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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Environmental policy – Bulgaria »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Environmental policy – Bulgaria"

Podchasov, Nikolay. « TURKISH INFLUENCE ON FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POLICY OF BULGARIA ». Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 28, n^o 4 (31 août 2022) : 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran420225162.

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The article analyzes the Bulgarian-Turkish relations from the late 2000’s to the early 2020’s. The author insists on the presence of patterns, specific to this stage of bilateral relations. Sofia's readiness to act as a «lobbyist» for Ankara’s interests in the EU is noted. The significant influence of internal political processes in Bulgaria on the nature of its relations with Turkey is emphasized. In particular, the paper indicates a decrease in the level of Bulgarian-Turkish contacts after the end of the period of rule of the party «Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria» (CEDB) in 2021. The important role of the Turkish diaspora in Bulgaria and Bulgarian citizens of Turkish origin living in Turkey in the relations between Ankara and Sofia is also recorded. Attention is drawn to the attempts of the Turkish authorities to use these social groups to promote their own goals. The emphasis is placed on the independent behavior of the political elite of the Bulgarian Turks and on their ability to resist the desires of the leadership of the neighboring country, despite the existence of close economic and cultural ties. It is also stated, that there is a causal link between the struggle of the leaders of the Turkish ethnic minority in Bulgaria for their independence from Ankara’s policies and the crisis of Bulgarian-Turkish relations in 2015–2016.

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Klimova, Ksenia A., et Elena S. Uzeneva. « Language Policy and Language Situation in Dynamics : Pomaks of Northern Greece ». Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 66 (2022) : 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-66-148-160.

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The paper comes up with a synchronous-diachronic analysis of the linguistic situation in one of the isolated cultural and linguistic enclaves of the Balkan Peninsula: the district of Xanthi in the region of Thrace in Northern Greece, on the Bulgarian-Greek border. Here, in a remote mountainous area, live Muslim Slavs, ethnic Bulgarians, representing a minority ethnolinguistic and cultural-confessional group that has existed for a long time in a foreign language and other religious environment among Orthodox Greeks. In the historical past, this community formed a single whole with the Muslim Bulgarians who now live within the boundaries of the Republic of Bulgaria. This minority is the object of the language and cultural policy of three states: Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria. Note that the Greek authorities for a long time 1920s–1990s (excluding the period of Bulgarian rule in 1941–1944) pursued a policy of de-Bulgarization of this population. As a result, today the degree of its Turkicization (due to the influence of Islam, the study of the Koran in Turkish and the active position of Turkey) is quite high. It should be noted that the Bulgarian-speaking communities in Northern Greece are not the object of the Bulgarian language policy, which is carried out by disinterested officials and politicians who ignore the opinions and assessments of Bulgarian dialectologists and sociolinguists. The study focuses on ethnonyms and exonyms as important factors in the formation of the Pomaks' linguistic identity: the self-name of the speakers of these dialects is Pomaks, Ahryans. The ethnonym Pomaks was introduced and continues to be actively used to discuss the new Greek policy towards the Bulgarian-speaking population of Greece; the linguonym Pomaks was also formed from it. Earlier in Greece, the term Slavophones ('speakers of the Slavic language') was used, cf. new pomakophones. In the 90s of the 20th century and early 21th century a number of scientists (V. Friedman, A. D. Dulichenko, A. Ioannidou, K. Voss, M. Nomati, M. Henzelmann, K. Steinke) considered Pomak to be one of the literary microlanguages of the southern Slavia, noting that it is characterized by the diversity of the script used and poor functionality. There were appropriate grounds for this (codification, publication of dictionaries and grammar, textbooks, etc.). But the impetus for the “creation” of the literary language of the Pomaks was the political task of the country's leadership. At present, Pomak (Southern Rodhopian, Bulgarian) dialects in Greece have an unwritten character (they are used exclusively for oral communication in the family and village, microsociety). Despite the presence of certain signs of the formation of the literary language among the Pomaks, the modern language situation and language policy do not contribute to its existence and functioning. We rely on both published sources and our own field materials collected during two ethnolinguistic expeditions carried out in 2018 and 2019, as well as online in 2021, and will try to present preliminary results of the study of the current state of the language and language policy. Let us note the importance of modern interdisciplinary approaches to the study of the phenomenon of intercultural communication, which are based on the dialogue of languages and cultures, and which necessitated the description of new linguistic conditions and consideration of the importance of not so much Greek as Turkish as a means of intra — and interethnic communication in the specific genre.

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Ivanova, Vania, et Irena Slavova. « Ecological Transformation in Bulgaria – New Challenges to the Businesses and the Government ». European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 4, n^o 2 (1 août 2018) : 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejes-2018-0035.

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Abstract The ecological transformation of the economy poses a number of challenges to the businesses and the government, whilst environmental responsibility in recent decades has been increasingly taken up by a growing number of companies, regardless of their size, business activities, or sector of operation.The objective of research is to analyse what incentive policies the government should set up to promote the ecological transformation of Bulgaria’s economy and what environmental business practices and environmental management systems the firms operating in the Bulgarian market have in place. The analysis is based on an empirical study conducted with 200 business organisations. The results show that the low level and limited scope of the environmental responsibility applied in Bulgaria are associated with the absence of a clearly defined macroeconomic framework for encouraging investments in innovative sustainability and energy efficiency technologies. The conclusions indicate that in order to intensify ecological transformation, a targeted, systematic and rapid macropolicy reform is required (promoting development and deployment of innovative resource and eco-friendly technologies; changing the logics of eco-fiscal policy; ensuring more efficient funding of the ecological transition; activating the financial markets by introducing new instruments of public-private partnership, etc.).The added value of this paper is not only in the analytical examination of the new challenges, but also and above all, in outlining the direction and deriving recommendations for implementing future actions.The methodology employed is based on primary and secondary investigations, statistical and analytical methods of interpreting data, and identifying the major dependencies and issues.

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Loubeau, Patricia R. « Selected Aspects of Tobacco Control in Bulgaria : Policy Review ». Central European Journal of Public Health 20, n^o 1 (1 mars 2012) : 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a3663.

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Steel, Brent S., Rebecca Warner et Alex Johnson. « Environmental NGOs and Science Policy : A Comparative Analysis of Bulgaria and the United States ». Journal of Environmental Systems 31, n^o 2 (1 janvier 2004) : 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/es.31.2.b.

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Jeliazkova, Maria. « Poverty in Bulgaria : Dimensions, policies and analyses ». Socioloski pregled 55, n^o 1 (2021) : 130–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg55-30307.

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The article discusses poverty in Bulgaria through the prism of the correspondence between the unfavorable wellbeing rates, the implemented policy's measures and the state of analyses in the field. By presenting existing national and EU comparative statistics, analyzing policy documents and outlining limits and prevailing bias in the scientific research on the subject, it argues that the three aspects are functionally consistent and that overcoming the high levels of poverty in the country needs reconsidered and mobilizing actions aimed at: a) better consistency among policies in different fields (economic, social, tax, insurance, labor market, environmental, etc.); and b) knowledge-based development focused on adequate addressing of structural generators of poverty.

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Mitseva, Yordanka. « Efficiency of using environmentally harmful inputs in field crop production in Bulgaria ». Agricultural Sciences 14, n^o 35 (30 décembre 2022) : 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2022.35.007.

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There is a long-standing issue relating environmental to economic goals of agricultural production systems. An attempt to examine all possible aspects of this relationship is highly challenging and beyond the scope of the study. To gain insights into simultaneously improving the economic and ecological performance of the field crop farms, the research is focused on measuring the efficiency of using production inputs that have a large environmental impact. The paper investigates different field crop production regions in Bulgaria from 2014 to 2020 in an attempt to identify regional disparities. Such an investigation could help in consolidating policy measures addressing agro-environmental issues. By employing a mathematical programming approach (DEA method) on public data from the Farm Accounting Data Network and applying a non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test over the obtained scores, no significant difference in the efficiency of using environmentally harmful inputs between six field crop production regions in Bulgaria is found. Regarding this finding and the Common Agricultural Policy strategies, recommendations for further research are proposed.

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Trendafilova, Petya. « 575 Child sexual abuse in Bulgaria : a need for policy change ». Injury Prevention 22, Suppl 2 (septembre 2016) : A207.1—A207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042156.575.

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Dzhambov, Angel M., et Donka D. Dimitrova. « Evaluation of the social and economic burden of road traffic noise-attributed myocardial infarction in Bulgarian urban population / Procjena socijalnog i ekonomskog tereta infarkta miokarda povezanog s cestovnom bukom u bugarskog urbanog stanovništva ». Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 66, n^o 1 (1 mars 2015) : 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2015-66-2562.

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Abstract Road traffic noise is a widely studied environmental risk factor for ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction in particular. Given that myocardial infarction is a leading disability and mortality cause in Bulgaria and that a significant proportion of the urban population is exposed to high noise levels, quantification of the burden of disease attributable to traffic noise is essential for environmental health policy making and noise control engineering. This study aimed at estimating the burden of the myocardial infarction cases attributable to road traffic noise in the Bulgarian urban population. We used the methodology for estimating the burden of disease attributable to environmental noise outlined by the World Health Organization. Risk data were extracted from a recently published meta-analysis providing updated exposureresponse relationship between traffic noise and the risk for myocardial infarction. Based on these data we calculated the fraction of myocardial infarction cases attributable to traffic noise, loss of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and the economic burden, assuming € 12,000 per QALY. About 2.9 % or 101 of all myocardial infarction cases could be attributed to road traffic noise. Fifty-five of these were fatal. Nine hundred and sixty-eight QALYs were lost to these cases. The monetary value of these QALYs was about € 11.6 million. Although the measures used in this study are crude and give only an approximation of the real burden of disease from road traffic noise, they are indicative of the important social and economic aspect of noise pollution in Bulgaria. Hopefully, these results will direct the attention of epidemiologists, environmental hygienists, and health economists to this pivotal environmental issue.

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Yanev, Stoyan, Ivaylo Stoyanov et Nikola Mihailov. « MODELING LEVELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES IN THE REGION OF RUSE, BULGARIA ». Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 13, n^o 7 (2014) : 1765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2014.197.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Environmental policy – Bulgaria"

BAUMGARTL, Bernd. « The green dream in the East : impediments to sustainable environmental policy in the Eastern European transition : the case of Bulgaria ». Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5199.

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Defence date: 27 October 1995
Examining board: Prof. Susan Strange, University of Warwick (Supervisor) ; Prof. Volkmar Lauber, Universität Salzburg (Co-supervisor) ; Prof. Adrienne Héritier, European University Institute ; Prof. Winfried Lang, Mission Permanente d'Autriche, Genève ; Prof. Daniel Verdier, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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Livres sur le sujet "Environmental policy – Bulgaria"

Environmental performance reviews : Bulgaria : third review. New York : United Nations, 2017.

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Gerald, Fancoj, dir. The emerging environmental market : A survey in Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania and Slovenia. Szentendre, Hungary : Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, 1997.

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Krassimira, Paskaleva, dir. Bulgaria in transition : Environmental consequences of political and economic transformation. Aldershot, Hants, England : Ashgate Pub., 1998.

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United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe., dir. An assessment of the situation in Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Ukraine. New York : United Nations, 1994.

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Tomas, Hak, dir. Developing local and regional environmental action plans : Case studies of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic. Budapest : Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, 1996.

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Panaĭotov, Kiril. New aspects of Bulgaria's ecological policy. Jusautor, Sofia : Sofia Press, 1989.

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Panayotov, Kiril. New aspects of Bulgaria's ecological policy. Jusautor, Sofia : Sofia Press, 1989.

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Center for the Study of Democracy (Bulgaria), dir. Policy and legal environment for the growth of the SME sector in Bulgaria : Policy paper. Sofia : Center for the Study of Democracy, 1997.

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Aus Sorge um "Mutter Erde" : Umweltschutz und Ökologiediskussion in Bulgarien. Köln : Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, 1985.

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development, Organisation for economic co-operation and. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews : Bulgaria. Organization for Economic Cooperation & Devel, 1996.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Environmental policy – Bulgaria"

Baker, Susan. « Environmental Protection Capacity in Post-Communist Bulgaria ». Dans Capacity Building in National Environmental Policy, 97–122. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04794-1_5.

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Dimitrov, Dimitar, Elenita Velikova et Ekaterina Bogomilova. « Policy of the Republic of Bulgaria in the Field of Natural and Environmental Disasters ». Dans Sustainable Development of Water and Environment, 287–97. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07500-1_25.

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Sarov, Angel. « The Use of : Benefits to the in Bulgaria ». Dans Future City, 309–22. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_17.

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AbstractThis chapter’s target is to accentuate on the benefits for the social-economic development, resulting from the wastewater governance. The wastewater treatment is the process of extraction of extra-resources, namely: residual biogas, used for heat and electricity; sand used in the construction; sludge and purified water, discharged into hydro-basins. Simultaneously, attention should be paid of the environmental challenges in relation to the circular economy. The sludge use should become a national policy with a direct governmental engagement, having in view that wastewater treatment plants and wastewater safety are strategic guidelines. Statistical information was used by Eurostat and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Forestry (MAFF)’s Agristatistics Department (2020). A brief literature review of publications on the topic is made at the outset. Thereafter, more light is placed on the regulatory framework in the EU and Bulgaria. The analysis continues with the situation so far, based on existing statistics on the quantities of sludge received and its utilization in agriculture in the European countries and in Bulgaria. Dependence and sludge effect on grain yield are determined on the basis of regression analysis.

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Arsov, R. V., et N. Teneva. « Bulgarian Policy and Actions for Municipal WWTPs Construction and Upgrading ». Dans Enhancing Urban Environment by Environmental Upgrading and Restoration, 203–13. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2694-3_18.

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Georgieva, Kristalina. « Environmental Policy in a Transition Economy : The Bulgarian Example ». Dans Environment and Democratic Transition, 67–87. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8120-2_4.

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Koulov, Boian. « Political Change and Environmental Policy ». Dans Bulgaria in Transition, 143–62. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429044847-7.

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Georgieva, Kristalina. « Environmental Politics and Policy in Bulgaria : Challenges and Constraints to Democratization ». Dans Beyond Government, 265–85. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429046759-16.

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Doitchinova, Julia, Ivan Kanchev, Ralitsa Terziyska et Kristina Todorowa. « Socio-economic and environmental parameters and results of rural development under the CAP : the case of Bulgaria ». Dans The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union – the present and the future EU Member States point of view, 247–59. Instytut Ekonomiki Rolnictwa i Gospodarki Zywnosciowej Panstwowy Instytut Badawczy, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30858/pw/9788376587431.19.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Environmental policy – Bulgaria"

Naydenov, Kliment. « BULGARIAN CASE STUDIES IN IMPROVING URBAN AIR QUALITY ». Dans 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.37.

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Air pollution is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. The fact that more cities are now improving their air quality control system is good news, so when they take action to improve air quality, they set a goal accordingly. As air quality declines, the risk of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer and chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma, increases in people who live in these cities. Ambient air pollution, which contains high concentrations of fine and fine particles, poses the highest environmental health risk, causing three million premature deaths worldwide each year. At the same time, people's awareness is rising, and air quality monitoring is being carried out in more cities. As air quality improves, global prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases is declining.� Most sources of urban outdoor air pollution are wholly beyond the control of individuals, suggesting the need for action at the city level and by national and international policy makers to promote cleaner modes of transport, more efficient energy production and appropriate waste management. More than half of controlled cities located in high-income countries, and more than one-third of cities located in low- and middle-income countries reduced their air pollution levels by more than 5% within five years. The set of affordable and accessible policies includes measures such as reducing emissions from industrial chimneys, increasing the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, and prioritizing the development of rapid transit systems, increasing walking and developing bike path networks. Air quality in Bulgaria raises serious concerns: measurements show that citizens across the country breathe air that is assessed as harmful to health. For example, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 is much higher than the values prescribed by the European Union and the World Health Organization (WHO) for health protection. The concentrations of PM2.5 in the urban areas of Bulgaria were the highest of all 28 EU member states as average values for a three-year period. For PM10, Bulgaria also leads among the countries with the highest pollution with an average daily concentration of 77 �g / m3 (the EU limit value is 50 �g / m3). According to the World Health Organization, 60% of the urban population of Bulgaria is exposed to dangerous (unhealthy) levels of dust particles (PM10). Air pollution in the Republic of Bulgaria is a significant and difficult to solve environmental problem related to physiographic, social, economic and anthropological factors. Bringing the air quality in the country in line with the norms and goals set in Directive 2008/50 / EC, although difficult, is achievable. For the last 10 years our country has made significant progress in terms of controlled pollutants.

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Nikolov, Radmil. « WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECTIONS IN BULGARIA ». Dans AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.325.

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Waste management is among the priority areas in the policy of Bulgaria, as part of the EU. Improving the environment by reducing landfilled waste, achieving balance and sustainability in different regions of our country, priority orientation to products from biodegradable household waste, effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improving the condition of soils in Bulgaria, and preserving natural diversity are among the key objectives. Bulgaria's developed National Waste Plan until 2028 is a serious query to find ways to solve the problem of garbage in the country and create conditions for a successful transition to a circular economy. The purpose of the report is to analyze the costs of waste management in Bulgaria for the period 2015-2020 and to characterize the National Plan for Waste Management in Bulgaria until 2028.

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Lendzhova, Vladislava, Boris Manov, Valentina Milenkova et Dilyana Keranova. « Digital Environments to Enable High-Quality Education for Disadvantaged and Disabled Learners in Bulgaria ». Dans 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002526.

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Digital transformation is one of the European Commission's policy priorities in the last few years. High quality and inclusive education and training are a key part of reaching this object and ensuring that all people are prepared to live and be educated in the digital age. These priorities coincide with the crucial need to provide inclusive digital learning environments to all learners including those with special educational needs – disadvantaged and disabled learners. The paper presents a primary analysis of the results of a sociological qualitative survey conducted in the framework of the project “Inclusive digital environments to enable high-quality education and training for disadvantaged learners”. Methodology: The main method used was an in-depth interview. Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted among School Leaders and Teaching Staff in High Schools and Universities, Primary and Secondary Education Organizations in Bulgaria. The data was collected from October 2021 to January 2022. This study was provoked by inequalities in inclusive education and therefore by variations in the way of remote learning that has been delivered across EU Member States and Bulgaria, in particular. The aim of the study was provoked not only by the exceptional significance and reflection of digital education on basic human needs. It seeks to provide insights into the national special education traditions in the country and aims to establish how these have influenced current developments in inclusive education together with digital environments for disadvantaged and disabled learners. The main conclusion approached by the study is that there is a major need to raise awareness about unequal access to inclusive education for students with disabilities in Bulgarian society, as well as a need of providing а detailed information on how to implement more inclusive educational practices and at sharing promising examples of inclusive methods in education for learners with special educational needs. Keywords: Digital Education, Digital Environments, Special education needs, Disadvantaged and Disabled Learners Acknowledgments: The article has been developed in the framework of the European Funded Project ERASMUS+ EACEA/34/2019 - Social Inclusion and Common Values - Action: the contribution in the field of education and training, entitled: ‘INCLUDEME - Inclusive digital environments to enable high-quality education and training for disadvantaged learners’. The project is co-funded by the European Commission through the Erasmus+ programme.

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Rivza, Baiba, et Uldis Plumite. « LATVIAN THEME PARK DEVELOPMENT IN KURZEME AND VIDZEME ». Dans GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/36.

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The economy of Latvia is experiencing rapid development in the European Union and is an active participant of the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In recent years there have been several changes in both sectors and national economic policy. The total population in Latvia was estimated at 1.9 million inhabitants in 2019 and a total GDP per capita was 63% of the EU average, the lowest GDP per capita in purchasing power parity was recorded in Bulgaria - 46% of the EU average, Romania - 60% and Croatia - 62%. Lithuanian and Estonian GDP per capita in 2019 was accounted for 74% of the EU average. Latvia has more than 12 theme parks, but the amusement offer is small. Most of the theme parks are mostly located in Kurzeme and Vidzeme. Attraction Parks historically evolved near the big cities, where the infrastructure is highly developed. The aim is to increase the influx of tourists in regions where tourism products are amusement parks, thus developing more local businesses and the city's environment, increasing the demand for an active economic environment, but regional laws often hinder this development.

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Diril, Funda. « Comparison of Fiscal Reforms in Some South and East European Transition Economies ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01014.

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The aim of this paper is to compare fiscal reforms of some of the transition economies in Balkans including The Republic of Macedonia. Since 1990’s former planned economies, which are in the process of economic transformation into market economy have carried out several reforms. During this economic transformation process both the effects and the results of these reforms vary according to the difference between the needs of structural change in each country. In this study, some of the selected transition economies in Balkans are analyzed: Some of the recent members of European Community in Balkans and The Republic of Macedonia are examined in comparison. Analysis of fiscal reforms of these transition economies are evaluated in several headings in reference to the macroeconomic statistics created by international organizations such as OECD, EC and IMF and policy suggestions are proposed accordingly. The government deficit, government debts and tax policy are the significant part of these reforms. Several strategies are implemented in developing support systems for competitive environment and private ownership. Economic shrinkage, current account deficit, low foreign capital and government deficit indicate economic weakness in these countries. The Czech Republic, Bulgaria, The Republic of Macedonia, Romania and Hungary face fiscal problems such as economic shrinkage, debt service and government deficit during the transition process. As being the candidate country for European Union accession; The Republic of Macedonia is approaching to the Maastricht Criteria and has better outcomes in public debt compared to the other countries given above.

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