Articles de revues : « Extrinsic barriers »

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Rabin, Eyal, Maartje Henderikx, Yoram, M. Kalman et Marco Kalz. « What are the barriers to learners’ satisfaction in MOOCs and what predicts them ? The role of age, intention, self-regulation, self-efficacy and motivation ». Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 36, n^o 3 (29 juin 2020) : 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5919.

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Massive open online course (MOOC) participants face diverse barriers that prevent them from feeling satisfied with participating in online courses. This study identified those barriers and their predictors. Using pre- and post-questionnaires, MOOC participants reported several characteristics and their barriers to satisfaction during the course. Exploratory factor analysis identified three kinds of barriers. The effects of participants´ age, gender, level of self-efficacy, motivation, self-regulated learning skills and the intention to complete the course were used as predictors of those barriers to satisfaction. The barrier lack of interestingness/relevance was predicted by the self-regulation indices of self-evaluation, study-strategy and help-seeking. The barrier lack of time/bad planning was predicted by the self-regulation indices of goal setting, time management and study strategy and by the age of the respondent. The barrier lack of knowledge/technical problem was predicted by the level of self-efficacy, extrinsic motivation and the self-regulation index of time management, as well as by the behavioural intention to complete the course. Furthermore, an index averaging the extent of the barriers was predicted by the self-regulation indices of goal setting and study strategy, the level of self-efficacy and the level of extrinsic motivation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in order to help MOOC participants, instructors and designers to enhance learner satisfaction.

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Jessup, Martha A., Janice C. Humphreys, Claire D. Brindis et Kathryn A. Lee. « Extrinsic Barriers to Substance Abuse Treatment among Pregnant Drug Dependent Women ». Journal of Drug Issues 33, n^o 2 (avril 2003) : 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260303300202.

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The objective of this qualitative study was to examine extrinsic barriers to substance abuse treatment among pregnant and parenting women enrolled in residential perinatal substance abuse treatment programs in Northern California. Life history interviews were conducted with 36 women to examine help-seeking behaviors before treatment enrollment. Data analysis used the analytic framework of Mandelbaum (1973) to describe dimensions, turnings, and adaptations of participants. Results indicated that the majority (n = 34) of participants sought prenatal care but identified fear of punitive actions from helping institutions and individuals as a major barrier. Other extrinsic barriers included substance abuse treatment program barriers, partners, the status of opiate dependency, and the status of pregnancy. Biological, socio-cultural, and psychosocial dimensions of participants' care-seeking experiences were identified. The turning was pregnancy and adaptations included preserving the family, managing fear and manifesting faith. Findings describe the transformation of the therapeutic alliance and the gendered impact of two decades of the War on Drugs in the United States. Participants' coping strategies suggest that the desire for child custody and concern for fetal and child well-being was a priority and motivated care seeking despite extrinsic barriers perceived to be threatening to the woman's safety and autonomy.

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Mahendra, Nidhi. « South Asian Stories : Firsthand Client Perspectives on Barriers to Accessing Speech-Language Pathology Services ». Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations 19, n^o 1 (mars 2012) : 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cds19.1.29.

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This article details the experience of two South Asian individuals with family members who had communication disorders. I provide information on intrinsic and extrinsic barriers reported by these clients in responses to a survey and during individual ethnographic interviews. These data are part of a larger study and provide empirical support of cultural and linguistic barriers that may impede timely access to and utilization of speech-language pathology (SLP) services. The purpose of this article is to shed light on barriers and facilitators that influence South Asian clients' access to SLP services. I provide and briefly analyze two case vignettes to provide readers a phenomenological perspective on client experiences. Data about barriers limiting access to SLP services were obtained via client surveys and individual interviews. These two clients' data were extracted from a larger study (Mahendra, Scullion, Hamerschlag, Cooper, & La, 2011) in which 52 racially/ethnically diverse clients participated. Survey items and interview questions were designed to elicit information about client experiences when accessing SLP services. Results reveal specific intrinsic and extrinsic barriers that affected two South Asian clients' access to SLP services and have important implications for all providers.

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Kähkönen, Anna-Leena, Antti Laherto et Anssi Lindell. « Intrinsic and Extrinsic Barriers to Teaching Nanoscale Science : Finnish Teachers' Perspectives ». Journal of Nano Education 3, n^o 1 (1 juin 2011) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jne.2011.1017.

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Clarke, Dave. « Intrinsic and Extrinsic Barriers to Health Care : Implications for Problem Gambling ». International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 5, n^o 4 (19 mai 2007) : 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-007-9089-1.

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Muldoon, Leslie L., Jorge I. Alvarez, David J. Begley, Ruben J. Boado, Gregory J. del Zoppo, Nancy D. Doolittle, Britta Engelhardt et al. « Immunologic Privilege in the Central Nervous System and the Blood–Brain Barrier ». Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & ; Metabolism 33, n^o 1 (17 octobre 2012) : 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.153.

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The brain is in many ways an immunologically and pharmacologically privileged site. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) of the cerebrovascular endothelium and its participation in the complex structure of the neurovascular unit (NVU) restrict access of immune cells and immune mediators to the central nervous system (CNS). In pathologic conditions, very well-organized immunologic responses can develop within the CNS, raising important questions about the real nature and the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of this immune privilege. We assess the interactions of immune cells and immune mediators with the BBB and NVU in neurologic disease, cerebrovascular disease, and intracerebral tumors. The goals of this review are to outline key scientific advances and the status of the science central to both the neuroinflammation and CNS barriers fields, and highlight the opportunities and priorities in advancing brain barriers research in the context of the larger immunology and neuroscience disciplines. This review article was developed from reports presented at the 2011 Annual Blood-Brain Barrier Consortium Meeting.

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Wendling, Elodie, Meredith Flaherty, Michael Sagas et Kyriaki Kaplanidou. « Youth athletes' sustained involvement in elite sport : An exploratory examination of elements affecting their athletic participation ». International Journal of Sports Science & ; Coaching 13, n^o 5 (5 février 2018) : 658–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118757436.

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In this exploratory study, we first intended to identify the underlying structure of components affecting the sport participation of 1258 elite youth athletes from the USA through a principal component analysis of 23 items related to motives and barriers to participation and created for this study. A six-component solution was proposed, including college and professional aspirations and competence beliefs, coach and peer relationships, pressures from parents and coach, intrinsic and self-determined extrinsic motivation, external barriers, and non–self-determined extrinsic motivation. Noteworthy differences by age, gender, and race on those retained components were also reported. Lastly, results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that 28% of the variance in sport enjoyment was explained by all retained components. Given the rapid growth of travel teams, this study provides a timely cross-sectional and multisport assessment of the state of elite youth sport in the USA. In consideration of optimistic outcomes observed in this study compared to alarming attrition trends commonly found in the elite youth sport environment, this study may serve as a reference as to the elements that influence sustained participation that is indispensable in today's youth sport landscape. Results also provided important theoretical contributions with respect to motivational processes underlying elite sport participation. Practical implications with regards to the influence of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and barrier elements on elite sport participation are also presented.

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Ancheta Jr., Rosein, Roberto Padua, Shirley Ann A. Caballes, Dharyll Prince M. Abellana, Custer C. Deocaris, Celbert M. Himang, Lanndon A. Ocampo, Miriam F. Bongo et Jun Jun A. Obiso. « Management of Industry 4.0 – reviewing intrinsic and extrinsic adoption drivers and barriers ». International Journal of Technology Management 81, n^o 3/4 (2019) : 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtm.2019.10027028.

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Obiso, Jun Jun A., Celbert M. Himang, Lanndon A. Ocampo, Miriam F. Bongo, Shirley Ann A. Caballes, Dharyll Prince M. Abellana, Custer C. Deocaris, Roberto Padua et Rosein Ancheta Jr. « Management of Industry 4.0 – reviewing intrinsic and extrinsic adoption drivers and barriers ». International Journal of Technology Management 81, n^o 3/4 (2019) : 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtm.2019.105310.

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Charron, Guillaume, et Christian R. Landry. « No evidence for extrinsic post-zygotic isolation in a wild Saccharomyces yeast system ». Biology Letters 13, n^o 6 (juin 2017) : 20170197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0197.

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Although microorganisms account for the largest fraction of Earth's biodiversity, we know little about how their reproductive barriers evolve. Sexual microorganisms such as Saccharomyces yeasts rapidly develop strong intrinsic post-zygotic isolation, but the role of extrinsic isolation in the early speciation process remains to be investigated. We measured the growth of F 1 hybrids between two incipient species of Saccharomyces paradoxus to assess the presence of extrinsic post-zygotic isolation across 32 environments. More than 80% of hybrids showed either partial dominance of the best parent or over-dominance for growth, revealing no fitness defects in F 1 hybrids. Extrinsic reproductive isolation therefore likely plays little role in limiting gene flow between incipient yeast species and is not a requirement for speciation.

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Liu, Yun, Soren Holm, Jan Meisner, Yuan Jia, Qiong Wu, Toby J. Woods, Todd J. Martinez et Jeffrey S. Moore. « Flyby reaction trajectories : Chemical dynamics under extrinsic force ». Science 373, n^o 6551 (8 juillet 2021) : 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abi7609.

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Dynamic effects are an important determinant of chemical reactivity and selectivity, but the deliberate manipulation of atomic motions during a chemical transformation is not straightforward. Here, we demonstrate that extrinsic force exerted upon cyclobutanes by stretching pendant polymer chains influences product selectivity through force-imparted nonstatistical dynamic effects on the stepwise ring-opening reaction. The high product stereoselectivity is quantified by carbon-13 labeling and shown to depend on external force, reactant stereochemistry, and intermediate stability. Computational modeling and simulations show that, besides altering energy barriers, the mechanical force activates reactive intramolecular motions nonstatistically, setting up “flyby trajectories” that advance directly to product without isomerization excursions. A mechanistic model incorporating nonstatistical dynamic effects accounts for isomer-dependent mechanochemical stereoselectivity.

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Nguyen, Hong-Thu Thi. « Boosting Motivation to Help Students to Overcome Online Learning Barriers in Covid-19 Pandemic : A Case study ». International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 15, n^o 10 (25 mai 2021) : 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i10.20319.

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<p>In response to a public health emergency of COVID-19 pandemic, changing learning and teaching from face to face mode to online one is determined to be imperative. The fact that classrooms were temporarily prevented from continuing did not mean that learning and teaching were suspended. It was going on in a new approach supported by technology, which challenges students and teachers with various barriers. The paper explored the correlation between online learning barriers and motivations, whether the motivation-boosting strategies could help students overcome challenges in online learning duration and had any impact on students’ academic achievement or not. A quasi-experimental research was applied for 288 third-year students of law joining the second criminal law course at a university in Viet Nam. The experiment was conducted with the assistance of LMS, Microsoft Team, Skype and Zoom, along with Socrative, Kahoot and Social networks. The findings revealed that the extrinsic barriers had more impact on motivation than intrinsic ones; extrinsic barriers had high impact on the motivation and the learning results of students compared to the traditional learning method. The data also expressed that the motivation-boosting activities in the online learning process led positive changes in students’ learning motivation and academic achievement.<strong></strong></p>

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Wisniewski, Michael, D. Michael Glenn, Lawrence Gusta et Michael P. Fuller. « Using Infrared Thermography to Study Freezing in Plants ». HortScience 43, n^o 6 (octobre 2008) : 1648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1648.

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Factors that determine when and to what extent a plant will freeze are complex. Although thermocouples have served as the main method of monitoring the freezing process in plants, infrared (IR) thermography offers distinct advantages and the use of this latter technology has provided new insights on the processes of ice nucleation and propagation. This technology is based on the fact that freezing is an exothermic event. The temperature and spatial resolution of a high-resolution IR camera has enabled researchers to clearly define initial sites of nucleation as well as monitor the ice front as it spreads into surrounding tissues. Ice nucleation is induced by both extrinsic and intrinsic nucleators. Ice nucleation-active bacteria and moisture are two major extrinsic agents. In herbaceous plants, the influence of extrinsic ice nucleators on ice nucleation can be moderated by thick cuticles or the application of synthetic hydrophobic barriers. The situation in woody plants, however, is different. Woody plants appear to possess native, intrinsic nucleating agents that are as active as many extrinsic agents. However, the identity of the intrinsic nucleating agents in woody plants is not known. Despite the presence of intrinsic nucleating agents, barriers exist in woody plants that inhibit growth of ice from older stems into primary, lateral appendages. This is important because many tissues in woody plants that are frost-sensitive are flowers and primary, elongating shoot tissues that arise from buds attached to older stems. Pictures derived from video segments of the freezing process and data on the ability to block nucleation through the use of hydrophobic kaolin are provided.

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Weaver, Margie A., et Packianathan Chelladurai. « Mentoring in Intercollegiate Athletic Administration ». Journal of Sport Management 16, n^o 2 (avril 2002) : 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.16.2.96.

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Associate/Assistant athletic administrators from Division I (139 males, 123 females) and Division III (130 males, 123 females) universities of the NCAA responded to a questionnaire consisting of (a) items eliciting background information, (b) perceived and preferred mentoring functions measured by the Mentor Role Instrument (Ragins & McFarlin, 1990), (c) perceived barriers to mentoring measured by Perceived Barriers Scale (Ragins & Cotton, 1991), and a scale of satisfaction developed for the study. Factor analysis yielded three facets of satisfaction: Work Group, Extrinsic Rewards, and Intrinsic Rewards. The results of MÁNOVA showed that an equal proportion of males and females had experienced mentoring relationships, and mentored individuals were more satisfied with work than their non-mentored counterparts. Respondents from Division I received significantly higher salaries, and they were more satisfied with their extrinsic rewards than the respondents from Division III. Finally, correlational analyses showed positive but weak relationships between mentoring functions and the satisfaction facets.

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Harris, Brigitte, Kwan Fan Cheng et Charlotte Gorley. « Benefits and Barriers ». Journal of Workplace Learning 27, n^o 3 (13 avril 2015) : 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jwl-07-2014-0053.

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Purpose – This study aims to describe the design of a provincial government ministry group mentoring program and examine mentees’ and mentors’ experiences in the program. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 151 mentees rated their satisfaction in a post-program survey. The survey was followed by in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 10 mentees and 11 mentors. Findings – In all, 87 per cent of mentees rated their learning as effective. Benefits to mentees were relevance of the learning, and senior leader/mentors use of current issues, events and personal stories. Delivery through a combination of Web conferencing and collaboration technologies was most effective. Mentors learned from mentees and other mentors. Regular and full mentee participation was an identified issue. In addition, not all mentoring teams worked well together. Research limitations/implications – The selection criteria favored participants who had a positive experience. Including more participants who were disengaged or less active may have revealed what inhibited full engagement. Complex underlying systemic and cultural issues negatively affected mentee participation and mentoring team effectiveness. It is unclear whether this was caused by intrinsic or extrinsic barriers. Further study could shed light on how to address participation issues. Practical implications – Selection criteria favored highly active participants who had a positive experience. Including more disengaged or less active participants may have revealed barriers to full engagement. Social implications – Despite a context of extreme organizational churn, this program delivered cost-effective and engaging learning to a large number of employees. Recommendations are made to further strengthen the program. Originality/value – This contextually grounded case study will be useful to those who plan to implement a group mentoring program.

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Maiden, Robert J., Danielle Gagne, Daniel l. Segal et Bert Hayslip Jr. « IDENTIFYING BARRIERS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IN A RURAL COMMUNITY ». Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (novembre 2019) : S553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2037.

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Abstract Unmet mental health care needs of older people living in rural areas have been identified as a fundamental problem. This project engaged a rural consortium of service agencies to support recruitment through advertising, word of mouth, social media. So far, 100 rural participants aged 50 and older have completed our survey which includes the revised Barriers to Mental Health Services Scale, (BMHSS-R) which measures intrinsic barriers attributed to internal characteristics and beliefs, e.g. stigma, and extrinsic barriers, e.g. insurance costs, and lack of transportation. Preliminary results revealed increased services utilization compared to past research. However, several serious barriers remained, e.g. as lack of insurance/costs, distance/location, stigma, and lack of knowledge. The BMHSS-R results e demonstrate how the two types of barriers are related and interact within individuals. Implications are that internal barriers (e.g., stigma) and external ones (location, costs) can be reduced or eliminated through integrated medical/behavioral services.

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Root, Eve, et Grace Caskie. « eMental Health Literacy and the Relationship to Barriers to Mental Health Care ». Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2020) : 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.978.

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Abstract According to the American Psychological Association (2017), one in four individuals who are 65 years and older experience a mental health problem; however, many older adults do not receive the services they need and deserve (Karlin, 2008). The current study utilizes a new concept similar to eHealth Literacy called eMental Health Literacy, defined as the degree to which individuals obtain, process, and understand basic mental health information and services needed to aid their recognition, management, or prevention of mental health issues. The relationship of eMental Health Literacy to perceived barriers to receiving mental health services was examined in a sample of middle-aged and older adults. We hypothesized that higher eMental Health Literacy would predict fewer reported barriers to mental health services. A sample of 243 participants (M=63.33, range=55-80 years) were recruited online through Amazon Mechanical Turk to complete measures assessing eMental Health Literacy (eMHEALS) and mental health barriers (BMHSSS-R). After adding two correlated errors, a structural equation model specifying eMHEALS as a predictor of extrinsic and intrinsic barriers to mental health services achieved good fit (χ2(60)=170.014, p<.001, SRMR=.068, CFI=.944, GFI=.901, TLI=.927, RMSEA=.087). All indicators were significantly related to their latent construct (p<.001). The results indicate higher eMental Health Literacy significantly predicted fewer reported intrinsic and fewer extrinsic barriers to mental health services. These relationships were statistically significant even when examined across differing socioeconomic status and age. These findings indicate eMental Health Literacy may have significant impact on the way individuals in later life navigate through the mental healthcare system.

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Uy, J. Albert C., Darren E. Irwin et Michael S. Webster. « Behavioral Isolation and Incipient Speciation in Birds ». Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 49, n^o 1 (2 novembre 2018) : 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062646.

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Behavioral changes, such as those involved in mating, foraging, and migration, can generate reproductive barriers between populations. Birds, in particular, are known for their great diversity in these behaviors, and so behavioral isolation is often proposed to be the major driver of speciation. Here, we review empirical evidence to evaluate the importance of behavioral isolation in the early stages of avian speciation. Experimentally measured mating preferences indicate that changes in mating behavior can result in premating barriers, with their strength depending on the extent of divergence in mating signals. Differences in migratory and foraging behavior also can play important roles in generating reproductive barriers in the early stages of speciation. However, because premating behavioral isolation is imperfect, extrinsic postzygotic barriers, in the form of selection against hybrids having intermediate phenotypes, also play an important role in avian diversification, especially in completing the speciation process.

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Antunes, Francisco, et João Paulo Costa. « Reviewing Motivations for Engaging in Decision Support Social Networks ». International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals 5, n^o 1 (janvier 2014) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijhcitp.2014010101.

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This paper reviews the motivations for people to engage in decision support social networks, from existing connections between social network sites and decision support. The paper points out the three intertwined levels that influence interactions and motivation of people when engaged in social network participation: communities, networks and electronic networks of practice. Participating in social networks draws upon the interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors refer to motivation embedded in the action itself (comes within the individual), rather than from external rewards or extrinsic factors such as money or recognition. The paper also identifies some problems in engaging in decision support social networks and discusses potential solutions, namely: to create and maintain a critical number of users; the issue of time in decision processes; linguistic barriers and issues of confidentiality.

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Chen, Xi, Carolina Oi Lam Ung, Hao Hu, Xiaodan Liu, Jing Zhao, Yuanjia Hu, Peng Li et Qing Yang. « Community Pharmacists’ Perceptions about Pharmaceutical Care of Traditional Medicine Products : A Questionnaire-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Guangzhou, China ». Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7801637.

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This study aimed to investigate community pharmacists’ perceived responsibility, practice behaviors, knowledge, perceived barriers, and improvement measures towards provision of pharmaceutical care in relation to traditional medicine (TM) products in Guangzhou, China. A self-completion questionnaire was used to survey licensed pharmacists working at community pharmacies. This study found that the community pharmacists in Guangzhou, China, were involved in the provision of TM products during their daily practice but only provided pharmaceutical care in this area with a passive attitude. Extrinsic barriers such as lack of scientific evidence for the safety and efficacy of TM products and unclear definition of their roles and responsibilities were highlighted while intrinsic factors such as insufficient TM knowledge were identified.

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IJgosse, Wouter Martijn, Harry van Goor, Camiel Rosman et Jan-Maarten Luursema. « The Fun Factor : Does Serious Gaming Affect the Volume of Voluntary Laparoscopic Skills Training ? » World Journal of Surgery 45, n^o 1 (28 septembre 2020) : 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-020-05800-y.

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Abstract Background The availability of validated laparoscopic simulators has not resulted in sustainable high-volume training. We investigated whether the validated laparoscopic serious game Underground would increase voluntary training by residents. We hypothesized that by removing intrinsic barriers and extrinsic barriers, residents would spend more time on voluntary training with Underground compared to voluntary training with traditional simulators. Methods After 1 year, we compared amount of voluntary time spent on playing Underground to time spent on all other laparoscopic training modalities and to time spent on performing laparoscopic procedures in the OR for all surgical residents. These data were compared to resident’ time spent on laparoscopic activities over the prior year before the introduction of Underground. Results From March 2016 until March 2017, 63 residents spent on average 20 min on voluntary serious gaming, 17 min on voluntary simulator training, 2 h and 44 min on mandatory laparoscopic training courses, and 14 h and 49 min on laparoscopic procedures in the OR. Voluntary activities represented 3% of laparoscopic training activities which was similar in the prior year wherein fifty residents spent on average 33 min on voluntary simulator training, 3 h and 28 min on mandatory laparoscopic training courses, and 11 h and 19 min on laparoscopic procedures. Conclusion Serious gaming has not increased total voluntary training volume. Underground did not mitigate intrinsic and extrinsic barriers to voluntary training. Mandatory, scheduled training courses remain needed. Serious gaming is flexible and affordable and could be an important part of such training courses.

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Pepin, Renee, Daniel L. Segal et Frederick L. Coolidge. « Intrinsic and extrinsic barriers to mental health care among community-dwelling younger and older adults ». Aging & ; Mental Health 13, n^o 5 (septembre 2009) : 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860902918231.

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Sulikashvili, Natalia, Godefroy Kizaba et Abdelouahid Assaidi. « MOTIVATIONS AND BARRIERS OF ENTREPRENEURS IN MOSCOW AND THE MOSCOW REGION ». Business : Theory and Practice 22, n^o 2 (31 août 2021) : 256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.13112.

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The main goal of this research is to examine the motivation of entrepreneurs from Moscow and the Moscow region in conducting entrepreneurial activity in present economic conditions, and to identify the obstacles slowing down this activity. For implementing this goal a survey of 63 small business owners was conducted. To collect the data, authors selected the ME (micro-enterprise), the SB (small business) and the SME (small and medium-sized enterprise). The actors questioned were entrepreneurs and more particularly the heads of companies running an ME, SB or SME in Moscow and its regions. Using research methods as factor analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha, a hierarchy of the different motives and entrepreneurial barriers were constructed. Investigation results show that regarding motivations of entrepreneurs, 4 components were obtained: extrinsic motivations composed of 4 items, intrinsic motivations composed of 6 items, motivations linked to independence and autonomy with 3 items and motivations related to the safety and well-being of the family with 3 items. In terms of barriers or obstacles encountered by Russian entrepreneurs, in regards with the literature review, we obtained 5 components: barriers of legitimacy consisting of 3 items, administrative barriers with 3 items, financial barriers with 2 items, managerial barriers with 3 items and finally competitive barriers with 3 items. The novelty of this study is to improve knowledge of the motivations and barriers that entrepreneurs in Moscow and its region encounter in the course of their activity.

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Gaudet, A. D., S. Mandrekar-Colucci, J. C. E. Hall, D. R. Sweet, P. J. Schmitt, X. Xu, Z. Guan, X. Mo, M. Guerau-de-Arellano et P. G. Popovich. « miR-155 Deletion in Mice Overcomes Neuron-Intrinsic and Neuron-Extrinsic Barriers to Spinal Cord Repair ». Journal of Neuroscience 36, n^o 32 (10 août 2016) : 8516–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0735-16.2016.

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Nguyen, Thuy, Sara Pavitt, Courtney Wusthoff et Caroline Rassbach. « Breaking a Cycle of Dependence to Improve Neurology Education : A Qualitative Study Exploring Pediatric Residents’ Perspectives ». Clinical Pediatrics 58, n^o 11-12 (27 août 2019) : 1158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922819870557.

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Objective. To understand pediatric residents’ experiences and attitudes toward learning neurology; and to identify facilitators and barriers to learning neurology during residency. Study Design. Qualitative study using focus groups of pediatric residents at Stanford during November 2017. Focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Investigators independently coded the transcripts and reconciled codes to develop themes using constant comparison associated with grounded theory. Results. Eighteen pediatric residents participated in 3 focus groups. Four themes emerged: (1) residents feel unprepared and uncomfortable; (2) intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to residents’ dependence on neurologists; (3) residents desire more teaching; and (4) residents are motivated to overcome their dependence on neurologists and optimize their learning. Conclusion. Pediatric residents are motivated to acquire more skills to assess and manage patients with neurological conditions. They recognize key factors that contribute to a cycle of dependence that impedes their learning and offer strategies to overcome these barriers.

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Rometsch, Sina J., Julián Torres-Dowdall et Axel Meyer. « Evolutionary dynamics of pre- and postzygotic reproductive isolation in cichlid fishes ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 375, n^o 1806 (13 juillet 2020) : 20190535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0535.

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Cichlid fishes are exceptionally species-rich, speciated at explosive rates and, hence, are a model system in speciation research. Yet, their reproductive isolating barriers have, so far, not been comprehensively studied. Here, we review current knowledge on pre- and postzygotic mechanisms in cichlids. While premating isolation is the norm in cichlids, its strength varies across lineages and with the geographical setting. Moreover, manipulations of ambient conditions tended to reduce assortative mating among closely related species, suggesting that premating isolation in cichlids is often fragile and context dependent. The observed lack of complete reproductive isolation is supported by past and present hybridization events that have contributed to diversity by creating novel allelic combinations. On the other hand, our meta-analysis highlights that intrinsic postzygotic isolation might accumulate faster than assumed. Mild forms of genetic incompatibilities, such as sex ratio distortion, can already be observed among closely related species. Therefore, cessation of gene flow by strong reproductive isolation in cichlids requires a combination of premating prezygotic isolation supplemented with intrinsic and extrinsic postzygotic barriers. Further, we suggest crucial next steps to improve our knowledge about reproductive barriers in cichlids to understand the evolutionary dynamics of pre- and postzygotic isolation mechanisms during adaptive radiations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers'.

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Veeraiah, Surendran, Vidhubala Elangovan, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Arvind Krishnamurthy, Tanu Anand, Mahendra M. Reddy, Revathy Sudhakar et al. « Quit attempts among tobacco users identified in the Tamil Nadu Tobacco Survey of 2015/2016 : a 3 year follow-up mixed methods study ». BMJ Open 10, n^o 9 (septembre 2020) : e034607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034607.

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ObjectivesTo determine current tobacco use in 2018/2019, quit attempts made and to explore the enablers and barriers in quitting tobacco among tobacco users identified in the Tamil Nadu Tobacco Survey (TNTS) in 2015/2016.SettingTNTS was conducted in 2015/2016 throughout the state of Tamil Nadu (TN) in India covering 111 363 individuals. Tobacco prevalence was found to be 5.2% (n=5208).ParticipantsAll tobacco users in 11 districts of TN identified by TNTS (n=2909) were tracked after 3 years by telephone. In-depth interviews (n=26) were conducted in a subsample to understand the enablers and barriers in quitting.Primary and secondary outcomesCurrent tobacco use status, any quit attempt and successful quit rate were the primary outcomes, while barriers and enablers in quitting were considered as secondary outcomes.ResultsAmong the 2909 tobacco users identified in TNTS 2015/2016, only 724 (24.9%) could be contacted by telephone, of which 555 (76.7%) consented. Of those who consented, 210 (37.8%) were currently not using tobacco (ie, successfully quit) and 337 (60.7%) continued to use any form of tobacco. Of current tobacco users, 115 (34.1%) have never made any attempt to quit and 193 (57.3.8%) have made an attempt to quit. Those using smoking form of tobacco products (adjusted relative risk (aRR)=1.2, 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.4) and exposure to smoke at home (aRR=1.2, 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.3) were found to be positively associated with continued tobacco use (failed or no quit attempt). Support from family and perceived health benefits are key enablers, while peer influence, high dependence and lack of professional help are some of the barriers to quitting.ConclusionTwo-thirds of the tobacco users continue to use tobacco in the last 3 years. While tobacco users are well aware of the ill-effects of tobacco, various intrinsic and extrinsic factors play a major role as a facilitator and lack of the same act as a barrier to quit.

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O’Dwyer, Tom, Emer McGowan, Finbar O’Shea et Fiona Wilson. « Physical Activity and Exercise : Perspectives of Adults With Ankylosing Spondylitis ». Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, n^o 5 (mai 2016) : 504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0435.

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Background:Exercise is a key component of the management of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Despite numerous benefits, compliance with exercise programs is low. Little attention has been accorded to the experiences of individuals with AS toward physical activity (PA). This study aimed to explore the attitudes toward PA and exercise of adults with AS.Methods:A qualitative descriptive design using thematic analysis was used. Seventeen adults with AS participated in individual, semistructured interviews. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and analyzed for themes and subthemes.Results:Four themes emerged from the analysis: (1) benefits, (2) barriers, (3) motivation, and (4) strategies and enablers. Benefits included amelioration of symptoms, improvements in general health, and enhancement of quality of life. Subthemes of barriers to PA included lack of resources, negative attitudes to exercise, misinformation, and condition-related factors. Motivation to exercise was influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Participants proposed strategies to enhance PA participation and exercise engagement.Conclusions:Awareness of the benefits of PA appears insufficient to motivate individuals with AS to exercise; a number of factors influence individual motivation to exercise. Many perceived barriers to PA may be considered modifiable. Individually-tailored interventions, collaboratively developed by the individual and the healthcare professionals, were proposed as strategies for effective PA and exercise prescription.

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Wilson, Jonathan B., Christopher A. Rábago, Carrie W. Hoppes, Phaidra L. Harper, Jin Gao et Elizabeth Russell Esposito. « Should I Stay or Should I Go ? Identifying Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in the Decision to Return to Duty Following Lower Extremity Injury ». Military Medicine 186, Supplement_1 (1 janvier 2021) : 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa350.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Rehabilitation research of wounded service members (SMs) commonly focuses on physical ability to return to duty (RTD) as a measure of successful recovery. However, numerous factors or barriers may influence a SM’s ability and/or desire to RTD after lower extremity musculoskeletal trauma. SMs themselves as well as the clinical care team that works with them daily, often for years at a time, both offer unique perspectives on the influential factors that weigh into decisions to RTD. The purpose of this study was to identify the intrinsic and extrinsic factors patients and clinicians recognized as influencing the decision to RTD after severe lower extremity trauma. Materials and Methods Thirty-two SMs with severe lower extremity trauma (amputation and lower limb salvage) and 30 providers with at least 2 years’ experience caring for SMs with similar injuries participated separately in either a SM or provider/clinician focus group. Open-ended questions on factors influencing RTD and other rehabilitation success were discussed. Data analysis consisted of qualitative transcription and participatory active sorting, followed by thematic coding and grouping of qualitative data. Results Individual (health condition, personal traits, and career consideration), interpersonal (clinician’s impact, family influence, and peer influence), health care system (systems of care, transdisciplinary rehabilitation, and innovation availability), and institutional (policy, benefits, and unit/commander) themes emerged amongst SM patients and clinicians. Expected frequently occurring themes common to both groups were the influence of the team and family unit, as well as career trajectory options after a severe injury. An unexpected theme was acknowledgment of and dissatisfaction with the recent dismantling of institutional systems that support wounded SMs. Patients placed less emphasis on severity of injury and greater emphasis on system and policy barriers than did clinicians. Conclusions Characterization and classification of these clinician and SM-identified factors that influence the decision to RTD after severe lower extremity trauma is expected to improve the efficacy of future rehabilitation efforts and clinical practice guidelines by providing the clinical team the knowledge necessary to recognize modifiable barriers to patient success. A better understanding of factors influencing RTD decision-making may support policies for mitigating RTD barriers, better monitoring of the changing landscape of RTD after lower extremity trauma, improving systems of health care, and/or reducing turnover and facilitating force readiness.

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Wong, Andrew R., Arti Hurria, Virginia Sun, Daneng Li, Kevin George, Jennifer Liu, Simran Padam et al. « Barriers and facilitators to oncology clinical trial accrual : Comparing perceptions of community and academic oncologists. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, n^o 15_suppl (20 mai 2019) : e18131-e18131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e18131.

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e18131 Background: Multiple studies have described the barriers and facilitators to oncology clinical trial accrual in academic practices. However, few studies have been done in community settings, even though the majority of patients with cancer receive their care in the community. We examined and compared community and academic oncologists’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to cancer clinical trial accrual. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted from March to June 2018 with 44 medical oncologists at City of Hope (24 in academia; 20 in community sites). Purposive sampling was used to ensure participant diversity. Primary measures were oncologists’ self-reported perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to clinical trial accrual. Responses were recorded digitally, transcribed, and de-identified. Data was managed using NVivo v12. Two analysts coded the interview data using thematic content analysis (kappa = 0.74). A third analyst adjudicated discrepancies. Results: Of the 44 participants, 36% were women, and 68% had > 10 years of experience. Compared to academic oncologists, community oncologists more often cited barriers due to the lack of protocols suitable for community patients’ histology and stage (13% vs. 6%) and insufficient trial personnel support (13% vs. 9%). Compared to community oncologists, academic oncologists more often cited barriers due to limited time (14% vs. 8%) and overly stringent eligibility criteria (14% vs. 9%). Community oncologists more commonly reported extrinsic facilitators (e.g. reminders of available protocols from trial support staff) (91% vs. 76%) while academic oncologists more commonly reported intrinsic facilitators for offering clinical trials (e.g. self-motivation to prioritize clinical trials) (24% vs. 9%). Conclusions: Community oncologists more often reported facing barriers to accrual due to limited suitable trials and insufficient personnel support compared to academic oncologists. Additionally, community oncologists cite the need for more infrastructure to support accrual. Interventions to increase trial accrual must be tailored to address the unique needs of both community and academic practices.

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Nolan, Clodagh. « Community mental health care ideology and the mental health care professional ». Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 12, n^o 3 (septembre 1995) : 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700014506.

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AbstractObjective: To measure the level of commitment by mental health care professionals within the Eastern Health Board to the concept of community mental health.Methods: An adapted version of the Baker-Schulberg Community Mental Health Ideology Scale was administered to a random sample of professionals (psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, community psychiatric nurses, social workers and occupational therapists).Results: Psychiatrists within this study had the lowest scores indicating the least level of commitment, and were also found to focus upon extrinsic issues, such as economic barriers, as possible obstacles to the development of a community mental health service in Ireland.Conclusion: Policy and decision making committees need to address the balance of the mental health care professionals represented on those committees.

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Odhiambo Joseph, Owino. « Pro-Environmental Consumer Behavior : A Critical Review of Literature ». International Journal of Business and Management 15, n^o 1 (12 décembre 2019) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n1p1.

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The damage to the environment caused by commercial activities and consumption behaviours has become a reason for concern in recent times. Sustainable consumption and drivers behind it was the main objective of the study. The study is a critical review of literature on pro-environmental behaviours with focus on theory, behavioural drivers and inhibitors. The review covered conceptual and empirical papers selected from peer reviewed articles with high citation index. Behaviour change theories including theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behaviour, norm activation theory and goal framing theory were reviewed. In light of theory, attitude, behavioural intention and perceived consequences are the major variables that cause pro-environmental behaviour. Nevertheless, norm activation theory fails to explain behaviour where people are in denial of responsibility for the consequences of their consumption. The study established that pro-environmental behaviour is caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors include environmental awareness and knowledge, attitude, consumer age, education, and concern for the environment. Extrinsic factors including income, social network and culture bridge the gap between attitude and pro-environmental behaviour. Perceived high price and lack of trust for green products were the major barriers to sustainable consumption behaviours. The study concludes that interaction between consumer attitude and favourable contextual factors lead to pro-environmental behaviours.

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Christie, Kyle, et Sharon Y. Strauss. « Along the speciation continuum : Quantifying intrinsic and extrinsic isolating barriers across five million years of evolutionary divergence in California jewelflowers ». Evolution 72, n^o 5 (25 avril 2018) : 1063–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13477.

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Workmaster, Beth Ann A., Jiwan P. Palta et Michael Wisniewski. « Ice Nucleation and Propagation in Cranberry Uprights and Fruit Using Infrared Video Thermography ». Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, n^o 6 (novembre 1999) : 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.6.619.

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Infrared video thermography was used to study formation of ice in leaves, stems, and fruit of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. `Stevens'). Ice formed on the plant surface at -1 or -2 °C by freezing of a droplet of water containing ice nucleation-active bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae van Hall). Samples were then cooled to a minimum of -8 °C. Observations on the initiation and propagation of ice were recorded. Leaves froze only when ice was present on the abaxial surface. Once initiated, ice propagated to the stem and then readily to other leaves. In both unripe and ripe fruit, ice propagation from the stem to the fruit via the pedicel was not observed. Fruit remained supercooled for up to 1 hour after ice was present in the stem. Fruit could only be nucleated when ice was present at the calyx (distal) end. Red (ripe) berries supercooled to colder temperatures and for longer durations than blush (unripe) berries before an apparent intrinsic nucleation event occurred. These observations provide evidence that leaves are nucleated by ice penetration via stomata. The ability of fruit to supercool appears to be related to the presence of barriers to extrinsic ice propagation at both the pedicel and fruit surface. Stomata at the calyx end of the fruit in the remnant nectary area may provide avenues for extrinsic ice nucleation.

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Pess, G. R., R. Hilborn, K. Kloehn et T. P. Quinn. « The influence of population dynamics and environmental conditions on pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) recolonization after barrier removal in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada ». Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, n^o 5 (mai 2012) : 970–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-030.

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When barriers are removed, what biotic and abiotic factors determine how fish populations will colonize newly available habitats? We used counts of adult pink salmon ( Oncorhywnchus gorbuscha ) from 1947 to 1987 in 66 streams of the Fraser River system, British Columbia, Canada, to determine when colonizing pink salmon populations became self-sustaining after a long-term migration blockage at Hell’s Gate (river kilometre 209) was reduced. The abundance of salmon in available habitats were largely controlled by extrinsic factors such as an initially large source population, high intrinsic growth rates linked to favorable climate-driven conditions, a constant supply of dispersers, and large amounts of newly available habitat. Temporal variation in flows at Hell’s Gate also affected recolonization success. Self-sustaining populations were developed within years of barrier removal and have continued to help expand the overall population of Fraser River pink salmon. However, pink salmon were considerably more abundant in the early 1900s than in the 1980s (∼48 million vs. ∼2.7 million), and the majority of spawning shifted from the historic areas above Hell’s Gate prior to the rockslide to below Hell’s Gate in the lower Fraser River after the long-term blockage was reduced, so the system has not returned to the former abundance and distribution patterns.

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Brown, Phil, Nancy Bocken et Ruud Balkenende. « Why Do Companies Pursue Collaborative Circular Oriented Innovation ? » Sustainability 11, n^o 3 (25 janvier 2019) : 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030635.

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We investigate why companies collaborate within the circular oriented innovation process. The purpose is to understand what motives trigger collaborative circular oriented innovation, as well as conditions, drivers and barriers. First, we define circular oriented innovation building on sustainable oriented innovation literature. Subsequently, we investigate 11 leading circular economy companies operating within the Netherlands, who developed collaborative circular oriented innovation activities. ‘Hard’ and ‘soft’ dimensions for innovation are identified and applied to delineate the drivers and barriers for collaborative circular oriented innovation. Our findings indicate that collaborations are conducted by entrepreneurially-minded actors through sharing a vision, enthusiasm, and crucially, a credible proposition for a circular economy. Furthermore, collaboration is sought early, to co-develop the problem and solution space and integrate disparate knowledge from across the value network, to mitigate increased complexity. Motives to collaborate vary between personal and organisational, and intrinsic and extrinsic levels. Collaborations start based on a relational basis between ‘CE front-runners’ to advance knowledge through experimentation. ‘Soft’ challenges to advance collaborations towards the competitive remain around culture, and the mindset to share rewards and risks. Without suitable solutions to these challenges, collaborative circular oriented innovation could remain underdeveloped within the transition towards the systemic level.

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Scholl, Kathleen G., Kristina Leen, Devyn Alexander, Rachel Pike et Luke Johansen. « University Student Interest and Use of Personal Training Services ». Recreational Sports Journal 36, n^o 1 (avril 2012) : 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.36.1.60.

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Personal trainers act as a motivating force for individuals interested in improving health and fitness. Having a knowledgeable and well-trained individual at one's side can help meet personal goals. University students are a relatively healthy demographic, although students can be irregular in terms of their physical activity levels. This study investigated student interest and use of personal trainers to determine new marketing strategies by a university supported personal training program to increase student participation. Overall, college students expressed that the use of a personal trainer would be a benefit. Some gender differences were found and showed that males may be more likely to use a personal trainer for extrinsic reasons, whereas, females may be more influenced to use a personal trainer for intrinsic reasons. Barriers to personal training program participation included unawareness of the program and student perception of service pricing.

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Majee, Wilson, Laura Schopp, Levona Johnson, Adaobi Anakwe, Anthea Rhoda et Jose Frantz. « Emerging from the Shadows : Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Facing Community Health Workers in Western Cape, South Africa ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 9 (4 mai 2020) : 3199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093199.

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Community health workers (CHWs) have been identified as a key component of the health workforce in South Africa. However, the efficacy of CHW programs continues to be limited by a poor understanding of facilitators and barriers to CHW engagement. This study explores intrinsic and extrinsic factors that CHWs face. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 CHWs in order to understand the challenges they may face as they implement their duties linked to the primary health care strategy in the Western Cape, South Africa. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, coded and analyzed using NVivo 12. Drawing on narratives of CHWs, we illustrate the complex issues surrounding CHW outreach in poor rural communities. The CHWs identified five key areas of challenges with respect to personal health, gender issues, poor community understanding of CHWs roles, environmental challenges and lack of patient adherence. These all hinder the ability of CHWs to meet their personal and familial needs, as well as those of the community members they support. There is a need to address the intrinsic needs of CHWs in order to ensure their emotional and physical well-being, as well as a need to create an awareness of the roles of CHWs.

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Cox-White, Twana, Beverlee Ziefflie et Heather Joyce Nelson. « Promoting Indigenous nursing student success in post-secondary education : A phenomenological study ». Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 9, n^o 10 (29 juillet 2019) : 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v9n10p101.

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Background and aim: Indigenous students have a lower rate of post-secondary completion than non-Indigenous students. This is due to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Current literature revealed a variety of concerns that were naturally divided under the themes of academic preparedness, cultural safety, intrinsic student factors, and student supports. This study examined the completion rates of Indigenous students within a nursing program, student associated success strategies, and predominant personal barriers to success. Using focus groups and interviews, the researchers examined the lived experiences Indigenous students at Saskatchewan Polytechnic in Western Canada.Methods: A qualitative design using a phenomenological approach was utilized to gather data. Focus groups and interviews with Indigenous students were conducted to gather personal perspectives and experiences. This data was then coded and themed.Results: The results of this study identified various strategies and supports that advanced and promoted Indigenous student success along with numerous barriers that Indigenous students felt impeded their success within the nursing program at Saskatchewan Polytechnic. The themes in this study included academic preparedness, cultural safety, resolve/resilience, confidence, social expectations, and financial support.Conclusions: There is a need to expand and develop support systems that enable Indigenous students to improve academic completion rates. Building confidence and a sense of belonging are important factors in improving student success from post-secondary programs.

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Trowbridge, Jennifer J. « Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Driving Hematopoietic Stem Cell Aging and Bone Marrow Failure ». Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13 novembre 2019) : SCI—35—SCI—35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-121044.

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Decline in function of the hematopoietic system and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during aging increases the risk of hematological malignancies including the acquired bone marrow failure condition myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). As median lifespan is increasing at a global level, the incidence of MDS and associated conditions is also anticipated to increase significantly. Given the poor survival rate and significant morbidities associated with MDS, there is an unmet critical need to develop prophylactic strategies for the prevention of MDS. Current barriers to achieving this goal include a lack of understanding of how to ameliorate functional hematopoietic decline during aging and whether successfully doing so will prevent or delay development of MDS. Understanding both the overlapping and distinct mechanistic alterations in HSCs causing benign physiological aging, aging-associated clonal hematopoiesis (CH) and MDS is needed. A number of HSC-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms have been implicated across physiological aging, CH, and MDS including cell cycle regulation, DNA damage, gene expression, chromatin modifications, altered composition and architecture of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, and altered chemokine and cytokine levels. Our group has recently determined that both HSC-intrinsic and extrinsic alterations accumulate by middle age and are jointly responsible for HSC aging including phenotypic expansion, impaired regenerative capacity, transcriptional and functional myeloid lineage bias, loss of polarization, and increased DNA damage. We find that diminished local production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the BM microenvironment causes HSC aging and transient stimulation with IGF1 ligand is sufficient to restore aged HSC regenerative capacity, transcriptional and functional myeloid lineage bias, and polarization. In parallel to these studies, our group has recently generated a new mouse model of CH and its progression to MDS (Loberg et al. 2019). This model incorporates an inducible, canonical missense mutation in the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a (R878H) that drives not only long-term (LT)-HSC expansion but also progression to MDS with aging and/or replicative stress. Integrating the above concepts and models, we are now examining whether strategies to rescue benign physiological aging by transient stimulation with IGF1 are sufficient to prevent or delay HSC expansion observed in CH and/or progression of CH to MDS. Ultimately, the goal of this work and future studies will be to restore functional hematopoiesis during aging to prevent acquired bone marrow failure and its complications. Loberg MA, Bell RK, Goodwin LO, et al. Sequentially inducible mouse models reveal that Npm1 mutation causes malignant transformation of Dnmt3a-mutant clonal hematopoiesis. Leukemia. 2019;33:1635-1649. Disclosures Trowbridge: Fate Therapeutics: Patents & Royalties: licensed patent.

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Rogers-Estable, Michelle. « Web 2.0 Use in Higher Education ». European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning 17, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2014) : 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eurodl-2014-0024.

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Abstract This study analyzed current uses of emerging Web 2.0 technologies in higher education with the intent to better understand which tools teachers are using in the classroom. A total of 189 faculty in higher education from three western US universities were invited to participate, with 54 completing the survey. The survey included open-ended questions as well to offer an alternative analysis approach. In this study, the respondents claimed that the intrinsic factors of a lack of time and training were the main barriers to use, and reported positive views of Web 2.0 use in class, with 75% saying that these tools would benefit students and 83% saying they would benefit teacher-student interactions. In contrast to these results only 44% of the respondents used at least 4 of the 13 listed Web 2.0 tools with students. The reported uses did not match with the reported benefits, and this would support the results that extrinsic factors (time, training, support), instead of intrinsic factors (beliefs, motivation, confidence) are the main barriers to faculty in this study using more Web 2.0 in education. The top five Web 2.0 tools used, in order of preference, follow: (a) video sharing with tools like YouTube; (b) instant messaging; (c) blogs; (d) social communities, such as Facebook; and (e) podcasts or video casts. This data was originally submitted to the Abraham S. Fischler School of Education in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education.

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Young, Gavin C. « Paleobiogeography of Devonian vertebrates ». Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992) : 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008820.

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Five distinctive vertebrate faunas characterised by endemic taxa can be recognised for the Early Devonian (Euramerica, Siberia, Tuva, China, and East Gondwana). By Late Devonian time these faunal provinces are obscured by widespread taxa which also inhabited nonmarine aquatic environments, but indicate faunal communication between Gondwana, Euramerica and China. This marked change in pattern between the Early and Late Devonian may be attributed to intrinsic (evolutionary) or extrinsic causal factors. Dispersal capabilities of aquatic vertebrates may have increased during the initial gnathostome radiation of the Devonian, but a predominantly extrinsic cause (e.g. global change in geography or climate) is suggested by the similar pattern for marine invertebrate faunas of Early Devonian endemism and Late Devonian cosmopolitanism. Outstanding problems of Devonian vertebrate biogeography include faunal differentiation on the largest landmass of the time (Gondwana), and the nature of barriers and connections between East and West Gondwana, East Gondwana and South and North China, and West Gondwana and Euramerica. A vertebrate equivalent of the cool-water Malvinokaffric invertebrate faunal realm of the Siluro-Devonian is not clearly identified, but vertebrate data from southern Africa and south America are sparse.Wide latitudinal distributions for some Late Devonian vertebrate taxa appear anomalous, and could indicate either reduced global climatic gradients, or erroneous paleogeographic base maps. There are difficulties in formulating a hypothesis of global warming and/or major paleogeographic change in a way which clearly distinguishes basic from interpreted data. Three major subdisciplines (paleomagnetism, paleoclimatology, paleobiogeography) contribute to Paleozoic paleogeographic reconstructions. Their data tend to be organised and represented in different ways, but each relies on the same principle of concordance with a general pattern (Young 1990). Degree of consilience of a hypothesis based on one data set (the extent to which it explains patterns within an unrelated set of data) is a primary criterion for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. Apparent polar wander path representation facilitates testing of paleomagnetic data against those paleoclimatic or paleobiogeographic data which provide evidence of paleolatitude. However, as well as the simple indication of paleolatitude, biogeographic and some other qualitative data sets provide more complex evidence concerning connections or barriers between regions, for which APWP representation is not appropriate. Cladistic analysis of hierarchically organised data sets (Young, 1986, 1987) provides a means of integrating qualitative paleobiogeographic, paleoclimatic, and paleogeographic data such that inconsistencies in the evidence are emphasised, and the hypothesis is exposed to falsification. These ideas are illustrated using Devonian examples.

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Dalborg, Cecilia. « The life cycle in women-owned businesses : from a qualitative growth perspective ». International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 7, n^o 2 (8 juin 2015) : 126–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-06-2014-0019.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate women-owned businesses from a life cycle perspective and with a qualitative growth approach. Building on previous research that has identified qualitative growth platforms, this paper takes into account the time aspect and investigates perceived barriers and support needs inside different qualitative growth platforms. Design/methodology/approach – The study took place in Sweden and is based on 191 women entrepreneurs in a first survey and 101 women entrepreneurs in a follow-up questionnaire three years later. To answer the research questions, descriptive frequency analysis and logistic regression analysis techniques have been used. Findings – The motivation of growth changes throughout the life cycle, and women entrepreneurs move between different qualitative growth platforms when required building blocks of previous platforms have been established and secured. In this transfer of growth ambition, a significant correlation between business age and intrinsic growth aspiration was identified. Initially, growth is extrinsically motivated and later on in the life cycle, it is intrinsically motivated. In the late life cycle, the motivation is extrinsically motivated again. The results discern barriers to growth that hinder movement from extrinsic to intrinsic business platforms, and the author argues that the transfer of growth ambition from one growing platform to another requires different types of advice and support from the surrounding community. Research limitations/implications – By broadening the view of growth to include both a quantitative and qualitative approach, it is possible to identify a widespread growth ambition in women-owned businesses which experience various barriers and supportive needs. Business programs that encourage exchange of experience among entrepreneurs in various growth platforms might be a way to overcome the perceived barriers. As women’s businesses only receive a low proportion of the government funding, they are prevented from developing their growth ambitions. To ensure that all forms of growth are stimulated, different measures are required depending on which stage in their life cycle the women-owned businesses belong to. Originality/value – By considering business growth from a qualitative perspective, barriers and needs that the traditional approach may overlook can be highlighted. For example, growth aspiration in terms of more employees will not be considered until the previously, qualitative growth platforms are established and secured. The support system, however, is designed to only favor growth in terms of employment, which results in difficulties to qualify for financial support.

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Gould, Gillian S., Andy McEwen et Joanne Munn. « Jumping the Hurdles for Smoking Cessation in Pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women in Australia ». Journal of Smoking Cessation 6, n^o 1 (1 juin 2011) : 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.6.1.33.

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AbstractTobacco smoking perpetuates the disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for poor maternal and infant outcomes in pregnancy. Over half of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women smoke during pregnancy and few successfully quit. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women face many intrinsic barriers to quitting such as low socioeconomic disadvantage and patterns of use in family networks. There are also several extrinsic hurdles surrounding current practice guidelines and policy that may limit success in reducing smoking rates among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women during pregnancy: the use of the Stages of Change (SOC) model; delay in the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); and the absence of subsidised intermittent NRT. A more proactive approach towards smoking cessation for pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women may be necessary, including moving away from the SOC model approach and subsidised provision of intermittent NRT. Comprehensive programs that take into account the family network and wider social context are also recommended.

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Namikawa, Tsutomu, Eri Munekage, Masaya Munekage, Hiromichi Maeda, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Yusuke Nagata, Michiya Kobayashi et Kazuhiro Hanazaki. « Reconstruction with Jejunal Pouch after Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer ». American Surgeon 82, n^o 6 (juin 2016) : 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481608200611.

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The construction of a gastric substitute pouch after gastrectomy for gastric cancer has been proposed to help ameliorate postprandial symptoms and nutritional performance. Adequate reconstruction after gastrectomy is an important issue, because postoperative patient quality of life (QOL) primarily depends on the reconstruction method. To this end, jejunal pouch (JP) reconstructions were developed to improve the patient's eating capacity and QOL by creating large reservoirs with improved reflux barriers to prevent esophagitis and residual gastritis. It is important that such reconstructions also preserve blood and extrinsic neural integrity for maintaining pouch function, because JP motility is associated directly with QOL. Some problems remain to be resolved with the JP reconstructions method including gastrointestinal motility, which plays a major role in food transfer, digestion, and absorption of nutrients. Further studies including basic research and larger prospective randomized control trials are also needed to obtain definitive results. With persistent innovations in surgical techniques, JP after gastrectomy could become a safe and preferable reconstructive modality to improve patient QOL after gastrectomy.

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Malebana, Mmakgabo Justice. « Entrepreneurial Intentions and Entrepreneurial Motivation of South African Rural University Students ». Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 6, n^o 9 (30 septembre 2014) : 709–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i9.531.

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Entrepreneurial motivation is vital in translating entrepreneurial intention into action. This paper investigates whether entrepreneurial role models, social valuation of entrepreneurship, perceived knowledge of entrepreneurial support and barriers to starting a business, entrepreneurial intention and its determinants are related to entrepreneurial motivation. The study integrates the theory of planned behaviour with environmental factors to determine the factors influencing entrepreneurial motivation among final year rural university students in the Limpopo province, South Africa. The study was carried out by means of a survey and included 329 final year students who were registered for various commerce degrees. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial motivation has a significant correlation with entrepreneurial intention and its three determinants, social valuation of entrepreneurship, having entrepreneurial role models, knowledge of entrepreneurial support and perceived barriers to starting a business. The respondents were motivated by both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and the need for independence. The results revealed that entrepreneurial intention, the attitude towards becoming an entrepreneur, subjective norms, social valuation of entrepreneurship, knowledge of entrepreneurial role models and entrepreneurial support have a significant influence on entrepreneurial motivation. This study is the first in South Africa to use theory of planned behaviour to investigate the factors that influence entrepreneurial motivation. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by shedding light into the impact of the social environment on entrepreneurial motivation in South Africa.

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Merkley, Cari. « Individuals with Chronic Conditions Want More Guidance from Health Professionals in Finding Quality Online Health Sources ». Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 11, n^o 2 (20 juin 2016) : 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8mp6h.

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Objective – To explore how and when individuals with chronic health conditions seek out health information online, and the challenges they encounter when doing so. Design – Qualitative study employing thematic analysis. Setting – Urban Western Australia. Subjects – 17 men and women between 19 and 85 years of age with at least 1 chronic health condition. Methods – Participants were recruited in late 2013 at nine local pharmacies, through local radio, media channels, and a university's social media channels. Participants were adult English speakers who had looked for information on their chronic health condition(s) using the Internet. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with each participant, audio recorded, and transcribed. The transcripts were coded in QSR Nvivo using two different processes – an initial data-driven inductive approach to coding, followed by a theory driven analysis of the data. Main Results – Three major themes emerged: trust, patient activation, and relevance. Many of the participants expressed trust both in health professionals and in the efficacy of search engines like Google. However, there was uncertainty about the quality of some of the health information sources found. Searching for information online was seen by some participants as a way to feel more empowered about their condition(s) and treatment, but they reported frustration in finding information that was relevant to their specific condition(s) given the volume of information available. Low health literacy emerged in participant interviews as an intrinsic barrier to effective online searches for health information, along with low patient motivation and lack of time. The many extrinsic barriers identified included difficulty determining the quality of information found, the accessibility of the information (e.g., journal paywalls), and poor relationships with health care providers. Conclusion – Individuals look for online health information to help manage their chronic illnesses, but their ability to do so is influenced by their levels of health literacy and other external barriers to effective online navigation. Consumers may prefer to receive recommendations from health professionals for high quality health websites rather than training in how to navigate and identify these resources themselves.

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Asgari, Alitaghi, Quyen Nguyen, Arash Karimipour, Quang-Vu Bach, Maboud Hekmatifar et Roozbeh Sabetvand. « Investigation of additives nanoparticles and sphere barriers effects on the fluid flow inside a nanochannel impressed by an extrinsic electric field : A molecular dynamics simulation ». Journal of Molecular Liquids 318 (novembre 2020) : 114023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114023.

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Tobler, M., N. Barts et R. Greenway. « Mitochondria and the Origin of Species : Bridging Genetic and Ecological Perspectives on Speciation Processes ». Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, n^o 4 (20 avril 2019) : 900–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz025.

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Abstract Mitochondria have been known to be involved in speciation through the generation of Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities, where functionally neutral co-evolution between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes can cause dysfunction when alleles are recombined in hybrids. We propose that adaptive mitochondrial divergence between populations can not only produce intrinsic (Dobzhansky–Muller) incompatibilities, but could also contribute to reproductive isolation through natural and sexual selection against migrants, post-mating prezygotic isolation, as well as by causing extrinsic reductions in hybrid fitness. We describe how these reproductive isolating barriers can potentially arise through adaptive divergence of mitochondrial function in the absence of mito-nuclear coevolution, a departure from more established views. While a role for mitochondria in the speciation process appears promising, we also highlight critical gaps of knowledge: (1) many systems with a potential for mitochondrially-mediated reproductive isolation lack crucial evidence directly linking reproductive isolation and mitochondrial function; (2) it often remains to be seen if mitochondrial barriers are a driver or a consequence of reproductive isolation; (3) the presence of substantial gene flow in the presence of mito-nuclear incompatibilities raises questions whether such incompatibilities are strong enough to drive speciation to completion; and (4) it remains to be tested how mitochondrial effects on reproductive isolation compare when multiple mechanisms of reproductive isolation coincide. We hope this perspective and the proposed research plans help to inform future studies of mitochondrial adaptation in a manner that links genotypic changes to phenotypic adaptations, fitness, and reproductive isolation in natural systems, helping to clarify the importance of mitochondria in the formation and maintenance of biological diversity.

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Veen, Thor, Nina Svedin, Jukka T. Forsman, Mårten B. Hjernquist, Anna Qvarnström, Katherine A. Thuman Hjernquist, Johan Träff et Marcel Klaassen. « Does migration of hybrids contribute to post-zygotic isolation in flycatchers ? » Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 274, n^o 1610 (28 novembre 2006) : 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0058.

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In the face of hybridization, species integrity can only be maintained through post-zygotic isolating barriers (PIBs). PIBs need not only be intrinsic (i.e. hybrid inviability and sterility caused by developmental incompatibilities), but also can be extrinsic due to the hybrid's intermediate phenotype falling between the parental niches. For example, in migratory species, hybrid fitness might be reduced as a result of intermediate migration pathways and reaching suboptimal wintering grounds. Here, we test this idea by comparing the juvenile to adult survival probabilities as well as the wintering grounds of pied flycatchers ( Ficedula hypoleuca ), collared flycatchers ( Ficedula albicollis ) and their hybrids using stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) in feathers developed at the wintering site. Our result supports earlier observations of largely segregated wintering grounds of the two parental species. The isotope signature of hybrids clustered with that of pied flycatchers. We argue that this pattern can explain the high annual survival of hybrid flycatchers. Hence, dominant expression of the traits of one of the parental species in hybrids may substantially reduce the ecological costs of hybridization.

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