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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Equality types »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 2 juin 2025

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Equality types"

Pitts, Andrew M. "Typal Heterogeneous Equality Types." ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 21, no. 3 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3379447.

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Zhang, Yuting. "Different Tax Types Effect Equality." International Journal of Global Economics and Management 6, no. 1 (2025): 161–64. https://doi.org/10.62051/ijgem.v6n1.19.

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The passage talks about whether it is much fairer to use income tax or consumption tax for people in different income brackets. We try to explore the history of taxation and both the benefit side and disadvantage side of different types of taxation. I used website, google scholar, having a research of key words like income tax, consumption tax and so on. Look for several essay that fit for my idea and record the data. My conclusion is that instead of consumption by value, further refinement could consider consumption as a portion of income as a better metric. Exemptions should be made readily

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Aaly Kologani, M., X. L. Xin, Y. B. Jun, and M. Mohseni Takallo. "Positive implicative equality algebras and equality algebras with some types." Journal of Algebraic Hyperstructures and Logical Algebras 3, no. 2 (2022): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/hatef.jahla.3.2.6.

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Boua, Hamid, and Mohammed Karmouni. "Equality between different types of invertibility." Methods of Functional Analysis and Topology 27, no. 1 (2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/mfat-npu26_1.2021.05.

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Kodelja, Zdenko. "Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Outcome." Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal 6, no. 2 (2016): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.85.

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The report on the findings of extensive empirical research on equality of educational opportunities carried out in the US on a very large sample of public schools by Coleman and his colleagues has had a major impact on education policy and has given rise to a large amount of research and various interpretations. However, as some interpreters have highlighted,even more important than the findings of the survey themselves has been Coleman’s redefinition of equality of opportunity, abandoning the then prevailing conception of equality of educational opportunities as equality of starting points an

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Palsberg, Jens. "Equality-based flow analysis versus recursive types." ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 20, no. 6 (1998): 1251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/295656.295662.

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Liu, Yiyun, Jonathan Chan, Jessica Shi, and Stephanie Weirich. "Internalizing Indistinguishability with Dependent Types." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 8, POPL (2024): 1298–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3632886.

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In type systems with dependency tracking, programmers can assign an ordered set of levels to computations and prevent information flow from high-level computations to the low-level ones. The key notion in such systems is indistinguishability : a definition of program equivalence that takes into account the parts of the program that an observer may depend on. In this paper, we investigate the use of dependency tracking in the context of dependently-typed languages. We present the Dependent Calculus of Indistinguishability (DCOI), a system that adopts indistinguishability as the definition of eq

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Das, Ankush, Henry Deyoung, Andreia Mordido, and Frank Pfenning. "Nested Session Types." ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 44, no. 3 (2022): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3539656.

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Session types statically describe communication protocols between concurrent message-passing processes. Unfortunately, parametric polymorphism even in its restricted prenex form is not fully understood in the context of session types. In this article, we present the metatheory of session types extended with prenex polymorphism and, as a result, nested recursive datatypes. Remarkably, we prove that type equality is decidable by exhibiting a reduction to trace equivalence of deterministic first-order grammars. Recognizing the high theoretical complexity of the latter, we also propose a novel typ

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Eremondi, Joseph, Ronald Garcia, and Éric Tanter. "Propositional equality for gradual dependently typed programming." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 6, ICFP (2022): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3547627.

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Gradual dependent types can help with the incremental adoption of dependently typed code by providing a principled semantics for imprecise types and proofs, where some parts have been omitted. Current theories of gradual dependent types, though, lack a central feature of type theory: propositional equality. Lennon-Bertrand et al. show that, when the reflexive proof refl is the only closed value of an equality type, a gradual extension of the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (CIC) with propositional equality violates static observational equivalences. Extensionally-equal functions should be

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Pujet, Loïc, and Nicolas Tabareau. "Impredicative Observational Equality." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 7, POPL (2023): 2171–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3571739.

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In dependent type theory, impredicativity is a powerful logical principle that allows the definition of propositions that quantify over arbitrarily large types, potentially resulting in self-referential propositions. Impredicativity can provide a system with increased logical strength and flexibility, but in counterpart it comes with multiple incompatibility results. In particular, Abel and Coquand showed that adding definitional uniqueness of identity proofs (UIP) to the main proof assistants that support impredicative propositions (Coq and Lean) breaks the normalization procedure, and thus t

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Thèses sur le sujet "Equality types"

Siles, Vincent. "Investigation on the typing of equality in type systems." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/65/78/PDF/these.pdf.

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Sur la plateforme de théses en ligne Tel on trouve le résumé suivant en français : Le travail présenté dans cette thèse concerne l'étude de la notion de conversion inhérente à tous système de types dépendants. Plusieurs présentations de ces systèmes ont été étudiées pour des usages variés: typage, recherche de preuve, cohérence de logique. . . Chacune de ces représentation est accompagnée d'une notion d'égalité différente, suivant les besoins du moment. Mais il n'est pas certains que toutes ces représentations parlent en fin de compte d'une seule et même logique. Nous nous intéressons ici à un

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Lewitzka, Steffen. "Contributions to the investigations of Lascar strong types in simple theories." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2003. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/1862.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:52:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4748_1.pdf: 788444 bytes, checksum: bf529ae650fd6acfbf8f43c0335c33fd (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003<br>Lewitzka, Steffen; José Guerra Barreto de Queiroz, Ruy. Contributions to the investigations of Lascar strong types in simple theories. 2003. Tese (Doutorado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 2003.

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Slama, Franck. "Automatic generation of proof terms in dependently typed programming languages." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16451.

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Dependent type theories are a kind of mathematical foundations investigated both for the formalisation of mathematics and for reasoning about programs. They are implemented as the kernel of many proof assistants and programming languages with proofs (Coq, Agda, Idris, Dedukti, Matita, etc). Dependent types allow to encode elegantly and constructively the universal and existential quantifications of higher-order logics and are therefore adapted for writing logical propositions and proofs. However, their usage is not limited to the area of pure logic. Indeed, some recent work has shown that they

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Лесік, Ірина Миколаївна, Ирина Николаевна Лесик та Iryna Lesik. "Економічний аналіз гендерної оцінки праці в Україні". Thesis, Миколаївський національний аграрний університет, 2017. http://dspace.mnau.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/3022.

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Розглянуто теоретичні та законодавчо-нормативні аспекти гендерної оцінки праці в Україні. Визначено основні проблеми невідповідності принципу рівних прав та можливостей жінок і чоловіків у праці та винагороді за неї. Запропоновано напрями подолання гендерної нерівності.<br>The theoretical, legislative and regulatory aspects of gender labor evaluation in Ukraine are considered. The main problems of non-compliance of the principle of equal rights and opportunities of women and men in labor and remuneration for it are determined. The directions of overcoming gender inequality are proposed.

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Capriotti, Paolo. "Models of type theory with strict equality." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39382/.

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This thesis introduces the idea of two-level type theory, an extension of Martin-Löf type theory that adds a notion of strict equality as an internal primitive. A type theory with a strict equality alongside the more conventional form of equality, the latter being of fundamental importance for the recent innovation of homotopy type theory (HoTT), was first proposed by Voevodsky, and is usually referred to as HTS. Here, we generalise and expand this idea, by developing a semantic framework that gives a systematic account of type formers for two-level systems, and proving a conservativity result

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Старчун, Я. М. "Реалізація принципів рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності". Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23133.

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Старчун, Я. М. Реалізація принципів рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 262 "Правоохоронна діяльність" / Я. М. Старчун ; керівник роботи О. А. Марущак ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра правоохоронної діяльності та загальноправових дисциплін. – Чернігів, 2021. – 65 с.<br>Актуальність дослідження зумовлена недостатньою науковою розробленістю проблеми реалізації принципів рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності, і тому вона потребує вивчення та аналізу як на практичному, так і на науковому рі

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Leong, Sok I. "Equality cases of some Holder-type norm inequalities." Thesis, University of Macau, 2006. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636814.

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Pasalic, Emir. "The role of type equality in meta-programming /." Full text open access at:, 2004. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,216.

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Bengtsson, Mattias. "Feministiska uttryck : Idealtypsanalys av Sveriges socialdemokratiska ungdomsförbund och Centerpartiets ungdomsförbund." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-60376.

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The aim of this paper is to ascertain what kind of feminist expressions that are prevalent in two of Sweden’s major political youth organizations, the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League and the Centre Party Youth using ideal types constructed from major feminist ideologies. A comparison between the two is also a part of the analysis, to clarify the differences and similarities between the two regarding issues pertaining gender equality. Socialist feminism and radical feminism were prevalent in the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League but it also contained expressions of liberal feminism.

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Wilesmith, J. P. "Political equality, firm size and the choice of social system : a Rawlsian recovery of a neglected ideal-type?" Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1544405/.

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Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the evaluation of models of political economy in normative political theory. These debates raise questions of both a substantive and a methodological nature. On the substantive side, an important question is 'What restrictions, if any, need to be placed on corporations and other types of firms in order for a social system to conform to the demands of justice?' From a methodological standpoint, a central question is 'How should we conceive of the choice between different types of political economy or social system?' These are the two main quest

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Livres sur le sujet "Equality types"

Razavi, Shahra, Ian Orton, Christina Behrendt, et al. Making social protection work for gender equality. ILO, 2024. https://doi.org/10.54394/qqte9840.

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Attesting to feminist interest in social protection, there exists today a voluminous and growing literature, produced by academics, international organizations, civil society and think tanks, examining the gender content and impacts of social protection policies. The added value of this paper is that it is the first time that the ILO’s Universal Social Protection Department has produced a consolidated message on its perspective and approach to enhancing the gender-responsiveness of social protection policies, anchored in international social security standards and guided by a life-cycle approa

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Ireland. Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General. Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform: Purchasing of tyres by the Garda Síochána. Stationery Office, 2001.

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Alieskerov, Mizamir. Competitiveness in the Russian civil process. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1867905.

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The monograph is devoted to scientific and applied problems related to the implementation of adversarial principles in the Russian civil process. Taking into account the historical traditions of Russia, world experience and modern Russian realities, the questions of the necessary and permissible degree of activity of the court in adversarial civil proceedings, on ensuring equality of procedural opportunities of persons participating in the case, on forms and means of judicial assistance to persons participating in the case in the exercise of their procedural rights and performance

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Lucarelli, Sonia, ed. Gender and the European Union. Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-638-1.

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Gender discrimination continues to be a reality in several parts of the world, also in Europe. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of both European Union’s (EU) gender policies and gender balance in EU institutions. It does so by looking at gender equality policies and the EU legal system concerning gender equality, women’s representation within diff erent institutions (and more particularly in the European External Action Service), gender rights as a type of human rights and the EU’s role in the external promotion of womens’ rights in third countries. The analysis shows that women’

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Goal 5: Gender Equality. Taylor & Francis, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/sdg-g005.

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Tackle all forms of gender equality issues. End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere. Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking, sexual and other types of exploitation. Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership.

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Emir, Astra. 4. Equality in Employment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198814849.003.0004.

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This chapter considers those provisions of the Equality Act 2010 that relate to employment law. These generally are to be found in Parts 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11 of the Act, together with provisions found in various schedules. Topics discussed include key concepts of the Act; various types of prohibited conduct such as direct and indirect discrimination; the protected characteristics as identified by the Equality Act; discrimination in employment; provisions in the Equality Act that are common to all of the protected characteristics; comparators; occupational requirements; submitting a complaint; e

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Rondel, David. Two Concepts of Equality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0002.

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This chapter distinguishes between “vertical” and “horizontal” egalitarianism. The vertical and horizontal metaphors differentiate primarily between two types of relationship in which equality is said to play an important role—the “vertical” relationship between state and citizen, on the one hand, and the “horizontal” relationship between or among the people of a society, on the other. But the distinction may be used in a wider way to track several issues around which egalitarian theories tend to diverge: about what a commitment to equality ultimately means; about to whom or what egalitarian p

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Segall, Shlomi. The Future of Equality. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198928966.001.0001.

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Abstract Philosophers have been preoccupied with the future from time immemorial. But for egalitarians, the future of humanity constitutes a relatively new frontier. The premise of this book is that a complaint-based ideal of egalitarianism faces problems when applied to the future. For one thing, if we suppose that future people are destined to fare better than us (say, in terms of overall wellbeing), then allowing humanity to flourish would then represent a net increase in terms of egalitarian complaints. With respect to equality, at least, it would be better to refrain from bringing new lif

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Anderson, Elizabeth. The Problem of Equality from a Political Economy Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801221.003.0003.

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This paper explores challenges to the creation of an egalitarian society from what we know about different types of human society across human history. All human beings originally lived in hunter-gatherer bands, which, along with tribal societies, are remarkably egalitarian. Inegalitarian social forms—rank societies and social stratification—are rooted in the following causes: (1) despotic tendencies rooted in human psychology; (2) esteem competition; (3) descent group closure and ingroup opportunity hoarding; (4) inegalitarian ideology; and (5) the increasing scale of societies, administratio

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Edward, Bellamy. Equality. Irvington Pub, 1988.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Equality types"

Pujet, Loïc, and Nicolas Tabareau. "Observational Equality Meets CIC." In Programming Languages and Systems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57262-3_12.

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AbstractEquality is at the heart of dependent type theory, as it plays a fundamental role in specifications and mathematical reasoning. The standard way to handle it in mainstream proof assistants such as Agda, Lean or Coq is based on Martin-Löf’s identity type, which comes straight out of the ’70s—its elegance and simplicity have earned it a long-standing use, despite a major discrepancy with traditional mathematical formulations: it does not satisfy any extensionality principles. Recently, the work on observational equality has regained interest as a new way to encode equality in proof assis

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Das, Ankush, Henry DeYoung, Andreia Mordido, and Frank Pfenning. "Nested Session Types." In Programming Languages and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72019-3_7.

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AbstractSession types statically describe communication protocols between concurrent message-passing processes. Unfortunately, parametric polymorphism even in its restricted prenex form is not fully understood in the context of session types. In this paper, we present the metatheory of session types extended with prenex polymorphism and, as a result, nested recursive datatypes. Remarkably, we prove that type equality is decidable by exhibiting a reduction to trace equivalence of deterministic first-order grammars. Recognizing the high theoretical complexity of the latter, we also propose a nov

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Berger, Ulrich, and Anton Setzer. "Undecidability of Equality for Codata Types." In Coalgebraic Methods in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00389-0_4.

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Tait, William W. "Extensional Equality in the Classical Theory of Types." In The Foundational Debate. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3327-4_17.

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Laurent, Théo, Meven Lennon-Bertrand, and Kenji Maillard. "Definitional Functoriality for Dependent (Sub)Types." In Programming Languages and Systems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57262-3_13.

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AbstractDependently typed proof assistant rely crucially on definitional equality, which relates types and terms that are automatically identified in the underlying type theory. This paper extends type theory with definitional functor laws, equations satisfied propositionally by a large class of container-like type constructors $$F : {\text {Type}}\rightarrow {\text {Type}}$$ F : Type → Type , equipped with a $$\textrm{map}_{F} {{\,\mathrm{:}\,}}(A \rightarrow B) \rightarrow F\,A \rightarrow F\,B$$ map F : ( A → B ) → F A → F B , such as lists or trees. Promoting these equations to definitiona

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Chen, Yi, and Long Huang. "Data Types, Operators, and Expressions." In MATLAB Roadmap to Applications. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8788-3_2.

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Abstract Comprehend the concept of data types and their significance in MATLAB programming. Distinguish between the various data types available in MATLAB, such as numeric types, characters, and logical values. Utilise appropriate type conversion techniques to manipulate and transform data as required. Apply arithmetic operators, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, to perform basic mathematical computations. Employ relational operators, including equality and inequality operators, to compare values and evaluate conditions. Utilise logical operators, such as AND, OR, an

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Black, Ashton. "AI and Democratic Equality: How Surveillance Capitalism and Computational Propaganda Threaten Democracy." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_21.

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AbstractIn this paper, I argue that surveillance capitalism and computational propaganda can undermine democratic equality. First, I argue that two types of resources are relevant for democratic equality: 1) free time, which entails time that is free from systemic surveillance, and 2) epistemic resources. In order for everyone in a democratic system to be equally capable of full political participation, it’s a minimum requirement that these two resources are distributed fairly. But AI that’s used for surveillance capitalism can undermine the fair distribution of these resources, thereby threat

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Koslowski, Alison, and Margaret O’Brien. "Fathers and Family Leave Policies: What Public Policy Can Do to Support Families." In Engaged Fatherhood for Men, Families and Gender Equality. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75645-1_7.

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AbstractThere are various types of family leave available to fathers across and within countries. The specific design features of family leave policies are associated with how well used they are by fathers, and the key features associated with higher take up by fathers are presented here. There is an emerging literature on the various impacts of fathers on leave in relation to factors such as family health and well-being and gender equality in the labour market. In particular, fathers and family leave are important for a good quality of infant life. Finally, the chapter considers ways in which

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Preti, Sara, and Enrico di Bella. "Gender Equality as EU Strategy." In Social Indicators Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41486-2_4.

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AbstractGender equality is an increasingly topical issue, but it has deep historical roots. The principle of gender equality found its legitimacy, even if limited to salary, in the 1957 Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). This treaty, in Article 119, sanctioned the principle of equal pay between male and female workers. The EEC continued to protect women’s rights in the 1970s through equal opportunity policies. These policies referred, first, to the principle of equal treatment between men and women regarding education, access to work, professional promotion, an

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Blot, Valentin, Gilles Dowek, Thomas Traversié, and Théo Winterhalter. "From Rewrite Rules to Axioms in the $$\lambda \varPi $$-Calculus Modulo Theory." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57231-9_1.

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AbstractThe $$\lambda \varPi $$ λ Π -calculus modulo theory is an extension of simply typed $$\lambda $$ λ -calculus with dependent types and user-defined rewrite rules. We show that it is possible to replace the rewrite rules of a theory of the $$\lambda \varPi $$ λ Π -calculus modulo theory by equational axioms, when this theory features the notions of proposition and proof, while maintaining the same expressiveness. To do so, we introduce in the target theory a heterogeneous equality, and we build a translation that replaces each use of the conversion rule by the insertion of a transport. A

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Equality types"

Silverman, David C. "Rotating Cylinder Electrode - an Approach for Predicting Velocity Sensitive Corrosion." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90013.

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Abstract Corrosion can be accelerated by fluid flow. An overview is presented of the relationships among mass transfer coefficient, fluid velocity, shear stress, and fluid properties for several geometries. Equations are presented that allow rotating (inner) cylinder electrode velocities to be chosen so that the mass transfer coefficients are equal to those in pipes, concentric annuli, and wall jets. The suggestion is made that equality of shear stress in two configurations may sometimes be used as one criterion to insure that the fluid affected corrosion mechanism in one configuration is dupl

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Roper, Hugh J., and Joseph Brandon. "Major Keys to Cost Effective Surface Preparation for Superior Coating Performance Corrosion Protection and Long Service Life." In Paint and Coatings Expo (PACE) 2009. SSPC, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2009-00041.

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Abstract This presentation will outline the results and conclusions of a number of years of testing and experience in surface preparation for high-performance coatings. Testing has shown that there are a number of important surface preparation variables that are not routinely monitored and controlled on coating projects. These variables will be identified and guidance will be provided on appropriate treatment to achieve coating results. The information is generic and applicable to almost all types of coatings, including liquid, high solids, plural component and most types of powder coatings. T

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Roper, Hugh J. "Cost Effective Surface Preparation for Coating Performance, Corrosion Protection and Long Service Life." In Paint and Coatings Expo (PACE) 2007. SSPC, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2007-00079.

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Abstract This presentation will outline the results and conclusions of a number of years of testing and experience in surface preparation for high-performance coatings. Testing has shown that there are several important variables that are not routinely monitored and controlled on most coating projects. The pertinent variables will be identified and guidance will be provided on appropriate treatment of the variables to achieve the maximum results from the chosen coating. The information is generic and applicable to all types of coatings, including both liquid, high solids, plural component and

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Mummaneni, Prabhath, Kshitiz Aryal, Mahmoud Abdelsalam, and Maanak Gupta. "Not All Malware are Born Equally: An Empirical Analysis of Adversarial Evasion Attacks in Relation to Malware Types and PE Files Structure." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10826102.

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Korvela, T., and Kemira Oy. "The Role of Nitrate in Prevention of Pitting Corrosion of Aluminum by Chloride Ions in Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94422.

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Abstract Corrosion behaviour of high purity aluminum was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements in 50 % hydrogen peroxide as a function of chloride and nitrate concentrations and in the presence of some amino(alkyl)phosphonates which are widely used as stabilizers against catalytic decomposition for hydrogen peroxide. Chloride ions, already at very low concentrations, induce pitting type corrosion for aluminum. This pitting can be prevented by sufficient additions of nitrate ions. Ammonium nitrate and nitric acid were equally efficient.

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Roper, Hugh J. "Surface Preparation for Optimum Thermal Spray Adhesion and Long Life." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04717.

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Abstract This paper will provide the results of a number of years of testing and experience in surface preparation for high-performance coatings. Testing has shown that there are several important variables that are not routinely monitored and controlled on coating projects. The pertinent variables will be identified and guidance will be provided on appropriate treatment of the variables to achieve the desired results. This paper was prepared specifically for the thermal spray coating industry, however, the information is applicable to all types of coatings, including liquid and powder coating

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Rao, Arjun, and Karen Marais. "Top Causes for Fatal and Non-Fatal Accidents in Helicopter Operations." In Vertical Flight Society 72nd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0072-2016-11529.

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We identify and compare the top causes for fatal and non-fatal helicopter accidents using historical accident data. We compare the causes for fatal and non-fatal accidents and identify the causes that are most likely to lead to both fatal and non-fatal accidents, the causes that are more likely to lead to fatal accidents than non-fatal accidents, and the causes that are more likely to lead to non-fatal accidents than fatal accidents. Accidents that had serious, minor, and no injuries were grouped as non-fatal accidents. We analyzed 5051 helicopter accidents between 1982 and 2008, and found tha

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Hong, Jaemin, Jihyeok Park, and Sukyoung Ryu. "Path dependent types with path-equality." In ICFP '18: 23nd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming. ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3241653.3241657.

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Xu, Yifan, and Pan Xu. "Trade the System Efficiency for the Income Equality of Drivers in Rideshare." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/580.

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Several scientific studies have reported the existence of the income gap among rideshare drivers based on demographic factors such as gender, age, race, etc. In this paper, we study the income inequality among rideshare drivers due to discriminative cancellations from riders, and the tradeoff between the income inequality (called fairness objective) with the system efficiency (called profit objective). We proposed an online bipartite-matching model where riders are assumed to arrive sequentially following a distribution known in advance. The highlight of our model is the concept of acceptance

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Ilik, Danko. "The exp-log normal form of types: decomposing extensional equality and representing terms compactly." In POPL '17: The 44th Annual ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3009837.3009841.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Equality types"

Keane, Claire, Anousheh Alamir, Frances McGinnity, Richard O'Shea, and Helen Russell. Child Related Leave: Usage and Implications for Gender Equality. ESRI, 2024. https://doi.org/10.26504/jr12.

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Child-related leave can have important implications for parents and children. Increases in leave duration and benefits reduces the likelihood of parents developing depressive symptoms, have been found to improve maternal and child health, and links have been found between generous maternity leave benefits and reductions in child mortality. Child-related leave policy also has a role to play in the gender income gap, which often starts after the birth of a child. It can protect the employment relationship for mothers and assist them in returning to a job of the same level and pay. It can also al

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Rose, Jonathan, Pablo Alonso, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, et al. Evaluation of the Bank's Support for Gender and Diversity. Inter-American Development Bank, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010687.

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The objective of the evaluation is to assess how well and to what extent the IDB’s activities to date have promoted gender equality, women’s empowerment, and development with identity. The evaluation focuses on three key aspects: (i) the relevance of the Bank’s approach (its policy framework and the implementation of that framework) to promoting gender equality, women’s empowerment, and development with identity; (ii) the extent of its activities to support gender and diversity; and (iii) the institutional factors that influence these activities. Findings seek to identify factors that affect t

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Doorley, Karina, and Mark Regan. The impact of Irish budgetary policy by disability status. ESRI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bp202301.

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Existing research has shown that disability is costly and can result in an increased risk of living in poverty and a decrease in living standards. In this paper, we expand a framework of equality budgeting, previously applied from a gender perspective, to the population of households affected by disability. Using a microsimulation model linked to data from the EU Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we show how tax-benefit policy and other market income changes between 2007 and 2019 impacted households affected by disability and households not affected by disability. We find that

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Villesèche, Florence, Caroline Julie Demeyère, and Flora Antoniazzi. Denmark's DEI Consulting Landscape: Where Ethical Values Meet Market Realities. Department of Business Humanities and Law. Copenhagen Business School, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/bhl.2024.01.

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Who are the diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) consultants shaping the landscape in Denmark? What motivates them to enter the DEI consulting market? What types of initiatives do they undertake? How do they navigate the challenges of selling DEI services to organizations, especially when met with resistance or criticism? How do these professionals connect and network in this burgeoning industry? These questions guided our research project as we investigated the world of DEI consulting in Denmark. Today, DEI is a major consideration for organizations, employers, and society at large. It cove

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Andrade, Gabriela, Karina Azar, Tabia Kazembe, Cristina López Mayher, and Vanina Vincensini. Financing Programs for Women's Financial Inclusion and Access to Finance for Women MSMEs: Results from a Survey of Public Development Banks. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005104.

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This report presents the highlights from a survey directed to public development banks (PDBs) as part of the 2023 agenda of the Finance in Common Summit (FiCS) Coalition on Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment in Development Banks, co-chaired by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and UN Women. The survey, which was completed by 54 PDBs, aimed to examine how PDBs are serving women and their businesses by mapping existing programs and identifying current practices, innovations, challenges, and opportunities in this agenda. Key findings suggest PDBs are offering a diversity of programs,

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Shehryar, Shehryar. The Socio-economic Impact of the Taliban’s Poppy Ban. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2024.034.

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The Taliban’s edict prohibiting poppy cultivation and the use and trade of all types of narcotics across Afghanistan has had a profound impact on the country’s rural population, particularly in regions that saw the highest volumes of poppy cultivation. The disruption to farmers’ livelihoods comes amidst a collapsing national economy that promises few viable long-term alternatives. Poppy has long been Afghanistan’s most valuable cash crop, and saw a significant expansion during the two decades of the Republic that followed the Taliban’s late 2001 ouster. Its labour-intensive cultivation employe

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Mitina, Natal'ya. The problem of gender in the philosophy of B. Mandeville. Context and Reflection: Philosophy of the World and Human Being, 2024. https://doi.org/10.12731/2024-13-12-88-92.

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The bourgeois revolutions of the 17th – 18th centuries in Europe, which led to the establishment of new capitalist relations, also led to a change in the views of utopian philosophers on issues of gender relations. The purpose of the study is to analyze one of the approaches to the problem of gender. The liberal concept is developed by the English moral philosopher Bernard Mandeville. The social utopias of the New Age set the task of creating a just society based on the principles of universal equality. These principles were the basis for addressing gender equality. Utopian society equalized e

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Ly, Tem. Leadership Pathways for Local Women: Case Studies of Three Communes in Cambodia. Cambodia Development Resource Institute, 2016. https://doi.org/10.64202/wp.108.201606.

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Women’s leadership is necessary for Cambodia’s sustained development. Their involvement in leadership roles in the public sphere and politics is crucial and has been shown to impact positively on poverty reduction. Governments, NGOs and international organisations have been increasingly aware that sustainable development is significantly linked to gender equality and women’s empowerment, key factors in ending extreme poverty. It is only logical then that Cambodia should pay greater attention to developing future generations of women for leadership, especially at the grassroots level. This stud

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Moore, Terrence J. Shannon-Type Sampling Theory on Unions of Equally Spaced and Noncommensurate Grids. Defense Technical Information Center, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada392092.

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Moreno, Martín, Jesús Duarte, and María Soledad Bos. Quality, Equality and Equity in Colombian Education (Analysis of the SABER 2009 Test). Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010419.

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This Technical Note describes the learning inequalities faced by Colombian students and analyzes the equity in the allocation of resources among schools and their relation to learning. Using the SABER 2009database, the analysis demonstrates that there are high inequalities in students' academic results associated with their families' socioeconomic status, the type of school management, and the school's geographic zone. This relation is more important between schools than within a school, denoting a high degree of segregation of Colombian schools according to students' socioeconomic status. In

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