Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Ecosystem naturel capital accounting »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Ecosystem naturel capital accounting"
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Jachmann, Hugo, John E. Scanlon et Sarah M. W. Maston. « How natural capital accounting frameworks fail ecosystem services ». EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 14, no 2 (20 décembre 2024) : 63–71. https://doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2024.7.
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The United Nations (UN) System of Environmental-Economic Accounting – Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA – EA, UN 2021) has the potential to provide decision-makers with valuable information about the economic value of ecosystems and their components. However, the system has several shortcomings that must be addressed. The need for hard data, the focus on economic value over ecological value and integrity, the reliance on monetary valuation and the lack of clear guidance on the integration of the monetary values into decision-making processes and policies, are some of the issues that must be addressed for the framework to be an effective tool for promoting sustainable management of ecosystems. This is especially important because the ultimate goal of this exercise is to mitigate climate change and to protect biodiversity; to maintain a liveable planet for future generations by focusing on the valuation and accounting for ecosystem services provided by natural capital. Options to improve the system, as well as an alternative model, are briefly discussed. However, our fear is that the system in use is rapidly becoming too academic, too complicated, too time consuming and too easy to be controlled by some in the financial sector. The protection and restoration of ecosystems should not depend on highly complicated bookkeeping systems that may take some more years to finalize and many years to implement, but it does require urgent and collective action to reduce emissions and put a halt to ecosystem degradation, biodiversity loss and climate change – namely a collective change in attitudes and a complete revision of existing economic theories.
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Dmitrieva, T. « Approaches to assessment of natural capital : foreign experience ». Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no 3 (13 juillet 2022) : 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2022-3-35-46.
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The concept of natural capital goes beyond nature as a source of raw materials for production and reflects the role of the environment and ecosystems in maintaining human well-being. National accounts do not consider the costs of depletion or degradation of natural resources and the entire economic contribution of nature, which is essential for ensuring sustainable development, so it became necessary to develop special accounting systems for natural capital. The author uncovers evolution of the formation and features of «public» and «private» approaches to the accounting of natural capital in the system of corresponding accounts. The key scheme of both approaches is the way from individual spatial economic, social and environmental data to complex information through the structure of accounts that record the quantity and quality of ecosystem assets and ecosystem services provided by them in physical and monetary terms during the reported periods. The article presents cases for assessing the natural capital at timber industry enterprises and the experience of the UK in measuring the value of various ecosystem services as a leading country. The analysis revealed the problems and trends in the development of the environmental and economic accounting system. A scheme of accounting the forest capital in the regional conditions of information supply is offered.
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Kirey, Vladimir V. « GLOBAL SYSTEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL-ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING ». EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE : PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 11/2, no 140 (2023) : 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.11.02.011.
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Throughout history, people have treated natural resources as infinite and free, which has led to their overexploitation and degradation of ecosystems. At present, society and industry are facing challenges caused by the degradation of ecosystems and the reduction of ecosystem service flows. With ecosystem accounting, we now have the ability to incorporate the value of biodiversity into policy and decision-making. Clear consideration of ecosystem contributions as to current ecosystems Market production, as well as the broader benefits accruing to individuals and society, contributes to a broader understanding of the role of ecosystems and the impacts that can arise when the scale and condition of ecosystems change. The purpose of this article is to provide stakeholders with a brief overview of existing classification systems and assessment frameworks for ecosystem accounting. To do this, we analyses four different ecosystem classification systems, including the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services, and the Intergovernmental Scientific Classification. - Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. This review will help to determine the most appropriate models for assessing ecosystem services and natural capital for use in Russia.
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Morand, J. A., G. Jaffrain, C. Sannier et J. L. Weber. « EXPERIMENTAL ECOSYSTEM NATURAL CAPITAL ACCOUNTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA ». International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-M-1-2023 (21 avril 2023) : 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-m-1-2023-203-2023.
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Abstract. Over the past thirty years (Rio Conference, 1992), the climate has become an important issue in world politics. With the Kyoto Protocol (1997), atmospheric carbon accounting has gradually been introduced with the aim of raising awareness of national and international decision-making systems for the implementation of an energy transition. However, this carbon approach does not take into account ecosystems despite their fundamental role in climate regulation. A global assessment of all natural resources and ecosystem services, known as natural capital, is necessary from a sustainable development perspective. This assessment must then be taken into account in national accounting systems. The aim of this article is to test, on the national territory of the Republic of Guinea, the ecosystem-based natural capital accounting method developed by Jean-Louis Weber (Weber, 2014). Based on three accounts (ecosystem infrastructure, ecosystem carbon and water resources), this method aims to measure the sustainable capacity or 'sustainability' of ecosystems to provide services. Based on land use & land cover layers produced in the framework of the agroecological zoning project (Jaffrain et al., 2021), we have operationalised this ecosystem accounting methodology in the Republic of Guinea to calculate the total sustainability of the ecosystem. The land cover layers are the basic structural data for monitoring and describing the evolution of the territory at different temporal intervals. Thus, several environmental indicators were defined from these combined geospatial data and eventually allowed to define the evolution of the total sustainability of the territory's ecosystem between 2005 and 2015. A clear degradation of this sustainability value was identified, which reflects the numerous land use changes affecting the country in the recent period (2005-2015).
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Kirey, Vladimir V. « BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTING ». EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE : PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 11/1, no 140 (2023) : 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.11.01.020.
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Due to the growing attention of society to the conservation of natural capital and ecosystem services, ecosystem accounting is becoming a significant tool for achieving sustainable development goals both at the national and international levels. Environmental accounting improves the way natural capital and ecosystem services are identified and valued. The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting is an international standard accounting developed by the United Nations. The ecosystem accounting system generates environmental and economic reports necessary for effective management decisions and external disclosure of environmental information. The possibility of environmental accounting lies in the development of systems that integrate information rather than create disconnected, discrete repositories of information. With the introduction of an ecosystem accounting system, it is possible to jointly review and compare disparate sources of information reflecting the state of natural capital and ecosystem services. The introduction of a system of ecosystem accounting contributes to the achievement of sustainable development goals. The result of the implementation of the eco-system accounting system is a decision support system. The author proposes to consider the system of environmental-ecosystem accounting as a reliable and effective platform for providing more complete information on the availability and sufficiency of certain types of ecosystem services and natural capital.
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Manes, Fausto, Elvira Buonocore, Alessandro Paletto et Pier Paolo Franzese. « Natural Capital, Ecosystem Services, and Environmental Accounting ». Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management 10, no 3 (septembre 2022) : 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5890/jeam.2022.09.001.
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Hein, Lars, Ken Bagstad, Bram Edens, Carl Obst, Rixt de Jong et Jan Peter Lesschen. « Defining Ecosystem Assets for Natural Capital Accounting ». PLOS ONE 11, no 11 (9 novembre 2016) : e0164460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164460.
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Ostapchuk, S. M., N. H. Tsaruk et L. R. Volyak. « Ecosystem accounting as a component of managing Ukraineʼs recovery on the basis of sustainable development ». Problems of Theory and Methodology of Accounting, Control and Analysis, no 2(58) (16 septembre 2024) : 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26642/pbo-2024-2(58)-50-57.
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In the context of global and national goals of sustainable development, the data of the traditional accounting system is not enough to assess the benefits that society receives from ecosystems and their services, as well as the analysis of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment. In this regard, the international communityʼs efforts formed the concept of ecosystem accounting, the data of which characterize the importance of ecosystems for national economies and humanity. The article aims to reveal the conceptual foundations, objects and accounts of ecosystem accounting and identify the factors that determine the need for its implementation as an essential component of managing the recovery of Ukraine based on sustainable development. The research is based on the method of analogy and abstract thinking. The research hypothesis – the feasibility of introducing ecosystem accounting in Ukraine – was proven using the methods of analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction and comparison based on the results of previous studies on the assessment of the effectiveness of ecosystem accounting concepts in some countries and information requests from the government, investors and international partners regarding the state of ecosystems in Ukraine in wartime. The article reveals the principles that are the basis for the development of national concepts of ecosystem accounting. The key objects of ecosystem accounting are ecosystems as a set of assets that form natural capital and ecosystem services, i.e. unique public goods. The structure of ecosystem accounts was presented, accumulating the information necessary to measure natureʼs contribution to the economy and human well-being. This approach allows taking into account the many advantages of nature, which are often not valued in the market in the traditional accounting system and, accordingly, are ignored when making economic decisions. The factors determining the need to develop a national concept of ecosystem accounting and its practical implementation as soon as possible have been identified. The flexibility of the ecosystem accounting concept, which consists of the possibility of forming ecosystem accounts according to the specifics of the countryʼs natural capital, taking international principles as a basis, will allow for an objective assessment of the national wealth and ensure its restoration, rational distribution and accumulation.
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Neverov, A. V., et H. A. Bahedh. « Formation of the conceptual foundations for the construction of cost accounting of forest ecosystem services ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 67, no 3 (3 août 2022) : 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2022-67-3-332-340.
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The development of the concept of cost accounting of ecosystem services of forests in the context of the theory of natural-ecological accounting is presented, taking into account the characteristics of forests as object of national accounting and sustainable nature management.The main objectives of the study are to identify the need to distinguish between natural and environmental capital, to determine their relationship and differences; to show the expediency of identifying physical and cost indicators of ecosystem services, the accounting role of the timber reserve as a producer of ecosystem services. A method for cost accounting of ecosystem services based on the theory of reproduction and ecological rent is proposed.The results of the study are expressed in a concentrated form by the conceptual scheme for constructing a cost accounting for forest ecosystem services. The content of the value measurement of forest ecosystem services depends on their belonging to natural or ecological capital.
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Atkinson, Giles, et Paola Ovando. « Distributional Issues in Natural Capital Accounting : An Application to Land Ownership and Ecosystem Services in Scotland ». Environmental and Resource Economics 81, no 2 (28 décembre 2021) : 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00613-6.
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AbstractAccounting for ecosystems is increasingly central to natural capital accounting. What is missing from this, however, is an answer to questions about how natural capital is distributed. That is, who consumes ecosystem services and who owns or manages the underlying asset(s) that give rise to ecosystem services. In this paper, we examine the significance of the ownership of land on which ecosystem assets (or ecosystem types) is located in the context of natural capital accounting. We illustrate this in an empirical application to two ecosystem services and a range of ecosystem types and land ownership in Scotland, a context in which land reform debates are longstanding. Our results indicate the relative importance of private land in ecosystem service supply, rather than land held by the public sector. We find relative concentration of ownership for land providing comparatively high amounts of carbon sequestration. For air pollution removal, however, the role of smaller to medium sized, mostly privately owned, land holdings closer to urban settlements becomes more prominent. The contributions in this paper, we argue, represent important first steps in anticipating distributional impacts of natural capital (and related) policy in natural capital accounts as well as connecting these frameworks to broader concerns about wealth disparities across and within countries.
Thèses sur le sujet "Ecosystem naturel capital accounting"
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Argüello, Velazquez Jazmin Adriana. « Implementing Ecosystem Natural Capital Accounting Methodology to the Rhone watershed : the proof-of-concept ». Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN040/document.
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Comment mesurer la dégradation de la nature, son état de "santé", afin de déterminer l’amortissement de son utilisation, non-enregistré dans les bilans des nations? Mon travail de thèse sur la « comptabilité écosystémique » du bassin versant du Rhône est une première expérimentale sur une nouvelle méthodologie intégrable aux outils encore incomplets des comptabilités nationales de type PIB. Consommer du capital écologique, nos ressources renouvelables, sans l’amortir revient à créer des dettes écologiques. L’objectif de la comptabilité écosystémique est de produire un outil d’aide à la décision permettant d’éviter la dégradation nette des écosystèmes par des politiques publiques informées par la science. L’outil produit des bilans écologiques basés sur des informations géographiques et mesurés en termes physiques, permettant d’effectuer des modélisations et simulations afin d’estimer l’internalisation des externalités (Figure). J’ai élaboré divers indicateurs synthétiques relatifs aux fonctions des écosystèmes et de leur intégrité, pour calculer le potentiel écologique du bassin versant du Rhône. Le diagnostic comptable est assortie d’une description spatialisée des changements observés afin de mieux saisir leur pertinence. L’outil est susceptible d’aider les différentes entités territoriales à se positionner sur la gestion de leurs ressources renouvelables stratégiques (eau, sols, biomasse, infrastructures et services écologiques) dans le contexte d’un ordre mondial en transformation: il s’agit des enjeux géopolitiques majeurs en matière de sécurité et souveraineté alimentaire et énergétique, dans leur lien avec la santé publiqueHow to measure the degradation of nature, its "health" condition, to determine the depreciation of its use, not recorded in the balance sheets of the nations? My thesis work on the "ecosystem accounting" of the Rhone river basin is an experimental first on a new methodology integrable with the still incomplete tools of the national accounts of the type GDP. Consuming ecological capital, our renewable resources, without amortizing means the creation of ecological debts.The goal of ecosystem accounting is to produce a decision support tool to avoid the net degradation of ecosystems through science-informed public policies. The tool produces ecological balances based on geographical information and measured in physical terms, making it possible to perform modelizations and simulations in order to estimate the internalisation of externalities (Figure). I have developed various synthetic indicators relating to the functions of ecosystems and their integrity, to calculate the ecological potential of the Rhône watershed. The accounting diagnosis is accompanied by a spatial description of the changes observed in order to better understand their relevance. The tool is likely to help the various territorial entities to position themselves on the management of their strategic renewable resources (water, soil, biomass, infrastructures and ecological services) in the context of a changing world order: major geopolitical issues in terms of security and food and energy sovereignty, in their link with public health
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Messame, Me Mba Benjamin. « Aide à la planification environnementale au voisinage d'une capitale Africaine (Libreville) : apport du système de comptabilité écosystémique du capital naturel ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025LARE0001.
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Dans un contexte généralisé de changements climatiques et d'érosion de la biodiversité, la gestion durable des territoires et des ressources naturelles est devenue une question centrale dans l'élaboration des politiques de développement des pays. A l'échelle du Gabon, d'une part, Libreville a évolué en centre urbain principal, en concentrant très rapidement, depuis l'accession du pays à son indépendance au début des années 1960, une forte densité démographique comparée à l'échelle nationale. D'autre part, à l'instar de l'ensemble du territoire, la capitale gabonaise abrite des écosystèmes riches en biodiversité et d'importance écologique majeure (forêts terrestres et mangrove) qui jouent un rôle important aussi bien au niveau local que régional, voire international (séquestration du carbone atmosphérique). Cette thèse a donc pour objet principal l'étude de l'impact de l'artificialisation des sols sur les puits naturels de carbone de Libreville, sur une période de deux décennies allant de 2001 à 2022. Les méthodes d'évaluation physique des ressources naturelles s'appuient sur le principe la soutenabilité forte, c'est-à-dire le maintien du capital naturel et permettent de répondre aux exigences de développement durable, en ce sens qu'elles donnent au capital naturel une valeur intrinsèque qui n'a pas d'équivalence dans les autres types de capitaux et empêchent donc toute dégradation de la nature visant à être compensée par des moyens financiers. La comptabilité écosystémique du capital naturel, utilisée ici, permet d'évaluer physiquement les ressources naturelles à travers des tableaux comptables analysant leurs stocks, leurs flux ainsi que leur état de santé, sur une période donnée. La problématique soulevée ici fait état de difficultés liées à la mise en œuvre d'une telle démarche à une échelle infranationale et en contexte socioéconomique peu favorisé. Pour y faire face, il a été décidé de s'appuyer principalement sur des données de télédétection satellitaires issues de la série Landsat. Dans un premier temps, les cartographies de l'occupation du sol produites à partir de la classification supervisée des images satellites ont montré une prédominance des forêts denses à l'échelle de Libreville, 274 738 ha en 2001, soit 63 % des écosystèmes terrestres et 245 478 ha en 2022, 57 %. Une diminution du couvert forestier a pu être observée au fil des années et la nature des changements observés a été déterminée grâce à l'analyse diachronique des cartes d'occupation du sol (2001-2014 et 2014-2022). Dans second temps, l'occupation du sol et sa dynamique ont été utilisées comme proxy afin d'analyser le capital naturel de manière physique, notamment les stocks de biomasse végétale et leur évolution. Suivant la même tendance régressive que les forêts, le stock total de carbone contenu dans la biomasse est passé de 160 411 151 tonnes à 154 921 690 tonnes de 2001 à 2022, soit une perte totale de 5 489 461 tonnes. Pour finir, ce travail s'est également intéressé à l'efficacité des actions de conservation de la nature des pouvoirs publics, matérialisée à travers les aires protégées de l'Arc d'Emeraude face à l'artificialisation des sols en constante progression dans la région de LibrevilleIn a widespread situation of climate change and biodiversity erosion, the sustainable management of territories and natural resources has become a central question in the development policies of countries. In Gabon, on the one hand, Libreville has developed into the main urban centre, rapidly concentrating a high demographic density compared with the rest of the country since the country first gained independence in the early 1960s. In addition, like the rest of the country, Gabon's capital is home to ecosystems that are rich in biodiversity and of major ecological importance (terrestrial forests and mangroves), which play an important role at local, regional and even international scale (sequestration of atmospheric carbon). The main aim of this thesis is therefore to study the impact of land artificialisation on Libreville's natural carbon sinks over a two-decade period from 2001 to 2022. Methods for the physical valuation of natural resources are built on the principle of strong sustainability, i.e. the maintenance of natural capital, and help to meet the requirements of sustainable development, in that they give natural capital an intrinsic value that has no equivalent in other types of capital, and therefore prevent any degradation of nature aiming to be compensated for by financial means. Ecosystem-based natural capital accounting, as used in the present study, allows natural resources to be physically assessed by means of accounting tables analysing their stocks, flows and state of health over a given period. The issue raised here is the difficulty of implementing such an approach on a sub-national scale and in an economically and socially disadvantaged region. To address these issues, it was decided to use mainly satellite remote sensing data from the Landsat series. Initially, the land cover maps produced using supervised classification of satellite images showed a predominance of dense forest in Libreville, with 274,738 ha in 2001, corresponding to 63% of terrestrial ecosystems, and 245,478 ha in 2022, corresponding to 57%. A shrinking forest cover has been observed over the years, and the nature of the changes observed has been determined through a diachronic analysis of land cover maps (2001-2014 and 2014-2022). Secondly, land cover and its dynamics were used as a proxy to analyse natural capital in physical terms, specifically vegetation biomass stocks and their changes. The total stock of carbon contained in biomass followed the same regressive trend as forests, falling from 160,411,151 tonnes to 154,921,690 tonnes between 2001 and 2022, a total loss of 5,489,461 tonnes. Finally, this work also looked at the efficiency of the public authorities' nature conservation actions, as reflected through the Arc d'Emeraude protected areas, despite the increasing land artificialisation in the Libreville region
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Toscano, Francesca. « Environmental Accounting of Marine Protected Area "Isole Ciclopi" by means of Emergy analysis ». Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4191.
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The purpose of this work is to illustrate the procedural and methodological approaches, with field-testing of materials and methods, necessary to carry out an environmental accounting study Emergy-based in a marine protected area. The study was conducted in the marine protected area "IsoleCiclopi" following a multi-year pathway, in line with the document "Environmental accounting in Italian Marine Protected Areas" (EAMPA), developed by several research groups and coordinated by Federparchi (Italian federations of Parks and Nature Reserves).In particular, the aim of EMPA project is the assessment of the ecological and economic value for the Italian marine reserves, elaborated in order to answer ministerial applications. The main purpose of this project is to detect and evaluate both biophysical and economic aspects of the reserves in order to assess the Natural Capital stocks and the Ecosystem Services generated by MPAs. The results of the research are intended to offer an innovative methodology and new points of reflection in the field of environmental evaluation and of policies.
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Dardonville, Manon. « Caractérisation des formes d’agriculture et évaluation de leur résilience aux perturbations ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0123.
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Pour répondre aux enjeux d’impacts environnementaux de l’agriculture moderne, de nouvelles formes d’agriculture ont émergé : agriculture régénérative, agroforesterie... Elles visent à utiliser les services écosystémiques comme support de la production agricole (SEP) en remplacement des intrants anthropiques. Leur résilience aux changements climatiques et aux fluctuations des marchés économiques, c.-à-d. leur capacité à faire face à ces perturbations, fait l’objet d’intenses débats. Aussi, ma thèse visait à produire des connaissances sur la résilience des formes d’agriculture de grandes cultures et des méthodes opérationnelles pour le conseil agricole. J’ai ainsi d’abord réalisé une synthèse de la littérature traitant de l’évaluation quantitative de la résilience, et des concepts proches de vulnérabilité et de robustesse (V,R,R). Une 1ère publication montre que l’intensification et la diversification de la production ne sont pas systématiquement des facteurs de VRR et qu’il est nécessaire de considérer la diversité fonctionnelle, plus que taxonomique, et d’adapter les pratiques agricoles au pédoclimat et à la disponibilité des ressources locales, pour assurer une VRR à court et long terme. Une 2ème publication décrit la diversité de méthodes et critères d’analyse de la dynamique utilisés et pointe la nécessité de développer des approches multicritère et multi-performances dépassant la seule analyse du rendement. J’ai ensuite développé et appliqué une méthode d’évaluation du niveau de SEP pour caractériser les agroécosystèmes et identifier des formes d’agriculture associées. L’évaluation distingue le niveau potentiel de SEP, réellement fourni, utilisé pour la production et la dynamique à long-terme du capital naturel, qui sous-tend les SEP. Les niveaux potentiel et réel de SEP sont évalués indirectement par des indicateurs de la qualité de la configuration spatiotemporelle de l’agroécosystème et de l’impact des pratiques culturales. Le niveau de SEP utilisé est estimé par la technologie mise en œuvre par l’agriculteur·rice pour évaluer la fourniture réelle de SEP. La dynamique du capital naturel est estimée par des indicateurs de sensibilité à l’érosion, de dynamique du carbone et du phosphore du sol et de la biodiversité. En appliquant cette méthode à un cas d’étude de 34 agroécosystèmes de la région Grand Est représentant une diversité de rotations de culture et de pratiques agricoles, j’ai identifié cinq grandes formes d’agriculture. Enfin, j’ai développé une méthode d’évaluation de la résilience de ces agroécosystèmes et des formes d’agriculture associées. J’ai analysé la dynamique du rendement, de la marge brute et du temps de travail considérant leur niveau moyen, variabilité, tendance et/ou résistance sur huit ans. Je montre que les formes d’agriculture disposant d’un haut niveau de SEP, basées sur la biodiversité et qui augmentent leur capital naturel, présentent une meilleure stabilité du rendement et de la marge brute. En revanche, les systèmes intensifs, mais aussi ceux utilisant le plus les SEP, présentent de plus hauts niveaux et une meilleure résistance des rendements et marges brutes mais nécessitent plus de temps de travail. Aussi, j’émets l’hypothèse que la combinaison d’un haut niveau de SEP et l’optimisation de leur usage permettrait d’éviter l’usage d’intrants tout en permettant d’atteindre de hauts rendements, résistants. Cependant, pour atteindre cet objectif, il faudrait augmenter les niveaux de SEP potentiels et utilisés, encore insuffisants dans les agroécosystèmes étudiés. En résumé, ce travail de thèse a produit des connaissances sur la nature des formes d’agriculture et des facteurs de résilience et des méthodes originales pour évaluer les niveaux de SEP et leur résilience. Ses résultats montrent l’intérêt, dans un objectif de résilience, de développer et mobiliser les SEP et alertent sur l’importance de restaurer le capital naturel, souvent dégradés par des décennies d’agriculture intensiveIn response to the issues of environmental impact and dependence on fossil resources of modern agriculture, new agriculture models have emerged: regenerative, integrated agriculture, agroforestry, for example. They aim to use ecosystem services provided to farmer (ESF) as a support for agricultural production to replace anthropogenic inputs. Their resilience to climate change and economic market fluctuations, i.e. their capacity to cope with these disturbances, is the subject of intense debate. Yet, knowledge of their resilience would be key to accelerating their adoption by the agricultural community and achieving sustainability goals. In response to this challenge, my PhD thesis aimed to produce knowledge on the resilience of different agriculture cropping models. To achieve this objective, first, I synthesized the literature on the quantitative assessment of resilience, and related concepts such as vulnerability and robustness (V, R, R). A first publication shows that intensification and diversification of production are not systematic factors of VRR and that it is necessary to consider functional, rather than taxonomic, diversity and to adapt agricultural practices, to the pedoclimate and to the availability of local resources, to ensure VRR in the short and long term. A second publication describes the diversity of methods and criteria for analyzing the dynamics used so far and points out the need to develop multi-criteria and multi-performance approaches that go beyond yield analysis alone. Then, I developed and applied a method for assessing the level of ESF to characterize agroecosystems and identify agriculture models. ESF levels were differentiated according to the potential capacity of ESF, the real capacity of ESF, the actual use of ESF for production, and the long-term dynamics of natural capital, which underlies ESF. The potential and real levels of ESF are assessed indirectly with indicators of the quality of the spatial and temporal configuration of the agroecosystem and the impact of cropping practices. The level of ESF used is estimated by the technology implemented to assess ESF real capacity. The dynamics of natural capital is estimated by the aggregation of indicators of erosion sensitivity, soil carbon and phosphorus dynamics and biodiversity. Applied to a case study in Grand Est region in France of 34 agroecosystems contrasted in terms of crop rotation and cropping practices, I identified with a clustering method five agriculture models. Finally, I developed a method to assess the resilience of these agroecosystems and associated agriculture models in the face of disturbances. I analyzed the dynamics of the yield, gross margin and workload considering their average level, variability, trend and/or resistance over the last eight years. I thus showed that models with a high level of ESF and biodiversity, and which increase their natural capital, present a better stability of yield and gross margin but a generally lower level of production. In contrast, intensive systems have higher levels and greater resistance of yields and gross margins but require a greater amount of labor. I have also observed that the systems that use ESF the most have good agronomic and economic performances, resistant to disturbances. Thus, I hypothesize that the combination of a high level of ESF and the optimization of their use would avoid the use of inputs while achieving high, resistant yields. However, to achieve this goal, it would be necessary to increase the levels of potential and used ESF, which are still insufficient in the agroecosystems studied.In summary, this work has produced knowledge on the nature of agriculture models and resilience factors and original methods to assess the levels of ESF and their resilience. Its results show the interest, with a view to resilience, of developing and mobilizing ESF and alert on the importance of restoring natural capital, often degraded by decades of intensive agriculture
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Cantuarias-Villessuzanne, Carmen Amalia. « La mesure économique de la dépréciation du capital minier au Pérou ». Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40009/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le Pérou, extrêmement riche en minerais, connaît depuis les années 2000 une forte croissance économique. Àla question de savoir si sa richesse minérale condamne le Pérou à la malédiction des ressources naturelles, nousrépondons que ce n’est pas le cas à l’heure actuelle, mais nous mettons en évidence une forte dépendance vis-à-visde l’activité minière. La question centrale est celle du développement durable de l’activité minière. La mesure dela dépréciation du capital minier (dcm) est l’indicateur fondamental pour évaluer la situation. Diverses méthodesd’estimation existent, mais notre analyse microéconomique basée sur la règle de Hotelling fournit une valeurd’environ 7 % du pib sur la période 2000–2008, soit le double de l’approximation donnée par la Banque Mondiale.Nous proposons d’intégrer la dcm aux indicateurs macroéconomiques traditionnels, ce qui permet de mettreen évidence la surestimation de la croissance économique. Conformément à la règle de Hartwick, il apparaîtclairement que le développement péruvien n’est pas durable ; les revenus miniers ne compensent pas la dcmet ne sont pas réinvestis en faveur du développement du pays. Il faudrait donc taxer les entreprises minières àhauteur de la dcm, et créer un fonds de ressources naturelles. Nos résultats montrent qu’épargner seulement 8 %de la dcm permettrait d’atteindre un revenu durable pour les générations futures. La création d’un tel fonds deressources naturelles aurait également pour avantage de réduire l’instabilité macroéconomique et de promouvoirune meilleure gouvernabilitéSince the 2000s, Peru, a country extremely rich in minerals has experienced strong economic growth. WouldPeru be condemned to the resource curse because of its mineral wealth? For now this is not the case; howeverwe point up a strong dependence upon the mining sector. The main question relates to the sustainability of themining industry. The mineral depletion rate is a fundamental indicator to assess the situation. To calculate this,there are many forecasting methods available ; our microeconomic analysis based on the Hotelling rule providesa value of around 7 % of gdp for the period between 2000 and 2008, which represents double the estimation ofthe World Bank.We recommend the mineral depletion be taken into account when calculating traditional macroeconomic indicators;it would highlight the overestimation of economic growth. According to the Hartwick rule, it is clearthat Peruvian development is not sustainable; mining revenues do not offset the mineral depletion and are notreinvested in the development of the country. Therefore, the solution should be to tax mining companies at alevel equivalent to that of depletion and, with the new income, to create a natural resource fund. Saving only8 % of the mineral depletion would suffice to generate sustainable rent for futures generations. In addition, thecreation of a natural resource fund would reduce macroeconomic instability and enforce better governance
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Combe, Marius. « Instruments économiques et protection de la biodiversité : analyse juridique des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux ». Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3055.
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Regroupés sous le vocable d’« instruments économiques » – ou instruments de marché (market-based instrument) –, les mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux se sont imposés comme des instruments incontournables des politiques de protection de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes. Articulés autour d’une pluralité de principes (principe pollueur-payeur, principe bénéficiaire-payeur, etc.) et de concepts (services écosystémiques, capital naturel, etc.) largement influencés par les approches économiques de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes, ces deux instruments caractérisent l’émergence d’une nouvelle approche des politiques environnementales. L’étude révèle la pluralité des liens juridiques qui unissent la compensation écologique et les paiements pour services environnementaux. Tantôt rapprochés, tantôt distingués, ces mécanismes s’imposent, in fine, comme les deux faces d’une même pièce. L’utilisation des paiements pour services environnementaux, à des fins de compensation écologique, apparaît toutefois comme une orientation préoccupante de nature à détourner cet instrument de son objet. En dépit de leurs vertus théoriques, l’efficacité des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux pour la protection de la biodiversité se révèle discutable, justifiant un renforcement et une mise en cohérence de leur cadre juridiqueGathered under the term “economic instruments” – or market-base instruments -, mechanisms for ecological compensation and payments for environmental services have established themselves as the essential tool for the biodiversity and ecosystem protection policies. Built around a plurality of principles (polluter pays principle, beneficiary pays principle, etc.) and concepts (ecosystem services, natural capital, etc.) largely influenced by economical approaches of biodiversity and ecosystems, these two instruments characterize the oncoming of a new take on environmental policies. The study reveals the plurality of judicial links that unite ecological compensation and payments for environmental services. Sometimes close together, sometimes distinguishable, these mechanisms are, in fine, both sides of a same coin. The use of payments for environmental services, as ecological compensation, appears however as a preoccupying orientation, likely to deflect this instrument from its purpose. In spite of their theoretical virtues, the efficiency of ecological compensation mechanisms and payments for environmental services for the protection of biodiversity turns out to be questionable, justifying a reinforcement and more consistency in their legal framework
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Marais, ZE. « A natural capital approach to agroforestry decision-making ». Thesis, 2022. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/46445/1/Marais_whole_thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Agroforestry systems are well known to enhance provision of multiple ecosystem services (e.g. wind speed reduction, habitat provision, carbon sequestration). These ecosystem services deliver both public and private benefits at a range of scales. For example, well-designed agroforestry systems enhance livestock productivity at the paddock scale by providing shelter from extreme temperatures, while also contributing to biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation at broader scales. Despite growing global awareness of these benefits, adoption, particularly in some temperate industrialised agricultural landscapes including those in Australia, remains constrained. To encourage adoption of agroforestry and inform optimal design of agroforestry systems, new approaches are required to measure and communicate the broad range of benefits provided by agroforestry. Communication of farm-scale benefits is particularly important, as decisions relating to adoption and design of agroforestry in these landscapes generally fall to individual landowners. Natural capital accounting (NCA), a process of accounting for natural resources underpinned by ecosystem service valuation, could provide the framework for such an approach.
While NCA is currently effectively applied at regional and national scales, this thesis examined whether NCA concepts can be usefully and practically applied at finer scales, such as individual farms or paddocks, to improve farm-scale decision-making and encourage adoption of agroforestry.
The first of three research questions asked: can measurement and valuation of multiple ecosystem services, within the NCA framework, be usefully and practically applied for the purpose of encouraging adoption of agroforestry? To answer this question, existing concepts and methods for ecosystem service measurement and valuation were reviewed to assess their suitability for application in this context (Chapter 2). The review found that while some existing concepts (e.g. ecosystem service classification systems) are readily transferrable to agroforestry, established methods for ecosystem service measurement and valuation require adaptation (namely in how they deal with scale and choice of beneficiary) in order to be usefully applied to encourage adoption of agroforestry and inform decision-making. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) survey was also conducted with farmers from areas of Australia that hold potential for expansion of temperate agroforestry (Chapter 6). Results of this survey highlighted the importance of demonstrating ‘value for money’, or a return on investment in agroforestry, and revealed that farmers value a wide range of ecosystem services in agroforestry systems. These findings confirm the need for agroforestry valuation methods that incorporate multiple ecosystem services and acknowledge different forms of ‘value’. Ecosystem service valuation within the NCA framework provides this flexibility and is therefore useful in an agroforestry context.
The second research question explored the issue of scale: which scale is most appropriate when applying NCA concepts for the purpose of encouraging agroforestry adoption and informing decision-making, and what implications does this choice of scale have for ecosystem service measurement and valuation? A review of the literature (Chapter 2) showed that because farmers are the key decision makers, NCA concepts should be applied at the farm or paddock scale and focus on farmers (or their investors) as the key beneficiaries. Chapter 2 also identified that there are significant gaps in the evidence base for measurement of ecosystem services by agroforestry assets at fine scales, particularly in the case of biodiversity-related services. Field experiments conducted in shelterbelt systems in the Midlands region of Tasmania, Australia (Chapters 3, 4, and 5), addressed several of these gaps. Chapter 3 showed that paddock-scale provision of a range of ecosystem services (wind speed reduction, wood production, carbon sequestration, and habitat provision) can be predicted based on measurement of vegetation structural characteristics. Chapters 4 and 5 found that shelterbelts support invertebrate communities that differ significantly from those in open pasture, and that they improve potential for pollination in adjacent paddocks. These findings contribute to the expanding evidence base for ecosystem service provision in agroforestry, at scales that are useful for informing decision-making by farmers.
The third research question focused on the critical NCA concept of ‘condition’, asking: is vegetation structure a suitable and practical metric for assessing the condition of agroforestry assets? Results from the DCE (Chapter 6) showed that farmers had strong preferences for particular agroforestry design attributes (e.g. tree species selection) and further, that farmers are motivated to make design choices that will maximise benefits in alignment with their objectives. Many of the ecosystem services identified as being important to farmers (e.g. wind speed reduction) are influenced by vegetation structure (e.g. shelterbelt porosity). Chapter 3 examined whether vegetation structure offers a practical solution to the issue of condition assessment, by quantifying the impact of shelterbelt tree species selection (Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus nitens, and mixed native species) on specific structural attributes (e.g. height, porosity, and floral diversity) that determine fine-scale provision of key ecosystem services. Species selection, in addition to shelterbelt age, was found to significantly affect structure, and therefore delivery of services and benefits at fine scales. However, Chapters 4 and 5 found that shelterbelt tree species selection, and therefore structure, had relatively low influence on composition of invertebrate communities within and adjacent to shelterbelts. Findings from Chapters 3-5 show that while structure serves as a practical condition metric that is useful for informing agroforestry design, tracking flows of some services (e.g. biodiversity) may require consideration of broader landscape-scale condition metrics such as connectivity and complexity.
Overall, this thesis demonstrates that with some adaptation, NCA concepts (e.g. condition assessment, ecosystem service measurement, and valuation) can be practically and usefully applied to agroforestry systems at the farm scale. The thesis shows that NCA concepts can be used to highlight the wide range of values provided in agroforestry systems, thereby building a more holistic business case for agroforestry that will appeal to a wider range of farmers and investors. Ultimately, this will assist in increasing adoption of agroforestry by farmers. The thesis also shows that application of NCA concepts to agroforestry will assist in informing design decisions (e.g. tree species selection), enabling farmers to design systems which maximise benefits that are important to them. Expanding this approach to consider both private and public values could also be useful in guiding development of policies aimed at enhancing broader benefits of agroforestry, such as biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation.
Livres sur le sujet "Ecosystem naturel capital accounting"
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Ramachandra, T. V., Bharath Haridas Aithal, Bharath Setturu, S. Vinay, K. S. Asulabha et V. Sincy. Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services, Karnataka State, India. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2405-5.
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S, Vinay, Bharath Haridas Aithal et Asulabha K. S. Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services, Karnataka State, India : Ecosystem Services. Springer, 2024.
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Conlan, Kieran, E. Lawlor, A. Provins, P. Cryle et Ian Dickie. Implementing Ecosystem Services and Natural and Social Capital Accounting Approaches : Phase 1. UK Water Industry Research Ltd, 2017.
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United Kingdom Water Industry Research Staff, Rob Daniel, Ian Dickie et Natalya Kharadi. Implementing Ecosystem Services and Natural and Social Capital Accounting Approaches - Testing and Evaluation. UK Water Industry Research Ltd, 2020.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Ecosystem naturel capital accounting"
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Russell, Marc, Charles Rhodes, George Van Houtven, Paramita Sinha, Katherine Warnell et Matthew C. Harwell. « Ecosystem-Based Management and Natural Capital Accounting ». Dans Ecosystem-Based Management, Ecosystem Services and Aquatic Biodiversity, 149–63. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45843-0_8.
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Marino, Davide. « Commodification o giustizia ambientale ? I PES come strumento di governance del valore della natura ». Dans I servizi ecosistemici nella pianificazione bioregionale, 87–96. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-050-4.11.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Having defined the fundamental concepts related to the debate on ecosystem services within the framework of Socio-Ecological Systems, and starting from a critique of GDP and traditional accounting systems, new tools and methodologies functional to measuring the well-being and wealth of society are illustrated, which include the accounting of natural capital and associated ecosystem services. The PES (Payments for Ecosystem Services) tool is studied in detail and the possibility of using it for territorial rebalancing and social justice purposes is analysed.
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Ramachandra, T. V., Bharath Haridas Aithal, Bharath Setturu, S. Vinay, K. S. Asulabha et V. Sincy. « Valuation of Ecosystem Services, Karnataka State, India ». Dans Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services, Karnataka State, India, 247–472. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2405-5_3.
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Ramachandra, T. V., Bharath Haridas Aithal, Bharath Setturu, S. Vinay, K. S. Asulabha et V. Sincy. « Ecosystem Condition Account for Karnataka State, India ». Dans Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services, Karnataka State, India, 43–246. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2405-5_2.
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Ramachandra, T. V., Bharath Haridas Aithal, Bharath Setturu, S. Vinay, K. S. Asulabha et V. Sincy. « Ecosystem Extent Account for Karnataka State, India ». Dans Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services, Karnataka State, India, 1–42. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2405-5_1.
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Weber, Jean-Louis, et Gabriel Jaffrain. « Chapter 23 CLC for National Accounting : Land and Ecosystem Natural Capital Accounts ». Dans European Landscape Dynamics, 225–36. 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 : CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372860-24.
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Ramachandra, T. V., Bharath Haridas Aithal, Bharath Setturu, S. Vinay, K. S. Asulabha et V. Sincy. « Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Aquatic Ecosystem Services in Karnataka, India ». Dans Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services, Karnataka State, India, 547–683. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2405-5_5.
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Ramachandra, T. V., Bharath Haridas Aithal, Bharath Setturu, S. Vinay, K. S. Asulabha et V. Sincy. « Scenario-Based Assessment of Policy Interventions in Karnataka State, India ». Dans Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services, Karnataka State, India, 473–545. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2405-5_4.
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Tang Kai, Natasha. « Natural Capital Accounting and Ecosystem Services Within the Water–Energy–Food Nexus : Local and Regional Contexts ». Dans Water, Energy, Food and People Across the Global South, 63–78. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64024-2_3.
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Mirzabaev, Alisher, Lennart Olsson, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Prajal Pradhan, Marta Guadalupe Rivera Ferre et Hermann Lotze-Campen. « Climate Change and Food Systems ». Dans Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 511–29. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_27.
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AbstractClimate change affects the functioning of all of the components of food systems, often in ways that exacerbate existing predicaments and inequalities among regions of the world and groups in society. At the same time, food systems are a major cause of climate change, accounting for a third of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, food systems can and should play a much bigger role in climate policies. This chapter highlights nine action points for climate change adaptation and mitigation in food systems. The chapter shows that numerous practices, technologies, knowledge and social capital already exist for climate action in food systems, with multiple synergies with other important goals, such as the conservation of biodiversity, the safeguarding of ecosystem services, sustainable land management and reducing social and gender inequalities. Many of these solutions are presently being applied at local scales around the world, even if not at sufficient levels. Hence, the major effort to unleash their potential would involve overcoming various technical, political-economic and structural barriers for their much wider application. Some other solutions require research and development investments now, but will focus on helping us meet the longer-term challenges of climate change in regard to food systems in the second half of this century, when most existing food production practices will face unprecedented challenges. In the short term, these pro-poor policy changes and support systems can have a range of positive effects well beyond food systems without delay. In the long term, investments in research will help ensure food security and ecosystem integrity for coming generations.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Ecosystem naturel capital accounting"
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Morand, Jean-Abdoulaye, Gabriel Jaffrain et Jean-Louis Weber. « Assessment and Monitoring of Ecological Continuity with a View to Improve Ecosystem Natural Capital Accounting ». Dans IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 4539–43. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10641232.
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Vagge, Ilda, Gioia Maddalena Gibelli et Alessio Gosetti Poli. « LANDSCAPE DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT : CASE STUDY OF TEHRAN AND HIS KAN RIVER ». Dans 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management : How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.311.
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The authors, with the awareness that climate change affects and changes the landscape, wanted to investigate how these changes are occurring within the metropolitan area of Tehran. Trying to keep a holistic method that embraces different disciplines, reasoning from large scale to small scale, the authors tried to study the main problems related to water scarcity and loss of green spaces. Subsequently they dedicated themselves to the identification of the present and missing ecosystem services, so that they could be used in the best possible way as tools for subsequent design choices. From the analysis obtained, the authors have created a masterplan with the desire to ensure a specific natural capital, the welfare of ecosystem services, and at the same time suggest good water management practices. It becomes essential to add an ecological accounting to the economic accounting, giving dignity to the natural system and the ecosystem services that derive from it.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Ecosystem naturel capital accounting"
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Banerjee, Onil. Environmental Economics for Evidence Based Policy : Vol. 1, No. 3 : IEEM : Promoting Synergies Between Producers and Users of Natural Capital Accounting. Inter-American Development Bank, août 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008317.
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In this third edition of the “Environmental Economics for Evidence Based Policies” series, we briefly review the advances with respect to the IEEM mission, and its lines of strategic action, which are: (i) the development of new platforms and applications of IEEM for those countries with Environmental and/or Ecosystem Service Accounts; (ii) integration of regulation and cultural and aesthetic ecosystem services within the IEEM framework; and (iii) collaborations with government institutions in the region, intended to create capacities to implement and apply the IEEM Platform. With respect to this third point, in this third edition of the series, we are pleased to have the contributions and perspectives of Henry Vargas, Director of the Department of Macroeconomic Statistics and Evelyn Muñoz Salas, Director of the Department of Economic Research, both based at the Central Bank of Costa Rica.
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Abdul Manap, Turkhan. Unlocking the Access of SMEs to Capital Markets through Sukuk Enhancement Fund. Islamic Development Bank Institute, septembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55780/re24034.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are vital in promoting economic growth, accounting for 90% of businesses, providing 60 to 70% of employment, and contributing 50% of the world’s GDP (World Bank). They are the backbone of societies worldwide, supporting livelihoods, especially among the working poor, women, youth, and vulnerable groups. With the proper support, SMEs have the potential to transform economies, promote job creation, and foster equitable economic growth. According to the International Finance Corporation (IFC), approximately 65 million businesses in developing countries, representing 40% of formal SMEs, require an additional US$5.2 trillion in financing annually (World Bank). This amount is equivalent to 1.4 times the current global SME lending. Bridging this financing gap requires improving the ecosystem and introducing innovative tools to facilitate financing. SMEs need better access to capital markets and should explore new methods to acquire funding and sustain growth. The Sukuk Enhancement Fund (SEF) proposal by researchers at the Islamic Development Bank Institute (IsDBI) aims to help SMEs access capital markets for sustainable growth and financial resilience.
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Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West et Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon : A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, novembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.
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Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenhouse gas with a short-term global warming potential well beyond carbon dioxide and methane. Worse still, it is often deposited on sea ice and glaciers, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melting, particularly in the Arctic and Himalayas. Therefore, reducing BC emissions results in a triple win, mitigating climate change, improving the lives of more than two billion people currently exposed to unclean air, and saving trillions of dollars in economic losses. Today, the majority of BC emissions stem from just a handful of sectors and countries. Over 70% of BC comes from the residential and transportation sectors, with the latter being the dominant source in high-income countries and the former driving emissions in low- and middle-income nations. On a country-level, China and India are the biggest emitters accounting for one-third of global BC emissions. When combined with Brazil, Indonesia, and Nigeria, these five countries alone emit 50% of all BC. While BC emissions trends over the past 20 years have been inconsistent globally, there has been a notable decline in Europe, North America, and China. Conversely, emissions have been rising in regions like Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends deep reductions in BC emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of limiting warming to below 1.5°C, yet very few countries have addressed BC in their climate plans. Fortunately, solutions that can rapidly reduce BC emissions by the end of this decade are readily available. By implementing the right policies, deploying targeted interventions in hotspots, and redirecting climate finance, policymakers and funders can mitigate the climate effects of BC while saving millions of lives and trillions of dollars. Below are key recommendations to achieve these aims based on the findings of this report: Urgently implement clean cooking solutions Providing clean cooking fuels and technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in the hotspots of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Nigeria, and Uganda, can significantly reduce BC emissions. Countries with low penetration of clean cooking fuel must urgently develop policies that make clean cooking a priority for health and climate. Target transportation to reduce current – and prevent future – emissions Retrofitting older diesel engines with diesel particulate filters can remove up to 95% of BC. Countries around the world must implement policies to phase out polluting vehicles, set emission standards, and accelerate the uptake of EVs and hybrids, especially in urban regions where transportation demand is growing rapidly. A successful shift to EVs demands national investments complemented with international financing and private capital. Multilateral development banks need to play a pivotal role in this transition, with strategies like concessional finance to fast-track key projects and stimulate private sector investment. Reduce BC from the shipping industry BC emissions from the shipping industry must be urgently reduced to protect the Arctic ecosystem. Shifting shipping away from heavy fuel oil and equipping ships with diesel particulate filters is a cost-effective approach that would quickly and significantly reduce emissions. Regulate air quality Stringent emissions standards, clean air laws, baselines, and mandatory monitoring programs can effectively reduce BC emissions. Such policies have already resulted in large reductions in Europe, North America, and, more recently, China. However, several low- and middle-income countries have no legal protection for ambient air quality and lack legislatively-mandated standards. Implementing strong and legally binding policies can result in a large decrease in BC emissions, particularly across the transportation and industry sectors. Include BC in nationally determined contributions and the UNFCCC Only 12 countries have explicitly addressed BC in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This limited focus on BC is partly due to its omission from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) list of climate pollutants, an oversight that should be reconsidered given that reducing BC would save countless lives and slow global warming. As nations review their NDCs by 2025, they must incorporate BC reduction efforts to meet climate and well-being targets. Improve BC measurements and estimates BC estimates are plagued by uncertainties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate inventories in order to develop better emission reduction plans. Stakeholders must collaborate to develop a consistent BC measurement protocol, prioritize the collection of high-quality data, and use state of the art models to enhance estimates and reduce uncertainties.