Articles de revues : « Economic Target Areas (ETA) »

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Abbas, Kalbe, Habib Iqbal Javed et Sajjad-ur-rehman Chughtai. « Maize in the Rainfed Areas of Pakistan : An Analysis for Production Sustainability ». Pakistan Development Review 37, n^o 4II (1 décembre 1998) : 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.235-243.

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The turning issue in agriculture of this era is sustainability and self reliance. There are several definitions of sustainability described by various scientists. Broadly, it means that the improvement in agriculture should be long lasting in view of changing environmental and socio-economic conditions. The high yielding technology available today is not fully adopted because of high cost and changing price structure of the important inputs. Under the present circumstances, the need arises to tailor the production practices according to the need of the farmers for long-term adoption. Sustainable agricultural systems are those that rely on lower inputs of energy and agricultural chemicals to achieve long-term productivity and environmental compatibility. However, Balanos (1998) concludes that the low input systems are low in productivity. Firebaugh (1990) mentioned the proposals given by J.F. Pars and colleagues that the ultimate target of the farmers in sustainable agriculture is to increase productivity and profitability. He also added that we should get benefit from germplasm which can survive over a long period of time.

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Fauzi, Akhmad, et Alex Oxtavianus. « The Measurement of Sustainable Development in Indonesia ». Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan : Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 15, n^o 1 (1 juin 2014) : 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v15i1.124.

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Nearly the end of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) era, bring back ideas for looking international development goals. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is one of them. In this study, sustainable development has defined as the balance of economic, social and environmental. The achievement of sustainable development is measured by using two different approaches, partial and composite indicator. Partial development indicators showed progress in economic and social dimensions. However, progress in these areas seems to put pressure on the environment. Sustainable Development Index (IPB), which is a composite of GDP, HDI and IKLH (Environmental Quality Index) also gives the same message. By using a balance between dimensions of development technique, as chosen scenario, sustainable development in Indonesia reached about two-thirds of the maximum target. Hight progress in economic and social ultimately corrected by environmental degradation.

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Fauzi, Akhmad, et Alex Oxtavianus. « Pengukuran Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di Indonesia ». MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 30, n^o 1 (9 juin 2014) : 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v30i1.445.

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Nearly the end of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) era, it emerges some ideas to refined international agreed development goals. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has been one of the ideas. In this study, sustainable development is defined as the balance of economic, social and environmental development. The achievement of sustainable development is measured by using two different approaches, partial and composite indicators. Composite index calculation using seven phases starting from the theoretical framework to disseminate.Partial development indicator describes progress in economic and social dimensions. However, the progress in these areas a proximally puts some pressure on the environment. Sustainable Development Index (IPB), which is a composite of GDP, HDI and IKLH (Environmental Quality Index) also delivers the same message. By selecting a balance scenario as the chosen one among all development dimensions, it started that the sustainable development in Indonesia has just reached about two-thirds of the maximum target. The hight progress achieved in both economic and social development has finally to be corrected by degradation in environment.

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Azizi, Dona, Frank Biermann et Rakhyun E. Kim. « Policy Integration for Sustainable Development through Multilateral Environmental Agreements ». Global Governance : A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 25, n^o 3 (25 septembre 2019) : 445–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02503005.

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Abstract Over the past three decades, policy integration has become a key objective for guiding and harmonizing policies for sustainable development. Most recently, the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals have added new impetus to efforts of integrating competing objectives of environmental sustainability, social development, and economic growth, as well as of integrating issue-specific environmental policies on climate change and terrestrial and marine biodiversity. While multilateral environmental agreements are important international instruments for achieving sustainable development, there has been little focus so far on their contribution to policy integration. Covering the years from 2007 to 2016, this article presents an empirical analysis of sustainability policy integration (i.e., how multilateral environmental agreements integrate environmental, social, and economic issues in their decisions) and environmental policy integration (i.e., the outreach of multilateral environmental agreements to different environmental issue areas beyond their mandate). The analysis finds that multilateral environmental agreements have not moved toward further policy integration over the studied period. If policy and institutional coherence is a key global governance target in the post-2015 era, a concerted effort will be required to improve the extent of policy integration by multilateral environmental agreements.

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Mandják, Tibor, et Judit Simon. « An old picture … or is it ? The relations between business and political networks in Hungary ». IMP Journal 10, n^o 3 (17 octobre 2016) : 483–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imp-08-2015-0046.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address two questions: how do business and political (i.e. party politics and state) networks relate? What are the consequences of the relations between these two networks for the behaviour of the actors involved? Design/methodology/approach The research design consists of the historical approach based on relevant literature sources of the past, a relatively long period – from 1968, the beginning of the era of market socialism, until the first decade of the twenty-first century, by which time the market economy had been established for more than 20 years. The authors analyse the behaviour of economic and non-economic actors in Hungary based on cases and historical data, applying the IMP network approach. Findings Research findings demonstrate the long-term influence of the relation between business and bureaucratic networks on managerial and organizational network behaviour. The old and new pictures of the economic system are different, but the background to the pictures and the movement in the two pictures are quite similar. Research limitations/implications The historical illustrations and cases the authors have presented cannot be too widely generalized: the characteristics of the Hungarian mode of transition from market socialism to market economy impose important limitations on the generalizability of the findings. Practical implications The study offers lessons to policy makers: policy decisions can have long term, unanticipated impacts on non-target areas as well. Social implications The results confirm that the informal networks of socialism can replicate themselves and network structures can be repurposed in the system after the transition as well. Originality/value One contribution of the paper is related to the second network paradox: the cases illustrate non-business relationships with non-economic factors, particularly relations with bureaucracy. The other contribution is the description of how the transition from socialism to capitalism affected the networks that firms were embedded in before and after the transition.

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Bornmann, Lutz, Robin Haunschild et Werner Marx. « Policy documents as sources for measuring societal impact : how often is climate change research mentioned in policy-related documents ? » Scientometrics 109, n^o 3 (9 septembre 2016) : 1477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2115-y.

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AbstractIn the current UK Research Excellence Framework (REF) and the Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA), societal impact measurements are inherent parts of the national evaluation systems. In this study, we deal with a relatively new form of societal impact measurements. Recently, Altmetric—a start-up providing publication level metrics—started to make data for publications available which have been mentioned in policy documents. We regard this data source as an interesting possibility to specifically measure the (societal) impact of research. Using a comprehensive dataset with publications on climate change as an example, we study the usefulness of the new data source for impact measurement. Only 1.2 % (n = 2341) out of 191,276 publications on climate change in the dataset have at least one policy mention. We further reveal that papers published in Nature and Science as well as from the areas “Earth and related environmental sciences” and “Social and economic geography” are especially relevant in the policy context. Given the low coverage of the climate change literature in policy documents, this study can be only a first attempt to study this new source of altmetrics data. Further empirical studies are necessary, because mentions in policy documents are of special interest in the use of altmetrics data for measuring target-oriented the broader impact of research.

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Hendrie, Gillian Anne, John Coveney et David Cox. « Exploring nutrition knowledge and the demographic variation in knowledge levels in an Australian community sample ». Public Health Nutrition 11, n^o 12 (décembre 2008) : 1365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008003042.

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AbstractObjectivesExplore the level of general nutrition knowledge and demographic influences of knowledge levels in a community sample.Design and settingA sample of volunteers, recruited from community centres in two suburbs of differing socio-economic status, in Adelaide, South Australia.SubjectsTwo hundred and one people, aged 18 years and older, completed a modified and validated version of the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (113 items). The questionnaire was self-administered and completed under supervision.ResultsBasic messages about eating more fruit, vegetables and fibre, and less fatty and salty foods were best understood. Confusion was evident with more detailed nutrition information. For example, 90 % of the people were aware of the recommendations to eat more fruit and vegetables, but 56 % and 62 % knew the recommended number of servings of fruit and vegetables, respectively. Descriptive statistics showed significant demographic variation in nutrition knowledge levels; multiple regression analysis confirmed the significant independent effects of gender, age, highest level of education and employment status on nutrition knowledge level (P< 0·01 level). The model accounted for 40 % of the variance in nutrition knowledge scores.ConclusionsThere is demographic variation in nutrition knowledge levels and a broad lack of awareness of some public health nutrition recommendations. Having a detailed understanding of the deficiencies in community knowledge should allow for future nutrition education programmes to target subgroups of the population or particular areas of nutrition education, to more efficiently improve knowledge and influence dietary behaviour.

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IONIŢĂ, Crăişor C. « Terror in europe and its sources in illegal migration from the south. How to distinguish one from the other and contain both ». Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem 1(14)/2020, n^o 1(14)/2020 (2020) : 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33674/320193.

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Currently, Europe has to face new risks and threats, including terrorist attacks, illegal migration, and hybrid warfare that transcend the common security aspects and have further roots beyond its borders, in unsolved hot spot areas, like Eastern and Southern neighbourhood. Today rapid developments in the political and economic fields made terrorism a common problem for all the countries in the world. This is also true for European countries because, with the Madrid bombing of the Atocha Rail Station, where, for the first time in the history of terrorism, two organizations were involved together (Al Qaida and ETA) in committing a violent action, we can speak about the internationalisation of terror and the shift of its political objectives towards those nations supporting the United States in the International War on Terror. Since the 2014 Ukrainian crisis and Syrian conflict, including here military actions to counter the Salafi Jihadist militant group and alleged former Al Qaida affiliate in the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a period of increased Islamic terrorist activity has taken place in Europe, often referred to as the Wave of Terror in Europe. Terrorists employed a wide range of tactics to support implementation of their overall strategies. In Europe, as we saw in the past events, terrorist organisations have mostly been employing old tactics such as bombing, arson, assassination and suicide attack to achieve their goals. The big issue for terror in Europe is the mix of some of these classical acts with new methods including the use of computer devices, driving transportation means against crowds, shooting and stabbing their targets, in order to transmit proposed messages. The European security context forced more and more European states to take “hard” measures for eliminating the danger of those terrorist organizations. A lot of books have been written and many analyses have been made since the 90s. However, the terrorists modify their tactics and weapons according to new conditions. Moreover, they co-operate with each other and gain a more Mafia like characteristic. Even, terrorist organizations and other crime organizations are going faster than the sovereign countries in the field of cooperation. Consequently, the terrorist organizations, instead of being annihilated, gain more power, with every countermeasure.

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Ansong, Eric, et Richard Boateng. « Surviving in the digital era – business models of digital enterprises in a developing economy ». Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 21, n^o 2 (8 mars 2019) : 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-08-2018-0046.

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Purpose This study aims to explore the business models and strategies of digital enterprises in a developing economy context to understand the nature of their operations, as well as their survival tactics. Design/methodology/approach A review of literature on digital enterprise models led to the adaptation of a 16 business model archetype for analyzing digital enterprises in Ghana. Using a critical realism perspective, survey data from a sample of 91 digital enterprises were used for the study. Findings The findings suggest that among human, physical and intangible assets, financial assets were the least used assets in the operations of the digital enterprises. This stems from the fact that the online financial business sector is still in its nascent stages in most developing economies. The findings further suggest that all digital enterprises leverage on accessible and low-cost social networking services as part of their operations and use them as an avenue to engage with their target customers. Research limitations/implications The findings from this study provide guidelines to entrepreneurs who wish to venture into the digital ecosystem of Ghana, particularly with regard to the economic, financial and technological factors that enable digital enterprises to survive in the competitive digital economy. Practical implications The findings suggest that it is important for governments to realize that there is an increasing rise in digital enterprises in the developing economies and these enterprises are creating jobs and providing business solutions locally that would hitherto be sought from developed economies. There is therefore the need for the requisite legal infrastructure and financial support that will cushion these enterprises from the fierce competitions that stagnate their growth. Originality/value The study provides a mapping of the digital business models of Ghanaian digital enterprises. This knowledge is arguably the first of its kind in the context of a developing economy. Hence, it serves as a stepping-stone for future studies to explore other areas in the digital economy, especially from a developing economy perspective.

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Basok, B. I., et Ye T. Baseyev. « ENERGY : DEVELOPMENT FORECASTS, BIFURCATION POINTS (OVERVIEW) ». Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, n^o 4 (25 septembre 2020) : 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.4.2020.7.

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The forecast of the development of energy balances of the world, Europe and Ukraine is presented. It is emphasized that in its development, the energy industry passes through bifurcation points, the exit from which can change the development scenarios up to the termination of work in a number of scientific areas and technologies. The behavior of systems passing along the path of their development of the bifurcation point, detailed research by the Nobel Prize laureate, physicist and chemist I.R. Prigogine. In its dynamics of development, the energy sector of Ukraine has already passed bifurcation points. Global political changes in the USSR and in the world (the era of "perestroika", the collapse of the USSR and the entire socialist camp) made it impossible to fulfill the main provisions of the USSR Energy Program for the long term and the republican target complex scientific and technical program "Energocomplex", as well as the creation of a new production technology electric power (thermal power plant with combined cycle - MHD generator as a superstructure above the steam power unit). 2020 may also be a bifurcation point in the development of energy in the world and in the regions. Already now, global changes in real GDP and CO2 emissions clearly correspond to global geopolitical, economic and environmental shocks in the world, including the impending Covid-19 pandom. The energy policy of Ukraine (energy strategy) depends on the energy circuits of the new world - on the challenges and risks of a global and local nature. Geopolitical and economic turbulence in the world makes it necessary to promptly monitor and, if necessary, make adjustments to the forecasts for the development of the economies of countries and the world as a whole, including the basic component of the economy - energy. Suggestions are made for the need to support the energy strategy, including the energy strategy adopted in Ukraine in 2017 for the period up to 2035, by working documents - operational sliding forecast plans (roadmaps) to manage and monitor its implementation at intermediate time intervals, creating perhaps a specialized structure for these purposes.

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Obonyo, Paul Muga, Samuel N. Waweru et Onyango G. Adino. « The Role of NGOs in Financing Public Primary Education in Kenya ». Msingi Journal 1, n^o 1 (2 août 2018) : 350–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/mj.v1i1.59.

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The World Conference on Education for All, held in Jomtiem, Thailand 1990 stated that education is so diverse, complex and demanding to expect governments alone to meet the vast arrays of learner needs. The call for a multi-sectoral approach and building new alliances between governments, private, and NGOs forces was central to the thematic round tables on "NGOs and Literacy" and Mobilizing for "Education for All" (Hadaad 1990). This study examined the role of NGOs in financing public primary education in Budalangi, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were: to determine NGOs participation areas in public primary education provision focusing on disbursement procedures and equity considerations for different socio-economic groups; to find out the various sources of NGOs‘ funds; to reveal the challenges facing NGOs in their effort to support public primary education and finally, to find out the adequacy and relevance of NGOs support as perceived byschool heads, parents and pupils in the region. The study adopted a descriptive survey paradigm. The target population comprised of 16 NGOs supporting publicprimary education, 33 primary schools and 16518 pupils and their parents benefiting from NGOs support. The sample included nine NGOs, seven public primary schools and 111 pupils and their parents. This gave a total of 238 respondents. The data was collected using questionnaires for NGO administrators and head teachers and interview schedules for parents and pupils. The study found out that NGOs play a central role in promoting quality, access, equity and relevance of primary education by providing physical facilities, direct support to pupils and parents. It was noted that the number of supported pupils was significant (31%) in relation to the total school enrolment. However, NGOs faced the challenge of insufficient funds, lack of exit strategy and mistrust by the government. The study recommends that the NGOs should use capacity building for sustained support and to work hand in hand with the government and all other stakeholders in education to help Kenya meet her international commitment in achieving the MDG goal in Education and EFA goals adopted in Dakar in 2000.

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ALONSO IBÁÑEZ, María Rosario. « Las repercusiones urbanísticas y territoriales de un modelo agotado de crecimiento económico ». RVAP 99-100, n^o 99-100 (30 décembre 2014) : 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.99.100.2014.010.

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LABURPENA: Lurzoruaren okupazioan ikusten dira lurralde bateko aldaketa ekonomikoak eta sozialak. Azken hamarkadetan, hirietako eta aldirietako hirigintza-planak neurriz gainekoak izan dira, erkidego osoaren edo azpi-eskualdearen lurralde-plangintzarik gabe edo oso gutxirekin, eta ez da gaitasun politiko eta profesionalik egon lurrak modu orekatuan okupatzeko. Denboran zehar ezagutu dugun garapen ekonomikoaren eredutik sortu diren hirigintza- eta lurralde-aldaketak aztertzen dira lan honetan. Hiri-hazkunde sakabanatuaren ondorioz, ≪landa hiritartzea≫ esaten zaion fase berri baten aurrean gaude, non landa eta hiria elkarri loturik dauden, zein bere aldetik bizitzeko modurik gabe. RESUMEN: La ocupacion del suelo refleja los cambios economicos y sociales que ocurren en un territorio. El mantenimiento en el tiempo de un espacio territorial ordenado por unos planes urbanisticos municipales sobredimensionados, sin ninguna o escasa planificacion territorial para el conjunto del territorio autonomico o para ambitos de escala subregional, unido a la incapacidad politica y profesional de mantener un equilibrio en la ocupacion territorial, no podian ser un coctel mas explosivo sobre lo que ha acontecido en las ciudades y sus periferias en las ultimas decadas. En este trabajo se analizan las transformaciones urbanisticas y territoriales a que ha conducido el modelo de desarrollo economico que venimos manteniendo en el tiempo. El resultado de los procesos de crecimiento urbano disperso ha situado el hecho urbano ante una nueva fase que ya empezamos a denominar como la ≪urbanizacion del campo≫ o el ≪campo urbanizado≫, donde lo rural y lo urbano se entrelazan sin posibilidad de supervivencia por separado. ABSTRACT: The occupation of land reflects the economic and social changes in a territory. The maintenance in time of a territorial space organized according to oversized municipal urban plans, without any or with poor territorial planning for the whole autonomic territory or for areas with a subregional scale, together with the political and professional incompetence to keep a balance in the territorial occupation could not be but the most explosive cocktail regarding what has happened in cities and outskirts for the last decades. We analyze the urban and territorial transformations to what the economic model of development has driven us and that we are keeping on time. The result of the process of dispersed urban growth has placed urban fact in front of a new phase which is being called the ≪urbanization of the countryside≫ or the ≪urban countryside≫ where rural and urban are intertwined not being possible for them to live apart.

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MEDINA ARNÁIZ, Teresa. « La necesidad de reformar la legislación sobre contratación pública para luchar contra la corrupción : las obligaciones que nos llegan desde Europa ». RVAP 104-II, n^o 104-II (29 avril 2016) : 77–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.104.2016.2.03.

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LABURPENA: Ustelkeria arazo larria da eta eragin txarra du herrialde baten ekonomia, politika eta gizarte garapenean. Estatuetako mugak gainditu dituenez, estatu guztien kezka da. Hori dela eta, estatuen barruko araudiekin batera, azken urteotan nazioarteko hitzarmenak ugaldu dira jarrera ustelei aurrea hartzeko eta horiek jazartzeko. Ildo horretatik ere doaz Europako Batasuna eta estatu kideak, eta fronte desberdinetatik, ustelkeriaren aurkako politika globala ari dira garatzen. Jarduketa eremu bat kontratazio publikoa da, sektore horretan ustelkeria errazago gerta daitekeelako. Artikulu honetan, eskuraketa publikoetan kutunkeria eta ustelkeria gertatzeko arriskua murrizteko hartutako neurri batzuk azaltzen dira. RESUMEN: La corrupción es un grave problema que perjudica el desarrollo económico, político y social de un país. Su generalización más allá de las fronteras nacionales, preocupa a todos los Estados. Es por ello que, junto a las normativas internas, en los últimos años se han multiplicado los convenios internacionales para prevenir y reprimir las conductas corruptas. En esa línea de actuación se encuentra también la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros que, desde distintos frentes, vienen desarrollando una política global de lucha contra la corrupción. Uno de sus ámbitos de acción es el de la contratación pública al ser éste uno de los sectores más expuestos al riesgo de corrupción. Este artículo presenta alguna de las medidas adoptadas desde la normativa contractual para reducir el riesgo de favoritismo y corrupción en las adquisiciones públicas. ABSTRACT: Corruption is a serious problem that is detrimental to the social, economic and political development of any country. Its extension across national frontiers is a source of concern for all States. Hence, in addition to specific domestic regulations, international conventions have multiplied in recent years to prevent and to curb corrupt practices. The European Union is also moving down this road and has developed a global policy to combat corruption on various fronts. One of its areas of action is public procurement; since 2004, Directives on public procurement have provided for the mandatory exclusion from the tendering process of those tenderers who have been convicted in a final sentence of offences involving corruption. The present article approaches the study of these measures and examines their contribution to the fight against corruption in the context of public procurement.

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Sagaydak A.A., Sagaydak A. A., et M. S. Seljanskij. « The problems of sustainable development of country areas in modern conditions ». Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), n^o 6 (21 mai 2021) : 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-4-2106-04.

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The article considers the issues of socio-economic development and assessment of socio-economic indicators of country areas in the period of application of the Federal target program "Sustainable development of country areas in 2014-2017 and up to 2020". The measures provided by the state program of the Russian Federation "Integrated development of country areas" are considered and evaluated in this paper as well.

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ILINA, Maria, et Yulia SHPYLIOVA. « SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL IMPERATIVES OF RURAL AREAS’ ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ». Economy of Ukraine 2019, n^o 9-10 (24 octobre 2019) : 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2019.09.068.

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Low standards of people’s living and economic depression in rural areas in Ukraine make it difficult to achieve the systemic integrity of economic, social and environmental components of the sustainable development. The imbalance between these components causes worsening of the environmental harms and deteriorates conditions for the human capital’s reproduction. The purpose of the article is to substantiate with theoretical and practical means the content and structure of social and ecological imperatives, which are represented as norms and standards relating to economic activities aiming to improve the policy of natural resources use and protect the ecosystem’s integrity of the territories. Economic imperatives reflect a set of rules applied to all economic entities operating within the current regulatory framework. It takes into account various factors and immanent actions. Key challenges, which are most urgent for a society at a certain time and form guidelines for solving problems of social relations and interactions, determine structure and content of social imperatives. Ecological imperatives regulate anthropogenic activity formally and informally and cause changes in the natural environment. They are dynamic and can vary depending on the level of the development of a society, its technologies, welfare, and institutional framework. Laws and principles of the development, summarized in the form of the imperatives, outline the target benchmarks and national priorities on modernization of the economy and improvement of living standards. Spatial differentiation of the territories takes into account their proximity to urban centers, the degree of economic capacity, the availability of social infrastructure of the proper quality, and meeting environmental standards. One more significant parameter is the availability of assets, which are defined as a set of resources of a territory, the potential and opportunities for their use. The achievement of the national priorities in Ukraine currently is complicated with inefficient use of territorial assets. Social and ecological imperatives are the solid value and normative ground for the development of local policy. One of its obvious steps is the mutually linked differentiation of the priorities, types of the territories and available assets of them.

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Dutton, Michael, et Lee Tianfu. « Missing the Target ? Policing Strategies in the Period of Economic Reform ». Crime & ; Delinquency 39, n^o 3 (juillet 1993) : 316–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128793039003004.

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During the 1980s, the People's Republic of China experienced a significant rise in crime as well as an accompanying increase in the fear of crime in the general population. This article documents how the Chinese government leadership initially responded to this situation through mass campaigns. The adoption of this campaign style of policing foreshadowed a more fundamental change in the nature of policing in China. The authors show how specialized policing with selective targeting replaced the all round policing of the past. The article documents the emergence of specialized forms of policing for special professions, special populations, and key areas. The authors posit that this form of policing grew out of the demands for security in the economic reform period, but ultimately threatens the reform program by instituting extralegal forms of control.

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Gao, Junfeng, Mingliang Zhao, Xueyan Duan, Yongqiang Wang, Hong Cao, Xiaoqi Li et Shijun Zheng. « Requirement of Cellular Protein CCT7 for the Replication of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 (FAdV-4) in Leghorn Male Hepatocellular Cells Via Interaction with the Viral Hexon Protein ». Viruses 11, n^o 2 (27 janvier 2019) : 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020107.

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Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) causes hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), leading to severe economic losses in the poultry industry. Although the pathogenesis of FAdV-4 infection has caused much attention, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identified chaperonin containing TCP-1 subunit eta (CCT7) as an interacting partner of the FAdV-4 capsid protein hexon. We found that ectopic expression of CCT7 in leghorn male hepatocellular (LMH) cells enhanced hexon expression in pRK5-flag-hexon transfected cells. On the contrary, knockdown of cellular CCT7 by RNAi markedly reduced hexon expression in FAdV-4-infected cells and suppressed viral replication. These data suggest that CCT7 is required for FAdV-4 replication and may serve as a potential target for controlling FAdV-4 infection.

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SOBENES, CATTERINA, et CARLOS CHÁVEZ. « Determinants of economic performance for coastal managed areas in central-southern Chile ». Environment and Development Economics 14, n^o 6 (7 mai 2009) : 717–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x09005270.

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ABSTRACTWe study the economic performance of Benthic Resource Management Areas (BRMAs) in central-southern Chile. The analysis considers 26 managed areas with Agreements of Use declaring Chilean abalone (Concholepas concholepas) to be the main exploited benthic resource from 2001 to 2003. Our analysis explores the role played by several characteristics thought to be potential BRMA performance determinants. These variables were defined and grouped into four types: economic, environmental–biological, institutional–organizational, and organizational leader. Our results indicate that the price of Chilean abalone, the size of the habitable area, the target resource density, the density of other resources, and leader experience are determinant factors for the economic performance of the BRMAs under study.

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Montazar, Aliasghar, Robert Krueger, Dennis Corwin, Alireza Pourreza, Cayle Little, Sonia Rios et Richard L. Snyder. « Determination of Actual Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients of California Date Palms Using the Residual of Energy Balance Approach ». Water 12, n^o 8 (11 août 2020) : 2253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082253.

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As water scarcity becomes of greater concern in arid and semi-arid regions due to altered weather patterns, greater and more accurate knowledge regarding evapotranspiration of crops produced in these areas is of increased significance to better manage limited water resources. This study aimed at determining the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and crop coefficients (Ka) in California date palms. The residual of energy balance method using a combination of surface renewal and eddy covariance techniques was applied to measure ETa in six commercial mature date palm orchards (8–22 years old) over one year. The experimental orchards represent various soil types and conditions, irrigation management practices, canopy characteristics, and the most common date cultivars in the region. The results demonstrated considerable variability in date palm consumptive water use, both spatially and temporally. The cumulative ETa (CETa) across the six sites ranged from 1299 to 1501 mm with a mean daily ETa of 7.2 mm day−1 in June–July and 1.0 mm day−1 in December at the site with the highest crop water consumption. The mean monthly Ka values varied between 0.63 (December) and 0.90 (June) in the non-salt-affected, sandy loam soil date palms with an average density of 120 plants ha−1 and an average canopy cover and tree height of more than 80% and 11.0 m, respectively. However, the values ranged from 0.62 to 0.75 in a silty clay loam saline-sodic date palm orchard with 55% canopy cover, density of 148 plants ha−1, and 7.3 m tree height. Inverse relationships were derived between the CETa and soil salinity (ECe) in the crop root zone; and between the mean annual Ka and ECe. This information addresses the immediate needs of date growers for irrigation management in the region and enables them to more efficiently utilize water and to achieve full economic gains in a sustainable manner, especially as water resources become less available or more expensive.

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Buschke, Falko T., Susie Brownlie et Jeff Manuel. « The conservation costs and economic benefits of using biodiversity offsets to meet international targets for protected area expansion ». Oryx 53, n^o 4 (12 décembre 2017) : 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001521.

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AbstractAichi Biodiversity Target 11 under the Convention on Biological Diversity sets out to conserve at least 17% of terrestrial area by 2020. However, few countries are on track to meet this target and it is uncertain whether developing countries have allocated sufficient resources to expand their protected areas. Biodiversity offsets could resolve this conservation shortfall if developers who affect biodiversity negatively at one locality are made responsible for its protection elsewhere. Here we simulate the use of biodiversity offsetting to expand protected area coverage in South Africa's grassland biome. South Africa's biodiversity offsets policy has been designed specifically to compensate for the residual loss of biodiversity caused by development, by establishing and managing protected areas within the same ecosystem type. We show that it is possible to meet protected area targets using only offsets, while facilitating economic development. However, doing so could slash the current extent of intact habitat by half. These losses could be reduced considerably should the gains in protected areas through offsetting supplement rather than supplant existing government commitments to protected area expansion. Moreover, supplementing existing government commitments would result in comparatively small reductions in potential economic gains, because the marginal economic benefit of transforming habitat decreases as more intact habitat is lost. Therefore, the intended role of biodiversity offsetting in achieving a country's protected area target should be made explicit to fully understand the associated trade-offs between conservation and economic development.

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Миславская, Н., et N. Mislavskaya. « Target Settings and Their Impact on the Transformation of Accounting ». Auditor 5, n^o 10 (7 novembre 2019) : 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5daeaae8844690.65722047.

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Th e article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of accounting knowledge and, as a result, accounting practices that are permanently transformed into separate accounting areas aimed at satisfying the information interests of certain groups of users of fi nancial, tax, social and other reporting. Th e author focuses on the impossibility of achieving economic effi ciency of organizations, in the setting of distorted or false targets of the national accounting system.

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Cappai, Stefano, Sandro Rolesu, Francesco Feliziani, Pietro Desini, Vittorio Guberti et Federica Loi. « Standardized Methodology for Target Surveillance against African Swine Fever ». Vaccines 8, n^o 4 (2 décembre 2020) : 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040723.

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African swine fever (ASF) remains the most serious pig infectious disease, and its persistence in domestic pigs and wild boar (WB) is a threat for the global industry. The surveillance of WB plays a central role in controlling the disease and rapidly detecting new cases. As we are close to eradicating ASF, the need to find any possible pockets of infection is even more important. In this context, passive surveillance is the method of choice for effective surveillance in WB. Considering the time and economic resources related to passive surveillance, to prioritize these activities, we developed a standardized methodology able to identify areas where WB surveillance should be focused on. Using GIS-technology, we divided a specific Sardinian infected area into 1 km2 grids (a total of 3953 grids). Variables related to WB density, ASF cases during the last three years, sex and age of animals, and the type of land were associated with each grid. Epidemiological models were used to identify the areas with both a lack of information and an high risk of hidden ASFV persistence. The results led to the creation of a graphic tool providing specific indications about areas where surveillance should be a priority.

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Mukhina, Inna A., Gamlet Y. Ostaev, Vyacheslav A. Sokolov et Ekaterina V. Markovina. « Migration processes in rural areas as an indicator of economic security ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, n^o 28 (21 avril 2020) : 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.28.04.37.

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The article reveals the migration processes characteristic of the whole of Russia, including in the village. The migration policy of the regions is one of the key elements of the social development of society, taking into account the economic, political and demographic features of the territory; it determines the direction of migration processes and the formation of migratory connection. The migration process in rural areas (territories) acts as a two-way movement - as a stream of departures and as a stream of arrivals. The article provides basic statistics on migration in the region for 2014-2018. The aim of the study is to analyze the migration situation in rural areas (territories) of the Udmurt Republic, one of the regions of the Russian Federation, since these processes directly affect the state of the labor market. In this regard, it seems relevant to study migration processes in rural areas (territories) of the Udmurt Republic. The object of research is the processes of migration in the context of modern international relations. The subject of the study is - migration processes in rural areas; at the same time, migration is considered in comparison with labor market indicators in addition to traditional indicators of migration growth (decrease) in the population. In accordance with this goal, the main task was determined: to offer statistical indicators characterizing migration in terms of the labor market and the quality of life of rural areas. Methods of comparison, grouping, systematization, analysis of dependence were used. It is concluded that these calculation methods can be applied to determine target indicators of the municipal policy of the region.

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Ovchinnikova, Natalia, et Tatyana Vodolazskaya. « Challenges and Perspectives for Rural Development ». E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021) : 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127306007.

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The development of rural areas which are currently in a state of crisis can be understood as the implementation of federal programs for sustainable development of rural areas with the purpose to eliminate this crisis situation. In our country their implementation began as early as 2003. The stable development of rural community ensures the fulfillment of its national economic functions, maintains ecological balance in the biosphere which are the indicators that stipulate a concept of sustainable development of rural areas. This article deals with the problems of establishing the boundaries of settlements through systematization of the results of federal target programs for the sustainable development of rural areas, taking into account natural, climatic and economic conditions of the country’s territories.

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Melnyk, Viktoriia, Nataliia Dobizha et Oleh Pohrishchuk. « Economic development of rural areas in relation to the concept of building the competitiveness of regions ». Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, n^o 1(91) (1 janvier 2019) : 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2019.01.070.

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The article touches upon the issue of economic development of rural areas in relation to the concept of building competitiveness of regions. The author unfolds the concepts of competitiveness of regions and rural areas. Another concern of the study is to show a range of further prospects for the growth of rural areas. It is claimed that there is a need to build competitiveness of rural areas by strengthening economic capacity, resource base, human resources, marketing, production, and innovative and entrepreneurial potential. Particular attention is drawn to social and economic benefits resulted from the development of rural areas under the conditions of decentralization. The author argues that one of the basic elements forming the concept of competitiveness of regions and the target priority of agricultural policies is the competitiveness of rural areas, the development of local initiatives, and using resources that have not been previously utilized. Thus, the main direction is social and economic growth in all sectors of the economy. The integrated and multifunctional development of rural areas includes not only agricultural activities, but also the growth of entrepreneurship, tourism and creating a livable environment in such areas. It is emphasized that the functional impact on the competitiveness of each region has the following features: region’s specialization, business environment, entrepreneurship, inter-territorial capacity for the economic growth, effective collaboration of local self-government bodies, business entities and locals for solving the problem of building the competitiveness of region. The author comes to the conclusion that the economic development of rural areas depends on the growth in the agricultural sector and is aimed at solving social problems, building the competitiveness of regions and effective use of their economic capacity.

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van der Waldt, Gerrit. « Local economic development for urban resilience : The South African experiment ». Local Economy : The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 33, n^o 7 (30 octobre 2018) : 694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094218809316.

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The severity of environmental problems, rapid urbanisation and the dynamics underlying local governance requires clear strategies for local economic development, which target specific growth areas and collectively aim to increase the resilience of urban communities. A resilient city is one that has developed capacities to absorb future shocks and stresses. Therefore, the collective aim of such a city’s systems, structures, processes and functions entails responding to challenges of sustainable development. Local economic development is generally regarded as an integrated strategy to address complex urban challenges by promoting economic development in local areas. The purpose of this article is twofold: to explore the critical interface between urban resilience and local economic development, and to uncover the successes and failures of local economic development applications in local, district and metropolitan municipalities in South Africa. This assessment and accompanying recommendations can provide valuable guidelines for local economic development best practice.

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Tetzlaff, B., R. Kunkel, W. Schäfer et F. Wendland. « Determination and ranking of target areas in catchments for the implementation of nitrogen reduction measures ». Advances in Geosciences 11 (13 juin 2007) : 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-11-69-2007.

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Abstract. The implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (EU-WFD) forms the background of the WAgriCo-project (Water Resources Management in Cooperation with Agriculture). WagriCo concentrates on the development of nitrogen management options adapted to hydrological and agro-economic site conditions and at demonstrating new participation approaches and technologies suitable for setting-up programmes of measures. The article outlines the conceptual model approach and its application in the pilot region "Große Aue" (Northern Germany). Furthermore the process of delineating priority areas is described, which act as spatial targets for the adaptation of regionally differentiated nutrient reduction measures.

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KRINICHANSKII, Konstantin V., et Aleksei S. LAVRENT'EV. « Prioritizing structural reform areas : Methodological aspects ». Regional Economics : Theory and Practice 19, n^o 5 (14 mai 2021) : 802–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.19.5.802.

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Subject. This article examines the theoretical basis for prioritizing structural reforms in countries and regions. Objectives. The article aims to develop a methodology that helps identify and rank the areas of structural policy and structural reforms by their priority. Methods. For the study, we used a regression analysis, gap analysis, benchmarking, cross-country and regional comparison, and graphical presentation of data. Results. The article proposes a methodology of quantitative assessment and ordered estimate of the priorities of structural reforms. It shows maps of the priorities of the target region, namely the Chelyabinsk Oblast, and the group of regions that have a development pattern similar to the model region, or competitor regions. Conclusions. The problem of increasing the rates of economic growth and well-being standard in the regions can be tackled through structural policies based on prioritizing the economy areas and concentrating resources in the selected ones.

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KRINICHANSKII, Konstantin V., et Aleksei S. LAVRENT'EV. « Prioritizing structural reform areas : Methodological aspects ». Regional Economics : Theory and Practice 19, n^o 5 (14 mai 2021) : 802–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/e.19.5.802.

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Subject. This article examines the theoretical basis for prioritizing structural reforms in countries and regions. Objectives. The article aims to develop a methodology that helps identify and rank the areas of structural policy and structural reforms by their priority. Methods. For the study, we used a regression analysis, gap analysis, benchmarking, cross-country and regional comparison, and graphical presentation of data. Results. The article proposes a methodology of quantitative assessment and ordered estimate of the priorities of structural reforms. It shows maps of the priorities of the target region, namely the Chelyabinsk Oblast, and the group of regions that have a development pattern similar to the model region, or competitor regions. Conclusions. The problem of increasing the rates of economic growth and well-being standard in the regions can be tackled through structural policies based on prioritizing the economy areas and concentrating resources in the selected ones.

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Visconti, Piero, Michel Bakkenes, Robert J. Smith, Lucas Joppa et Rachel E. Sykes. « Socio-economic and ecological impacts of global protected area expansion plans ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 370, n^o 1681 (5 novembre 2015) : 20140284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0284.

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Several global strategies for protected area (PA) expansion have been proposed to achieve the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi target 11 as a means to stem biodiversity loss, as required by the Aichi target 12. However, habitat loss outside PAs will continue to affect habitats and species, and PAs may displace human activities into areas that might be even more important for species persistence. Here we measure the expected contribution of PA expansion strategies to Aichi target 12 by estimating the extent of suitable habitat available for all terrestrial mammals, with and without additional protection (the latter giving the counterfactual outcome), under different socio-economic scenarios and consequent land-use change to 2020. We found that expanding PAs to achieve representation targets for ecoregions under a Business-as-usual socio-economic scenario will result in a worse prognosis than doing nothing for more than 50% of the world's terrestrial mammals. By contrast, targeting protection towards threatened species can increase the suitable habitat available to over 60% of terrestrial mammals. Even in the absence of additional protection, an alternative socio-economic scenario, adopting progressive changes in human consumption, leads to positive outcomes for mammals globally and to the largest improvements for wide-ranging species.

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Rakhimova, Saule, Lyudmila Goncharenko, Aleksey Titkov, Sergey Sybachin et Kymbat Kunanbaeva. « Development of an economic mechanism for creating sustainable regional infrastructure for supporting small businesses ». E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021) : 06063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125806063.

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This article was prepared as part of the government contract as requested by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation on the subject formulated as «Structural changes in economy and society as a result of achieving the target indicators of National projects, which provide opportunities to organize new areas of social and economic activity, including commercial, both in Russia and abroad» (project No. FSSW-2020-0010).

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Tuan, Vo Si, et Nguyen Van Long. « Some scientific issues related to biological resource use and management toward sustainable development of marine economy in the costal provinces in South Central Vietnam ». Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, n^o 4A (8 novembre 2019) : 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/4a/14596.

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Based on referring recent target scientific issues related to sustainable development in the world and considering practices of economic development in the provinces of South Central Vietnam, some issues were selected for analyses in terms of concepts, needs and orientations applicable to the region. They include, inter alia: Economic valuation of marine ecosystems; Important levels of habitats in coastal ecosystems; Rehabilitation and restoration of degraded resources; Natural hazards - prevention and resilience; Marine protected areas and fisheries enhancement; Deoxygenation in marine environment and economic losses in fisheries.

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Gbadegesin, Tosin Kolajo, et Olawale Olayide. « Water Availability Challenges in Low-Income Areas of Agbowo Community, Ibadan, Nigeria ». International Journal of Circular Economy and Waste Management 1, n^o 1 (janvier 2021) : 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcewm.20210101.oa2.

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Water is crucial to life. This has led to the inclusion of a specific water-related target in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study by World Health Organization (WHO) stated that about 663 million people worldwide have no adequate access to safe drinking water while UNICEF stated that about 65 million Nigerians have no access to safe water supplies. It is against this background that this study was conducted in Agbowo Community. The community has a high rate of economic poverty and poor living conditions. The study determined the gap between water supply and demand and enumerated physical and socio-economic variables that influence water availability. The study noted that a significant number of respondents expressed optimism despite the seriousness of the challenges and recommended massive remediation of the area as most of the water sources are contaminated by sewage.

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Comerio, Niccolò, et Fernanda Strozzi. « Tourism and its economic impact : A literature review using bibliometric tools ». Tourism Economics 25, n^o 1 (19 août 2018) : 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618793762.

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Topics such as the relationship between tourism and economic impact, its potential benefits and negative externalities are characterized by both vastness and heterogeneity of contents. Therefore, it can be complex to pinpoint the seminal works of each area of study. To extract the backbones of the research tradition, we applied the dynamic literature review method called ‘Systematic Literature Network Analysis’, which combines systematic literature review and bibliographic network analysis. Additionally, this methodology can help to provide a panorama of the most developed areas of study concerning tourism, supporting newcomers to target specific topics and therefore to link to them.

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Rakhimova, Saule, Lyudmila Goncharenko, Sergey Sybachin, Kymbat Kunanbayeva et Alina Fatkullina. « Organizational and economic mechanisms for designing the development of the digital economy in developing countries ». E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020) : 10006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021010006.

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The present article was prepared as part of the government contract as requested by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation on the subject formulated as «Structural changes in economy and society as a result of achieving the target indicators of National projects, which provide opportunities to organize new areas of social and economic activity, including commercial, both in Russia and abroad» (project No. FSSW-2020-0010).

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Podgorskaya, Svetlana, et Sergei Schitov. « Model for assessing the competitiveness of rural areas in the region in the new economic conditions ». E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020) : 14001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021014001.

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A model for assessing the competitiveness of rural areas in the region has been developed, which allows analyzing the parameters of the actual socio-economic situation on the basis of statistical data and expert assessments in order to make management decisions aimed at leveling and mitigating the consequences of crisis phenomena. The system of indicative indicators for assessing the main areas of rural life: economic, institutional, innovative, social, labor, and environmental. The integral indicator of the competitiveness of rural areas based on an assessment of the extent to which the characteristic levels of performance target values, the position of the state management and key customers. To calculate the indicator, we used the multivariate average method, which generalizes the levels of characteristics of the studied sample in order to further rank the elements. The weight coefficients for each component of the model were determined by the expert assessment method based on a survey of respondents – rural residents and experts in the field of rural development. The results of testing the model on the materials of rural areas of the Rostov region are presented.

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Lozynskyi, Vasyl. « Underground Сoal Gasification Efficiency in Areas of High Faulting Frequency ». Advanced Engineering Forum 25 (novembre 2017) : 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.25.118.

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The purpose of this paper is substantiating of efficiency during application of borehole underground coal gasification technology based on target coal seam geology. Comprehensive methodology that included analytical calculation is implemented in the work. To determine the efficiency of coal seam gasification in faulting areas, an economic calculation method was developed. The obtained conditions of coal seam allow to provide rational order of mine workings. Conclusions regarding the implementation of the offered method are made on the basis of undertaken investigations. The obtained results with sufficient accuracy in practical application will allow consume coal reserves in the faulting zones using environmentally friendly conversion technology to obtain power and chemical generator gas, chemicals and heat.

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Hu, Yunfeng, et Yueqi Han. « Identification of Urban Functional Areas Based on POI Data : A Case Study of the Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone ». Sustainability 11, n^o 5 (6 mars 2019) : 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051385.

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Functional areas are the basic spatial units in which cities or development zones implement urban plans and provide functions. Internet map big data technology provides a new method for the identification and spatial analysis of functional areas. Based on the POI (point of interest) data from AMap (a map application of AutoNavi) from 2017, this paper proposes an urban functional areas recognition and analysis method based on the frequency density and the ratio of POI function types. It takes the Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone as a case study to analyze the main function and spatial distribution characteristics of the detailed functional areas. The research shows the following: (1) The POI frequency density index and the function type ratio can effectively distinguish the functions of the grid units and analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of a complex functional area. (2) The single functional area is the most common area type in the Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. The largest proportion of all areas is allocated to traditional manufacturing industry functional areas, followed by high-tech enterprises, catering and entertainment, real estate, and education and health care, in descending order. The smallest proportion is allocated to finance and insurance functional areas. (3) The current layout of the functional areas in the Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone conforms to the overall requirements and planning objectives of the central and local government. The layout and agglomeration of different blocks within the economic development zone are consistent with local industry’s target orientation and development history.

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Bastin, Ali. « Consequences of Promoting Less-Populated Rural Areas to Urban Areas : A Case Study, Bushehr Province ». Current World Environment 10, n^o 1 (30 avril 2015) : 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.1.11.

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The modified law of Iranian Administrative divisions has greatly altered the pattern of settlement in recent decades. The promotion of rural areas to urban areas has shifted from mere population standard to combined population-administrative standards. However, all censuses suggest that many rural areas reported as smaller than the minimum population standard have been promoted to urban areas. In the last two decades, this is a clearly prominent phenomenon in the urban system of Iran. This paper evaluates the effects and consequences of promoting small and sparsely populated rural areas to urban areas in the Bushehr province. The used methodology is analytic-descriptive using a questionnaire distributed among 380 members of the target population. Data analysis is conducted in physical, economic, social and urban servicing domains using one-sample T-test and the utility range. The results show that promotion of rural areas to urban areas has positive outcomes such as improved waste disposal system, improved quality of residential buildings, increased monitoring of the construction, increased income, prevented migration and improved health services. However, the results of utility range show that the negative consequences of this policy are more than its positive outcomes, which have been studied in detail.

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Podgorskaya, S. V. « COGNITIVE MODEL FOR INSTITUTIONAL MANAGING THE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS ». Scientific Review : Theory and Practice 10, n^o 6 (30 juin 2020) : 1171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-6-1171-1189.

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The article presents the results of researching the application of an institutional approach to managing the integrated rural areas development in a model implementation. The specific features of the control object, determined by its endogenous structure and exogenous influences, which have a multidimensional nonlinear nature of functioning and interaction, make it possible to classify rural areas as complex semi-structured systems and to use a cognitive methodological approach as a tool for their study and behavior-modeling. The paper draws attention to the fact that rural areas, as a controlled socio-economic system, are characterized by hierarchical management and the activity of its individual subsystems, the interaction of which is determined by formal and informal connections. It presents the institutions that determine the integrated development of rural areas and influence the process of developing solutions, and the choice of appropriate tools necessary to achieve the target indicators of rural development. The instruments of institutional management for the rural areas development are determined. The institutional model for managing the integrated development of rural areas includes the following interrelated and coordinated blocks: subjects of management with a set of measures of control actions; the socio-demographic subsystem, including the size of the rural population and the quality of its life; economic subsystem; ecological subsystem with a characteristic of the state of the natural environment in rural areas. In order to study the trends in the development and behavior of rural areas and for the subsequent creating strategies of their effective sustainable prosperity and adopting scientifically based management decisions a fuzzy cognitive model of rural areas integrated development of has been created. The results of its structural-target analysis and scenario modeling of different possible situations while implementing the strategies for rural areas integrated development in the conditions of various influences are presented. The research results can be used by government bodies of all levels for working out the programs of the rural areas integrated development, since the cognitive model will help to ensure the choice of such directions that ensure changes in the economic behavior of the rural population.

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MALEM SEÑA, Jorge Francisco. « La corrupción. Algunas consideraciones conceptuales y contextuales ». RVAP 104-II, n^o 104-II (29 avril 2016) : 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.104.2016.2.01.

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LABURPENA: Ustelkeria fenomeno unibertsala da. Herrialde, aro, sistema juridiko-politiko eta jarduera publiko edo pribatu guztietara hedatu da. Hala ere, eremu zehatz batzuk direla-eta, ustelkeria errazago hedatzen da planetako zenbait tokitan beste batzuetan baino. Azalpen ona izan daiteke ustelkeria tresna bat dela helburu politiko, ekonomi edo sozial batzuk lortzeko. Esangura horretan, ustelkeria erabiltzea agente ustelaren erabaki arrazionala da. Hori dela eta, elite politikoek eta gizarteak, orokorrean, ez dute beti ustelkeria gaitzetsi. Lan honetan, ustelkeria pizten den hamar testuinguru aztertu dira. Eszenatoki horiek guztiak honelaxe laburbil daitezke: zigorgabetasuna. Zuzenbidea ez denean eragingarria, ustelkeria loratzen da. Ustelkeria politikoa ustelkeriaren eta zigorgabetasunaren aurrean erakutsitako adierazpen bat baino ez da. Zigorgabetasuna amaitzea giza lazeria horri aurre egiteko forma bat da. RESUMEN: La corrupción es un fenómeno universal. Ha atravesado todos los países, todas las épocas, todos los sistemas jurídico-políticos y cualquier actividad pública o privada. A pesar de ello existen ámbitos que provocan que la corrupción se expanda más en algunas zonas del planeta que en otra. Una explicación plausible es que la corrupción juega un papel instrumental para alcanzar determinados fines políticos, económicos o sociales. En ese sentido su uso se corresponde con una decisión racional del agente corrupto. Por ese motivo, las actitudes frente a la corrupción no han sido siempre de rechazo, ni por parte de las élites políticas, ni por parte de la ciudadanía en general. En este trabajo se analiza diez contextos donde se incentiva la corrupción. Estos escenarios pueden resumirse en un único término: impunidad. Cuando el derecho es ineficaz florece la corrupción. La corrupción política es una manifestación más de las actitudes frente a la corrupción y de la ineficacia punitiva. Acabar con la impunidad supone una de las formas de oponerse a esta calamidad humana. ABSTRACT: Corruption is a global phenomenon. It has been experienced by all countries at all times, in any political-legal system and any public or private activity. In spite of this, there are fields that provoke the expansion of corruption to some areas of the world more than others. A plausible explanation would be that corruption plays an instrumental part for the purpose of achieving some political, economic or social aims. In that regard, its usage corresponds with a rational decision by a corrupt agent. That is why the attitudes towards corruption have not always been of rejection not by political elites not by citizenship in general. We analyze in this work ten contexts where corruption is stimulated. These scenarios can be summarized in a single term: impunity. When law is ineffective, corruption thrives. Political corruption is another manifestation of the attitudes towards corruption and of the punitive ineffectiveness. Erradicating impunity is one of the forms of opposition against this human calamity.

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Sandler, D. G., et D. A. Gladyrev. « Construction of an Economically Effective System of Target Indicators for the Development of University Research Activities Considering Correlation Dependencies ». Statistics and Economics 17, n^o 4 (6 septembre 2020) : 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2020-4-71-84.

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The development programs of Russian universities contain many different target indicators. Many of these indicators are focused on the development of the research activities. In the context of limited financial resources for development, the question of an effective system of target indicators is very important. To construct such a system of target indicators, three conditions must be met: 1) these target indicators do not contradict each other; 2) there are indicators with a positive effect on economic indicators; 3) subject areas are taken into account.The aim of the research. This study is aimed to study linear correlation dependencies between the main indicators measuring the university’s publication activity and other scientometric, social and structural indicators.Materials and methods. The study used economic, structural and scientometric data for 49 largest universities in Russia over 4 years, downloaded from monitoring the performance of educational institutions of higher education and the SciVal analytical tool.Results. As part of the research, it was studied which variables are correlated with the taken scientometric variables. Due to the large number of variables involved in the primary analysis, the table contains only those variables that correlate with the variables under consideration with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.3 modulus.Conclusion. The results obtained allow both to resolve the contradiction of the simultaneous increase in the number and quality of publications, and to highlight a number of links between scientometric indicators and indicators of university economics, internationalization and quality of admission. Knowledge of these dependencies is useful for compiling university development programs that do not contain internal contradictions. The conclusions obtained make it possible to increase the efficiency of construction a system of university target indicators in the research field in three areas: compiling the university development program with consistent target indicators, the inclusion of indicators with a positive impact on economic indicators, taking into account the peculiarities of the field of science and education in which the university operates.

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Yabuuchi, Yoshiyuki, et Junzo Watada. « Fuzzy Robust Regression Model by Possibility Maximization ». Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 15, n^o 4 (20 juin 2011) : 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2011.p0479.

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Since management and economic systems are complex, it is hard to handle data obtained in management and economic areas. Hitherto, in the fields, much research has focused on the structure and analysis of such data. H. Tanaka et al. proposed a fuzzy regression model to illustrate the potential possibilities inherent in the target system. J. C. Bezdek proposed a switching regression model based on a fuzzy clustering model to separate mixed samples coming from plural latent systems and apply regression models to the groups of samples coming from each system. It is hard to illustrate a rough and moderate possibility of the target system. In this paper, to deal with the possibility of a social system, we propose a new fuzzy robust regression model.

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Zaykova, Irina, et Irina Shilnikova. « Economic Translation : Theoretical and Practical Issues ». SHS Web of Conferences 69 (2019) : 00139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196900139.

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The paper deals with theoretical and practical analysis of economic translation. It is considered from two points of view: as a process and a product of rendering. As a process it is a multistage complex act of cross-cultural bilingual communication that aims to produce the closest natural equivalent to the target text. It is also characterized by a high degree of equivalence of the source text. As a product economic translation is an equivalent of the source text which is not identical due to cultural and language differences. The study reveals the interdisciplinary character of economic translation that makes it difficult to define its status. It has different nominations (economic translation, commercial translation, etc.). The analysis shows that the term “economic translation” is wider. It is due to the fact that it functions in various areas of activity (business, economy, trade and etc.). This factor affects the source texts that are different in genres and styles. The practical part of the article is devoted to the most common mistakes specified by the classification of Andreea-Rosalia Oteanu: the reading of the English text and English lexical meaning. The authors present some examples, analyze and describe them.

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Хисматуллин, Marsel Khismatullin, Вашуров et Mikhail Vashurov. « Features of effective development of tourism potential of the country : marketing aspect ». Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 8, n^o 4 (13 janvier 2014) : 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2425.

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This article analyzes the problems of the development of modern tourist destinations. The causes of the stagnation processes, that reduce the competitiveness of tourist regions, were established. The paper reveals the conceptual function of marketing of areas, ensuring the optimal use of tourism potential destinations. We identified and justified the necessity for the creation a marketing strategy of destinations development that, in accordance with the context of the research, is the foundation for effective communication between the management of tourist areas and the target segment of tourists. In our opinion, an application of marketing techniques in structural activity of destinations is one of the key tools in solving problems of increasing the effectiveness of institutional reforms of territories and, in particular such depressed regions, as rural areas. In nowadays economic conditions the territorial marketing is the basis for the formation and development of market economy forms as in agriculture, and in other areas of economic life [4]. Marketing effectiveness in social and economic development of the territories is due to its conceptual function, consisting in the optimal usage of available resources and offer such product, that best meets the needs and preferences of today’s consumer market.

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Chen, Ti, Jin Tian Yu et Yue Lan Hu. « The Analysis on Economy Development and Equalization Degree of Six Metropolitan Areas in Middle of China ». Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (janvier 2011) : 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.1136.

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Urban cluster is a urbanized process, in the specific areas, city of different heterogeneity, type and the rank of scale forms urban network community which based on the relation of regional economic development and the market link. With the development of central China, various provinces in middle of China are constructing the provincial capital city as the centre of their urban cluster, and try their best to make the urban cluster in middle of China become the pole of regional growth and the core of economic zone. The economic development condition of urban cluster makes a key function on the development in the middle area of China. For impetus the development of urban clusters in middle of China fast and healthy, speeds up the development speeds of these six big urban clusters, expansions the economic impact scopes of these six big urban clusters and enhances the economic potentialities of these six big urban clusters are the development key point of those urban clusters. So, we must firstly thorough understanding the present social development situation of these six big urban clusters in middle of China, then we could target-oriented promote economic society's coordinated development of each urban cluster. This paper has illustrated present social development situation of six big urban clusters in middle of China thoroughly, has analyzed the existing financial circumstances emphatically of these six big urban clusters in middle of China by consult massive correlation data, has calculated economic development level and the equalization of these urban clusters in middle of China by mathematical models, by done those things, we mean to provide more actual guiding senses on economic development of those urban clusters in the future.

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Zhou, Xiao, Desislava Hristova, Anastasios Noulas, Cecilia Mascolo et Max Sklar. « Cultural investment and urban socio-economic development : a geosocial network approach ». Royal Society Open Science 4, n^o 9 (septembre 2017) : 170413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170413.

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Being able to assess the impact of government-led investment onto socio-economic indicators in cities has long been an important target of urban planning. However, owing to the lack of large-scale data with a fine spatio-temporal resolution, there have been limitations in terms of how planners can track the impact and measure the effectiveness of cultural investment in small urban areas. Taking advantage of nearly 4 million transition records for 3 years in London from a popular location-based social network service, Foursquare, we study how the socio-economic impact of government cultural expenditure can be detected and predicted. Our analysis shows that network indicators such as average clustering coefficient or centrality can be exploited to estimate the likelihood of local growth in response to cultural investment. We subsequently integrate these features in supervised learning models to infer socio-economic deprivation changes for London’s neighbourhoods. This research presents how geosocial and mobile services can be used as a proxy to track and predict socio-economic deprivation changes as government financial effort is put in developing urban areas and thus gives evidence and suggestions for further policymaking and investment optimization.

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Bing, Tang, Li Bo et Wang WenChao. « Study on Calculation Method of Target Ecological Water Amount in Shortage Areas of Mintuo River Basin ». E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021) : 03033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123303033.

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Ecological water replenishment is the part of ecological flow deducting the remaining local existing water that needs to be recharged by other water sources. It has become the basic basis for water resources development and utilization and water affairs coordination. Ecological flow is a complex concept with numerous calculation methods and obvious regional differences. In view of the characteristics of the Mintuo River Basin, especially the problem that the extensive economic development exceeds the environmental carrying capacity of the river, considering the lack of natural rainfall, this paper recommends a one-dimensional water quality simulation method that maintains environmental capacity. Taking Jingyan County as a representative, a case study was carried out. The river was divided into several sections according to the water function zoning, and the water quality of each section was simulated to determine the section and the total river water replenishment, and through compared with the traditional calculation method of water conservancy planning, the rationality and benefit of the period are analyzed.

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Stovba, Eugene, Andrey Stovba, Aydar Usmanov, Aidar Sharafutdinov et Irek Araslanbaev. « Using cluster approach and foresight technologies when designing a sustainable areas development strategy ». SHS Web of Conferences 94 (2021) : 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219401007.

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The article highlights the need of applying cluster approach and foresight technologies in the formation of rural areas sustainable development strategy. An algorithm, including main stages of the rural areas sustainable development strategy design based on the cluster approach and foresight technologies, is presented. Cluster scenario for the rural sustainable economic and social development in the Non-chernozem zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been designed, which comprehensively takes into account the results of clustering, strategic planning and foresight forecasting of rural areas development. This scenario allows us to determine the extreme and most probable target indicators values of rural areas development for the long and medium term in the cluster display.

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KOSEVICH, Alexander Valentinovich, Nataliya Gennadievna NOVIKOVA, Victor Ivanovich GLADKIKH, Pavel Nikolaevich SHARONIN et Mihail Alexandrovich SMIRNOV. « Improving Economic and Legal Regulation in the Tourism Sector ». Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, n^o 4 (30 juin 2020) : 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.4(44).23.

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The article deals with the improvement of economic and legal regulation in the tourist sector. To solve the regulation issues of the tourism sector, it is proposed to use a multidisciplinary approach, whose essence is trying to integrate a variety of scientific areas and concentrate them in the tourism sector. It is proved that the application of this approach in the analysis of economic and legal regulation of tourism activities will allow considering more fully and systematically the regulation of relations in the tourism sector, identifying their patterns, and suggesting ways to develop the tourism industry in the current context. It is revealed that the main expected results of the tourism policy are growing the tourist flow and increasing the development level of the tourism industry. At that, the target indicators of the tourism policy are the number of accommodation facilities and the number of people working in tourist companies.

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