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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Effluent treatment plants »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 6 juin 2025
Mis à jour le 8 juin 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Effluent treatment plants"

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Raj, Abhay, Sharad Kumar, Izharul Haq, and Mahadeo Kumar. "Detection of Tannery Effluents Induced DNA Damage in Mung Bean by Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers." ISRN Biotechnology 2014 (March 11, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/727623.

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Common effluent treatment plant (CETP) is employed for treatment of tannery effluent. However, the performance of CETP for reducing the genotoxic substances from the raw effluent is not known. In this study, phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of tannery effluents were investigated in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). For this purpose, untreated and treated tannery effluents were collected from CETP Unnao (UP), India. Seeds of mung bean were grown in soil irrigated with various concentrations of tannery effluents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for 15 days. Inhibition of seed germination was 90% by 25% untreated effluent and 75% treated effluent, compared to the control. Plant growth was inhibited by 51% and 41% when irrigated with untreated and treated effluents at 25% concentration. RAPD technique was used to evaluate the genotoxic effect of tannery effluents (untreated and treated) irrigation on the mung bean. The RAPD profiles obtained showed that both untreated and treated were having genotoxic effects on mung bean plants. This was discernible with appearance/disappearance of bands in the treatments compared with control plants. A total of 87 RAPD bands were obtained using eight primers and 42 (48%) of these showed polymorphism. Irrigating plants with untreated effluent caused 12 new bands to appear and 18 to disappear. Treated effluent caused 8 new bands and the loss of 15 bands. The genetic distances shown on the dendrogram revealed that control plants and those irrigated with treated effluent were clustered in one group (joined at distance of 0.28), whereas those irrigated with untreated effluent were separated in another cluster at larger distance (joined at distance of 0.42). This indicates that treated effluent is less genotoxic than the untreated. Nei’s genetic similarity indices calculated between the treatments and the control plants showed that the control and the plants irrigated with treated tannery effluent had a similarity index of 0.75, the control and plants irrigated with untreated 0.65, and between the treatments 0.68. We conclude that both untreated and treated effluents contain genotoxic substances that caused DNA damage to mung beans. CETP Unnao removes some, but not all, genotoxic substances from tannery effluent. Consequently, use of both untreated and treated wastewater for irrigation poses health hazard to human and the environment.
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Yotova, Galina, Tony Venelinov, and Stefan Tsakovski. "Chemometric Assessment of Bulgarian Wastewater Treatment Plants’ Effluents." Molecules 25, no. 19 (2020): 4408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194408.

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Surface water quality strongly depends on anthropogenic activity. Among the main anthropogenic sources of this activity are the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. The discharged loads of nutrients and suspended solids could provoke serious problems for receiving water bodies and significantly alter the surface water quality. This study presents inventory analysis and chemometric assessment of WWTP effluents based on the mandatory monitoring data. The comparison between the Bulgarian WWTPs and previously reported data from other countries reveals that discharged loads from investigated WWTPs are lower. This is particularly valid for total suspended solids (TSS). The low TSS loads are the reason for the deviations of the typical calculated WWTP effluent ratios of Bulgarian WWTPs compared to the WWTPs worldwide. The performed multivariate analysis reveals the hidden factors that determine the content of WWTP effluents. The source apportioning based on multivariate curve resolution analysis provides detailed information for source contribution profiles of the investigated WWTP effluent loads and elucidate the difference between WWTPs included in this study.
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Albuquerque Soares, Haroldo Sávio, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Manoel Henrique Reis Nascimento. "PH Analysis of an Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in a Paper Recycling Industry." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (2019): 1062–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1967.

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The paper industry in its production process consumes a large amount of water, and the flow of effluent is very variable, being related to the manufacturing process used in production capacity. Effluents are formed by complex mixtures of chemical compounds. The wide composition variability among the effluents from the most diverse origins, added to the market entry of numerous chemical substances every year, which will become part of the effluents, makes the complete characterization of its composition very difficult. To characterize the effluent, some parameters are analyzed, which may be physical, chemical or bacteriological. The pH, which is directly related to the coagulation efficiency, as it influences the chemistry of the coagulants, their reactions in the aqueous environment, the predominant hydrolysed species and the variation in surface charge of colloids present in the effluent, where in the aqueous system it is typically measured by use of a pH meter. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform an effluent treatment plant (ETE) analysis of a paper recycling industry, the inlet and outlet flow values ​​of the WWTP, using the pH parameter, comparing the dry periods, flood and transition from August 2018 to July 2019. Initially, a survey of technical documents related to the effluent treatment process and the verification of the standard norms, in use in the Industry WWTP was carried out. The collections were performed bimonthly, observed at times that did not interfere in the results and identified according to CONAMA Resolution, nº 430/2011. The pH values ​​obtained at the WWTP revealed an improvement in the quality of the effluent treated in accordance with current legislation. However, although the effluent was adequate for the release pattern, the high toxicity found in the inlet and outlet pH of the WWTP, evidences the need to define new treatment and / or control strategies to comply with the legislation regarding this parameter.
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Singh Asiwal, Rakesh, Santosh Kumar Sar, Shweta Singh, and Megha Sahu. "Wastewater Treatment by Effluent Treatment Plants." International Journal of Civil Engineering 3, no. 12 (2016): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v3i12p105.

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Melcer, Henryk, Hugh Monteith, and Stephen G. Nutt. "Variability of Toxic Trace Contaminants in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 4-5 (1988): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0177.

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The variability of toxic trace contaminants in influents and effluents at three full-scale municipal sewage treatment plants was measured by collecting grab samples of degritted raw wastewater and non-chlorinated secondary effluent at two hour intervals over eight consecutive days. The samples were analyzed for metals, conventional contaminants and a range of organic trace contaminants. The metals and volatile organic compounds were the dominant contaminants found in the influents. In the effluents, organic concentrations were close to detectable levels and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were almost never detected. Some influent metal and organic contaminants varied diurnally while others appeared to fluctuate randomly with periodic spike inputs. The variability of most effluent trace contaminant concentrations was considerably attenuated in comparison to influent concentrations.
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Pagilla, K. R., M. Urgun-Demirtas, K. Czerwionka, and J. Makinia. "Nitrogen speciation in wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents—the US and Polish case studies." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 10 (2008): 1511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.213.

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The fate of N species, particularly dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), through process trains of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was investigated. In this study, three fully nitrifying plants in Illinois, USA and biological nutrient removal (BNR) plants in northern Poland were sampled for N characterization in the primary and secondary effluents as a function of the particle size distribution. The correlations between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations were examined. The key findings are that DON becomes significant portion (about 20%) of the effluent N, reaching up to 50% of effluent total N in one of the Polish plants. The DON constituted 56–95% of total ON (TON) in the secondary effluents, whereas in the Polish plants the DON contribution was substantially lower (19–62%) and in one case (Gdansk WWTP) colloidal ON was the dominating fraction (62% of TON). The DOC to DON ratio in the US plants is significantly lower than that in the receiving waters indicating potential for deterioration of receiving water quality. In Polish plants, the influent and effluent C:N ratios are similar, but not in the US plants.
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Rahaman, AA Abdul, OM Olaniran, and FA Oladele. "Growth and leaf epidermal response of three Sesamum indicum varieties to industrial effluent irrigation." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 52, no. 1 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v52i1.32025.

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The effect of industrial effluents was studied with respect to growth and leaf anatomy of three Sesamum indicum varieties (NGB 00931, NGB 00937 and NGB 00939). Industrial effluents (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) from two industries are used to irrigate the plants. Although, the control plants possessed larger leaves and longer stems than the effluent-treated plants, at lower concentration, the plant growth is relatively higher. Gradual decrease in the germination of seeds and seedling growth with increase in effluent concentration was observed. The best germination and seedling growth was observed at the 25% concentration. Leaf epidermal features (stomatal density, stomatal index, stomatal size, trichome density, tricome index, trichome size and number of epidermal cells) are more influenced in the effluent-treated plants than in the control plants from the Peace Standard Pharmaceutical Industry than in the effluent from the Global Soap & Detergent Industry. Thus the industrial effluents can be safely used for irrigation purposes with proper treatment and dilution at 25%.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(1), 1-6, 2017
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Sivard, Å., T. Ericsson, and B. Larsson. "Strategy for nutrient control in modern effluent treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (2007): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.224.

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The fate of nutrients in the modern effluent treatment plant depends on several factors, for example type of treatment plant, availability of nutrients in the specific effluent, dosing of nutrients and sludge age/production. New technologies with the aim to increase the efficiency and stability of the conventional activated sludge process have strongly affected the possibilities to control discharge of nutrients in pulp and paper effluents. A paradox is that a reduction of organic material may often lead to an increase of nutrient discharges. It is of the utmost importance that the operators have good knowledge of the factors affecting nutrient uptake and release in order to minimise nutrient discharge and obtain optimal plant performance. Dosing of nitrogen and phosphorus is one key factor in the sensitive balance in most pulp and paper effluent treatment plants. Correct dosing is crucial as high or low doses might lead not only to increased discharge of nutrients but also to severe operational problems with poor sludge quality, which in turn affects the plant performance for longer periods.
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Brandelli, A., M. L. Baldasso, and E. P. Goettems. "Toxicity Identification and Reduction Evaluation in Petrochemical Effluents – SITEL Case." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (1992): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0079.

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SITEL, Integrated Wastewater Treatment System of South Petrochemical Complex,has been processing liquid waste from this industrial area since November, 1982. The complex consists of an olefins plant and some second-generation plants that produce mainly thermoplastic resins. The raw industrial effluent is segregated in the plants in two main streams: organic and inorganic. The organic treatment consists of water-oil separator, equalization basin and dissolved air flotation (primary treatment), activated sludge and multi-media filters (secondary treatment) and stabilization ponds (tertiary treatment). The final effluent is applied on land by perforated PVC pipelines and sprinklers. In 1986, an aquatic toxicity test laboratory was implemented. It uses fish (Pimephales promelas) and crustaceans (Daphnia similis), according to methodology reported by EPA. A three-step protocol has been developed to characterize the whole effluent toxicity reduction in a, treatment system as well as to identify the sources of toxicity in industrial plants. The first step consists of toxicity identification and characterization of effluents at several monitoring points of SITEL. After analysing the results of the first step, it is possible to evaluate the toxicity reduction obtained by the treatment system and environmental toxicity evaluation. The second step consists of identification of the sources of toxicity in industrial plants through comparative study of organic and inorganic effluents of the complex, prioritizing the most toxic effluents. The last step consists of a toxic fraction identification, based on sequential physico/chemical fractionations of the effluent with associated toxicity testing using aquatic organisms. This paper presents the results that have been obtained so far and a previous evaluation of the main contributors for the toxicity of the effluents.
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K, KANNAN, and OBLISAMI G. "EFFECT OF RAW AND TREATED PAPER MILL EFFLUENT IRRIGATION ON VIGOUR INDICES OF CERTAIN CROP PLANTS." Madras Agricultural Journal 79, January (1992): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01725.

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Irrigation with the combined raw effluent from paper and pulp mill reduced the germination and vigour indices of crop plants. The combined effluents after dilution did not significantly affect the germination and growth. The combined effluent after aerobic treatment in a benchscale activated sludge system, when used for irrigation without any dilution favoured the growth of crop plants.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Effluent treatment plants"

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Skogsdal, Rickard. "Evaluation of treatment techniques of the effluent air at biogas upgrading plants." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för teknik- och naturvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-8066.

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In nature, organic matter is degraded by microorganisms. During the degradation gases formedincludes methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and small amounts of other gases such asVOCs. This has been utilized with help of anaerobic digesters, where environments have beencreated, in which these organisms thrive. In these chambers the gases are collected together intosomething called biogas.Biogas is a renewable energy source where the methane gas natural affinity for combustion inoxygen-containing environments is being used. By separating the methane from the other gases, theenergy value becomes closer to that of natural gas. The upgraded biogas can thus act as a substitutefor natural gas and be used as a fuel for vehicles, a need that has increased during the last years.This is preferred since natural gas is a fossil fuel.A technique used for upgrading biogas is water scrubbers. By using the gases different tendency todissolve into the water, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide can be removed. During this process asmall amount methane and VOC becomes absorbed as well. The upgraded biogas obtains a methanecontent of approximately 98 % and can then be used as a fuel for vehicles. The removed gases are atthe same time released from the water to the effluent air leaving the upgrading plant. This has beendeemed inappropriate since the hydrogen sulfide is a corrosive and highly toxic gas. The methaneand VOCs that leaves with the effluent air provides negative effects to the greenhouse effect andglobal environment.This study has examined the issue of how to treat the gases that are emitted by the effluent air.Using measurements to find the percentage amounts of the different gases in the effluent air and inthe raw biogas, annual quantities of emissions could be calculated. From these, various treatmentmethods have been analyzed where the author finally concluded that a reduction of hydrogensulfide should be achieved with help of iron in a filter. Methane has instead been proposed to betreated with a compost filter.<br>I naturen bryts organiska ämnen ned med hjälp av mikroorganismer. Under nedbrytningen bildasbland annat metan, koldioxid, svavelväte samt flera andra gaser så som VOC. Detta har utnyttjats dåman med hjälp av anaeroba rötkammare skapat miljöer där dessa mikroorganismer trivs. I dessakammare samlas gaserna ihop till någonting som kallas för biogas.Biogas är en förnyelsebar energikälla där man utnyttjar metangasens naturliga förutsättningar till attförbrännas i syrehaltiga miljöer. Genom att separera metangasen från de övriga gaserna, kanenergivärden nära naturgas fås. Den uppgraderade gasen kan på så vis agera som ett substitut tillnaturgas och därmed användas som drivmedel till fordon, ett behov som ökat under de senaste åren.Detta är att föredra då naturgas är ett fossilt bränsle.En teknik som används för separeringen av gaserna är vattenskrubbrar. Genom att utnyttja gasernasolika benägenhet att lösa sig i vatten så kan koldioxiden och svavelvätet tas bort. Under dennaprocess absorberas även mindre mängder metan och VOC. Den uppgraderade biogasen får genomprocessen cirka 98 % metanhalt och kan därefter användas för att driva fordon. De borttagnagaserna frigörs samtidigt från vattnet och släpps istället ut från uppgraderingsanläggningen medhjälp av en luftström. Detta har bedömts vara olämpligt då svavelvätet är korrosivt och en mycketgiftig gas. Metanen och VOCn som följer med den utgående luften har negativa egenskaper förväxthuseffekten och den globala miljön.Denna studie har undersökt hur de gaser som normalt släpps ut med det utgående luftflödet skallbehandla. Med hjälp av mätningar av de procentuella gasmängderna i den utgående luften samt iden råa biogasen har kvantiteter på årliga emissionerna kunnat uppskattas. Utifrån dessa har olikareningsmetoder analyserats där slutsatsen är att reducera svavelvätet med hjälp av Järn i ett filter.Metangasen har istället föreslagits bli renad i ett kompost filter.
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Santín, López Ignacio. "Application of control strategies in wastewater treatment plants for effluent quality improvement, costs reduction and effluent limits violations removal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/305238.

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En este trabajo se aplican diferentes estrategias de control en las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales. El primer objetivo es la mejora del rendimiento de control. Básicamente, esto sirve como una prueba de que la estrategia de control propuesta se ha aplicado correctamente. El objetivo final es el efecto de la estrategia de control aplicada sobre el rendimiento de la planta. En concreto, mejorar la calidad del efluente, reducir costes de operación y evitar violaciones de los límites establecidos en el efluente. La evaluación de las diferentes estrategias de control se lleva a cabo en primer lugar con el Benchmark Simulation Model No. 1 (BSM1), y en segundo lugar con Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2). BSM1 se centra en el tratamiento biológico mediante reactores de lodos activos, y la evaluación se basa en una semana de simulación. BSM2 es una versión extendida del BSM1, agregando el tratamiento de lodos y proporciona un afluente más elaborado y variable, con un año de evaluación. Los enfoques de control se basan en Control Predictivo basado en Modelo, control difuso, funciones que relacionan las variables de entrada y las manipuladas, y Redes Neuronales Artificiales. El Control Predictivo basado en Modelo se propone para una mejora del tracking. El control difuso y las funciones se implementan para mejorar los procesos de desnitrificación o de nitrificación en base a los objetivos propuestos. Sus parámetros de sintonía se seleccionan mediante análisis trade-off. Las Redes Neuronales Artificiales se aplican para detectar riesgo de violaciones y obtener una selección automática de la estrategia de control adecuada. Se muestran los resultados y se comparan con las estrategias de control por defecto y con la literatura. Para el rendimiento de control, se obtiene una mejora satisfactoria. En cuanto al rendimiento de la planta, en la mayoría de los casos se evitan violaciones de los límites establecidos de nitrógeno total y de amonio y nitrógeno amoniacal, mientras que también se consigue una mejora de la calidad del efluente y una reducción de costes de operación.<br>In this work different control strategies are applied in wastewater treatment plants. The first objective is the control performance improvement. Basically, this serves as a proof that the proposed control strategy has been applied properly. The final objective is the effect of the applied control strategy on the plant performance. Specifically, the effluent quality improvement, costs reduction and avoiding violations of the established effluent limits. The evaluation of the different control strategies is carried out first with Benchmark Simulation Model No. 1 (BSM1), and secondly with Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2). BSM1 is focused on the biological wastewater treatment by activated sludge reactors, and the evaluation is based on a week of simulation. BSM2 is extended adding the sludge treatment and provides a more elaborated and variable influent with an assessment of one year. The control approaches are based on Model Predictive Control, Fuzzy Control, functions that relate the input and manipulated variables and Artificial Neural Networks. Model Predictive Control is proposed for tracking improvement, Fuzzy Controllers and functions are implemented to improve the denitrification or nitrification processes based on the proposed objectives. Their tuning parameters are selected by trade-off analyses. Artificial Neural Networks are applied to detect risk of violations for an automatic selection of the suitable control strategy. The results are presented and compared with the default control strategy and with the literature. For the control performance, a satisfactory improvement is obtained. Regarding the plant performance, in most of the cases, violations of the established limits of total nitrogen and ammonium and ammonia nitrogen are avoided, as well as an effluent quality improvement and cost reduction are achieved.
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Perusini, Heather Brittany. "Temporal Variation of Mercury in Effluent from Two Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Southwest Ohio." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1472248610.

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Al-Salhi, Raghad Adnan Ahmed. "Identification of the xenometabolome and novel contaminant markers in fish exposed to a wastewater treatment works effluent." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/40340/.

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Fish can bioconcentrate complex mixtures of xenobiotics arising from exposure to wastewater effluents discharged into surface waters. Wastewaters contain a complex mixture of organic compounds and little is known about their uptake into fish and their health effects. In this study, a chemical profiling approach was used to characterize the profile of xenobiotics and their metabolites (the xenometabolome) in biofluids (bile and plasma) of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to a wastewater effluent. Metabolite profiles of effluent-exposed fish were compared with that from control fish exposed to uncontaminated river water. Samples were analysed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and data analysed by multivariate statistics. Exposure to effluent resulted in accumulation in trout bile of alkylsulfophenyl and alkylpolyethoxy carboxylates, as well as glucuronide conjugates of nonylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates, naphthols, chlorinated xylenols and phenoxyphenols, chlorophenes, resin acids, mefenamic acid and oxybenzone. Nonconjugated or sulphate conjugates of many of these contaminants were also detected in plasma of effluent-exposed trout. In addition, changes in the concentrations of endogenously derived metabolites were also detected in trout plasma, and these included an increase in blood bile acids, methylbutryolcarnitine and a decrease in sphingosine levels. These observations were verified in a further exposure of sexually mature roach (Rutilus rutilus) to concentrations of the same effluent. Exposure to 50% or 100% effluent resulted in dose dependent increases in blood concentrations of xenobiotics, taurocholic acid, syprinol sulphate and lysophospholipids and decreases in sphingosine levels. This work reveals the complex nature of xenobiotics accumulating in effluent-exposed fish together with the identification of changes in concentrations of lipid metabolites associated with hepatotoxicity. These results reveal, for the first time, that metabolite profiling techniques can be used to screen for uptake of complex mixtures of contaminants into fish and also for the detection of natural metabolite pathways in the organism that are disrupted due to exposure to multiple xenobiotics.
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Hendricks, Rahzia. "Assessment of the biological quality of raw and treated effluents from three sewage treatment plants in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6966_1331032010.

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<p>The aim of this study was to compare the water quality of raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents from three different sewage treatment plants in the Western Cape, South Africa. The treatment plants investigated are on the same river system. Sewage treatment plant 1 and 2 use older technologies, while sewage treatment plant 3 has been upgraded and new technologies (membrane bioreactor) were incorporated in the treatment processes. The first objective was to determine the occurrence of total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and fluoroquinolone and sulfamethoxazole antibiotic residues in raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents. Bacteria in treated sewage effluents can result in diseases such as dysentery, gastroenteritis, and typhoid upon exposure. A chromogenic test was used to screen for coliforms and E. coli. Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) were used to quantitate antibiotic residues (fluoroquinolones and sulfamethoxazole) in raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents. This study showed that bacteria are present in raw wastewater and residual bacteria are released with treated sewage effluents from sewage treatment plants.</p>
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Kasongo, Wa Kasongo Godwill. "Enhancement of membrane surface characteristics to improve membrane performance and durability in the treatment of municipal MBR effluent." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2695.

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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.<br>Fresh, clean water has always been critical for the world's social development. Supply of water can be reinforced through recycling and reuse; and secondary treatment of municipal wastewater effluent with a membrane bioreactor (MBR) followed by a reverse osmosis (RO) process, has emerged as a crucial treatment process for water reuse. However, fouling of RO membranes in such process is unavoidable. This leads to poor performance, increase in operational cost and degradation of the membrane material, which reduces the membrane life span. Various researches have been conducted to provide an understanding of the mechanism of fouling, and methods have been developed to minimize it. In this research, the effect of surface modification to minimise fouling on a thin film composite polyamide RO membrane was investigated. This study was divided into three parts, namely: membrane modification, biofouling and filtration using RO. Two modifying agents, PVA and DMAEMA, were used as grafting solutions. Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used as the biofoulant to study the ant-biofouling properties of the membranes. A make-up synthetic MBR secondary effluent feed was used in a bench scale RO process. During the membrane modification process, the membrane was treated using two different approaches. Firstly, the covalent attachment of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through Glutaraldehyde (GA) onto the surface and secondly the redox initiated grafting of dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA PVA and DMAEMA grafting solutions were applied at four different concentrations). The PVA and DMAEMA modifying agents were successfully grafted onto the membrane top layers and were confirmed by the functional groups, present, using the Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra. The morphology of the membrane surfaces was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), before and after treatment. SEM analysis showed better membrane structures with PVA grafting compared to DMAEMA.
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Osode, Augustina Nwabuje. "Assessment of the prevalence of virulent Eschericia coli strains in the final effluents of wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001062.

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Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common inhabitant of surface waters in the developed and developing worlds. The majority of E. coli cells present in water are not particularly pathogenic to humans; however, there are some present in small proportion that possess virulence genes that allow them to colonize the digestive tract. Pathogenic E. coli causes acute and chronic diarrheal diseases, especially among children in developing countries and in travelers in these locales. The present study, conducted between August 2007 and July 2008, investigated the prevalence and distribution of virulent E. coli strains as either free or attached cells in the final effluents of three wastewater treatment plants located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and its impact on the physico-chemical quality of the receiving water body. The wastewater treatment plants are located in urban (East Bank Reclamation Works, East London), peri-urban (Dimbaza Sewage Treatment Works) and in rural area (Alice Sewage Treatment Works). The effluent quality of the treatment plants were acceptable with respect to pH (6.9-7.8), temperature (13.8-22.0 °C), dissolved oxygen (DO) (4.9-7.8 mg/L), salinity (0.12-0.17 psu), total dissolved solids (TDS) (119-162 mg/ L) and nitrite concentration (0.1-0.4 mg/l). The other xii physicochemical parameters that did not comply with regulated standards include the following: phosphate (0.1-4.0 mg/L); chemical oxygen demand (COD) (5-211 mg/L); electrical conductivity (EC) (237-325 μS/cm) and Turbidity (7.7-62.7 NTU). Results suggest that eutrophication is intensified in the vicinity of the effluent discharge points, where phosphate and nitrate were found in high concentrations. Presumptive E. coli was isolated from the effluent samples by culture-based methods and confirmed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques. Antibiogram assay was also carried out using standard in vitro methods on Mueller Hinton agar. The viable counts of presumptive E. coli for the effluent samples associated with 180 μm plankton size ranged between 0 – 4.30 × 101 cfu/ml in Dimbaza, 0 – 3.88 × 101 cfu/ml in Alice and 0 – 8.00 × 101 cfu/ml in East London. In the 60 μm plankton size category E. coli densities ranged between 0 and 4.2 × 101 cfu/ml in Dimbaza, 0 and 2.13 × 101 cfu/ml in Alice and 0 and 8.75 × 101 cfu/ml in East London. Whereas in the 20 μm plankton size category presumptive E. coli density varied from 0 to 5.0 × 101 cfu/ml in Dimbaza, 0 to 3.75 × 101 cfu/ml in Alice and 0 to 9.0 × 101 cfu/ml in East London. The free-living presumptive E. coli density ranged between 0 and 3.13 × 101 cfu/ml in Dimbaza, between 0 and 8.0 × 101 cfu/ml in Alice and between 0 and 9.5 × 101 cfu/ml in East London. Molecular analysis successfully amplified target genes (fliCH7, rfbEO157, ial and aap) which are characteristic of pathogenic E. coli strains. The PCR assays using uidA-specific primer confirmed that a genetic region homologous in size to the E. coli uidA structural gene, including the regulatory region, was present in 3 of the E. coli isolates from Alice, 10 from Dimbaza and 8 from East London. Of the 3 E. coli isolates from Alice, 1 (33.3%) was positive for the fliCH7 genes and 3 was positive for rfbEO157 genes. Out of the 10 isolates from Dimbaza, 4 were xiii positive for fliCH7 genes, 6 were positive for the rfbEO157 genes and 1 was positive for the aap genes; and of the 8 isolates from East London, 1 was positive for fliCH7 genes, 2 were for the rfbEO157 genes, 6 were positive for the ial genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile revealed that all of the E. coli strains isolated from the effluent water samples were resistant (R) to linezolid, polymyxin B, penicillin G and sulfamethoxazole. The E. coli isolates from Dimbaza (9/10) and East London (8/8) respectively were resistant to erythromycin. All the isolates were found to be susceptible (S) to amikacin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, colistin sulphate, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, ertapenem, gatifloxacin, gentamycin, imidazole, kanamycin, meropenem, moxifloxacin, neomycin, netilmicin, norfloxacin and tobramycin. The findings of this study revealed that the Alice wastewater treatment plant was the most efficient as it produced the final effluent with the least pathogenic E. coli followed by the Dimbaza wastewater treatment plant. In addition, the findings showed that the wastewater treatment plant effluents are a veritable source of pathogenic E. coli in the Eastern Cape Province watershed. We suggest that to maximize public health protection, treated wastewater effluent quality should be diligently monitored pursuant to ensuring high quality of final effluents.
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Goudreau, Stephanie E. "Effects of sewage treatment plant effluents on mollusks and fish of the Clinch River in Tazewell County, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43404.

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<p>The Clinch River is renown for its rich mollusk and fish assemblages, including many endemic species. New sewage treatment plants (STP's) have recently been constructed along the Clinch River in Virginia, raising concern because of the disappearance of mollusks below existing STP's. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine mollusk and fish distribution in proximity to two STP's in Tazewell County, and the tolerance of two mollusk species to mono chloramine and unionized ammonia, the major toxicants in domestic STP effiuent.</p> <p> River reaches up to 3.75 km downstream of the STP outfalls at Tazewell and Richlands were depauperate of mussels. Tolerance to effluent seemed to vary among snails, sphaeriid clams, and the Asiatic clam <i>Corbicula flumineaK</i>. After an initial toxic zone below the Tazewell outfall, abundance of fish appeared to increase by 0.45 km below the outfall. The effluent at Richlands eliminated intolerant species, and more tolerant species were present as far as 0.45 km below the outfall.</p> <p> Laboratory bioassays with glochidia of <i>Villosa nebulosa</i> resulted in 24-h EC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.042 and 0.084 mg/L monochloramine, respectively, and 24-h EC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>50</sub>values of 0.237 and 0.284 mg/L unionized ammonia, respectively. Glochidia rank among the most sensitive invertebrates in their tolerance to these toxicants. The snail <i>Pleurocera unciale unciale</i> was moderately sensitive, with 96-h LC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.252 mg/L mono chloramine and 0.742 mg/L unionized ammonia. Comparison of monochloramine and unionized ammonia concentrations monitored at 0.10 km below the outfalls indicated that mono chloramine was the major toxicant likely affecting fauna.</p><br>Master of Science
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Kromrey, Natalie A., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The effects of wastewater treatment plant effluent and agricultural runoff on the reproductive systems of fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, c2009, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2519.

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Endocrine disrupting compounds and pesticides have been detected in rivers and irrigation canals of Southern Alberta, a semiarid region with irrigation-dependent crop production, intensive livestock operations, and a growing human population. However, little is known about the effects of agricultural runoff or wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent in Southern Alberta on fish. Reproductive effects of WWTP effluents from the cities of Lethbridge and Medicine Hat, as well as agricultural runoff in the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation District canals, were investigated in a field study with wild fathead minnows (FHMN) in the Oldman and the South Saskatchewan rivers, in Alberta, Canada, and in a laboratory study with laboratory reared FHMN exposed in vivo to the city of Lethbridge WWTP effluent for 21 days. Biochemical and morphological endpoints were measured to characterize reproductive status. Liver vitellogenin, a biomarker of exposure to estrogen mimics, was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR, and gonadal histology was used to determine sex, gonadal maturity, and intersex. Adverse reproductive effects were detected in FHMN exposed for 21 days to 10 and 25% of Lethbridge WWTP effluent. In the field, effluents from both Lethbridge and Medicine Hat had an effect on the reproductive systems of FHMN. In canals, reproductive effects were detected in wild fathead minnows in years when water quality in irrigation drain canals decreased. Exposure to pesticides was estimated using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. Exposure to Lethbridge WWTP effluent did not inhibit AChE, whereas results from the field study were inconclusive. In conclusion, reproductive systems of fathead minnows in Southern Alberta were impacted by anthropogenic chemicals.<br>xi, 104 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 29 cm
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Ajibade, Adefisoye Martins. "Assessment of the prevalence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli o157:h7 in the final effluents of two wastewater treatment plants in Amahlathi Local Municipality of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016166.

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The production of final effluents that meet discharged requirements and guidelines remain a major challenge particularly in the developing world with the resultant problem of surface water pollution. This study assessed the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of two wastewater treatment works in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in terms of the prevalence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli O157:H7 over a five month period. All physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out using standard methods. Data were collected in triplicates and analysed statistically using IBM SPSS version 20.0. The ranges of some of the physicochemical parameters that complied with set guidelines include pH (6.7 – 7.6), TDS (107 – 171 mg/L), EC (168 – 266 μS/cm), Temperature (15 – 24oC), NO3- (0 – 8.2 mg/L), NO2- (0.14 – 0.71 mg/L) and PO4 (1.05 – 4.50 mg/L). Others including Turbidity (2.64 – 58.00 NTU), Free Cl (0.13 – 0.65 mg/L), DO (2.20 – 8.48 mg/L), BOD (0.13 – 6.85 mg/L) and COD (40 – 482 mg/L) did not comply with set guidelines. The microbiological parameters ranged 0 – 2.7 × 104 CFU/100 ml for FC and 0 – 9.3 × 103 for EHEC CFU/100 ml, an indication of non-compliance with set guidelines. Preliminary identification of 40 randomly selected presumptive enterohemorrhagic E. coli isolates by Gram’s staining and oxidase test shows 100% (all 40 selected isolates) to be Gram positive while 90% (36 randomly selected isolates) were oxidase negative. Statistical correlation between the physicochemical and the microbiological parameters were generally weak except in the case of free chlorine and DO where they showed inverse correlation with the microbiological parameters. The recovery of EHEC showed the inefficiency of the treatment processes to effectively inactivate the bacteria, and possibly other pathogenic bacteria that may be present in the treated wastewater. The assessment suggested the need for proper monitoring and a review of the treatment procedures used at these treatment works.
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Livres sur le sujet "Effluent treatment plants"

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Srinivas, C. TBP production plant effluent treatment process. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2004.

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India. Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution., ed. Brochure on effluent treatment plants in Karnataka State. Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, 1985.

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Cleasby, Thomas E. Effluent mixing characteristics below four wastewater-treatment facilities in southwestern Montana, 1997. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Cleasby, Thomas E. Effluent mixing characteristics below four wastewater-treatment facilities in southwestern Montana, 1997. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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(India), Institution of Engineers, India. Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution., and World Congress on Engineering and Environment (2nd : 1985 : New Delhi, India), eds. National inventory of water polluting industry and status of effluent treatment plants. Institution of Engineers (India), 1985.

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Brown, Donald S. Evaluation of a pulsed bed filter for filtration of municipal primary effluent. Environmental Protection Agency], 1987.

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Hoyle-Dodson, Guy. City of Colville sewage treatment plant Class II inspection. Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Program, 1995.

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Hoyle-Dodson, Guy. City of Blaine wastewater treatment plant class II inspection. Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Program, 1997.

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Tarmohamed, Yasmin. Ontario municipal sewage treatment plants mass balance project: Report-- metals. MISA Advisory Committee, 1990.

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Hoyle-Dodson, Guy. Clark County Salmon Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant class II inspection. Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Program, 1997.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Effluent treatment plants"

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Golwalkar, Kiran. "Effluent Treatment Plants." In Process Equipment Procurement in the Chemical and Related Industries. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12078-2_14.

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Taher, Heba Saad, Sara Fareed Mohamed Wahdan, Rania Sayed, Amira Ouda, and Hesham Abdulla. "The Microbial Nexus in Effluent Treatment Plants." In Microbial Nexus for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003441069-9.

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Gaekwad, Aakanksharaje, M. A. Shabiimam, and Dhruvin Sojitra. "Sustainable Technological Options for Industrial Effluent Treatment in Common Effluent Treatment Plants: A Review." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4186-5_19.

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de Groot, W. Herman. "Exhaust gas and Effluent Treatment SO3/Air Sulphonation Plants." In Sulphonation Technology in the Detergent Industry. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7918-6_7.

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Santín, Ignacio, Carles Pedret, and Ramón Vilanova. "Effluent Predictions for Violations Risk Detection." In Control and Decision Strategies in Wastewater Treatment Plants for Operation Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46367-4_7.

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Munjanja, Basil K., Nilesh S. Wagh, Philiswa N. Nomngongo, Jaya Lakkakula, and Nomvano Mketo. "Biofiltration-Based Methods for the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds and Heavy Metals in Industrial Effluent Treatment Plants." In Bio-Nano Filtration in Industrial Effluent Treatment. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003165149-1.

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Kumar, Ramesh, Alak Kumar Ghosh, and Parimal Pal. "Sustainable Management of Toxic Industrial Effluent of Coal-Based Power Plants." In Emerging Eco-friendly Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1390-9_9.

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Arivoli, A., T. Sathiamoorthi, and M. Satheeshkumar. "Treatment of Textile Effluent by Phytoremediation with the Aquatic Plants: Alternanthera sessilis." In Bioremediation and Sustainable Technologies for Cleaner Environment. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48439-6_15.

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Santín, Ignacio, Carles Pedret, and Ramón Vilanova. "Denitrification and Nitrification Processes Improvement for Avoiding Pollutants Limits Violations in the Effluent." In Control and Decision Strategies in Wastewater Treatment Plants for Operation Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46367-4_6.

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Qasim, Syed R. "Effluent Disposal." In Wastewater Treatment Plants. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203734209-15.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Effluent treatment plants"

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Al-Mithin, Abdul Wahab, Amer Jarragh, Sandip Kuthe, and Sharad Londhe. "Chemical Inhibitor Field Trial in Effluent Water Treatment Facilities." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02221.

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Abstract Chemical inhibitor field trial was conducted in one of the main companies in the field of exploration, production and transportation of crude oil and gas in the region. Effluent water, which is a byproduct of crude oil separation and processing from the gathering centers, was disposed of in evaporation pits. In the past few years, two effluent water disposal plants were constructed and commissioned is east and south Kuwait fields, for treating the effluent water collected from several gathering centers and dispose it by re-injecting in the disposal/injection wells. Effluent water is known for its high corrosivity and high content of chloride which could lead to premature failures at the EWDP facilities and injection lines. Various types of chemicals are used to control corrosion, scales and microbial growth in these facilities. In an effort to select proper inhibitor chemicals, a field trial had been carried out for five chemical vendors for various chemical formulations (corrosion inhibitor, scale inhibitor, oxygen scavenger, and biocide). This paper will focus on the methods used to evaluate the performance of the corrosion inhibitor and biocide.
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Peeters, J. G., and S. L. Theodoulou. "Membrane Technology Treating Oily Wastewater for Reuse." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05534.

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Abstract Whereas the use of recycled municipal wastewater has been practiced for a number of years, the use of recycled wastewater in the petroleum industry has been limited. Nonetheless, tightening effluent regulations and diminishing freshwater supplies have generated interest in the treatment of refinery wastewaters for reuse. Historically, refinery wastewater has been treated to various degrees of effluent quality by means of oil/water separation and biological secondary treatment. This level of treatment was not able to produce a treated effluent that is suitable for reuse in the refinery process. Recent developments in membrane technology have enabled refineries to implement treatment strategies that allow process wastewater to be treated and reused. Applications of the reuse within the refinery include cooling tower make-up and boiler feed water. An added benefit of membrane technology is the flexibility of how it can be implemented into greenfield sites or retrofitted into existing plants. Membrane bioreactors eliminate the need for a secondary clarification step and ensure a minimal footprint. Tertiary filtration is an excellent polishing step for existing plants that need further treatment or the reliability that membranes are able to guarantee. Regardless of which configuration is chosen, the end result is a high quality effluent that is suitable for re-use, including feed to reverse osmosis. Case studies of full-scale systems operating with reinforced immersed hollow fiber membrane technology are included to provide an example of applications where refineries have employed this technology to achieve their treatment objectives and reuse goals.
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Al-Sulaiman, Saleh, Yousef Khuraibut, Sandip Kuthe, and Sharad Londhe. "Comparison of the Fluid Corrosivity and Bacterial Activity in Effluent and Seawater Treatment Systems." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13295.

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Abstract In the oil and gas industry, internal corrosion of metallic components and piping is caused by the associated water flow onto the surface along with the crude oil. Once established, the corrosion characteristics of the produced water changes due to corresponding change in the fluid properties. By continuously monitoring the corrosion rates and type of corrosion attack on the standard corrosion coupons it is possible to get an indication of the corrosion mechanism operating within different water streams. The corrosion mitigation measures also can be selected and applied based on the predominant corrosion mechanism operating in the system and optimized accordingly. In this study internal corrosion monitoring data from effluent water treatment plants and seawater treatment plant is evaluated with respect to its dissolved H2S and bacterial activity respectively especially the oilfield bacterial counts (General Aerobic, General Anaerobic and Sulfate Reducing Bacteria). Distinct features have been observed on the corrosion coupons retrieved from sour and non-sour water systems and seawater service. Significantly lower corrosion rates and surface adherent FeS scale found on the coupons retrieved from the sour service were compared to that from non-sour waters and subsequent corrosion mitigation measures applied has also been presented here.
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Al-Shamari, AbdulRazzaq, Santhosh Kumar, Amer Jarragh, Surya Prakash, Basanta Lenka, and Abdul Rahman Emam. "Internal Corrosion Investigation on a Corroded Oily Water Drain Piping at Oil Separation Unit - Typical under Deposit Corrosion – a Case Study." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05598.

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Abstract Internal corrosion monitoring of process vessels and associated piping in operating plants as well as fluid analysis from appropriate locations provide valuable input into the corrosion assessment of the equipment and components. Internal corrosion mitigation in the oil &amp; gas industries have been always a great challenge for corrosion experts especially in identification of different types of corrosion and its mechanism and how to set the proper mitigation means. In our company, Internal Corrosion Monitoring activities are carried out in their facilities which consists of 22 Crude Processing Plants (Gathering Centers), 4 Gas Processing Plants (Booster Stations); 3 Effluent Water Disposal Plants, Seawater Treatment and Injection Plant, a vast network of pipelines carrying different products, as well as Early Production Facilities. This paper highlights a case study of a 6 inch (15 cm) oily water drain piping from a separator outlet, which was found to be severely corroded due to under deposit/pitting corrosion. The corroded pipe was subject to detailed corrosion investigation. This case study describes the corrosion mechanism, various testing to identify the type of corrosion and recommendations for mitigations.
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Höwing, Jonas, Oscar Öhlin, and Karen Picker. "Corrosion Resistance of Three High-Ni Alloys in Renewable Feedstock Pretreatment Conditions." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00183.

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Abstract The high alloyed grades N08935, N08825, and N06625 have been tested in an aqueous environment at T=275°C, 500 ppm of chlorides, and pH=2 adjusted using citric acid. The test environment is relevant for pre-treatment of renewable refinery feedstock for renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), as well as reactor effluent air coolers (REAC’s) in hydrotreating plants. The alloys have been tested with regard to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking, (Cl-SCC), pitting, and crevice corrosion. The samples have been flat samples with ceramic crevice formers and C-rings tensioned to 100% of actual yield strength. In the paper, the results from the testing and suitability of the different grades for pretreatment and REAC applications are discussed.
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Jarragh, Amer, Saleh Al-Sulaiman, Srinivasan Balasundaram, and Moavin Islam. "The Value of Internal Corrosion Monitoring Activities in Asset Integrity Management." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02223.

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Abstract Systematic internal corrosion monitoring of process vessels and associated piping in operating plants as well as fluid analysis from appropriate locations can provide valuable insight into the corrosion status of the equipment and components. At the Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), internal corrosion monitoring activities are carried out in all their facilities which consists of 22 crude processing plants (or gathering centers), 4 gas processing plants (or booster stations); 2 effluent water disposal plants, seawater treatment and injection plant, a vast network of pipelines carrying different products, as well as early production facilities. Internal corrosion monitoring is conducted with online monitoring equipment that include corrosion coupons, corrosion probes, bio probes, hydrogen patch probes etc. installed at key locations. Fluid analyses activities are also carried out for different processes to determine various key parameters such as pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, dissolved oxygen content, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, corrosion and scale inhibitor residuals, Iron (Fe) content (total and dissolved), bacterial activity, etc. Corrosion data and fluid characteristics are analyzed for trends and appropriate recommendations issued to asset owners for corrective, preventive measures to mitigate corrosion and also to advise Inspection requirements based on findings. This paper highlights two cases in KOC, one involving a low pressure (LP) wet separator and another involving an inlet piping to a desalter in two different facilities, where Internal corrosion monitoring results were utilized to undertake pre-emptive non-destructive testing (NDT) inspections using ultrasonic scanning by Automated Ultra-sonic Test (AUT) method and thickness verification of susceptible portions of equipment, nozzles and piping circuits followed by physical verification. In both cases potential disasters and unscheduled plant shutdowns were avoided since in both cases the equipment in question were found to have suffered severe corrosion with wall thickness losses exceeding 50-75%. In both cases the corroded items were replaced before major problems occurred.
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McGinley, H. R., M. V. Enzien, G. Hancock, S. Gonsior, and M. Miksztal. "Glutaraldehyde: An Understanding of its Ecotoxicity Profile and Environmental Chemistry." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09405.

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Abstract The use of glutaraldehyde for decontamination and preservation of water systems involves important considerations relevant to its ecotoxicity profile, biodegradation properties and safe handling and storage guidelines. This paper will review the comprehensive data set from ecotoxicity studies for aquatic plants, invertebrates, and fish species, in addition to biodegradability characteristics as measured by standard Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) testing. These data serve the proper design for handling and managing water systems with compliance to environmental discharge requirements specific to the location of interest. The critical ecological properties depend on the site-specific situation; overboard discharge from an offshore oil production platform, effluent discharge to an inland waterway, or processing through a waste water treatment facility. The paper will also present the glutaraldehyde risk assessments to calculate the Hazard Quotient for the HOCNF gold/silver band rating. In addition, practices to protect professional workers responsible for glutaraldehyde transport, storage and use at established industrial facilities and remote process locations will be discussed.
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Olabisi, Olagoke, Amer Jarragh, Yousef Khuraibut, and Ashok Mathew. "Identifying Key Performance Indicators for Corrosion in Oilfield Water Handling Systems." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4348.

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Abstract Key performance indicators are used to track the efficiency of the prevailing corrosion risk management strategy, namely, the integration of corrosion, process monitoring, inspection, mitigation, environmental control, and materials management. In an earlier paper1, a methodology was outlined for the use of a single key performance indicator, namely, the corrosion rate, in tracking monitoring strategy, mitigation strategy, and pipeline integrity. This paper seeks to identify other key performance indicators. At Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), internal corrosion monitoring activities are carried out in 22 gathering centers, early production facilities, 5 booster stations (operating), 3 effluent water disposal plants, seawater treatment plant, seawater injection plant, and pipeline network carrying different products. Corrosion and corrosivity trends are monitored using weight-loss coupons, electronic probes, bioprobes, hydrogen patch probes, galvanic probes as well as the measurement of iron content (total and dissolved) and manganese content. Corrosivity trend is also monitored using pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, H2S concentrations, CO2 concentrations, bacterial population density and corrosion inhibitor residuals. These activities consume significant resources. The present paper is focused on identifying parameter(s) that could serve as key performance indicator(s) for corrosion and enable the company to operate with greater cost effectiveness, efficiency, reliability and control of the state of corrosion integrity of oilfield water handling systems.
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Rollins, B. C., K. J. Evans, J. Esteban, and N. Sutton. "Chemical Treatment to Mitigate Polythionic Acid SCC without a Soda-Ash Wash: Laboratory and Plant Experience." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17993.

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Abstract A novel oxidative chemical treatment method is already being used to neutralize pyrophoric metal sulfides present in Hydroprocessing reactor systems. It is hypothesized that this treatment will similarly neutralize the iron sulfides which contribute to the formation of polythionic acids. A simple laboratory test has been developed to test the effectiveness of the chemical treatment. Previous experimental studies into polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking (PTASCC) have typically immersed stainless steel specimens in Saman’s solution, made by bubbling gaseous SO2 and H2S through the cell at controlled rates to produce a mixture of di-thionic through hexa-thionic acids along with sulfuric and sulfurous acids. In Saman’s solution, it can be difficult to obtain cracking even with the standard sensitizing heat treatments suggested in ASTM A2621. To circumvent these challenges, the current work uses standard U-bends (ASTM G302), coated with an air-sprayed suspension of iron sulfide powder. Specimens are suspended in saturated air (100% RH) at 50°C. Similarly, slow strain rate testing (SSRT) specimens were produced and tested using similar methods to identify the effect of exposure to FeS and various SCC mitigation and elimination treatments. To date, results indicate that the test method is successful for achieving PTASCC; test exposures of the oxidative chemical treatment are currently in progress. Parallel to laboratory testing, trials the treatment on actual refinery Hydroprocessing equipment are in progress. A hydrotreating reactor and associated process equipment including feed/ effluent exchangers, fired heater and piping systems, previously treated with soda-ash wash during shutdowns was instead treated only with the oxidative chemical treatment for the current outage, and then opened to air. Internal inspections using standard API recommended methods under a complex risk based inspection program to examine for PTASCC did not reveal any evidence of cracking. The authors hope that these positive results, along with future work, may allow this method for PTASCC mitigation to be recognized in NACE SP01703.
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Chawla, S., K. Evans, B. Rollins, et al. "Laboratory Investigation of Corrosion of Type 304L Stainless Steel in Hanford Direct-Feed Low-Activity Waste Effluents." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11325.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation performed to evaluate the impact of key Hanford tank waste chemical constituents on corrosion of Type 304L stainless steel (UNS S30403), which is the material of construction for the site’s evaporator. Simulated chemistries of the effluent were used to evaluate the susceptibility of the stainless steel to localized corrosion. The work is intended to improve the technical basis for establishing waste chemistry limits and controls that protects the integrity of the site evaporator system while processing tank waste and potentially effluent from the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). The results of the testing indicate that the environmental conditions expected to be present in the evaporator during the processing of retrieved waste and WTP effluent are not likely to cause localized corrosion attack of UNS S30403.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Effluent treatment plants"

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Vriezekolk, Erik, Hetty van der Wal, Ruben Massop, et al. EffluentFit4Food : towards safe, sustainable irrigation using effluent from wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs). Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18174/688337.

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von Sperling, Marcos. Urban Wastewater Treatment in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009301.

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The major focus of this report is the description and critical analysis of the main wastewater treatment processes used in Brazil. Special emphasis is given to small to medium size communities with populations lower than 100,000 inhabitants, which represent approximately 95% of the 5,570 Brazilian municipalities. In terms of coverage, around 40% of the sewage generated in Brazil is treated, with an estimated number of treatment plants in the order of 2,800. Based on a survey of 2,187 treatment plants, the configurations most widely adopted are: anaerobic pond followed by facultative pond; UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor; activated sludge; ponds followed by maturation ponds; septic tank followed by anaerobic filter. An assessment of the actual performance of 166 treatment plants showed a great variability in the effluent concentrations and in the removal efficiencies, with performances that were usually inferior to those reported in the technical literature. Data on capital cost expendituresindicated values ranging from R$60/inhabitant to R$650/inhabitant, depending on the treatment process employed. Due to the favorable climatic conditions in Brazil, there are no technical limitations for the adoption of biological sewage treatment. Traditional options incorporate stabilization ponds and activated sludge, but the more recent trend involves the adoption of UASB reactors followed by some form of post-treatment.
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MacDonald, James D., Aharon Abeliovich, Manuel C. Lagunas-Solar, David Faiman, and John Kabshima. Treatment of Irrigation Effluent Water to Reduce Nitrogenous Contaminants and Plant Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568092.bard.

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The contamination of surface and subterranean drinking water supplies with nitrogen-laden agricultural wastewater is a problem of increasing concern in the U.S. and Israel. Through this research, we found that bacteria could utilize common organic wastes (e.g. paper, straw, cotton) as carbon sources under anaerobic conditions, and reduce nitrate concentrations in wastewater to safe levels. Two species of bacteria, Cellulomonas uda and a Comamonas sp., were required for dentitrification. Celulomonas uda degraded cellulose and reduced nitrate to nitrite. In addition, it excreted soluble organic carbon needed as a food source by the Comamonas sp. for completion of denitrification. We also found that recirculated irrigation water contains substantial amounts of fungal inoculum, and that irrigating healthy plants with such water leads to significant levels of root infection. Water can be disinfected with UV, but our experiments showed that Hg-vapor lamps do not possess sufficient energy to kill spores in wastewater containing dissolved organics. Excimer lasers and Xenon flashlamps do possess the needed power levels, but only the laser had a high enough repetition rate to reliably treat large volumes of water. Ozone was highly efficacious, but it's use as a water treatment is probably best suited to moderate or low volume irrigation systems. This research provides critical data needed for the design of effective water denitrification and/or pathogen disinfection systems for different growing operations.
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Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki, and Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.

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The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.
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LUECK, K. J. Waste Treatment Plant Liquid Effluent Treatability Evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807138.

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LUECK, K. J. WASTE TREATMENT PLANT (WTP) LIQUID EFFLUENT TREATABILITY EVALUATION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834437.

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Flaherty, Julia, and Ernest Antonio. Hanford Waste Treatment Plant LAB Facility Stack Effluent Monitoring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2369461.

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Flaherty, Julia, Ernest Antonio, Carolyn AM Burns, Richard Daniel, and Jennifer Yao. Hanford Waste Treatment Plant Effluent Management Facility Stack Effluent Monitoring Sampling Probe Location Qualification Evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1880068.

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Flaherty, Julia, Ernest Antonio, Carolyn AM Burns, Richard Daniel, and Jennifer Yao. Hanford Waste Treatment Plant Effluent Management Facility Stack Effluent Monitoring - Sampling Probe Location Qualification Evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. https://doi.org/10.2172/2565699.

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Wempner, P. J., and J. K. Prazniak. Evaluation of iron in the steam plant wastewater treatment facility effluent. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/137444.

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