intensive process of political and productive restructure, beginning with a new international division of work which had the capital structure crises deflagrated as a result, starting from 70's decade. Recently, with exponential growing of international demand by agricultural commodities and low density technology's products, the country found itself in a productive specialization a "new" way for its development, converting simultaneously into an important "financial value platform". On the political intern plan the capitulation and (consequently) rising of the principal (and the only) political party of mass arisen from civil and military post-dictatorship to the most highest level command of the State - The Worker's Party (PT) - took the country to experience an extraordinary capitalism burst of expansion - from mid 20ᵀᴴ century was named by progressive intellectuals for all lucky new-developmentalism. In these types of agricultures which started to expand in the last decades, turned into strategic elements of the new Brazilian economical politics for new century. With Worker's Party (PT), the sector experienced its belle époque, changing in a decisive way the agrarian national question and at the same time giving a new historical meaning to (struggle for land and for) agrarian reform. Therefore, the historical obstacles in the development structures pattern of Brazilian capitalist accumulation evolved to a destructive way of capital's productive forces's development, specially in the field, intensifying the social work and the natural and ecological resources's degradation. This essay analyzes the economic and social pattern of agricultural development in Brazil in the last decades and the political project which gives its shape, mainly from the boost got by State, by the new-developmentalism program from PT's government. At the same time I discuss the Historical present of ... Doutor

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Covas, António. "Les enjeux socio-politiques de l'intégration agricole du Portugal dans le système communautaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213426.

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Htike, Thaung. "Some aspects of the cattle economy of Burma : 1948 to 1984." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/131911.

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Agriculture is still the main stay of the Burmese economy and the livestock sub-sector is an integral part of the agricultural sector. Use of draught cattle , which is the main source of power , is significantly related to the intensity of cultivation. Livestock are maintained by small farmers as part of mixed farming , in this way these two sectors are complementary and inter-dependent. The main objective of this study is to examine the aspects of the cattle economy of Burma since independence and the consequences of State policy in this field. Much has been done in the agricultural sector since independence, especially beginning from the early 1960s and effects have started to become noticeable since the late 1970s. The livestock sector is targeted to increase at an average annual growth rate of 5.34 percent in net value of output (at constant 1969-70 prices) during the Twenty - Year Plan (1974-75 to 1993-94). However, actual growth rate during the first decade (1974 - 75 to 1983 - 84 ) was 4.49 percent , less than the desired rate . Growth of agriculture has been substantial and growth in numbes of draught cattle though higher in recent decades than in the past is still not sufficient , because of the dispersion of land among the peasants. During the past decade, as the rate of expansion draught cattle was faster than that of total sown area, average sown area per yoke has been declining. Percapita consumption of meat is fairly low and percapita consumption of milk is very low, in fact lowest in the Asian region. To improve the situation, the State has been encouraging individuals and organizations to take up and or improve animal rearing for milk production. A milk processing plant is being established with Australian aid. Recent policy initiatives (since the late 1970s) and establishment of a separate Ministry of Livestock Breeding and Fisheries (in 1983) including initiatives like livestock insurance and loan schemes, the milk processing plant and improved breeding programmes should help to improve performance of the sector. Due to constraints of data availability this study has been restricted to an overall view of the sector°s performance . Periodic indepth studies of the sector (with appropriate data base) will help in identification of bottlenecks and formulation of appropriate corrective policy.

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Carter, Jonathan Edward David. "Estimating the economic rate of return to research in the South African deciduous fruit industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70205.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1999. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Historically, commercial agricultural research in South Africa has been state supported, but due to recent political changes in South Africa this is changing. The political transition has been accompanied by changing economic policies, causing a tightening of public funds allocated to agricultural research. In 1992 the Agricultural Research Council was formed, primarily to enable greater industry involvement in research as a result of the expected long term budget cuts in publicly funded research. As a result there has been an increased recognition of the need to evaluate research in terms of the economic returns to investment so that decision makers have hard evidence on which to prioritize their investments. This study employs the well known production function approach to evaluate the economic benefits of publicly funded research in the South African deciduous fruit industry. In reporting the results of the research the study proceeds from an overview of the deciduous fruit industry, as well as an analysis of the structure of deciduous fruit research in South Africa. This is followed by a description of the economics of research expenditure, a description of ex post methods of evaluating the economic benefits of research, and the manner in which the data for the analysis was collected. The analysis suggests there is a statistically significant relationship between research and development and industry output as well as industry prices and output. However the results should be interpreted with care, and more effort should be made to ensure that required data are gathered. Nevertheless, the results show that increased research expenditure m the industry is justified. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Histories gesien is kommersiele landbou-navorsing in Suid Afrika deur die owerheid ondersteun, maar as gevolg van die onlangse politieke veranderinge in Suid Afrika is hierdie toedrag van sake besig om te verander. Die politieke oorgang in die land het gepaard gegaan met 'n verandering in ekonomiese beleid, wat 'n inkorting van owerheidsbefondsing aan die Landbounavorsingsraad meegebring het. Hierdie Raad is in 1992 gestig, met die primere doe! om grater privaatsektor betrokkenheid in navorsing vanuit die betrokke sektor te verseker, as gevolg van die verwagte onttrekking van owerheidsteun. As gevolg hiervan, is daar nou 'n toenemende erkenning aan die behoefte om navorsingsprojekte te evalueer in terme van die ekonomiese opbrengs op sulke investering, sodat besluitnemers geldige bewyse het waarvolgens bestedingsprioriteite gemaak kan word. Hierdie studie gebruik die bekende produksie-funksie benadering om die ekonomiese voordele van navorsing in die Suid-Afrikaanse sagtevrugte bedryf te evalueer. Die studie begin met 'n oorsig oor die sagtevrugtebedryf, insluitend 'n analise van die navorsingstruktuur wat tans heers. Bogenoemde word gevolg deur 'n beskrywing van die bestaande ex post metodes om ekonomiese voordele van navorsing te evalueer, sowel as die wyse waarop die data vir die analiese ingesamel is. Die resultate wys dat daar 'n beduidende statiese verhouding is tussen besteding op navorsing en pryse en die opbrengs behaal deur produsente in die bedryf Hierdie resultate moet egter met sorg gelnterpreteer word, en meer moeite moet gedoen word om te verseker dat die nodige data ingesamel word. Nietemin toon die resultate dat verhoogde navorsingsbesteding in die bedryf geregverdig is

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Silva, Luciana Ferreira da. "A construção de um Indice de Sustentabilidade Ambiental Agricola (ISA) : uma proposta metodologica." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285550.

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Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T08:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_LucianaFerreirada_D.pdf: 1821160 bytes, checksum: 7f30e728bf1f4ce65d49b21421459662 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 Resumo: Esse trabalho apresenta a metodologia de construção do Índice de Sustentabilidade Ambiental Agrícola ISAGRI e realiza aplicação teste do mesmo para as microbacias dos rios Oriçanga e Araras, ambas pertencentes à Bacia dos rios Mogi Guaçu-Pardo ¿ SP. Esta é uma área representativa de diferentes situações encontradas no Estado de São Paulo. A região apresenta praticamente todas as grandes províncias geomorfológicas do Estado, com grande variação de solos, topografia e vegetação. Apresenta também uma diversidade de sistemas agrícolas, com os mais variados usos de solo e diferentes tipos de agricultores. Metodologicamente o ISAGRI foi construído utilizando-se do escopo teórico de indicadores de estado, pressão e resposta (PER) proposto pela OCDE. Trata-se de um índice sintético composto por 8 indicadores divididos em 3 dimensões: estado, pressão e resposta. Esses indicadores foram transformados em índices, e então, agregados as dimensões a que pertencem, gerando assim três novos índices ¿ IEA (Índice de estado do ecossistema agrícola; IDEG (Índice de vetores de degradação) e ICOR (Índice de medidas de prevenção e correção). O ISAGRI é, assim, o resultado da média simples dos índices dessas dimensões. O teste permitiu a comparação dos níveis de sustentabilidade ambiental agrícola entre as duas microbacias, sendo que a microbacia do rio de Araras apresentou os melhores resultados e, portanto, melhor sustentabilidade ambiental. Ao final, propõem-se critérios de categorização de níveis de sustentabilidade Abstract: This study presents the methodology of construction of the Agricultural Environmental Sustainability Index (ISAGRI). This Index was evaluated in the watersheds of the rivers Oriçanga and Araras, both belonging to the Mogi Guaçu river basin. This is a representative area of different situations found in the State of São Paulo. The region presents practically all the great geomorphic provinces of the State, with great variation of ground, topography and vegetation. It also presents a diversity of agricultural systems, with the most varied uses of the ground and different types of agriculturists. The methodology of the ISAGRI was constructed using the theoretical target of indicators of state, pressure and response (PER) considered by the OCDE. The ISAGRI is synthetic index composed of 8 indicators divided in 3 dimensions: state, pressure and response. These indicators have been transformed into indices, and then, added to the dimensions to which they belong, thus generating three new indices - IEA (Index of state of the agricultural ecosystem; IDEG (Index of degradation vectors) and ICOR (Index of measures of prevention and correction). The ISAGRI is thus, the result of the simple average of the indices of these dimensions. The test allowed the comparison of the levels of agricultural environmental sustainability between the two watersheds, being that the Araras¿s watershed presented the best results and, therefore, better environmental sustainability. At the end, the different levels of sustainability were categorized in criteria of sustainability Doutorado Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente Doutor em Economia Aplicada

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Sentery, Kabengele. "Prospects for market diversification in SADC for selected South African agricultural and food products." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86226.

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Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research provides South Africa's producers and exporters with information on new market opportunities for South Africa's selected agricultural and food products in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). There is increasing global competition and countries in Africa are increasingly targeted as export markets due to its population growth and its increasing per capita income. Both developed countries and developing countries such as the United States of America, China, Brazil, India, etc. are gradually increasing their exports to Africa. In Sub-Saharan Africa, this is also taking place in SADC. In this region, there has been a significant increase in total imports from the mentioned countries from 2001 to 2013. The International Trade Centre market selection method was used for product selection (using the Export Potential Index) and country selection (using the Market Attractiveness Index). Fourteen products were selected and Angola is the most attractive market in the region (SADC) and is ranked first in the Market Attractiveness Index for seven of the fourteen selected products. The top ranking markets for the 14 selected products were identified as: Mauritius for maize, sweetened milk powder, raw cane sugar and wheat or meslin flour; Angola for fresh apples, fresh or dried oranges, sparkling wine, bulk wine, refined cane or beet sugar, frozen bovine cuts, and frozen bovine carcasses and half carcasses; Mozambique for bottled wine; and Zambia for fresh grapes and soya beans. In most cases the countries with the second and third highest rankings in the Market Attractiveness Index also offer opportunities for market diversification. South Africa exports certain products to non-African countries, whereas these non-African countries export the same products to SADC. There are therefore opportunities geographically nearer to South Africa, because South Africa could export these products to SADC. Exporters should not necessarily abandon non-African markets in order to export to SADC; however they should be aware of opportunities close by and develop strategies to maximize profit and maintain sustainable markets. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing bied aan Suid-Afrika se produsente en uitvoerders inligting oor nuwe markgeleenthede vir Suid-Afrika se geselekteerde landbou-en voedselprodukte in die Suider Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG). Daar is toenemende globale mededinging en lande in Afrika word toenemend geteiken as uitvoermarkte as gevolg van bevolkingsgroei en die stygende per capita inkomste. Beide ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande soos die Verenigde State van Amerika, China, Brasilië, Indië, ens. verhoog geleidelik hulle uitvoere na Afrika. In Sub-Sahara Afrika, gebeur dit ook in SAOG. In hierdie streek, was daar „n betekenisvolle toename in invoere vanaf die genoemde lande van 2001 tot 2013. Die Internasionale Handelsentrum markseleksie metode is gebruik om produkte te kies (met die Uitvoer Potensiaal Indeks) en om lande te kies (met die Mark Aantreklikheidsindeks). Veertien produkte is gekies en Angola is die mees aantreklike mark in die streek (SAOG) en is bo-aan die lys in die Mark Aantreklikheidsindeks vir sewe van die veertien geselekteerde produkte. Die top markte vir die 14 geselekteerde produkte is geïdentifiseer as: Mauritius vir mielies, versoete melkpoeier, ruwe rietsuiker en mengkoringmeelblom; Angola vir vars appels, vars of gedroogde lemoene, vonkelwyn, grootmaat wyn, verwerkte riet- of beetsuiker, bevrore beessnitte, en bevrore bees karkasse en half karkasse; Mosambiek vir gebottelde wyn; en Zambië vir vars druiwe en vir sojabone. In meeste gevalle bied lande met die tweede en derde hoogste punte in die Mark Aantreklikheidsindeks ook geleenthede vir markdiversifikasie. Suid-Afrika voer sekere produkte uit na nie-Afrika lande, terwyl hierdie nie-Afrika lande weer dieselfde produkte na die SAOG uitvoer. Daar is dus geleenthede geografiese nader aan Suid-Afrika, want Suid-Afrika kan hierdie produkte na die SAOG uitvoer. Uivoerders moet nie noodwendig oorsese markte laat vaar om na die SAOG uit te voer nie, maar hulle moet bewus wees van nader geleenthede en strategieë ontwikkel om wins te maksimeer en volhoubare markte te handhaaf.

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Forest, Jean-François. "The economics of conversion to organic agriculture : a rotational plan." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60655.

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This thesis focused on the conversion period from conventional to organic agriculture for a Quebec dairy farm. The crucial problem resided in developing an economic framework to evaluate alternative crop rotations that would provide farmers in transition an optimal rotation plan compatible with organic farming practices. Two multi-period linear programming models were developed for that purpose, both models having different assumptions concerning effects that the transition might have on crop yield. In both transitional models, two crop rotations were selected in the optimal solution. In addition, the establishment of crop rotations was comparable for both models, and this showed that the assumed drop in yield did not have a large impact on the selection of crop rotation. Also, the results support the notion that conversion to organic agriculture had a relatively less negative effect on farm profit if the transition was done gradually.

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Sartorius, Kurt. "Linking small-scale farmers to agribusiness the economics of contracting /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02122007-171339.

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Villwock, Ana Paula Schervinski. "As estratégias de renda dos agricultores familiares de Itapejara d’Oeste nos anos 2005 e 2010." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1219.

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CAPES O processo de mercantilização, isso é, a crescente orientação das atividades para o mercado, transformou as características da reprodução social dos agricultores familiares, principalmente na sua forma de produzir e obter renda. Sabendo-se que o mercado pode agravar a pobreza rural como, de outro lado, criar novas oportunidades, a reprodução social da agricultura familiar moderna muito decorre pela sua capacidade de adaptação que permite diversificar as suas fontes de renda agrícola e não agrícola. Assim, pergunta-se: quais são as combinações de atividades dos agricultores familiares de Itapejara d’Oeste nos anos 2005 e 2010 que resultaram em maior renda? Para tanto, o objetivo geral da dissertação é analisar as estratégias de renda dos agricultores familiares de Itapejara d’Oeste que lhe permitiram superar a pobreza nos anos 2005 e 2010. Como resultado se identificou nas famílias que pertencem a categoria de alta renda: (1) o aprofundamento do processo de mercantilização; (2) investimentos em tecnologia das unidades de produção familiar, principalmente, naqueles que compuseram a renda no binômio de produção grãos e leite (3) a maior disponibilidade de força de trabalho total e de área de terra; (4) a diversificação da renda total com renda não agrícola na unidade de produção familiar. The process of commodification, that is, the growing direction of activities for the market, turned the characteristics of social reproduction of family farmers, especially in the way we produce and earn income. Knowing that the market may aggravate rural poverty as, on the other hand, create new opportunities, social reproduction of modern family farming very apparent by its adaptability that allows diversify its sources of farm and non-farm income. So we ask: what are the combinations of activities of family farmers of Itapejara d'Oeste in the years 2005 and 2010 which resulted in higher income? Therefore, the general purpose of this work is to analyze the income strategies of family farmers of Itapejara d'Oeste which enabled it to overcome poverty in the years 2005 and 2010. As a result identified in families that belong to the high income category: (1 ) deepening the commercialization process; (2) investments in technology in family production units, especially in those who composed the income in the production of grains and milk binomial (3) the increased availability of total labor force and land area; (4) the diversification of the total income from non-agricultural income in family production unit.

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Wearaduwa, Vidana Kankanamge Thilani Kaushalya. "Economic Efficiency of Occupational Health and Safety Investments at Agricultural Cooperatives." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28861.

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Industries related to agricultural cooperatives record some of the highest injury rates in the U.S. Therefore, agricultural cooperatives are highly motivated to invest in occupational health and safety (OHS). This thesis examines the economic efficiency of OHS investments at agricultural cooperatives and identifies cooperative characteristics leading to greater economic efficiency of OHS investments. A multiple input-output data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to estimate technical efficiency. The effects of cooperative characteristics on the efficiency of OHS investments are estimated using ordinary least squares, censored regression, truncated regression, and the Simar and Wilson (2007) bootstrap procedure. Results show that the mean technical efficiency score was 0.833. Furthermore, a cooperative?s annual insurance premia has a significant, negative relationship with technical efficiency. In contrast, the experience levels of a cooperative?s top safety person and top managerial person and a location?s total workers employed have significant, positive relationships with efficiency in all estimated models. North Dakota State University. Department of College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources

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Huang, Zhi Feng. "Study of European Union Common Agricultural Policy : France agricultural policy anaysis." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555543.

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Rali, Jongikhaya. "Agriculture as a contributor to local economic development (LED) in Nkonkobe Local Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020402.

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Africa while being underdeveloped in terms of industry and infrastructure has much rural land and therefore has significant potential to provide global food security. This study investigates agriculture as a contributor to economic development of Nkonkobe Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. While the potential of agriculture, in Nkonkobe Local Municipality is high, this sector has not been fully developed to the benefit of the community and the municipality at large. The results of this study have pointed out that the Eastern Cape, Nkonkobe Local Municipality in particular is where communal farming is practiced on the largest scale and where further growth can take place. This study is informed by the goals of reconstruction and development, as expressed in the Government’s Reconstruction and Development Programme (1995) tabled to meet the basic needs of the people, develop its human resources and to build the local economy. This study aims to transform Nkonkobe Local Municipality into an economically developed area of Amathole District Municipality, by improving the area’s agricultural contribution to the Local Economic Development (LED) of the area. This study supports entrepreneurship and innovation, job creation, raising the quality of basic services to the poorest citizens of Nkonkobe Local Municipality, and increasing the distribution of agricultural land to small holders. This study promotes the development of agricultural sector, which will enable it to absorb more low skilled labour which will assist in poverty alleviation, and promote LED initiatives. This study also develops and promotes the sustainable contribution of agriculture to LED programmes, and improves the participation of local communities in these programmes. The study was conducted using qualitative research methodology. The findings of the study reveal that agricultural infrastructure in support of LED in Nkonkobe Local Municipality must be established and improved. Such infrastructure should include the reticulation of services, such as irrigation schemes, big dams, farming equipment, tractors, laboratories, cold storages and communication links. These services are currently inadequate in the area, and hamper development and progress that the area clearly has great potential to add in terms of global food security and poverty alleviation.

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Hitayezu, Felix. "Farm income effects of regional crop specilization in Rwanda." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69532.

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In consideration of the chronic poverty of farmers in Rwanda as well as in other developing countries where self-sufficient agriculture is practiced, this study examines what the well studied theory of specialization and trade, if implemented, could bring to Rwandan farmers in terms of production and profits. To attain this objective, a spatial optimization model with linear programming was built and used to maximize the potential production and net returns which were compared to those from the traditional system. The model was built in a way that it also shows the pattern of trade and quantities traded. The results show that a regional specialization system would allow, on the national level, more production, higher net returns, and more trade than the traditional system (self-sufficient agriculture) as expected according to the theory of specialization and trade. Nevertheless, the net return in some regions decreases in the new system, which necessitates a compensation plan for those regions. However, it has to be noted that despite these gains, the adoption of the new plans requires a consideration of many other factors that are not covered in this study. Of those factors, the most obvious are the need to improve the transportation and marketing infrastructure, changing farmers' attitudes and objectives towards commercial agriculture, and securing equity, security, and sustainability in the system.

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Gilimani, Benedict Mandlenkosi. "The economic contribution of home production for home consumption in South African agriculture." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1795.

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Henn, Patrick. "User benefits of urban agriculture in Havana, Cuba : an application of the contingent valuation method." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31233.

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In Cuba, the act of growing flood in the city has become a way of life. Since the beginning of the "Special Period in Time of Peace", brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, Cubans have engaged in many forms of urban agriculture (UA) to cope with the food crisis affecting the Island. In Havana, the popular garden movement occupies 8% of total urban land in agriculture (3.4% of urban land) and is practiced by 18,000 gardeners who produce vegetables and fruit, and raise small livestock to increase food security and generate income. The purpose of this study was to provide estimates of the user benefits of UA, as well as qualitative and quantitative information related do this activity. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to elicit users' willingness to pay (WTP) for the land they use, that is currently provided at no charge by the stale. The average WTP was estimated at 23.5 pesos/1000 m2/month under current conditions and 34.4 pesos/1000 m2/month with improvements in water and anti-theft services. These amounts represent about 11% and 14% of monthly household income, respectively. Aggregate WTP for popular gardens in the city of Havana was estimated to be 6.88 million pesos/year (344,000 $US) and 10.07 million pesos/year (503,500 $US) with the proposed improvements. The study has produced important results that give an indication of the use and non-use value of UA for gardeners of Havana. Results also suggest that CVM is a non-market valuation technique that can be successfully applied in Cuba, and can provide information to be integrated in cast-benefit analysis frameworks that assess the importance of UA.

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Avalos, Sartorio Beatriz 1959. "COMPETITIVENESS, EFFICIENCY AND POLICY IN MODERN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN THE STATES OF SONORA AND SINALOA, MEXICO." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276387.

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Zhu, Minkang. "A multiple objective approach to evaluate economic and environmental impacts of agricultural management systems from a sustainable development perspective." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38786.

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Cloutier, Martin. "Households' expenditure patterns and income distribution in the Canadian agriculture and food industries : an input-output analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69544.

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The objective of the research was to demonstrate the need, feasibility and relevance of disaggregating by income group the endogenized household sector in the Canadian Input-Output (I-O) model. Personal expenditures and revenue sources were endogenized into Agriculture Canada's I-O open model. Two models were developed, Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 was a closed model that assumed homogeneity among households. Model 2 relaxed the homogeneity assumption. The superiority of Model 2 was empirically demonstrated by comparing the economic indicators generated by the models. The indicators of interest were industrial output, GDP at factor cost and the number of paid jobs. A sensitivity analysis investigated the impact of changes in wages and salaries and final demand on the models. Larger differences were found between the models when wages and salaries were stimulated. As hypothesized, Model 1 underestimated the contribution of the lowest wages and salaries group by 19.9 percent and overestimated the impact of the higher wages and salaries group by 19 percent. A $1 million increase in the final demand for agricultural, agri-food and petrochemical products was also simulated. The largest impacts on industrial output occurred when agricultural production was shocked ( $3.8 million). This was followed by agri-food products ($3.2 million) and petrochemical products ( $2.7 million). While differences in the models' estimates were minimal when changes in final demand were simulated, Model 2 generated additional information on the distribution of income. In conclusion, the results generated by the I-O model with the disaggregated household sector, Model 2, were consistent with budget data and economic theory.

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Xu, Qing. "China's agricultural reforms : experience, empirical evidence and tendency /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phx9.pdf.

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Chaumba, Joseph A. "Opportunities for and constraints on crop production within Zimbabwe's fast-track resettlement programme: A Case Study of Fair Range Estate, Chiredzi District, South Eastern Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9563_1181914396.

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The government of Zimbabwe started implementing its fast track resettlement programme in July 2000, the objective being to accelerate both land acquisition and land redistribution. This programme witnessed a massive movement of people from various localities into mainly large-scale commercial farms in search of agricultural land. Under this programme, people were settled under the A1 model (which involves villages and land use pattern similar to those found in communal areas) as well as the A2 model, which involves commercial farming. This study investigates, documents and analyses the opportunities and constraints currently being faced by newly resettled crop production farmers in one example of an A1 model resettlement project (Fair Ranch Estate in Masvingo Province). A questionnaire was used to gather data on livelihood sources, income, assets and also aspects of the associational life of crop production farmers. Seventy households were interviewed, and a number of key informant interviews were undertaken with both government officials and the local leadership. The greatest opportunity that A1 crop production farmers in Fair Range Estate experienced was the fact that they now have access to land that they can call their own, without having to go through the market to try to acquire such land. In terms of crop production, however, farmers in Fair Range Estate face a number of challenges and constraints: they lack adequate access to tillage and livestock the supply of inputs is inadequate generally negative socio economic conditions prevailing in the country have led to sharp increases in prices of all basic commodities, including inputs such as fertilisers and seeds they lack tenure security the amount of rainfall received in the area is generally not sufficient for crop production and many lack crop production skills. Measures to reverse this decline must include the availability of foreign currency to buy spare parts for tractors, rebuilding of the national herd, which was greatly affected by both drought and the disturbance of commercial agriculture as a result of the controversial land reform programme. Fuel should also become more readily available, and urgent policy measures be put in place to revamp institutional frameworks in the agricultural sector to make them more farmer-oriented.

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Riofrío, Ordóñez Carlos Andrés. "Economics of introducing forage and livestock into alternative crop rotation systems during the transition to organic agriculture." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98779.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the economic feasibility of alternative crop rotations and to determine the economic implications of including forages and livestock during the transition to organic agriculture in Nova Scotia. The rotation systems were distinguished by: (i) frequency of forage in the rotation, (ii) source of nutrient supply, and (iii) type of farming operation. The economic analysis was divided in two parts. The first part analysed data from a four-year crop rotation experiment, using enterprise budgeting and statistical methods to compare differences among rotations under different treatments. The second part involved the development of a multi-period linear programming (LP) model to simulate a commercial operation. The results from the statistical analysis suggest that crop enterprise net returns tended to be higher in forage-based rotations and in the livestock systems compared to cash crop rotations and the stockless system. Results from the LP model suggest that including forages and beef cattle during the transition to organic agriculture can provide considerable economic benefits, especially when crops were grown under ruminant compost.

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Mbwika, James M. "Kenya smallholder farmer education and farm productivity." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29578.

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This research was undertaken to study the effect of education on small farm revenues and profits in Kenya. Schooling (defined as the number of school standards completed by the farm operator) was used as the most important source of education. It was hypothesized that schooling has a positive effect on farm revenues and profits. The effect of other sources of information viz; extension contact, demonstration attendance and baraza attendance on farm revenues and profits were also investigated. The research was done using regression analysis where these variables and other farm activity relevant variables were fitted in regression equations. The choice of these variables were based on economic theory, Kenya small farm characteristics and the objective of the study. Several factors would qualify as supporting evidence for the argument that educated farmers are more productive. We expect educated farmers to be more informed in terms of use of new production technologies. Education as a source of human capital also enhances the productive abilities of human beings and also enables those who have invested in education to use their resources more efficiently as well as adjusting to new "ways of producing more efficiently". In the current study we find that schooling of the farm operator is positively related to level of expenditure on farm purchased variable inputs. This indicates that education enhances adoption of new technologies and innovativeness. Further it was shown that farmers with more education earned more value added per acre from their farm business compared to their less educated counterparts. On the overall farm activity, farmers with eight or more standards of schooling earned upto 80.2% in value added per acre compared to those who had no schooling. The regression estimates were done on a stepwise procedure where farm specific enterprises were estimated separately and then aggregated and estimated as one farm sector. Thus a crop equation, a livestock equation and a total farm output equation were estimated. This model was then developed into a variable profit function. A simple linear function procedure was used in the regression analysis. In all the estimated value added equations the schooling coefficient was positive and significant at 5% level two tail t-test. As we move from farm specific activities to a farm aggregate output model and lastly to value added model the schooling coefficient increased in size confirming the positive role of education in allocative effect. These results show that schooling plays an important role in allocation of other purchased inputs and also choice of crop mix and input selection. The estimated marginal return to schooling of farm operator in the profit function was Kshs.281. In an earlier function where schooling of the farm operator was fitted into a total farm income equation the estimated marginal return to schooling was Kshs.778.89. When schooling of the farm operator is allowed to interact with extension service the estimated interaction variable coefficient is negative showing the two act as substitute sources of knowledge, and the schooling coefficient increased in size showing that those who had both schooling and extension service earned comparatively more farm revenues. The role of other educative factors like extension service, demonstration attendance, and baraza attendance in influencing agricultural production was investigated. Regression results showed that extension contact had a negative and significant effect on farm revenues and profits. Demonstration and baraza attendance had similar effects on farm revenues and profits. In the value added function hired labour variable was fitted as the cost of hired labour per day. The estimated coefficient for this variable was positive and significant at 5%. The estimated coefficient for this variable shows hired labour is not optimally used, and farmers can increase their farm profits by hiring more labour. When this variable was fitted as the wage rate paid to hired labour per day the estimated coefficient was positive and significant. These results indicate that cost of hired labour depends on its quality. In the sales function hired labour was specified as mandays of hired labour per year and the estimated coefficient which reflects the shadow price of labour was higher than average hired labour wage rate implying that this factor is underemployed. In the sales function the estimated coefficient for the value of purchased inputs variable indicates that there is an element of underutilization of these inputs. This variable is fitted in value terms and in profit maximizing conditions the estimated coefficient is expected to be no different from unit. However, the estimated coefficient for this variable is approximately 2.5 showing a shilling spent on purchased inputs will bring forth 2.5 shillings. Thus an increase in the use of purchased inputs will increase farm revenues. Results show evidence of regional differences in farmer productivity and utilization of purchased inputs in favour of Central province. The study is based on the 1982 CBS-IDS-World Bank Household Survey of Rural Kenya data set. Land and Food Systems, Faculty of Graduate

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Kumara, G. A. Kumudu Kusum. "Growth without capitalism : agrarian change in the peasant economy of Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30828.

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This study examines the impact of capital on the small peasant economy of Sri Lanka which has been dominated by paddy cultivation, the consequent processes of agrarian change in the peasant society and the impact of these changes on the lives of the peasantry. The persistence of peasant agriculture throughout the developing world has posed a challenge to classical theories of the development of capitalism in agriculture which considered peasant production or Simple Commodity Production as a transitional phenomenon doomed to disappear. Recent interpretations of theories on Simple Commodity Production however, argue that peasant forms of production can and likely will survive within capitalist social formations, and therefore the analysis of the dynamics of agrarian change has to focus on historically specific situations. Pursuing the latter view, this study identifies the role of the State, class structure, and the role of agro-ecological imperatives as key factors influencing agrarian change in Sri Lanka. While existing agrarian relations in the peasant sector have not become a barrier to the growth of productive forces in the peasant economy, this growth has not necessarily led to the disintegration of the peasantry, despite a certain amount of differentiation among them. While the dynamism manifested in the emergence of a small stratum of rich peasants and rural entrepreneurs may indicate the possibility of capitalist development in the peasant sector in some areas of the country, the overall situation within the peasant economy indicates the possibility of paddy agriculture reaching its advanced stages within the form of peasant production itself. In the event of such a possibility, it is the problem of underemployed labour in the peasant sector which will become the agrarian question of Sri Lanka. Arts, Faculty of Sociology, Department of Graduate

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Makinana, Anazo. "Recycled water usage in peri-urban agriculture : an examination of its socio-economic and environmental benefits in Port Elizabeth." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5719.

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This study examines whether recycled water (specifically grey water) is used in peri-urban agriculture in greater Port Elizabeth. It also investigates the socio-economic as well as environmental benefits of using recycled water in peri-urban agriculture. Community perceptions and narratives about the use of recycled water for farming purposes were also investigated. Study respondents were purposively selected from Motherwell and Uitenhage in Port Elizabeth. A qualitative research methodology and methods were used. This involved using purposive sampling to sample, select and interview 22 respondents and eight key informants. All the respondents were interviewed using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The study found that while many respondents have heard about water recycling, they are however not using recycled grey water for their peri-urban farming activities. Instead, peri-urban farmers continue to use water supplied by the municipality. Recycled water is mostly used for watering sport fields around Port Elizabeth. This continued usage of municipal water (instead of recycled water) is not only costly to the municipality but the individual farmers as well. The respondents were however aware of the benefits of using recycled water. These include economic (money saved from not paying irrigation water bills), environmental (nutrient contents found in recycled water) and socio-economic (conserving fresh available for use in other community purposes). The study recommends that the Nelson Mandela Metro Municipality should do more (through educational and environmental campaigns) to encourage peri-urban farmers to use recycled water in their farming activities.

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Man'ombe, Edson. "Economic value and genetic prediction of clinical mastitis in South African Holstein cattle." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86396.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mastitis is the most prevalent and costly production disease of dairy cattle; hence mastitis incidence is a distinctly important trait in dairy cattle. The primary objective of the study was to determine the economic value, and develop a model for genetic prediction of clinical mastitis in South African Holstein cattle. These procedures are a prerequisite to including this trait in the breeding objective. The cost of clinical mastitis per incident was calculated as the sum of revenue loss due to discarded milk during the infection period and the associated treatment costs. Economic value (ZAR/incident) was calculated as the change in profit (increase in costs) resulting from a simulated marginal increase in mastitis incidence in an average herd. Average economic losses due to clinical mastitis were estimated at ZAR919.96/cow/year and the average incidence was 0.9cases/cow/year. The economic value of clinical mastitis was ‐ZAR1079.51/incident. A model for predicting estimated breeding values (EBVs) for clinical mastitis using somatic cell score (SCS), fore teat length (FTL), udder depth (UD) and rear udder height (RUH) was developed, using genetic (co)variances among these traits. Since EBVs for SCS, FTL, UD and RUH are routinely estimated under the national genetic evaluation programme, EBVs for clinical mastitis can be predicted from the model developed in the current study. Thus, the results of the study provide the basis for including clinical mastitis in the breeding objective for South African Holstein cattle. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mastitis is die mees algemeenste en duursteproduksie siekte wat voorkom by melkbeeste, daarom is die voorkoms van mastitis 'n belangrike eienskap in melkbeeste. Die primêre doel van die studie was om die ekonomiese waarde te bepaal, asook die ontwikkeling van 'n model vir genetiese voorspelling van kliniese mastitis in Suid‐Afrikaanse Holstein beeste. Hierdie prosedures is 'n voorvereiste vir insluiting van hierdie eienskap as ‘n teeldoelwit in seleksie programme. Die koste van kliniese mastitis per voorval is bereken as die som van die inkomste verlies weens melk weggegooi tydens die infeksie periode en die gepaardgaande koste vir die behandeling. Ekonomiese waarde (ZAR / voorval) is bereken as die verandering in wins (toename in koste) wat voortspruit uit 'n gesimuleerde marginale toename in mastitis voorkoms in 'n gemiddelde kudde. Gemiddelde ekonomiese verliese as gevolg van kliniese mastitis was beraam op ZAR919.96/koei/jaar en die gemiddelde voorkoms was 0.9gevalle/koei/jaar. Die ekonomiese waarde van kliniese mastitis was ‐ ZAR1079.51/geval. 'n Model vir die voorspelling van beraamde teelwaardes (EBV’s) vir kliniese mastitis is ontwikkel deur gebruik te maak van die ko‐variansies tussen die onderskeie eienskappe: somatiese sel telling (SST), voorspeen lengte (VSL), uier diepte (UD) en agter uier hoogte (AUH). Aangesien teelwaardes vir SST, VSL, UD en AUH gereeld beraam word onder die Nasionale genetiese evaluasie program, kan teelwaardes vir kliniese mastitis voorspel word vanuit die model wat ontwikkel is in die huidige studie. Dus verskaf die resultate van hierdie studie ‘n basis vir die insluiting van kliniese mastitis as ‘n teeldoelwit in seleksie programme van die Suid‐Afrikaanse Holstein beeste.

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Tsang, Ho Yee. "Analyses of the agricultural production during the era of rural reform in China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1998. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/126.

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Petersen, Hans-Georg. "Economic aspects of agricultural areas mangement and land/water ecotones conservation." Universität Potsdam, 1995. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1586/.

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Part of the intorduction: The task of writing a reliable and convincing paper on this topic is a very uneasy one because it is threefold: one has to know at least a bit about the agricultural sector, biology (or more precisely ecology), and about the sometimes beneficial but often distorting consequences of human activities. And all that has to be judged from the perspective of an economist who is aware of the steadily increasing uncertainties which are closely connected with post-modem sciences. Especially with regard to global, but also regional environmental issues, neither the conventional applied sciences nor the traditional professional consultancy deliver promising results. Today scientists have to tackle problems which are created by political necessities overwhelmingly caused by short-term human behavior, due in part to a serious lack of information on the longterm behavioral consequences. In these issues, typically, information stacks are high, scientific facts uncertain, individual as well as collective values disputed, and political decisions very urgent. "In general, the post-normal situation is one where the traditional opposition of 'hard'facts and 'soft' values is inverted. Here we find decisions that are 'hard' in every sense, for which the scientific inputs are irremediably 'soft'" (FUNTOWICZ/RAVETZ, 1991, p. 138).

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