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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Entrained droplet fraction »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 1 février 2022

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1

Abade, Gustavo C., Wojciech W. Grabowski, and Hanna Pawlowska. "Broadening of Cloud Droplet Spectra through Eddy Hopping: Turbulent Entraining Parcel Simulations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 10 (2018): 3365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0078.1.

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This paper discusses the effects of cloud turbulence, turbulent entrainment, and entrained cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation on the evolution of the cloud droplet size spectrum. We simulate an ensemble of idealized turbulent cloud parcels that are subject to entrainment events modeled as a random process. Entrainment events, subsequent turbulent mixing inside the parcel, supersaturation fluctuations, and the resulting stochastic droplet activation and growth by condensation are simulated using a Monte Carlo scheme. Quantities characterizing the turbulence intensity, entrainment rate,

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Croft, B., J. R. Pierce, R. V. Martin, C. Hoose, and U. Lohmann. "Uncertainty associated with convective wet removal of entrained aerosols in a global climate model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 22 (2012): 10725–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10725-2012.

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Abstract. The uncertainties associated with the wet removal of aerosols entrained above convective cloud bases are investigated in a global aerosol-climate model (ECHAM5-HAM) under a set of limiting assumptions for the wet removal of the entrained aerosols. The limiting assumptions for the wet removal of entrained aerosols are negligible scavenging and vigorous scavenging (either through activation, with size-dependent impaction scavenging, or with the prescribed fractions of the standard model). To facilitate this process-based study, an explicit representation of cloud-droplet-borne and ice-

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Aliyu, Aliyu M., Almabrok A. Almabrok, Yahaya D. Baba, et al. "Prediction of entrained droplet fraction in co-current annular gas–liquid flow in vertical pipes." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (July 2017): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.03.012.

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Xue, Xinzhi, and Joseph Katz. "Formation of compound droplets during fragmentation of turbulent buoyant oil jet in water." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 878 (September 4, 2019): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.645.

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Fragmentation of a vertical buoyant silicone oil jet injected into sugar water is elucidated by refractive index matching and planar laser-induced fluorescence. Compound droplets containing multiple water droplets, some with smaller oil droplets, form regularly at jet Reynolds numbers of $Re=1358$ and 2122 and persist for at least up to 30 nozzle diameters. In contrast, they rarely appear at $Re=594$. The origin of some of the encapsulated water droplets can be traced back to the entrained water ligaments during the initial roll-up of Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices. Analysis using random forest-bas

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Korolev, A., A. Khain, M. Pinsky, and J. French. "Theoretical study of mixing in liquid clouds – Part 1: Classical concept." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 21 (2015): 30211–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-30211-2015.

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Abstract. Relationships between basic microphysical parameters are studied within the framework of homogeneous and extreme inhomogeneous mixing. Analytical expressions and numerical simulations of relationships between droplet concentration, extinction coefficient, liquid water content, and mean volume droplet size, formed at the final stage of mixing are presented. The expressions are used to identify type of mixing for in-situ observations obtained in convective clouds. The analysis suggests that for the set of observations investigated here, the interaction between cloudy and entrained envi

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Yao, Zhuosen, James E. Mungall, and Kezhang Qin. "A Preliminary Model for the Migration of Sulfide Droplets in a Magmatic Conduit and the Significance of Volatiles." Journal of Petrology 60, no. 12 (2019): 2281–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa005.

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Abstract A close relationship between Ni–Cu–(PGE) sulfide deposits and magmatic conduit systems has been widely accepted, but our present understanding still rests on empirical inductions that sulfide liquids are entrained during magma ascent and aggregated at hydrodynamic traps such as the opening of a conduit into a larger magma body. In this contribution, a preliminary quantitative model for the dynamics of mm-scale sulfide droplets in a vertical magmatic conduit is developed, examining such limiting parameters as the size, transport velocity and the magmas’ maximum carrying capacity for su

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MILLER, R. S., and J. BELLAN. "Direct numerical simulation of a confined three-dimensional gas mixing layer with one evaporating hydrocarbon-droplet-laden stream." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 384 (April 10, 1999): 293–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098004042.

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Direct numerical simulations are performed of a confined three-dimensional, temporally developing, initially isothermal gas mixing layer with one stream laden with as many as 7.3×105 evaporating hydrocarbon droplets, at moderate gas temperature and subsonic Mach number. Complete two-way phase couplings of mass, momentum and energy are incorporated which are based on a thermodynamically self-consistent specification of the vapour enthalpy, internal energy and latent heat of vaporization. Effects of the initial liquid mass loading ratio (ML), initial Stokes number (St0), initial droplet temperat

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Freud, E., D. Rosenfeld, M. O. Andreae, A. A. Costa, and P. Artaxo. "Robust relations between CCN and the vertical evolution of cloud drop size distribution in deep convective clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 6 (2008): 1661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1661-2008.

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Abstract. In-situ measurements in convective clouds (up to the freezing level) over the Amazon basin show that smoke from deforestation fires prevents clouds from precipitating until they acquire a vertical development of at least 4 km, compared to only 1–2 km in clean clouds. The average cloud depth required for the onset of warm rain increased by ~350 m for each additional 100 cloud condensation nuclei per cm3 at a super-saturation of 0.5% (CCN0.5%). In polluted clouds, the diameter of modal liquid water content grows much slower with cloud depth (at least by a factor of ~2), due to the larg

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Freud, E., D. Rosenfeld, M. O. Andreae, A. A. Costa, and P. Artaxo. "Robust relations between CCN and the vertical evolution of cloud drop size distribution in deep convective clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 5 (2005): 10155–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-10155-2005.

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Abstract. In-situ measurements in convective clouds (up to the freezing level) over the Amazon basin show that smoke from deforestation fires prevents clouds from precipitating until they acquire a vertical development of at least 4 km, compared to only 1–2 km in clean clouds. The average cloud depth required for the onset of warm rain increased by ~350 m for each additional 100 cloud condensation nuclei per cm3 at a super-saturation of 0.5% (CCN0.5%). In polluted clouds, the diameter of modal liquid water content grows much slower with cloud depth (at least by a factor of ~2), due to the larg

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Trabold, Thomas A., and Ranganathan Kumar. "High Pressure Annular Two-Phase Flow in a Narrow Duct: Part I—Local Measurements in the Droplet Field." Journal of Fluids Engineering 122, no. 2 (2000): 364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483266.

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Detailed measurements have been made in a high pressure, adiabatic (boiled at the inlet) annular flow in a narrow, high aspect ratio duct using a gamma densitometer, hot-film anemometer and high-speed video photography. Measurements of void fraction, droplet frequency, velocity, drop size, and interfacial area concentration have been made to support the three-field computational capability. An important aspect of this testing is the use of a modeling fluid (R-134a) in a vertical duct which permits visual access in annular flow. This modeling fluid accurately simulates the low liquid-to-vapor d

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Hoffmann, Fabian. "On the limits of Köhler activation theory: how do collision and coalescence affect the activation of aerosols?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 13 (2017): 8343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8343-2017.

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Abstract. Activation is necessary to form a cloud droplet from an aerosol, and it is widely accepted that it occurs as soon as a wetted aerosol grows beyond its critical radius. Traditional Köhler theory assumes that this growth is driven by the diffusion of water vapor. However, if the wetted aerosols are large enough, the coalescence of two or more particles is an additional process for accumulating sufficient water for activation. This transition from diffusional to collectional growth marks the limit of traditional Köhler theory and it is studied using a Lagrangian cloud model in which aer

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Jarecka, D., H. Pawlowska, W. W. Grabowski, and A. A. Wyszogrodzki. "Modeling microphysical effects of entrainment in clouds observed during EUCAARI-IMPACT field campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 1 (2013): 1489–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-1489-2013.

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Abstract. This paper discusses aircraft observations and large-eddy simulation (LES) of the 15 May 2008, North Sea boundary-layer clouds from the EUCAARI-IMPACT field campaign. These clouds were advected from the north-east by the prevailing lower-tropspheric winds, and featured stratocumulus-over-cumulus cloud formations. Almost-solid stratocumulus deck in the upper part of the relatively deep weakly decoupled marine boundary layer overlaid a field of small cumuli with a cloud fraction of ~10%. The two cloud formations featured distinct microphysical characteristics that were in general agree

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Croft, B., J. R. Pierce, R. V. Martin, C. Hoose, and U. Lohmann. "Strong sensitivity of aerosol concentrations to convective wet scavenging parameterizations in a global model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 1 (2012): 1687–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-1687-2012.

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Abstract. This study examines the influences of assumptions in convective wet scavenging parameterizations on global climate model simulations of aerosol concentrations and wet deposition. To facilitate this study, an explicit representation of the uptake of aerosol mass and number into convective cloud droplets and ice crystals by the processes of activation, collisions, freezing and evaporation is introduced into the ECHAM5-HAM model. This development replaces the prescribed aerosol cloud-droplet-borne/ice-crystal-borne fractions of the standard model. Relative to the standard model, the mor

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Yang, Di, Bicheng Chen, Scott A. Socolofsky, Marcelo Chamecki, and Charles Meneveau. "Large-eddy simulation and parameterization of buoyant plume dynamics in stratified flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 794 (April 7, 2016): 798–833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.191.

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Characteristics of laboratory-scale bubble-driven buoyant plumes in a stably stratified quiescent fluid are studied using large-eddy simulation (LES). As a bubble plume entrains stratified ambient water, its net buoyancy decreases due to the increasing density difference between the entrained and ambient fluids. A large fraction of the entrained fluid eventually detrains and falls along an annular outer plume from a height of maximum rise (peel height) to a neutral buoyancy level (trap height), during which less buoyant scalars (e.g. small droplets) are trapped and dispersed horizontally, form

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15

McNeil, D. A. "Two-phase momentum flux in pipes and its application to incompressible flow in nozzles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 212, no. 7 (1998): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406981521592.

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The pressure drop produced when a single-phase gas or liquid flows through a nozzle can be reasonably well estimated from inviscid flow theory. A similarly based model, taking the slip with entrained liquid fraction approach, has been developed for two-phase gas—liquid flows. Fundamental to the model is the constraint that the nozzle flow depends on the entry conditions, particularly the momentum flux. At low qualities the tendency was for fractions of the liquid flow to be accelerated with the gas phase to maintain uniform momentum flux across the nozzle flow area. At higher qualities the gas

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Neal, Nicholas, and David Rothamer. "Evolving one-dimensional transient jet modeling by integrating jet breakup physics." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 9 (2017): 909–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416688119.

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High-speed optical measurements of unsteady liquid fuel jets under engine-like conditions have shown that the initial penetration of the jets does not follow the behavior predicted by previously introduced one-dimensional jet models based on gas-jet principles. The experimental data indicate that the transient jet penetration velocity is initially controlled by the jet exit velocity, transitioning to gas-jet like mixing-dominated penetration further downstream. This behavior is consistent with the common description of high-pressure fuel jets as containing a liquid core surrounded by entrained

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17

Gros, Jonas, Scott A. Socolofsky, Anusha L. Dissanayake, et al. "Petroleum dynamics in the sea and influence of subsea dispersant injection duringDeepwater Horizon." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (2017): 10065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612518114.

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During theDeepwater Horizondisaster, a substantial fraction of the 600,000–900,000 tons of released petroleum liquid and natural gas became entrapped below the sea surface, but the quantity entrapped and the sequestration mechanisms have remained unclear. We modeled the buoyant jet of petroleum liquid droplets, gas bubbles, and entrained seawater, using 279 simulated chemical components, for a representative day (June 8, 2010) of the period after the sunken platform’s riser pipe was pared at the wellhead (June 4–July 15). The model predicts that 27% of the released mass of petroleum fluids dis

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Abkarian, Manouk, Simon Mendez, Nan Xue, Fan Yang, and Howard A. Stone. "Speech can produce jet-like transport relevant to asymptomatic spreading of virus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 41 (2020): 25237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012156117.

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Many scientific reports document that asymptomatic and presymptomatic individuals contribute to the spread of COVID-19, probably during conversations in social interactions. Droplet emission occurs during speech, yet few studies document the flow to provide the transport mechanism. This lack of understanding prevents informed public health guidance for risk reduction and mitigation strategies, e.g., the “6-foot rule.” Here we analyze flows during breathing and speaking, including phonetic features, using orders-of-magnitude estimates, numerical simulations, and laboratory experiments. We docum

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French-McCay, Deborah, Deborah Crowley, and Jill Rowe. "Evaluation of Oil Fate and Exposure from a Deep Water Blowout With and Without Subsea Dispersant Injection Treatment as Well as Traditional Response Activities." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 362–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.362.

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ABSTRACT The goals of subsea dispersant injection (SSDI) into a deep water oil and gas blowout are to increase effectiveness of dispersant treatment over that achievable at the water surface; decrease the volume of oil that surfaces; reduce human and wildlife exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs); disperse the oil over a large water volume at depth; enhance biodegradation; and reduce surface, nearshore and shoreline exposure to floating and surface-water entrained/dissolved oil. Potential tradeoffs include increased water column and benthic resource exposures to oil at depth. In order

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Alamu, M. B., and B. J. Azzopardi. "Simultaneous Investigation of Entrained Liquid Fraction, Liquid Film Thickness and Pressure Drop in Vertical Annular Flow." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 133, no. 2 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4004265.

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The mechanism of atomization of part of the liquid film to form drops in annular two-phase flow is not entirely understood. It has been observed that drop creation only occurs when there are large disturbance waves present on the film interface. (Woodmansee and Harrantty, 1969, “Mechanisms for the Removal of Droplets From a Liquid Surface by a Parallel Air Flow,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 24, pp. 299–307) observed that ripples on these waves were precursors to drops. Though it has been reported that drops occur in bursts by (Azzopardi, Gas-Liquid Flows Begell House Inc., New York, 2006), all previous d

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