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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Efforts to aid Iraq Museum"
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Ehrenman, Gayle. « Rebuilding Iraq ». Mechanical Engineering 125, no 06 (1 juin 2003) : 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-jun-4.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article focuses on various engineering efforts required to reconstruct post-war Iraq. The two most crucial infrastructure issues, by all accounts, are water and electricity, and the ability to deliver clean, treated drinking water is largely dependent on the availability of a reliable source of electricity. Thus, from an engineering standpoint, restoring electricity should be the number one priority. Work has already begun to restore the electric, water, and sanitation infrastructure. The first phase of reconstruction, providing emergency supplies of water and humanitarian aid, began even before the war was over. United States Agency for International Development is in the process of tackling the long-term infrastructure needs of Iraq. The organization has issued nine procurement contracts for reconstruction work. SkyLink Air and Logistic Support Inc. has been signed to provide an assessment of civilian airports, collaboration on their repair, and ongoing management of the airports for receiving and processing humanitarian aid and reconstruction material.
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Susilo, Indri, Rizqi Apriani Putri et Nur Azizah. « United States’s Intevention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ». Indonesian Journal of International Relations 2, no 1 (22 mars 2019) : 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32787/1.ijir.2018.2.1.20.
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ABSTRACTCombating terrorism is one of the foreign policy of the United States (US). The Islamic State of Iraq and The Levant (ISIL) or The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is one of the movement deemed terrorists and has disturbed world peace. Ultimately the US decided to intervene to deal with the frequent acts of terror by ISIS which resulted in gross human rights violations.This article aims to find out how the US intervention to combat human rights abuses and acts of terror that have been done by ISIS.The method in this article was to do library research in the form of books, articles, journals and various media relevant in this article.It has been found that the form of settlement efforts to reduce human rights violations, the US made preventive and repressive efforts. In preventive efforts, the US created an international coalition to gain support to counter terror committed by ISIS. Then the repressive effort is humanitarian intervention in the form of military aid and humanitarian aid. The US donates $ 1.2 billion annually and 350 million dollars as a form of military and humanitarian aid to combat ISIS. Keywords: Humanitarian Interventions, Human Rights Violations, International Coalition, United States Intervention
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Susilo, Indri, Rizqi Apriani Putri et Nur Azizah. « United States’s Intevention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ». Indonesian Journal of International Relations 2, no 1 (22 mars 2019) : 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v2i1.20.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACTCombating terrorism is one of the foreign policy of the United States (US). The Islamic State of Iraq and The Levant (ISIL) or The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is one of the movement deemed terrorists and has disturbed world peace. Ultimately the US decided to intervene to deal with the frequent acts of terror by ISIS which resulted in gross human rights violations.This article aims to find out how the US intervention to combat human rights abuses and acts of terror that have been done by ISIS.The method in this article was to do library research in the form of books, articles, journals and various media relevant in this article.It has been found that the form of settlement efforts to reduce human rights violations, the US made preventive and repressive efforts. In preventive efforts, the US created an international coalition to gain support to counter terror committed by ISIS. Then the repressive effort is humanitarian intervention in the form of military aid and humanitarian aid. The US donates $ 1.2 billion annually and 350 million dollars as a form of military and humanitarian aid to combat ISIS. Keywords: Humanitarian Interventions, Human Rights Violations, International Coalition, United States Intervention
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Morton, MD, MPH, Melinda J., et Gilbert M. Burnham, MD, PhD. « Dilemmas and controversies within civilian and military organizations in the execution of humanitarian aid in Iraq : A review ». American Journal of Disaster Medicine 5, no 6 (1 novembre 2010) : 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2010.0044.
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Civilian humanitarian assistance organizations and military forces are working in a similar direction in many humanitarian operations around the world. However, tensions exist over the role of the military in such operations. The purpose of this article is to review cultural perspectives of civilian and military actors and to discuss recent developments in civil-military humanitarian collaboration in the provision of health services in Iraq for guiding such collaborative efforts in postconflict and other settings in future. Optimal collaborative efforts are most likely to be achieved through the following tenets: defining appropriate roles for military forces at the beginning of humanitarian operations (optimally the provision of transportation, logistical coordination, and security), promoting development of ongoing relationships between civilian and military agencies, establishment of humanitarian aid training programs for Department of Defense personnel, and the need for the military to develop and use quantitative aid impact indicators for assuring quality and effectiveness of humanitarian aid.
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Jabbar, Mushtak T., Eric M. Baer et Salah M.S. Al-Atab. « Risk Assessment of Drifting Sand in Agricultural Lands in Basrah Province with the aid of ‘3S’ Techniques ». Basrah J. Agric. Sci. 33, no 1 (20 juin 2020) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2020.32.1.01.
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There is a growing need to systematically assessment of drifting sand risk using Geo-information and related technologies for speed and accuracy. The drifting sand map in the southern part of Iraq was established with objective of providing the risk areas of soil loss and the methodology for spatial modeling with Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) and Geo-information techniques. This analysis was carried out using ‘3S’ technologies [Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Position System (GPS)], with the layers extracted and manipulated from available topographic, climatic and soil maps, as well as satellite image (Thematic Mapping (TM) in 2003 and Enhanced Thematic Mapping (ETM) in 2016) and field survey data analyses. Each of the WEQ factors was digitally encoded in a GIS database to establish each factor’s layers. Simultaneously, the overlay operation with the WEQ model on the factor’s layers was digitally performed to produce the sandy degradation class. The study indicated that the severe erosion class covering an area of about 61.9% of the total area is very high with the degraded vegetation and is located in the southwest part of Iraq. Iraq faces serious environmental degradation problems that must be addressed immediately; failure to do so will greatly compound the cost and complexity of later remedial efforts, with environmental degradation beginning even now to pose a major threat to human well-being, especially among the poor.
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Lupieri, Sigrid, et Lorraine Frisina Doetter. « Transnational interdependency and healthcare system change : The role of humanitarian and development aid in shaping health policy in Jordan ». Global Social Policy 20, no 2 (28 janvier 2020) : 192–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018119896465.
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This article examines the role of external financing as a form of transnational economic interdependency in shaping healthcare system change in Jordan. More specifically, this exploratory study traces the trajectory of Jordan’s healthcare policy such as regards public financing, investment in infrastructure, and policy priorities – especially, efforts at universalism and health as a human right – over the years 2008–2018. During this period of observation, the Jordanian healthcare system was subject to various exogenous shocks in the form of recurrent and large influxes of refugees from Iraq and Syria. Regarded as a crisis, the growing presence of the refugee population introduced a significant increase in humanitarian and development aid that brought with it resources for both the displaced and host populations. This study examines whether increased external financing in the form of overseas development aid necessarily translates into healthcare system expansion for both citizens and refugees. This article will contribute to filling the gap in knowledge and understanding of the complex interdependencies which influence the evolution of healthcare policies in a country not only affected by an ongoing refugee crisis, but also at the geopolitical crossroads of international interests in the Middle East region.
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Armandroff, Olivia. « A Dentist’s Chair : For Practicality, Comfort, or Spectacle ? » Journal of Design History 34, no 2 (5 avril 2021) : 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/epab005.
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Abstract This essay focuses on a thirteen-inch-high reclining chair with a carved walnut frame, brass base, and emerald green velvet upholstery in the Winterthur Museum collection [1 and 2]. Created by Ira Salmon of Boston circa 1866, the chair is a patent model and part of Salmon’s efforts to win a professional reputation as a dentist early in his career. This essay documents the transformation of dentistry in America from an itinerant practice in the early republic to a professionalized career in the mid-nineteenth century. It offers evidence of how the material world of dentists changed when tools of the profession became standardized and mass produced. Developing technologies facilitated reclining chairs suited for newfangled operative techniques. The essay also focuses on a period that anticipates the development of germ theory in the early twentieth century and the sterilization of the dentist’s office. In this mid-nineteenth century moment, the aesthetics of dentist offices, and their chairs’ designs, bridge a divide between the traditional values associated with dentists and those ascribed to dentists today. The patent model demonstrates Salmon’s desire to appeal to his clients’ interest by capturing the dramatic potential of a dentist’s visit while satisfying their desire for comfort and expectation of skilful technique.
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Бойчук, Мария, et Mariya Boychuk. « Museum «Maclay Coast» in the Crimea and its educaonal potenal ». Service & ; Tourism : Current Challenges 9, no 1 (11 mars 2015) : 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7928.
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The example of the life and scientific deed of the Russian scientist and traveler Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay gives us an opportunity to foster in society, especially in the younger generation spiritual qualities derived from the perception of the ideals of Kindness, Humanity, Honor, Oneness. The outstanding scientist chose them as a guide, steadily embodying in reality a grand goal, worthy of all human life. Maclay saw a unique way to achieve it, and during his short life he has reached his goal — scientifically proved to the world that all men are created equal, that there is no superior and inferior races. Thus, Maclay has made the very justification of slavery impossible, denouncing it as a shameful phenomenon degrading human dignity. And, as evidenced by the historical facts, he has successfully coped with the task in front of him. Publication in press of scientific researches and wrathful articles in defense of the black population gave rise to the liberation struggle against colonialism, and eventually enslaved nations gained independence. That is, Maclay efforts were not in vain. This is another proof that in this world nothing goes without leaving a trace. Every thought, every human action has consequences. So one has responsibility to monitor the purity of his thoughts and actions.
Educational potential of the personality of the scientist, which deserves certainly our utmost attention, is revealed in the context of the book by Mary Boychuk "Knight of Humanism: Nikolai Maclay." In addition, the "Maclay Coast" museum guide prepared a teaching aid "Educational potential of the personality of N.N Miklouho-Maclay."
Each lecture-tour is accompanied by quoting statements of authoritative researcher and demonstration of fragments of the film, created according to his diaries in 1947. In such a way the museum provides systematic work on upbringing of strong-willed personality able to endure the trials of life; education of the individual, which recognizes that man is primarily a Spiritual essence, that he is responsible for his life and is able to influence the formation of true values in society and as a consequence to change the quality of life of the society in which the man resides; upbringing the sense of patriotism and awareness of higher destination of human.
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Lisle, Debbie. « Making safe : The dirty history of a bomb disposal robot ». Security Dialogue 51, no 2-3 (9 décembre 2019) : 174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619887849.
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In the Ulster Museum’s new gallery The Troubles and Beyond, the central display showcases a Wheelbarrow bomb disposal robot. This machine was invented by the British Army in Northern Ireland in 1972 and used by officers of the 321 Explosive Ordinance Disposal Squadron (321EOD) to defuse car bombs planted by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). This article offers an alternative history of that machine – a dirtier history – that critically assesses its role during the Troubles. Centrally, the article contests the British Army’s preferred account of this machine as a ‘game-changing’ technological innovation in counterinsurgency, and their understanding of themselves as benign peacekeepers. Rather than figure the Wheelbarrow robot as an unreadable ‘black box’ used instrumentally by the superior human operators of 321EOD, this article seeks to foreground the unruly transfers of agency between the machine and its operators as they tested and experimented in the exceptional colonial laboratory of Northern Ireland. The article further explores the machine’s failures during bomb disposal episodes, the collateral damage that resulted, and the multiple and often unruly reactions of local populations who watched the Wheelbarrow robot at work. Providing a ‘dirty history’ of the Wheelbarrow robot is an effort to demonstrate that war can never be fully cleaned up, either through militarized mythologies of technological innovation or hopeful museum displays.
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Palmer, Carol, Guido J. Parra, Tracey Rogers et John Woinarski. « Collation and review of sightings and distribution of three coastal dolphin species in waters of the Northern Territory, Australia. » Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no 1 (2014) : 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140116.
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On a global scale, the coastal waters of the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, are relatively undisturbed, but the pace and extent of coastal development is increasing. Three species of dolphin occur in these waters: the Australian snubfin Orcaella heinsohni, Indo-Pacific humpback Sousa chinensis and bottlenose Tursiops sp., but their distribution is poorly documented. To provide a broader distributional context and complement recent local-scale population studies (Palmer in press), we review the broader distribution of these coastal dolphins, via the collation of historic and contemporary data from sighting surveys, stranding and museum records, and a community sighting programme. Records spanned 1948 to 2010, with Sousa (44%) the most frequently recorded followed by Orcaella and Tursiops (both 28%). The compiled records indicate that the three species are widely distributed along the NT coast but with some apparent differences in habitat use. All species were recorded within 20 km of a major tidal river; but fewer than 3% of Tursiops records were from within tidal rivers, whereas nearly a quarter of Orcaella and Sousa records were as far as 20 to 50 km upstream. Differences in environmental settings between Orcaella and Sousa were less pronounced, but a lower proportion of Orcaella were recorded within 20 km of a river mouth. There are probable but unquantifiable biases in the record sources, but most records of dolphins were from estuaries, tidal rivers and coastal areas within 20 km of river mouths, and these sites probably represent important habitat for these species. The NT’s remote and relatively pristine waters likely hold significant subpopulations of all three species. The information provided here should aid future research efforts, however; further information on the dolphins’ population size, trend and structure are needed to resolve their conservation status at state and national jurisdictions, inform environmental impact assessments and species management.
Thèses sur le sujet "Efforts to aid Iraq Museum"
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Marston, Jane Elizabeth. « Canting the cradle : the destruction of an ancient Mesopotamian civilization ». Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10145.
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Iraq is a country of great cultural significance as it is where civilization first began. As a result of its lengthy occupation, it is virtually one large archaeological site. In spite of numerous warnings to the governments of both the United States and the United Kingdom, no efforts were made to protect the Iraqi National Museum in Baghdad when the American-led coalition unlawfully invaded Iraq. Indeed, orders were given not to interfere with the looting. During the occupation that followed, the United States failed to take steps to protect Iraqi cultural property. In terms of international law, it was obliged to protect Iraq’s cultural property. The United States also chose to exacerbate its unlawful conduct by occupying archaeological sites and damaging them further by illegal construction. As a result many significant sites have been irreparably damaged or destroyed. Their conduct was the result of complete indifference to the Iraqi cultural heritage. Although their actions render them iin breach of international law, it is unlikely that the United States will ever be prosecuted for its actions.Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies
M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)
Livres sur le sujet "Efforts to aid Iraq Museum"
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Crane, Ken R. Iraqi Refugees in the United States. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479873944.001.0001.
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There are numerous and trenchant accounts of the tragic and disastrous Iraq War (2003–2011), which focus on its financial, human, and political cost to the US. Less has been written about the human cost to the Iraqi people in the largest displacement in the Middle East since 1948. Few Americans are cognizant that over three million Iraqis, many facing violence due to their cooperation with the US invasion and occupation, fled Iraq and that 124,159 were resettled in the US from 2008 to 2015 after an intense lobbying effort by former aid personnel and veterans. This ethnographic study explores the cartography of belonging for Iraqi refugees within a specific cultural geography—California’s Latinx-majority communities of southeastern California (known as the Inland Empire). The fieldwork in the IE spans a particular geopolitical era of resettlement mobilization, the Great Recession, and the December 2, 2015, terrorist attack in San Bernardino. The attack was immediately followed by candidate Donald Trump’s naming of Arab and Muslim refugees (including Iraqis) as threats to national security. With the mainstreaming of Islamophobia during the presidential election, the United States ceased to be a free space of religious and communal expression. Drawing on seven years of fieldwork with fifty Iraqi refugees, this book is a witness to how the felt sense of belonging—cultural citizenship—is negotiated within the social spaces of work, family, faith community.
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Borrut, Antoine. The Future of the Past. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190498931.003.0009.
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Writing the history of the first centuries of Islam poses thorny methodological problems, because our knowledge rests upon narrative sources produced later in Abbasid Iraq. The creation of an “official” version of the early Islamic past (i.e., a vulgate), composed contemporarily with the consolidation of Abbasid authority in the Middle East, was not the first attempt by Muslims to write about their origins. This Abbasid-era version succeeded when previous efforts vanished, or were reshaped, in rewritings and enshrined as the “official” version of Islamic sacred history. Attempts to impose different historical orthodoxies affected the making of this version, as history was rewritten with available materials, partly determined by earlier generations of Islamic historians. This essay intends to discuss a robust culture of historical writing in eighth-century Syria and to suggest approaches to access these now-lost historiographical layers torn between memory and oblivion, through Muslim and non-Muslim sources.
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Byman, Daniel. Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Global Jihadist Movement. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190217259.001.0001.
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On the morning of September 11, 2001, the entire world was introduced to Al Qaeda and its enigmatic leader, Osama bin Laden. But the organization that changed the face of terrorism forever and unleashed a whirlwind of counterterrorism activity and two major wars had been on the scene long before that eventful morning. In Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Global Jihadist Movement: What Everyone Needs to Know, Daniel L. Byman, an eminent scholar of Middle East terrorism and international security who served on the 9/11 Commission, provides a sharp and concise overview of Al Qaeda, from its humble origins in the mountains of Afghanistan to the present, explaining its perseverance and adaptation since 9/11 and the limits of U.S. and allied counterterrorism efforts. The organization that would come to be known as Al Qaeda traces its roots to the anti-Soviet jihad in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Founded as the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, Al Qaeda achieved a degree of international notoriety with a series of spectacular attacks in the 1990s; however, it was the dramatic assaults on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 9/11 that truly launched Al Qaeda onto the global stage. The attacks endowed the organization with world-historical importance and provoked an overwhelming counterattack by the United States and other western countries. Within a year of 9/11, the core of Al Qaeda had been chased out of Afghanistan and into a variety of refuges across the Muslim world. Splinter groups and franchised offshoots were active in the 2000s in countries like Pakistan, Iraq, and Yemen, but by early 2011, after more than a decade of relentless counterterrorism efforts by the United States and other Western military and intelligence services, most felt that Al Qaeda's moment had passed. With the death of Osama bin Laden in May of that year, many predicted that Al Qaeda was in its death throes. Shockingly, Al Qaeda has staged a remarkable comeback in the last few years. In almost every conflict in the Muslim world, from portions of the Xanjing region in northwest China to the African subcontinent, Al Qaeda franchises or like-minded groups have played a role. Al Qaeda's extreme Salafist ideology continues to appeal to radicalized Sunni Muslims throughout the world, and it has successfully altered its organizational structure so that it can both weather America's enduring full-spectrum assault and tailor its message to specific audiences. Authoritative and highly readable, Byman's account offers readers insightful and penetrating answers to the fundamental questions about Al Qaeda: who they are, where they came from, where they're going-and, perhaps most critically-what we can do about it.
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Jamal, Manal A. Promoting Democracy. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479811380.001.0001.
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Democracy aid has grown considerably since the end of the Cold War. In the late 1980s, less than US$1 billion a year went to democracy assistance; by 2015, the estimated total was more than $10 billion. Despite this overwhelming commitment to spreading democracy abroad, the results have been mixed, and in some cases, this aid has in fact undermined the longer-term prospects for democratic development. What factors account for these different outcomes? Why are democracy promotion efforts far more successful in some cases as opposed to others? Promoting Democracy answers these questions while also providing an often overlooked perspective - the perspective of those most directly affected by the impact of this assistance. By examining two primary conflicttopeace transition cases- the Palestinian territories and El Salvador- and drawing from over 150 interviews with grassroots activists, political leaders, heads of NGOs, and directors of donor agencies, Manal A. Jamal investigates how democracy assistance shaped the re-constitution of political and civic life. She examines these developments at a more macro, general level in terms of democratic outcomes and then at the level of civil society by tracing transformations in one social movement sector--the women’s sector--in each case. She argues that ultimately the pervading political settlements determined the different outcomes, and that democracy assistance mediated these processes. The book then expands the temporal and geographic aperture of the study by examining developments in the Palestinian territories following Ḥamas’ 2006 election victory, and then by investigating the impact of political settlements and the mediating role of democracy assistance in Iraq and South Africa during the start of their political transitions. Jamal challenges more simple accounts that rely on NGO professionalization to explain civil society outcomes and illustrates how pervading political settlements that govern political relations in these contexts ultimately determined the different outcomes. By providing a systematic analysis of how democracy assistance impacts civil society and broader democratic outcomes, she provides new ways of understanding the relationship between foreign aid and domestic political contexts and resolves key debates about the limits of democracy promotion in non-inclusive political contexts.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Efforts to aid Iraq Museum"
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Johnson, Ian. « Gertrude Bell and the Evolution of the Library Tradition in Iraq ». Dans Gertrude Bell and Iraq, sous la direction de Paul Collins et Charles Tripp. British Academy, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266076.003.0011.
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This chapter discusses Gertrude Bell’s involvement in the foundation of the Baghdad Public Library and the Iraq Museum Library, shedding light on issues that have surrounded their creation and development. It identifies Muriel Jesse Forbes as the person who actually initiated the concept for the library that, as a result of Bell’s energetic support, became the Baghdad Public Library and ultimately the National Library of Iraq. It also reviews Bell’s commitment to the development of a library as part of the Iraq Museum, and outlines its growth into a major information resource on the history and archaeology of Iraq. Finally, it considers the motives underlying the efforts of Bell and her contemporaries, and their impact on the subsequent development of library and archives services in Iraq.
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Atwood, Blake. « Iran’s Cinema Museum and Political Unrest ». Dans Reform Cinema in Iran. Columbia University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231178174.003.0007.
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The book concludes by analyzing the experience of walking through the Cinema Museum in Tehran, the only such museum in Iran. Visitors to the museum are immediately welcomed by a placard that explicitly positions the museum as a reformist effort, and this framing demonstrates that the changes to cinema that we witness during the reformist period were not limited to aesthetics but also included new institutions to support the film industry. Meanwhile, towards the rear of the museum is a large room filled with Iranian film posters, and occupying a central place is Jafar Panahi’s This Is Not a Film (2011). This provocative piece reacts to a twenty-year ban from filmmaking that Panahi received for his participation in the protests following the 2009 Iranian elections. This is Not a Film, which was filmed partially on an iPhone by his former cameraman Mojtaba Mirtahmasb, inverts many of the normative features of filmmaking, and it demonstrates how the cry for reform in the Islamic Republic has deeply impacted filmmaking and refashioned many of its conventions.
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Francis-Dehqani, Gulnar. « Iran ». Dans Christianity in South and Central Asia, sous la direction de Kenneth R. Ross, Daniel Jeyaraj et Todd M. Johnson, 83–94. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0008.
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Christianity existed in the region by the end of the 5th century, though Zoroastrianism (and later Islam) remained the official religion of Iran. Islam granted dhimmis, or ‘tolerated unbelievers’, and while certain rights varied, they were always regarded as inferior to Muslim nationals. For Muslims, conversion from Islam to Christianity (or any other religion) is regarded as apostasy, both a crime and a sin. Catholic religious orders arrived in the 17th century, while the first Western missionaries arrived in 19th century. Iran saw these influences as threats to Islam, an issue that came to the fore after the 1979 Revolution. Since then, Christians have faced waves of persecution. However, the continued dissemination of bibles (and new Farsi translations) has led to dialogue and ethical engagement with Christianity. The proliferation of bibles is attributed to the house church movement, which began to grow in the late 1990’s and is conducive to the willingness of Iranians to explore Christian faith and commit to following Christ. Whichever way one looks at it, for the time being at least, despite all efforts to destroy it, Persian-speaking Christianity survives in Iran, demonstrating resilience, creativity and determination that in many ways defies Western understanding.
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Autesserre, Séverine. « Designed Intervention ». Dans The Frontlines of Peace, 93–120. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530351.003.0004.
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Chapter Four further explores the limitations of “Peace, Inc.”: the traditional way to end wars. United Nations peacekeepers, foreign diplomats, and the staff of many non-governmental organizations involved in conflict resolution share a specific way of seeing the world. They often assume that the only path to peace is through working with governments and national elites and mediating formal agreements between world leaders. As a result, most international aid agencies use a top-down strategy of intervention, ignoring the crucial role of local tensions in fueling violence. Foreign peacebuilders also regularly rely on other widely held beliefs, such as the notion that education, elections, and statebuilding always promote peace. Anecdotes from places as varied as Afghanistan, Iraq, and Timor-Leste, along with a detailed story of the massive international efforts in Congo, highlight the possibility for devastating consequences while explaining why these detrimental assumptions and this flawed intervention strategy nevertheless persist.
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Van Schaack, Beth. « A Short History of a Long Conflict ». Dans Imagining Justice for Syria, sous la direction de Michael N. Schmitt, Shane R. Reeves, Winston S. Williams et Sasha Radin, 17–52. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055967.003.0002.
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This introductory chapter offers a short history of the eight-year conflict in Syria, covering the arrival of the Arab Spring, the transformation of a long-overdue revolution into a full-scale armed conflict, and the evolution of the situation on the ground to date. This chapter prefaces the contemporary violence with a few historical events, surfacing atrocities committed in the 1980s that have never been the subject of any genuine accountability process as well as the entrenchment of authoritarianism under the House of Assad. It describes how the arrival of the Arab Spring reawakened long-dormant revolutionary impulses, which amplified the government’s repression. This, in turn, provoked an armed resistance and a full-scale conflict, which opened space for the arrival of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The chapter recounts this history with reference to several key events and factors: the response of the international community, the opposition’s perpetual rearrangements, the appearance of ISIL, the commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity (including the infringement of the taboo against chemical weapons), the humanitarian catastrophe that ensued, forms of foreign intervention (aid, arms, and air strikes), and failed peace processes. In addition to recounting the involvement of major Western powers in the Syrian battlespace, it also touches upon the impact of spillover conflicts in the subregion. Others will write the definitive history of this tragedy; the goal here is to touch upon key milestones as this conflict unfolded and to set the scene for the efforts to promote justice and accountability for the atrocities underway.
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« Cutthroat Trout : Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy ». Dans Cutthroat Trout : Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy, sous la direction de Gary H. Thorgaard, Kevin R. Bestgen, Eric J. Loudenslager et Paul A. Wheeler. American Fisheries Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874509.ch5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<em>Abstract</em>.—There has been considerable interest in the systematics and classification of Cutthroat Trout since the 1800s. Cutthroat Trout native to western North America (currently classified as <em>Oncorhynchus clarkii</em>) have historically been grouped or separated using many different classification schemes. Since the 1960s, Robert Behnke has been a leader in these efforts. Introductions of nonnative trout (other forms of Cutthroat Trout, and Rainbow Trout <em>O. mykiss</em>) have obscured some historical patterns of distribution and differentiation. Morphological and meristic analyses have often grouped the various forms of Cutthroat Trout together based on the shared presence of the “cutthroat mark,” high scale counts along the lateral line, and the presence of basibranchial teeth. Spotting patterns and counts of gill rakers and pyloric caeca have in some cases been helpful in differentiation of groups (e.g., Coastal Cutthroat Trout <em>O. c. clarkii</em>, Lahontan Cutthroat Trout <em>O. c. henshawi</em>, and Westslope Cutthroat Trout <em>O. c. lewisi</em>) currently classified as subspecies. The historical genetic methods of allozyme genotyping through protein electrophoresis and chromosome analyses were often helpful in differentiating the various subspecies of Cutthroat Trout. Allozyme genotyping allowed four major groups to be readily recognized (Coastal Cutthroat Trout, Westslope Cutthroat Trout, the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout subspecies complex, and Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout <em>O. c. bouvieri </em>subspecies complex) while chromosome analyses showed similarity between the Lahontan and Yellowstone Cutthroat trout subspecies complex trout (possibly reflecting shared ancestral type) and differentiated the Coastal and Westslope Cutthroat trouts from each other and those two groups. DNA results may yield higher resolution of evolutionary relationships of Cutthroat Trout and allow incorporation of ancient museum samples. Accurate resolution of taxonomic differences among various Cutthroat Trout lineages, and hybridization assessments, requires several approaches and will aid in conservation of these charismatic and increasingly rare native fishes.